UGANDA PENTECOSTAL UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF LAW

BACHELOR OF LAWS (LL B)

SEMESTER II, 2023/2024

INTERNATIONAL LAW II

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Course Description
Public international law is the study of the rules that traditionally govern states in their
relations. Public international law has however grown to regulate subjects other than
states including individuals. This is in addition to inter-governmental bodies that enjoy
separate legal existence. International law is one of the fastest evolving bodies of law
which has grown to govern various issues. This part of international law is intended
explore the rights and obligations of states towards each other and the consequences of
failure by a state to discharge its obligations. It could be contrasted with Part I which
concentrated in defining international law, it sources and subjects. It should be noted,
however, that international law has in recent years grown to impose obligations on
individuals. This is most visible in the area of international criminal law, an area which
is explored under this part of the course.

Aims & Course objectives

This course is intended to enable students acquire an understanding of the rights and
obligations of states as they relate to each other. Explored here are the rights and
obligations in the context of the principles which govern them. Also discussed are the
consequences of failure to discharge obligations and the remedies available to the
injured state.

Expected Outcomes
By the end of the course, students are expected to have a thorough understanding of
the obligations and rights of states and the manner of enforcing these. Students are
particularly expected to have a firm grasp of the principles of international law in the
following areas: 1) territory and its acquisition, 2) Questions of Sovereignty –
Jurisdiction and Jurisdictional Immunities, 3) Law on Diplomatic and Consular
Relations – Immunities and Privileges, 4) Law on use of force 5) The duties and
obligations of individuals under international criminal law and 6) International Human
Rights

Method of delivery
The course is to be conducted through mixed teaching techniques, primarily through
lectures but students are expected to engage in discussions into specific aspects and

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problems of international law. The approach to the course is main-stream and aims at
presenting law as applied by the international subjects and tribunals. The reading list
is only a guide to background reading and additional materials can be accessed on the
internet. Expansive reading of textual materials in international law and international
relations is highly recommended.

Course duration
The course will deliver over a period of 15 weeks which will combine lectures and
tutorials.

Facilitators: Paul Keishaari

________________________________________________________________

GENERAL READING

Akehurst, M., A Modern Introduction to International Law, 7th ed. (London: George
Allen & Unwin Publ. Ltd, 1998).
*Brownlie, I., Principles of Public International Law, 5th ed. (Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1998)
Cassese, A., International Law in a Divided World (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986)
*Harris, D.J., Cases and Materials in International Law, 5th ed. (London: Sweet &
Maxwell, 1998)
Shaw, M.N., International Law, 6th ed. (Cambridge: Grotius Publ., 1997)

Charter of the United Nations, 1945

Statute of the International Court of Justice
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969

For the document collections, the following are recommended:

*Brownlie, I., Basic Documents in International Law, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1983)
Weston, Falk & D’Amato, Basic Documents in International Law and World Order,
2nd ed. (West Publ. Co., 1990)
*International treaties/documents can be accessed at www.tufts.edu/fletcher/
multilaterals.html.

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 * * * * *

Questions of Sovereignty – Jurisdiction and Jurisdictional Immunities

The plea of territorial sovereignty remains the foundation of international relations, as
it does raise concerns as to competences of States to proscribe and enforce rules within
and beyond their territories as well as to subject foreign sovereigns to jurisdiction of
their national courts. Theoretical bases of jurisdiction – territoriality, passive
nationality, universality, etc. vis-à-vis theory and doctrine on immunity from
jurisdiction – the notions of jure imperii and jure gestionis and application in modern
era of greater involvement of the state (and its agencies) in commercial
activities/transactions.

