IT LECTURE

TOPICS FOR PRELIMS:

M1: Intro to Information and Communications Technology
M2: The Roles of Technology
M3: History of Computer
M4: Classifications of Computers
M5: Components of A Computer
INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY
DEFINITION OF COMPUTER
o A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of programs (software) that can accept
data (input), manipulate data (process) into meaningful information (output) and stores data and
information for safekeeping or later reuse.
o From this definition there are several things that can be noticed:
 Computer is an electronic device. Without electricity computer will not work;
 There is a need for input which is either programs and/or data. Programs are the instructions that
tell the computer what to do. Data is a collection of raw facts, figures and symbols, such as
numbers, words, images, video and sound;
 Data is converted into information. Information is data that is organized, meaningful, and useful;
and
 Data and Information can be stored and retrieved.
 Computers can perform four general operations, which comprise the information processing cycle
namely: INPUT ❼ PROCESS ❼ OUTPUT❼ STORE

Figure 1. The Information Processing

Based on the given information processing cycle that the computer can do, a lot of literature are saying that the
computer is a human machine. Why do you think they are claiming such? In what way is the computer similar to
human?

Like a computer, the human brain inputs,

processes, stores and outputs information.

For example, when you smell burnt toast, through your sense of smell which is the input mechanism, nerve cells
send information to the brain, where the specific smell is identified. The brain processes the information and once the
specific smell is identified which is a smell of a burnt toast, that is the output. And the smell of a burnt toast is stored in
our minds so that when we smell the same scent, we know that is a burnt toast. That is how our brain processes data which
is simulated by computer. We actively process the information we receive from our senses, like a computer does. Our
brains receive information, record it, moulid it and store it.
 Now that we know that computer processes data similar to human brain, I would like you to reflect on these
questions: will computers overtake humans in terms of intellectual ability? can computers do everything our brains do?
Based on studies, not yet, but Artificial Intelligence has allowed computing to replicate more than 75% of our
nervous system. Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are
programmed to think like humans and mimic their actions. The term may also be applied to any machine, that exhibits
traits associated with a human mind such as learning and problem-solving
COMPARISON BETWEEN HUMAN AND AI ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE VERSUS HUMAN

Amidst the powerful computers that we have now due to AI, we have to remember that there's more to
intelligence than processing speed. Human brain has the following strengths for now:
o We can draw upon our past experiences and make inferences about the new situation.
o Our brains are capable of analyzing new and unfamiliar situations in a way that computers can’t. We can
experiment with different approaches until we find the best way to move forward.
Computers aren't capable of doing that -- you have to tell a computer what to do?
• Humans are also very good at recognizing patterns. While some digital cameras can recognize specific faces and
automatically tag photos of those people as you take pictures, humans can recognize complex patterns and adapt to them
-- computers still have trouble doing that.
DEFINITION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT) AND INFORMATION & COMMUNICATIONS
TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
Information Technology encompasses all of the technology that we use to collect, process, protect and store
information. It refers to hardware, software (computer programs), and computer networks.
Information and Communication Technology includes all technical means that are used for handling information
and facilitating communication, including computers, network hardware, communication lines and all the necessary
software. In other words, ICT is comprised of information technology, telephony, electronic media, and all types of
process and transfer of audio and video signals, and all control and managing functions based on network technologies
ICT is the foundation of economy and a driving force of social changes in the 21st century. Distance is no longer an issue
when it comes to accessing information; for example, working-from-home, distance learning, e-banking, and e-
government are now possible from any place with an Internet connection and a computing device.
COMPONENTS OF ICT
Information Technology is comprised of six components namely hardware, software, procedures,
telecommunications or internet access, data and people as illustrated in the figure:
1. Computer hardware
This is the physical technology that works with information. Hardware can be as small as a smartphone that fits in
a pocket or as large as a supercomputer that fills a building. Hardware also includes the peripheral devices that work with
computers, such as keyboards, external disk drives, and routers. With the rise of the Internet of things, in which anything
from home appliances to cars to clothes will be able to receive and transmit data, sensors that interact with computers are
permeating the human environment.
2. Computer software
The hardware needs to know what to do, and that is the role of software. Software can be divided into two types:
system software and application software. The primary piece of system software is the operating system, such as
Windows or iOS, which manages the hardware’s operation. Application software is designed for specific tasks, such as
handling a spreadsheet, creating a document, or designing a Web page.
3. Telecommunications
This component connects the hardware together to form a network. Connections can be through wires, such as
Ethernet cables or fibre optics, or wireless, such as through Wi-Fi. A network can be designed to tie together computers in
a specific area, such as an office or a school, through a local area network (LAN). If computers are more dispersed, the
network is called a wide area network (WAN). The Internet itself can be considered a network of networks.
4. Databases and data warehouses
This component is where the “material” that the other components work with resides. A database is a place where
data is collected and from which it can be retrieved by querying it using one or more specific criteria. A data warehouse
contains all of the data in whatever form that an organization needs. Databases and data warehouses have assumed even
greater importance in information systems with the emergence of “big data,” a term for the truly massive amounts of data
that can be collected and analyzed.
5. Procedures
The procedures they follow so that the knowledge in the huge databases and data warehouses can be turned into
learning that can interpret what has happened in the past and guide future action.
6. People
The final, and possibly most important, component of information systems is the human element: the people that
are needed to run the system
FUNCTIONS OF ICT
Senn (2008) enumerated six information-handling functions of ICT:
1. Capture – the process of compiling detailed records of activities.
Examples:
• Whenever a book is checked out of the library, the name or Identification number of the borrower and the title or
call number of the book is captured.
• A monitor records the pulse, heart rate, and blood pressure of a hospital patient.
2. Processing – the process of converting, analyzing, computing and synthesizing all forms of data or information.
Data processing is the process of handling data and transforming them into information while information
processing is the transformation of any information into a different type of information.
Examples:
• Example of data processing is calculating the balance in a checkbook by taking the starting balance for the
month, adding all deposits and subtracting all checks written (that is the data) and determining the current balance.
• Example of information processing is an animated presentation displayed on a computer screen which make
used of information from within the computer accompanied by music, voice, or other types of sound.
3. Generation – the process of organizing information into a useful form whether as numbers, text, sound, or visual
image.
Example:
• Recorded musical notes are “played” as sounds with rhythm and pauses (that is as music)
4. Storage – the process of retaining information for future use.
5. Retrieval – the process by which a computer locates and copies stored data or information for further processing or for
transmission to another user.
6. Transmission – The process of distributing information over a communication network.
Now that you know the fundamentals of ICT, reflect on the principle given by Senn (2008):
ICT’s great usefulness is as an aid in solving problems, unlocking creativity, and making people more effective
than they would be if they didn’t apply ICT to their activities;

THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN EVERYDAY LIFE, EDUCATION, HEALTH, BUSINESS AND OTHER
SETTINGS;
It’s hard to deny that computers have taken a prominent role in modern society. From the smartphones in our
pockets to the smart devices controlling our appliances at home and everything in between, computer technology
is everywhere. The advent of computers has revolutionized the world and redefined operational practices.
Computers play an increasingly important role as they help to make your life better, easier and more enjoyable.
Computers are being used in a lot of fields and in a lot of ways. Here are some ways in which computers are
used:
USES OF ICT/COMPUTER
1. Education
• Using computers in the classroom gives teachers an opportunity to teach digital citizenship skills that
demonstrate ways to use technology correctly and responsibly.
• On-line education and eLearning have made distance learning possible. Physically distant locations have come
closer due to Internet accessibility and the use of educational software and programs that facilitate personalized
online instruction for students like a learning management system (LMS) which provides an instructor with a
way to create and deliver content, monitor student participation
and assess student performance. It also provide students
with the ability to use interactive features such as threaded
discussions, video conferencing and discussion forums.
That is why despite of the pandemic we are able to go on with our
classes. Thanks to Google Classroom, Edmodo, Moodle, Canva
and the likes.

• Easier to research in the internet than to search for

information in books. With the internet, students today have
a wealth of information at their fingertips that can help
them develop their research and communication skills
• Computer education to children helps them to learn and develop interest in the basics of computers as the
future holds a bright promise for the technology. Many students become proficient and plan to pursue
careers in the world of computers;
• Used in running school and college administrations, during the admission procedures, storing of official and
student records;
• There is computer software designed to process performances related to teachers and employee’s promotion
avenues;
• Teachers use computers to:
✓ record grades, calculate averages, manage attendance and access data on student
performance in online programs and assessments.
✓ vary their instructional deliveryeasier. Instead of lecturing at the front of the room for an entire
class period, teachers can incorporate technology into their lessons to keep students engaged
while appealing to a variety of learning styles.
✓ create presentations on a topic to showing video clips that complement the lesson at hand,
technology helps teachers make the content easier for students to understand.
✓ Plan syllabus and in decision-making, controlling, assisting instructions and simulation;
2. Health Care and Medicine
• Electronic filing and retrieval of patients’ records;
• Surgeons use computers to perform arthroscopy and heart surgery;
• Hospitals use computerized equipment such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging, CT Scan, computer
programmed ventilators, electrical bed with computerized panel control, computerized
electrocardiography and radiography;
• Brain surgeons plot the surface of a patient’s head into a 3-D computer model, enabling them to
accurately locate a tumor;
 • Telemedicine—medical care delivered via telecommunications is now very popular. For some time,
physicians in rural areas lacking local access to radiologists have used “teleradiology” to exchange
computerized images such as X-rays via telephone-linked networks with expert physicians in
metropolitan areas;
• All medical information, including that generated by X-ray, lab test, and pulse monitor, can now be
transmitted to a doctor in digital format. An image transfer technology allows radiologic images such as
CT scans and MRIs to be immediately transmitted to electronic charts and physicians’ offices;
• Patients in intensive care, who are usually monitored, can be watched over by doctors in remote “control
towers” miles away;
• Software can compute a woman’s breast cancer risk;
• Hydraulics and computers are being used to help artificial limbs get “smarter”;
• A patient paralyzed by a stroke can receive an implant that allows communication between his brain and a
computer; as a result, he can move a cursor across a screen by brainpower and convey simple messages;
and
• Researchers use computers to construct models, including that of the human genome.
2. Government

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• Electronic voting is made possible due to computers. Electronic voting machines are located at polling
stations. Remote e-Voting is done from one's personal computer, mobile phone, television via the
internet (also called i-voting)). Electronic voting technology can speed the counting of ballots and
can provide improved accessibility for disabled voters.
 • Computers help weather forecasters analyze the atmosphere by drawing weather maps and doing the
huge volume math and tracking required for predicting the weather. It is estimated that it would take
over a hundred thousand people doing the figuring manually to perform the calculations done by the
supercomputer; and
• Maintain records of employees and citizens, records of people's gender, age, address, phone number
and other important information; • Government offices keep records of dates, such as when people
file taxes, and amounts that are due and paid;
4. Home and Household Chores
• Smart houses are now being built that enable owners to change window tints, turn on music,
control thermostats, regulate sprinklers, monitor security, and open the front door from their
cars.