United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and

Their Property, 2004
European Convention on State Immunity of 16 May 1972
Foreign States Immunity Act, 1976 (United States)
State Immunity Act, 1978 (United Kingdom)
State Immunity Act 1982, (Canada)
Foreign States Immunities Act 1985 (Australia)
**Case of the S.S. ‘Lotus’ (France v. Turkey) [1927] Ser. A, No. 10, p. 4
**Case concerning Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of Congo
v. Belgium) [2002] ICJ Rep. (including separate & dissenting judgments)
The Philippine Admiral [1977] AC 373
**Trendtex Trading Corporation Ltd case (above – Municipal Law)
**Dinh van Tho (trading as the Hotel Santo) v. Etat Francais, Civil Case No. 200/1981
(SC Vanuatu)
United States v. Yunis, 924 F.2d 1086 (DC.Cir.1991) 140
**Adella Tachiona & Ors v. Robert Gabriel Mugabe & Ors (2000)(DC, New York)
Pinochet case (1999) (above)
Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France) (2003) ICJ
Rep. (pending)

Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium)

International Court of Justice, 2002
The Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development vs The Southern African
Litigation Centre (Supreme Court of Appeal)
Kenyan Section of the ICJ vs AG, [2011] EKLR
**Byers, M., ‘The Law and Politics of the Pinochet case’ (2000) 10 Duke J. of Comp.
& Int'l L. 415

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**Heß, B., ‘The International Law Commission's Draft Convention on the
Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property’ (1993) 4 EJIL 269-82
Sornarajah, `Problems in Applying the Restrictive Theory of Sovereign Immunity',
(1982) 31 ICLQ 661.
Crawford, J., `International Law and Foreign Sovereigns: Distinguishing Immune
Transactions' (1983) 54 BYIL 74.
**Wedgwood, R., ‘Former Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic To Be Tried in
The Hague for Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Allegedly Committed in
Kosovo’ (2001) ASIL Proceedings
**Zappalà, S., ‘Do Heads of State in Office Enjoy Immunity from Jurisdiction for
International Crimes? The Ghaddafi Case Before the French Cour de Cassation’
(2001) 12(3) EJIL 595-612.

* * * * *
Law on Diplomatic and Consular Relations – Immunities and Privileges

Status and activities of the diplomatic missions under 1961 Vienna Convention. Use
and misuse of privileges and immunities. The diplomatic toolkit applied in the political
relations. Functions of the regular and honorary consuls under the 1963 Vienna
Convention regulating the status of the consular mission. Consular protection versus
diplomatic protection.

**Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961.

Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963.
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally
Protected Persons including Diplomatic Agents, 1973

Engelke v. Musmann [1928] AC 433.

Dickinson v. Del Solar [1930] 1 KB 376.
Asylum case (Colombia v. Peru)(1950) ICJ Rep.
Empson v. Smith [1966] 1 QB 426.
Agbor v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1969] 1 WLR 703 (CA).
**Case concerning US Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (United States v.
Iran) [1979] ICJ Rep. 9
Dikko Incident, Hansard, HC, vol. 985, col. 1219, 2 June 1980.
Libyan Peoples Bureau Incident, UK Foreign Affairs Committee Report (1984).
Case Concerning the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (Paraguay v. United
States) [1998] ICJ Rep. (since discontinued)
Beard v. Greene (1998) 37 ILM (US Supreme Court).
**Le Grand case (Germany v. United States) (1998) ICJ Rep.
The Right to Information on Consular Assistance in the Framework of the Guarantees
of the Due Process of Law, IACHR adv. op. OC-16/99 (1999).

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Difference Relating to Immunity from Legal Process of a Special Rapporteur of the
Commission on Human Rights, adv. op. [1999] ICJ Rep. 3.
Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo)
(2000) ICJ Rep. (pending)
**Case concerning Avena and other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States of
America)[2004] ICJ Rep. 1 (esp. paras 49-114)

Akehurst, Modern Introduction, 123-29.

Dembinski, L., The Modern Law of Diplomacy, Nijhoff, Dordrecht, 1988, 163-171,
191-221
Harris, Cases and Materials, 319-46.
Paust, JJ, ‘Breard and the Treaty-Based Rights under the Consular Convention’ (1998)
92 AJIL 691.

* * * * *

Territory and its Acquisition in International Law

The traditional modes of acquisition of territory by States in international law

(discovery, occupation, conquest, cession, accretion/avulsion, prescription, contiguity).
Notion of terra nullis and its rejection in modern international law. Relevance of
concepts of inter-temporal doctrine and critical date. Implications of principles of
modern international law on traditional modes (self-determination, non-use of force)
and of concepts of territorial integrity and uti possidetis.

Charter of the United Nations, article 2(4)

Declaration of Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-
operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, GA Res.
2625 (XXV), 1970.
Security Council Res. 242(1967)
Security Council Res. 660 (1990)

Advisory Opinion of the ICJ on the status of Chagos Islands, 2019

British Guiana v Venezuela Boundary Arbitration (1899-1900) 92 BFSP 160
Chamizal Arbitration (US v. Mexico) (1911) 5 AJIL 782
**Island of Palmas Case (Netherlands v. US) (1928) 2 RIAA 829
Clipperton Island Arbitration (France v. Mexico) (1932) 26 AJIL 390
Eastern Greenland Case (Denmark v. Norway) (1933) PCIJ Ser. A/B No 53
**Minquiers and Ecrehos Case (United Kingdom v. France) [1953] ICJ Rep. 47
Case Concerning Sovereignty over Certain Frontier Land (Belgium v. Netherlands)
[1959] ICJ Rep. 209

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Right of Passage over Territory of India (Portugal v. India) [1960] ICJ Rep. 6, (see
dissenting opinion of Judge Moreno Quintana)
Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) [1962] ICJ Rep. 6
**Western Sahara case, adv. op. [1975] ICJ Rep. 6.
**Frontier Dispute Case (Burkina Faso v. Mali) [1986] ICJ 554
**Arbitration Commission on the Conference on Yugoslavia (above)
Case Concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (Merits) (El
Salvador v. Honduras) [1992] ICJ 351 (Gulf of Fonseca Case)
Mabo v State of Queensland (1992) 66 ALJR 408
**Case concerning the Territorial Dispute (Libya v. Chad)[1994] ICJ Rep. 4, at p. 35.
East Timor Case (Portugal v Australia) [1995] ICJ Rep. 90
**Case concerning Kasikili/Sedudu Island (Botswana v. Namibia) [1999] ICJ Rep.
(esp. paras 84-103)
**Case Concerning Sovereignty over Palau Litigan & Palau Sipadan (Indonesia v.
Malaysia) [2002] ICJ Rep. (esp. paras 91-149)

**Boyle, F.A., ‘The Creation of the State of Palestine’ (1990) 1 EJIL 301.
Cheng, T., ‘The Sino-Japanese Dispute over the Tiao-yu-tai (Senkaku) Islands and the
Law of Territorial Acquisition’ (1974) 14 Va. J. Int'l L. 253
**Crawford, J.R., ‘The Creation of the State of Palestine: Too Much Too Soon?’
(1990) 1 EJIL 307 (response to Boyle above).
**Heflin, W.B., ‘Diayou/Senkaku Islands Dispute: Japan and China, Oceans Apart’
(2000) 1 Asian-Pac. L. & Pol'y J. 18
Jessup, P., ‘The Palmas Island Arbitration’ (1928) 22 AJIL 735
Lauterpacht, H., ‘River Boundaries: Legal Aspects of the Shatt-Al-Arab-Frontier’
(1960) 9 ICLQ 208

The Rights and Obligations of Individuals under International Criminal Law

The part of the Course is intended to expose students to the principles of international
criminal law and how these impose obligations on individuals. This part is important
because international criminal law presents an exception to traditional international
law by imposing obligations on individuals, as much as it imposes obligations on the
state.