• People use their computers at home to create their family budget and organize their monthly
expenditures.
• There are many software packages on the market that individuals can use to pay bills
• Internet refrigerators are available that not only make ice and keep track of provisions but also permit
you to maintain an address book and a datebook, watch television, play music, check e-messages, do
email, and surf the World Wide Web.
5. Entertainment and Recreation

• Computers can be used for watching movies and listening to music • For playing games;
• online dating services that people use for meeting their potential mate or spouse. A person can
conveniently scan through images and profiles of people online and contact them for dates.
• social networking sites that are popular with people of all age groups like Facebook.
6. Business

On-
line
buying and selling;
• Automotive repair shops use computers to help diagnose vehicle problems, and fix cars and trucks;
• Couriers and package carriers use computer systems to keep track of every package they pick up and
deliver. Through this system they can determine instantly the origin, current location, and destination
of a package; and
• Job seekers frequently use Internet job search sites.
• Deployment of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software solutions, Management Information
Systems (MIS), other information management and business intelligence technologies help
businesses to centralize core business activities and operations, manage gigabytes of generated
information and aid decision-making processes;
• Robots are being used in the manufacturing of cars by spraying paints and welding seams;
7. Transportation
• Computer chips are used to inflate the airbag in a crash, tell you that your car is overheating and to
draw maps on the displays of global positioning systems (GPS).
• The microcontrollers are used to measure, calculate and control vehicle variables such as the
temperature in the radiator, the air pressure in the tires, the speed of the automobile, the fuel flow rate
through the fuel injectors and more.
 • Self-driving cars are possible today due to the sensors for blind-spot monitoring, forward collision
warning, radar, camera and ultrasonic all work together to make navigation of a self-driving car
possible. use cloud computing to act upon traffic data, weather, maps, adjacent cars, and surface
conditions among others

• Today's buses and trains now let you board with an electronic card. Simply swipe the card across the
electronic payment terminal and you can board. Inside the card and inside the terminal are computer
chips.
• Sailboats, yachts and ocean liners not only have equipment with computer chips in them, but also rely
on computer chips in satellites, on buoys and under the sea. Sailors utilize electronic navigation
systems that receive weather information from satellites and water conditions from buoys. Under the
sea submarines, and unmanned submarines, called gilders, rely on computer chips to keep the cabin
pressurized, find
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their way in complete darkness and measure the speed of ice cold and steaming hot underwater
currents.
• Airplanes can now land and take off without pilot and the only human intervention is by controlling in
case of emergency. The use of the GPS allows pilot to see where they are on the map without
computing any degrees or plotting in his map. Instrumentation becomes more accurate and always
updated. Aircraft avionics and systems problem can now be detected immediately by laptops in the
cockpit.
8. Sports

• In baseball, special application software measures the exact angle at which the player is holding his or
her arms and legs. Through this, the pitcher can see how changes in movement affect the result (such
as how fast a ball travels). Some systems measure pitching and hitting motions during an actual
game. This allows coaches to give immediate feedback to players.
• computers, keep statistics up-to-date. Not only are there team statistics, but there are also statistics on
each individual player. For example, statistics on an individual baseball player might include
shooting a average, attempts, etc.
• Scoreboards and giant screens are controlled by an entire group of computers.
• Basketball referees use replay systems to make sure players are shooting within the time allotted by the
shot clock. In international cricket, the third umpire has been used, one sitting off the ground with
access to TV replays of certain situations (such as disputed catches and boundaries) to advise the
 central umpires. The umpires out on the field are in communication via wireless technology with the
other umpire.
9. Money Matters / Banking

• Transactions are often made with credit or debit cards, which use computers to monitor
bank account activity and to calculate available funds based on those computerized
transactions.
• Automated teller machines, or ATMs, can perform basic bank transactions anytime of
the day and anywhere in the world.
10.Military
• Computers are used in missile guidance systems and command center equipment. Rockets have been
retrofitted with computers and a computer chip so that no target could elude them. Even tanks and
armored vehicles have a computer on board that provides them with the precise location where they
are and the location of the
designated target.
• Used for surveillance and reconnaissance missions. Satellite images and computer-generated
images are used to keep track of targets and vehicles.
• Computers based scenarios, are made when planning an assault on a specific target and based on the
result, commanders decide if the operation can be deployed or not.
11.Training
• Highly realistic mockups are used to train astronauts train in vehicle operations such as preparing for
launch and landing. A motion-based trainer simulates the vibrations noise and views the astronauts
experience during shuttle launch and landing.
• Soldiers are trained in simulators that are governed by computers. They are tested to see if they can
handle extreme conditions, such as stress.
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• Insurance companies train their employees in estimating the extent of the repairs needed by viewing an
automobile accident or natural disaster on a computer display screen.
• Airlines around the world conduct pilot training through flight simulators of a plane and simulate
conditions pilots encounter during real flights. They allow pilots to practice corrective actions under
simulated emergency conditions they hope they will never have to face in the air.
• Coaches use a computer application to develop perfect swimming strokes. This simulation software
attempts to copy the way water flows around parts of the swimmer’s body, such as the arms and
hands. The swimmer’s goal is to move through the water as smoothly as possible. Water turbulence
can slow a swimmer down.
12.Communication
• Sending emails allows people to get messages to others almost instantaneously, even in distant areas of
the world.
• Instant messaging or chatting is another allowing people to speak to one another through text from two
distant points.
• Videoconferencing allows video and audio to be sent over the internet and shared with others, allowing
computer users to simulate a face-to face conversation.
DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERS
Despite of the many benefits of computers, they also bring their share of disadvantages. As society
continues to increasingly rely on computers, these disadvantages may become more prominent.
• Frequent and prolonged computer session may pose physical health risks especially for children. The most
frequently cited are visual strain, harmful effects of radiation, posture and skeletal problems. Another
problem is carpal tunnel syndrome, which is a pain in the forearms that results in poor posture often
caused by typing incorrectly.
• Increased reliance on computers makes people vulnerable to widespread hacking and data exploitation.
Using the computer, a thief can steal information such as bank account numbers and Social Security
numbers. Computers allow for identity theft and other scams.
• Computer data can be lost, destroyed or deleted in ways that physical files cannot. A person whose personal
computer breaks may lose very important documents, photos and other information without being able
to retrieve them.
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 • Computers can make the mind lazy. One gets used to not reading a book, or researching something at the
library. Just a few key-strokes and answers can be found.
• Many jobs have been lost because computer can do a lot of tasks more efficiently than humans. This has led
to high unemployment in many countries.
• Being on a computer too much can also lead to anti-social behavior and depression. People when working
with computer are far more likely to feel cut off from rest of the world. If children are sitting in front of
the screen all day, they do not learn to share, wait they turn, or even something as simples as manners.
• Children might be using the internet to access pornographic material. Children are also easy target for
sexual offenders who chat online with them and then make plans to meet them or slowly filter
information about them.
• Computer manufacturing processes and computer waste are depleting natural resources and polluting the
environment.
• Some worry that computers are distracting because they provide students with temptations like games,
videos or chats that can take them off task. • Another disadvantage of computers in the classroom is over-
reliance on technology. Critics argue that spell check and other computer features that automatically
correct errors in spelling and punctuation make students too lazy to learn and apply the rules themselves.
Based on our discussion, there are many great things about technology. But like all that’s good and great,
especially when not properly use, there are also some negative effects. Perhaps you could start listing down
now the advantages and disadvantages of technology in different areas.