References

- Statute of the International Criminal Court

- ICTY and ICTR statutes

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 - Beth Van Schaack A Concise History of International Criminal Law: Chapter
1 of Understanding International Criminal Law Legal Studies Research Papers
Series Working Paper No. 07-42, September 2007 (Revised 9/12/08)

- Cenap Cakmak Evolution and International Criminal Law, Individual

Criminal Accountability and the Idea of a Permanent International Court
Human Rights and Welfare Working Paper No. 39 (2006)

- Ivan Simonovic The Role of the ICTY in the Development of International

Criminal Adjudication (1999) 23 Fordam International Law Journal 440

- Rein A. Midler son “Human Rights and the Individual as Subject of

International Law: A Soviet View” (1990) 1 European Journal of International
Law 33

- Linda E. Carter “The Principle of Complimentarity and the International

Criminal Court: The Role of Ne Bis in Idem (2010) Santa Clara Journal of
International Law
- Payam Akhavan “The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: The
Politics and Pragmatics of Punishment” (1996) 90 The American Journal of
International Law 501
- ICC Kenya Admissibility Ruling of 30th May 2011

- Thomas Kwoyelo vs Attorney, Constitutional Petition No. 036/2011

Use of force
This course is intended to introduce students to the aspects of use of military force
under international law, its limitations and exceptios
References
- Bowett D., Self Defence in International Law
- Brownlie I., International Law and the Use of Force by States
- Distenin Yoram, War, Agressian and Self Defense Cambridge Grotius 1988.
- Fitzmaurice sir Gerald, The Law and Procedure of the International Court of
Justice Cambridge Grotius 1986.
- Elkind Jeromi, The International Court of Justice at Crossroad.
- Butter William E., The Non Use of Force in International Law Martinus
Nojhoff Publisher 1989 Kluwer Academy Publisher chapters 1- 17
Articles
- Akehurst M., Reprisals by Third State BYB 44 1970 p 1- 18
- Bowett D., Collective Self Defense Under the Chater of the United Nations
BYB 32, 1955/6 p, 130-161
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- Bowett D., Reprisals Involving Recourse to Armed Force in Self Defense byb
37 1961 p 183, 268
- Chacko C.J., International Law and the Concept of Aggression IJIL 3 1963, p
369-412, 4 1964, p 85- 96.
- Falk R., The Beirut Raid and the International Law of Retaliation AJIL 63,
1969, p 415-4333.
- Falk R., The Cambodian Operation in International Law, AJIL 65 1971, p 1-25
- Fenwick C.G., When is there a Threat to Peace 7 AJIL 61 1967 p 753-755
- Franck T.M., & rodley N.A., After Bangladesh the Law of Humanitarian
Intervention by Armed Forces AJIL 67 1973, p 305
- Franck T.M., Who Killed Article 2 (4) or Changing Norms Governing the Use
of Force AJIL 64 1970, p 809- 837
- Henkin, The Reports of the Death of Article 2 (4) are Greatly Exaggerated
AJIL 65 1971 p, 544-548
- Higgs R., The Legal Limits of the Use of Force by Sovereign States the United
Nations Practice BYB 37, 1961, p 269- 319
- Rowstow B., The Illegality of the Arab Raid on Israel in October 1773, AJIL
69, 1975, p 272- 289.
- Tucker R.W., Reprisals and Self-Defense AJIL 66, 1972, p 586-596
- Falk k R.A., The Internal Violation in the Developing Countries AJIL; & CL
1966-67, pg 58-66.
- Meron the odor, War Crimes in Yugoslavia and the Development of
International Law AJIL vol 88, 1994, pg 78-79
- Amador F.V., Gacia Internal Violence and the Inter-American System. AJJIL
1966-67, pg 67-73.
- Higgins Rosalyn: African and the Convenant on Civil and Political Rights
During First Five Years of the Journal. Some Facts and Some Thoughts AJIL
15 1993 pg 55-66
- Kufour kofioteng, The Legality of the Intervention in the Liberian Civil War by
the Economic Community of West African States AJIL vol 15 1993 pg 525-
560
- Naldi Ginoj, UN Burries its Head in the Desert Sands – The Saga of Western
Sahara AJIL 1994 pg 653-660
- Damato Anthony, Peace v Accountability in Bosnia AJIL vol 88 1994 pg 500-
505
- R St J Macdold, Valerie Huggies – Intervention Before the International Court
of Justice AJIL vol 15 1993 pg 1- 33
- Meron theoder The Authority to Make Treaties in the Late Middle Ages AJIL
vol 89 1995 pg 1-20
- Fisher Louis, The Korean War: On What Legal Basis Did Trauma Act? AJIL
vol 89 1995 pg 21-39

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- Damroschle Agora, The 1994 US Action in Haiti the Constitutional
Responsibility of Congress for Military Engaments AJIL 89 1995, pg 58 69
- Glennon M.I., Agora the 1994 US Action in Haiti Rethinking Collective Use of
Force AJIL 89, 1995, pg 70-73
- Meron Theodor Agora, the 1994 US Action in Haiti Extra Territoriality of
Human Rights Treats AJIL 89, 1995, pg 78-81
- Debtors V.G., The Relationship Between the International Court of Justice and
Security Council in the Light of the Lockerbie Case AJIL Vol, 88 1994 pg 643-
677.
- Schchter Oscar, Dispute Settlement and Counter Measures in the International
Law Commission AJIL vol 88 1994 pg 471-477
- Reisman W.M., & selilk, J., Which Law Applied to the Afghan Conflict? AJIL
vol. 82, 1988, pg 459-486
- Frank Thomas M., Legitimacy in the International System AJIL vol. 82, 1988,
pg 705-759
- Highet Keith, Evidence the Court and the Nacaragua Case AJIL vol. 81, 1987
pg 1-56
- Constantinou A., Fordable Activities of Armed Bands as Case of Use of Force
that Amounts to Armed Attack in the Context of the Judgment of the ICJ in the
Nicaragua Case, AJIL & cl vol. 9 pg 1 1997, pg 156-178.
- Schachter Oscar, Self Defense and the Rule of Law AJIL vol 83 1989, pg 269-
277.
- Lowenedfeld A.F., Law Enforcement Abroad the Constitution and
International Law AJIL vol. 83, 1989 pg 880-893.
- Gardman J.G., Proportionality and Force in International Law AJIL vol 87,
1993 pg 391-413
- Caron D.D., The Legitimacy of Collective Authority of the Security Council
AJIL vol 87, 1993, pg 552-588
- Damrosch L.F., Politics Cross Boarder: Non Intervention and Non Forcible
Influence Over Domestic Affairs AJIL vol 83 1989 pg 1
- Moore J.N., The Secret War in Central America and the Future of World
Order vol 80, AJIL 43.
- Rowels J.P., Secret Wars, Self Defense and Chatter 1986 vol. AJIL
- Hargrove J.L., The Nicaragua Judgement and the Future of the Law of Force
and Self Defense 1986, vol., AJIL 135
- Higginbotham F.M., International Law the Use of Force in Self Defence and
the Southern African Conflict 1987 vol. 25 col j of trans. Law p 529
- JHABVALA, F., Unilateral Human Italian Intervention and International
Law .1981 Vol.211 IJIL.P.208.
- BECK, DOSWALD M.K: The Legality of United States Intervention in
Grenada 1984 Vol.24 IJIL 200.