HISTORY OF COMPUTER
 The first computers were PEOPLE! Before the term "computer" referred to electronic analog or digital
computers, it was said to be used to describe people who did computing.
 The start of the modern science that we call "Computer Science" can be traced back to a long-ago age where man
still dwelled in caves or in the forest, and lived in groups for protection and survival from the harsher elements on
the Earth.
COUNTING: THE SHAMAN (WITHIN THE TRIBAL GROUP)
 Man started off by counting on his digits.
 He needed ways to measure the months and the seasons in order to perform religious festivals ceremonies at the
correct time.
 Considered to one of the first mathematicians
 From the shamanistic tradition, man developed the first primitive counting mechanisms -- counting notches on
sticks or marks on walls.
PRE-MECHANICAL COMPUTING ERA
 From Counting on fingers to pebbles
 to hash marks on walls
 to hash marks on bone
 to hash marks in sand
EARLY COUNTING DEVICE
 Fingers, Stones - Early Man relied on counting on his fingers and toes which is the basis of numbering system. He
also used sticks and stones as markers. Later notched sticks and knotted cords were used for counting
 LEBOMBO BONE - oldest Math Tool made with baboon fibula discovered in Lebombo Mountains between
South Africa and Skwaziland.
o African women may have been the first mathematicians because of the 24 lines in Lebombo Bones which
is a lunar calendar that they used to keep tract of their menstrual cycles.
 Stonehenge: A Primitive Calendar
o 30km North of Salisbury, England ancient calendar that catches the light of summer solstice.
o Home rhatsahas of yesi to ceremonial and sigious ceremonies involving the summer solstice.
o It is widely believed that the enormous edifice of stone may have been erected by the Druids.
o Regardless of the identity of the builders, it remains today a monument to man's intense desire to count
and to track the occurrences of the physical world around him.
o Was an advanced form of computer or calculating device.
o Built 2850 BCE
MECHANICAL COMPUTERS FROM THE ABACUS C. 4000 BCE INDUSTRIES BABBAGE CHARLES AND
HIS DIFFERENCE ENGINE (1812)
THE ABACUS (C. 3000 BCE) BEFORE THE COMMON ERA
 The first known Calculator
NAPIER'S BONES AND LOGARITHMS (1617)
 John Napier - Created invented logarithms, a technology that allows multiplication to be performed via addition.
 The magic ingredient is the logarithm of each operand, which was originally obtained from a printed table. But
Napier also invented an alternative to tables, where the logarithm values were carved on ivory sticks which are
now called Napier's Bones.
SLIDE RULE OR SLIP-STICK
 A mechanical analog computer
 By OUGHTRED'S (1621) AND SCHICKARD'S (1623)
 Napier's invention led directly to the slide rule, first built in England in 1621 and still in use in the 1960's by the
NASA engineers of the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs which landed men on the moon.
CALCULATING CLOCK
 First Gear-driven Calculating Machine
 The first gear-driven calculating machine to actually be built was probably the calculating clock, so named by its
inventor, the German professor Wilhelm Schickard in 1623. This device got little publicity because Schickard
died soon afterward in the bubonic plague.
BLAISE PASCAL
 In 1642 Blaise Pascal, at age 19, invented the Pascaline as an aid for his father who was a tax collector. Pascal
built 50 of this gear-driven one-function calculators (it could only add) but couldn't sell many because of their
exorbitant cost and because they really weren't that accurate (at that time it was not possible to fabricate gears
with the required precision)
 Types of Pascaline:
o 8-digit Pascaline
o 6-digit Pascaline (Cheaper)
 Up until the present age when car dashboards went digital, the odometer portion of a car's speedometer used the
very same mechanism as the Pascaline to increment the next wheel after each full revolution of the prior wheel.
STEPPED RECKONER/ ODOMETER BY GOTTFRIED WILHELM VON LEIBNITZ'S (1674)
 First four-function (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) calculator
 Instead of gears, it employed fluted drums having ten flutes arranged around their circumference in a stair-step
fashion.
 The first industrial application of a (semi)-automated machine
 A way to control a loom with a perforated paper tape.
BASILE BOUCHON
 the information content for the cylinders of musical automata was first laid-out on paper, before the design was
applied to actual very expensive cylinders.
JOSEPH-MARIE JACQUARD
 His punched card-controlled looms (1801)
THE ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM
 "An ancient Greek computer."
 Found in the sea.
ARITHMOMETER BY THOMAS DE COLMAR
 A mechanical calculator invented in 1820,
 The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine
 The machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions.
 The first mass-produced calculating machine.
CHARLES BABBAGE (1791-1871)
 The Father of Computers (Modern)
 By 1822 the English mathematician Charles Babbage was proposing a steam driven calculating machine the size
of a room, which he called the Difference Engine.
 Difference Engine - This machine would be able to compute tables of numbers, such as logarithm tables.
 The latest working model of Babbage's Difference Engine [1989-1991]
 Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine [1837-1871-never completed]
 Babbage was never able to complete construction of any of his machines due to conflicts with his chief engineer
and created with inadequate free oar funding.
LADY AUGUSTA ADA LOVELACE BYRON COUNTESS OF LOVELACE (1815-1852)
 First Computer Programmer
  ADA COUNTESS OF LOVELACE (1815-1852)
 Pioneer of Computing lived here
 Ada invented the subroutine and was the first to recognize the importance of looping.
ELECTRO-MECHANICAL COMPUTERS
 From Herman Hollerith's 1890 Census Counting Machine to Howard Aiken and the Harvard Mark I (1944)
HOLLERITH'S INNOVATION
 By using punch cards, Hollerith created a way to store and retrieve information.
 This was the first type of read and write technology
 Reduced to 2 & 1/2 years instead of seven.
IBM
 Hollerith built a company, the Tabulating Machine Company which, after a few buyouts, eventually became
International Business Machines, known today as IBM.
 Managed by Thomas Watson
THE HARVARD MARK I (1944) AKA IBM'S AUTOMATIC SEQUENCE CONTROLLED CALCULATOR
(ASCC) BY HOWARD AIKEN.
 12 feet in height and 55 feet in width.
 Used by IBM for 10 years.
 Same with scientific calculators.
THE FIRST COMPUTER BUG
 Rear Admiral Dr. Grace Murray Hopper is a programmer.
 Computer bug = computer error
ELECTRONIC - DIGITAL COMPUTERS FROM JOHN VINCENT ATANASOFF'S 1939
 Atanasoff - Berry Computer (ABC) to the present day
ALAN TURING 1912-1954
 The Turing Machine Aka THE UNIVERSAL MACHINE 1936
 Universal Machine Turing Machine
JOHN VINCENT ATANASOFF (1903-1995)
 Physics Prof
 At lowa State
 University, Ames, A
CLIFFORD BERRY (1918-1963)
 PhD student of Dr. Atanasoff's
1939 - THE ATANASOFF-BERRY COMPUTER (ABC)
 The ABC was the first electronic digital computer, Invented by John Vincent Atanasoft
 They failed to patent it.
1943 - BLETCHLEY PARK'S COLOSSUS
 The Enigma Machine
1946 - THE ENIAC
 John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) and John Mauchly (1907-1980) of the University of Pennsylvania Moore,
School of Engineering
ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR AND COMPUTER
 first successful general-purpose computer but was not sold commercially because Atanasoff appealed to the court