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- NAWAZ, M.K., What Limits on the use of Force? Can Force be used to
Depose an oppressive?
- Government,1984 Vol.21 IJIL 406,
- PAACHE, F. W., Use of Force in Combating Terrorism 1987 Vol.25 Col J. of
Trans. Law p.377.
- FIELDLANDER, R.A., Terrorism and National Liberation movements; Can
Rights Derive from Wrongs? 1981 case W. Res. J International Law p.281.
- KITTRIE, N: Patriots and Terrorists; Reconciling Human Rights with world
order 1981 case W.Res. J. International Law 291.
- ROSENNE S., Some reflection on the 1978 Revised. ICJ. Rules. Col. J. of
Trans. Law p.235.
- FRANK J.M., Some Observations on The ICJ’s Procedural and Substantive
Innovations 1987 Vol .81 AJIL 116.
- BOWETT, D. Reprisals involving Recourse to Armed Force.Vol.66 A.J.I.L.
33.
- TUCKER, Reprisals and self-Defence; The customary Law. Vol.66 AJIL.
- FALK, The Boizul Raid and International Law Vol. 63 AJIL 455.
- ROSTOW, The Illegality of Arabs Attack on Israel of Oct.6, 1972 Vol. 65
AJIL 272.
- HIGGINS, The Place of International Law in the Settlement of International
Disputes by the Security Council Vol.64 AJIL.
- RODNEY: After Bangladesh: The Law of Humanitarian Intervention by
Military Force Vol.67 AJIL 295.
- HALDEMAN, J.W: Illegal Basis for United Armed Forces. America Journal of
International Law. Vol.56,62page 871-996.
- Mcdougal M.S, The Sovent Cuba Quarantine and International Law 1963 vol
37 AJIL
- Wright Q., The Cuban Quarantine vol 57 (1963) AJIL
- Jennings R.Y, The Caroline and Mclead Case 1938 vol 32 AJIL
- Chimni B.S, Towards a Third World Approach to Non-Intervention Through
the Labyrinth of Western Doctrine vol 20 (1980) ijil pg 243
- Reiaher H., The Uniting for Peace Resolution on the Thirteen Anniversary of
its Passage 1981 vol 20 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law p1
- Gutto S.B.O., & Ombaka O.O, A note on the Israel Air Raid of Iraqi Nuclear
Installation in International Law and Implication for World Peace vol. 22
(1982) IJIL 98.
- Sanchez M.A, Self Determination and the Falklands Dispute vol 121 (1983)
vol at lev p 551
- Amin SH The Iran-Iraq Conflict Legal Implications vol. 31 (1982) ICLQ 167
- Reisman w m Coercion and Self-Determination vol. 78 (1984) AJIL 642.
- Schachter O, The Legality of Pro Democratic vol. 78 (1984) AJIL 131-175

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 - Various Authors, United States Action in Grenada vol. 78 (1984) AJIL 131-
175
- Mccredic J.A, Contemporary Uses of Force Against Terrorism. The US
Response to the Achillo Lauro Questions of Jurisditction the Exercise. Vol 16
(1986) to Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law pge 435
- Scheyner pa & barter v Legality of the US Economic Blockage of Cuba
under International Law 1981 case of International Law p. 451
- Bhat Unilateral Humanitarian Law 1981 vol. 21 IJIL page 208.
Cases
(i) The Caroline and Mcleod cases in vol. 2 of International Law cases section
217
(ii) The CORFU Channel case meits (1949) ICJ rep page 4 ICJ reports 1951, p
24
(iii) The case concerning military activities in and against Nicaragua
(Nicaragua v US) 1986 ICJ Rep.

Human Rights in International Law

Introduction
This course is intended to introduce students to the development of human rights law
and its place in the body of international laws.
- What are Human Rights?
- The Politics of Human Rights
- The International Bill of Human Rights
(i) Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(ii) International Covenants on Human Rights
Principal International Human Rights Treaties
Introduction
Other International Human Rights Treaties of the United Nations
Regional Protection of Human Rights
References
Malcom Shaw, “International Law” (6th edition).
McWhinney, E. “International Law” in Hawkesworth, M. & M. Kogan(eds) 2002).
Encyclopedia of Government and Politics (London: Routledge, [ISBN 0415030927].
Belinda Coote, (1996). The Trade Trap: Poverty and the Global Commodity Markets.
Oxford: Oxfam [ISBN 0855981350].
Mansell, W. & J. Scott (1994). “Why Bother about a Right to Development?” 21
Journal of Law &Society 171.

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