about patent.
 It signaled the start of computer age which started at 1940’s
EARLY PROGRAMMERS
UNIVAC I IS THE FIRST COMMERCIAL COMPUTER.
 The government, in particular, the Census Bureau, was the first customer
 ENIAC in disguise.
THE COMPUTER GENERATIONS
EARLY ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS AND THE COMPUTER GENERATIONS
THE FIRST GENERATION (1951 TO 1958)
 June 16, 1951 - 1958: The Vacuum Tube
 The first generation of computers, characterized by vacuum tubes, started in 1951 with the creation of - UNIVAC
(Universal Automatic Computer.
 VACUUM TUBES
o electronic tubes about the size of light bulbs.
  TRANSISTOR – Tubes
o Tubes started with an effect Thomas Edison noticed while experimenting with light bulbs.
o John Ambrose Fleming discovered that one could exploit the effect to detect radio waves and convert
them to electricity, but the signal was too small.
o Lee de Forest added to the device, making the triode; Edwin Armstrong pointed out it could be used to
amplify signals.
IN THIS GENERATION
 There were Machine code and electric wired board languages used. Such as the use of I's and 1's
 mainly batch processing operating system were used.
 Punched cards, Paper tape, Magnetic tape
 Input & Output device were used
THE MAIN FEATURES OF FIRST GENERATION
 Vacuum tube technology
 Unreliable
 Supported Machine language only
 Very costly
 Generate lot of heat
 Slow Input/Output device
 Huge size
 Need of Alternating Current.
 Non portable
 Consumed lot of electricity
SOME COMPUTER OF THIS GENERATION:
 ENIAC
 EDVAC
 UNIVAC
 IBM-701
SECOND GENERATION, 1959 - 1964: THE TRANSISTOR
 The year 1959 marked the invention of transistors, which characterized the second generation of computers.
 TRANSISTOR- was a three-legged component which shrunk the size of the first-generation computers. Occupied
only 1/100th of the space occupied by a vacuum tube
 More reliable, had greater computational speed, required no warm-up time and consumed far less electricity.
 Transistors
o William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain developed the transistor while working at Bell Labs
in 1947. (Nobel Prize 1956)
o The transistor could play the same role as the vacuum tube but was significantly smaller - and thus faster
and less power consuming.
o This generation using the transistor were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more
reliable and faster than the first-generation machines made of vacuum tubes.
o assembly language and high level programming language like FORTRAN, COBOL were used.
o There were Batch processing and Multiprogramming Operating system used.
 In this generation, magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic disks as secondary storage
devices.
THIRD GENERATION, 1965 - 1970: THE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
 Third generation computers arose in 1965 with the invention of smaller electronic circuits called integrated
circuits (IC'S)
 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS - are square silicon chips containing circuitry that can perform the functions of
hundreds of transistors.
 Integrated Circuit
 A computer of third generation consisted of integrated circuits.
 The problem with computers is that they required so many transistors connected to one another -
the so-called "tyranny of numbers."
 This problem was solved by the "monolithic idea" - the idea the many circuit elements (mainly
transistors) could be placed on the same piece of semiconductor, i.e., an integrated circuit (IC).
 In 1958 Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments invented the IC. In 1959 Robert Noyce of Fairchild
Semiconductor independently developed a better-designed IC. (Nobel Prize 2000.)
THE MAIN FEATURES OF THIRD GENERATION ARE:
 IC used
 More reliable
 Smaller size
 Generate less heat
 Faster
 Lesser maintenance
 Still costly
 Need of Alternating Current.
 Consumed lesser electricity
 Support high level language
 Monitor and keyboard were introduced
FOURTH GENERATION, 1971 - 1990: THE MICROPROCESSOR
 Marked by the use of microprocessor
 MICROPROCESSOR
o is a silicon chip that contains the CPU - part of the computer where all processing takes place.
 4004 chip - was the first microprocessor introduced by Intel Corporation.
MAIN FEATURES OF FOURTH GENERATION
 Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits having about 5000 transistors
 Very cheap
 Portable and reliable
USE OF PC'S
 Very small size *Pipeline processing
 No Need of Alternating Current.
 Concept of internet was introduced
 Great developments in the fields of networks
 Computers became easily available
FIFTH GENERATION OR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
 Problem-oriented fourth generation language (4GL) is used to develop the program
 Semiconductor like RAM, ROM and cache memory is used as a primary memory
 Magnetic disks like hard disk, Optical disk (CD, DVD), Blue ray disk, flashes memory (memory chip, pen drive)
are used as secondary memory
 E-mail, internet and mobile communications are developed
 Advance, user-friendly web page software are developed
FIFTH GENERATION-1990 TO PRESENT:
 This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and Al (Artificial Intelligence) software. Al is an
emerging branch in computer science, which interprets means and method of making computers think like human
beings.
 Al includes: Robotics, Game Playing, Development of expert systems to make decisions in real life situations,
 Natural language understanding and generation
 Components of NLP
o Natural Language Understanding
o Taking some spoken/typed sentence and working out what it means
o Natural Language Generation
o Taking some formal representation of what you want to say and working out a way to express it in a
natural (human) language (e.g., English)
ADVANCEMENT IN PARALLEL PROCESSING
 The simultaneous use of more than one CPU to execute a program. Ideally, parallel processing makes a program
run faster because there are more engines (CPUs) running it.
ADVANCEMENT IN SUPERCONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY
 Superconductors are materials whose electrical resistance drops to zero when the temperature decreases below a
certain point; this is the so-called 'transition temperature'. As a result, these materials conduct current with hardly
any losses.
OTHER FEATURES OF FIFTH GENERATION
 the VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large-Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of
microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components.
  All the Higher-level languages like C and C++, Java, Net etc. are used in this generation.
 More user-friendly interfaces with multimedia features
 Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates
 computers can now be found in homes, schools, offices etc.
 there has been a tremendous improvement in software technology
 different software applications to choose from: word processing, spreadsheets, database management, games and
entertainment.
 computer subjects are now being offered not just to college students but even to high school and elementary.
 computers are now used as an aid in teaching math, science etc.
SOME COMPUTER TYPES OF THIS GENERATION ARE:
 Laptop
 потевоок
One machine can do the work of fifty ordinary men. No machine can do the work of one extraordinary man. -
Elbert Hubbard (Author)
EXAM @ 1:30 on March 2.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPUTERS – CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMPUTER

 3 ways to classity computer
o According to Purpose
o According to Function
o According to Size / Capability
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS ON THE BASIS OF PURPOSE
1. GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTER
2. SPECUL PURPOSE COMPUTER
 General Purpose Computers
o Designed to Perform many different kind of tasks
 Special Purpose Computers
o Designed to handle a specific problem or to perform specific task
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS BASED ON APPLICATION
1. Analog
2. 2.Digital
3. Hybrid computers.
1. Analog
o a form of computer that uses the continuously-changeable aspects of physical phenomena such as
electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved.
o These computers are used in Hospitals, Air-crafts and so on.
 The ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM
 “An ancient Greek computer”
o The oldest known example is the Antikythera, designed for calculating astronomical positions.
 SLIDE RULE OR SLIPSTICK
o A mechanical analog computer
 The HITACHI 240 Analog Computer
DIGITAL COMPUTER
 Digital computers are the most common class of computers.
 Digital Computers can be defined as a computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities
represented as digits, usually in the binary number system.
HYBRID COMPUTER
 The computer which has qualities of both digital & analog computers are called hybrid computer.
 Hybrid computer has the speed of analog & the accuracy of digital computer.
o Cardiac monitor -ECG
o Modem
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS BASED ON SIZE/CAPABILITY
 Supercomputers
 Mainframes
 Mini-computers
  Servers
 Personal computers
 Embedded systems
1. SUPER COMPUTER
o the most powerful in terms of speed and accuracy. r used in solving complex
mathematical computations.
o capable of executing trillions of instructions per second. which is calculated in floating
point operations per second ( LOPS)
o Supercomputers can go even faster with the rate of petaFLOPS (or PFLOPS). This
could bring up their processing numbers up to the quadrillion the largest in terms of size.
o They can occupy anything from a few feet to hundreds of feet. They also don’t come cheap as they can be priced
between $200,000 to over $100 million
2. Mainframes
 large sized computer types.
 They are equally powerful but fall short in terms of the computation ability in supercomputers.
 They are like big file servers, enabling multiple users from nearby and remote locations to access resources at the
same time.
 Also known as big iron, these systems can handle massive amounts of data going in and out simultaneously. This
makes them popular with businesses.
 Uses of Mainframes
o Online processing
o IBM
o ATMS, Branch Office, Central Office, Disk Storage
o The price of mainframe computers, especially from IBM, start at $75,000 and can go up
o to $1 million.
3. Minicomputers
 Minicomputers are general purpose devices without the monumental expenses associated with a larger system
 Their processing power is below that of mainframe systems but above the capabilities of personal computers.
 Also known as mid-range computers, these became popular in the late 1960s but have become almost extinct
because of the popularity of personal computers. The latter can now perform most of the tasks reserved for minis.
 The first minicomputer was unveiled in 1967 by Digital Equipment Corporation and was followed later by
designs from IBM and other companies.
 Minicomputers were intended for a number of activities listed below:
o Switchboard control.
o Dedicated applications for graphics and computer design
o Time-sharing, to allow multiple users to interact concurrently on a single system.
o % Control and monitoring of manufacturing activities.
o Monitoring and control of laboratory equipment.
 EXAMPLES OF MINICOMPUTERS.
TEXAS INSTRUMENTS - T1990/10 Minicomputer
MicroVAX II - Dotal Systems Division
4. SERVERS
 computers used to provide resources, services, and functionality to client computers in a server-client network
model. Resource provided are based on the
 Functions of a particular server, may fall under these categories:
o File server
o Database server
o Print server
o File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Application server
 Web server
o Sizes will depend on purpose and tasks in the network. Bigger and more multitasking installations will
require multiple system and storage installation.
o true server systems are specialized computers with abilities far beyond what personal computers can
deliver.
 o Servers are optimized to run 24 hours and are capable of hot swapping of storage and other hardware
without having to shut down the system.
5. MICROCOMPUTERS/PERSONAL COMPUTERS
 smallest, least expensive and the most used types of computers.
 They have a small memory, less processing powe are physically smaller, and permit fewer peripherals compared
to super and mainframe computers.
 They are more commonly known as personal computers or simply PCs. The term was initially used to refer to
IBM compatible computers
 Categories of personal computers include:
 Desktop computers
 Mobile computers
 Wearable computers
DESKTOP COMPUTERS
o A typical desktop computer falls under the small size computer that sit on desk
o Sub categories
 Single Unit Systems
 Nettop Systems
 Single Board Computers
 Thin Clients
1. Single Unit Systems
o Single unit computers, also known as all-in-one PCs, are a sub-type of desktop computers. They integrate
the monitor and system unit within a single unit.
o They also have connectivity to a mouse, keyboard, and other peripherals, usually through USB ports.
2. Nettop Systems
o Nettop, which are sometimes called mini-PCs, are smell and cheap system units. They
o use less power and perform processing.
o The term nettop comes from a combination of the words Internet and desktop, as the computer is intended
to be a desktop meant primarily for Internet use.
o Nettops have enough computing power to run an operating system (OS)and may have universal serial bus
(USB) ports as well as plugs for speakers or headphones.
o Just like any other desktop, they attach to peripheral accessories via USB ports and the monitor via VGA
or DVI ports.
3. Single Board Computers
o Smallest possible computers which mimic the shape a functionality of full-size desktop motherboards. They fit
miniature circuit boards, the size of an ATM card and support numerous input/output ports for connectivity to
external peripherals.
o Standout is USB ports for a keyboard and mouse HDMI output to monitors, Ethernet ports, and
Bluetooth/wireless capability.
o A single board computer (SBC) is an integrated piece of hardware which is called so
because it only spots one board, unlike the desktop computer which features additional
circuitry like memory chips and processor.
o It is also a low power, fan-less circuitry, low-cost system, and popular with hobbyists and
developers.
o An SBC can easily be confused with an embedded system because of its size but is
not, because it permits general purpose functionalities synonymous with microcomputers.
o Raspberry Pi3, Arduino and BeagleBone Blue are popular examples of SBC.
4. Thin Clients
o These are low-cost computer types which rely on server systems in order to provide computing services to
attached monitors. They communicate to the server via the remote desktop protocol and are part of the networking
implementation setup known as client/server model.
o While a thin client depends entirely on the availability of a server, a desktop based client (the typical desktop
computer), sometimes called fat client, can operate independently of a server in case of transmission downtime
MOBILE COMPUTERS
 Mobile devices have become the norm in recent years. Most users opt for laptops and tablets due to ease of use on
the go, and battery power. Particular features that make mobile systems a favorite include
 o Extended battery use.
o Wi-Fi capabilities.
o Mobility.
THE MOST COMMON TYPES OF MOBILE COMPUTERS INCLUDE
o Tablets.
o Smartphones.
o Laptop computers.
o Personal Digital Assistants (PDA),
LAPTOPS
Laptops are lightweight mobile PCs with a thin screen. They were initially called notebook computers because of
their small size. They operate on batteries.
ULTRABOOKS
Ultrabooks are special laptops specifically designed to be thin and lightweight. They usually have longer lasting
batteries (5 hours minimum and have strong hardware and processing power to run any software around.
CHROMEBOOKS
Chromebooks are low-end laptops that only runs the web-based Chrome operating system. After the installation
of Chrome OS, additional software can only be installed via the Chrome Web Store. The OS allows you to achieve
traditional PC functionality online. You can type documents, edit them, implement group discussions, have
teleconferencing, and use basic online tools like search engines and e-mail.
NETBOOKS
Netbooks can be thought of as mini laptops. They are smaller in size, price, and processing power. Just like
Chromebooks, they are primarily designed for web browsing, electronic communication, and cloud computing. They are
catered to users who require less powerful client computers.
PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANTS
Personal digital assistants (PDAs), also called handheld computers, pocket PCs, or palm top computers, are
battery-powered devices that are small enough to carry almost anywhere. While weaker to larger systems, these are useful
for scheduling appointments, storing addresses and phone numbers, and playing games. Some have more advanced
capabilities, such as making telephone calls or accessing the Internet. PDAs seem to have been overtaken by tablets and
smartphones, almost rendering them obsolete.
3. Wearable Gadgets
Like the term suggests, wearable computers, or simply wearables, are miniature devices that are designed to be
worn or attached onto your body. Wearables are designed to function as smart devices similar to smartphones. They
typically provide specific functions like health monitoring.
 Smartwatches
o These became popular around 2013, when Samsung launched Gear, a wristwatch fitted with sensors to
communicate directly with a smartphone.
o Dubbed the smartphone and phablet companion, a smartwatch gives features like internet connectivity
and text messaging among others.
o It also provides communication between the user and other devices
 Head Mounted Displays
o Another wearable being developed is the heads-up display unit (HUD) or head mounted display unit
(HMD).
o This device is meant to be worn or attached to the head and uses a transparent glass display that interfaces
with the human eye.
o It does not interfere with the users sight.
o Earlier HUDs were used for military purposes. They went from using a cathode ray tube to a liquid
crystal display. The technology eventually embraced laser-based projection for images and motion
pictures.
 Smartware
o Smartshoes and smartclothes are intended for health-related functions like measuring heart rate and
waveform measurement.
o These devices are intended to encourage the wearer to have an active lifestyle
o Smartshoes and smartclothes can also be used for competitive purposes, such helping athletes keep track
of their running distance and speed.
6. Dedicated or Embedded Systems
  These are computer-based systems which are standalone electronic hardware designed to perform dedicated
computing tasks. They are not general-purpose installations like the personal computer. Actually, they are
computers which may not always seem to be computers
 They include a combination of the outer hardware, microprocessor chip, and software.
 The core of such systems is the microprocessor or micro-controller which execute the assigned task.
 The embedded software, usually firmware, is but not always fixed onto volatile memory which may not always
require post-installation configurations. In any case, the hardware does repetitive assignments. Popular devices
that may be categorized under embedded systems are Embedded System Products
 Cellphones, Telephones, PCs,
TOPIC: COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
Computer hardware
 Let us review the definition of a computer hardware. This is the physical technology that works with
information. Hardware can be as small as a smartphone that fits in a pocket or as large as a supercomputer that
fills a building. Hardware also includes the peripheral devices that work with computers, such as keyboards,
external disk drives, and routers. With the rise of the Internet of things, in which anything from home appliances
to cars to clothes will be able to receive and transmit data, sensors that interact with computers are permeating
the human environment.
 In other words, Hardware is the physical part of the computer system, the machinery and equipment.
FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF HARDWARE
 There are four categories of hardware namely: input devices, the system or the central processing unit, output
devices and storage devices as can be seen in the figure below:

 System Unit – the core of a computer. Responsible for processing and storing data and controls all computer
functions. Work with the computer peripheral devices.
a. The System Case – plastic and metal box that houses components such as the motherboard, disk drives and power
supply
b. The Motherboard – the most important components of the computer. It is the largest board of the computer system.
It contains the central processing unit, basic input/output system, memory, mass storage, interfaces, serial and
parallel ports, expansion slots and all the controllers required to control standard peripheral devices such as the
monitor, keyboard and disk drive.
Devices are connected to the motherboard through a system bus. System bus connects all devices, ensures data flow and
communication between different devices using predefined protocols.
Protocol describes a manner in which communication between devices is defined. It enables them to address each other
and defines how they should look for each other on either system bus or network.
Buses can, according to the purpose, be divided into:
• Serial-USB, Firewire, etc.
• Parallel-AGP, PCI, etc.
• Mixed-Hyper Transport, InfiniBand, PCI, etc..
c. The Central Processing Unit – the device that interprets and executes instructions. It functions as the “brain” of
a computer.
1. Control Unit – supervises or monitors the functions performed by the entire computer system according to
conditions set forth by the stored program
2
2. Arithmetic/Logic Unit – performs operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, as
well as moving, shifting and comparing data.
3. Main Memory
a) Very closely connected to the processor
b) Working memory of the computer. Holds the programs and data that the processor is actively working
with. Cache is a
small capacity memory which allows quick access to data. By storing data from working
memory in cache, the speed of
communication between processor and RAM is increased.
Microprocessors use three levels of fast cache, L1, L2 and L3, used to store often used data.
Random Access Memory (RAM) cards hold the data and information that are being used. But,
when the computer is turned off, all data and information are lost. Read Only Memory (ROM) is a
type of permanent, internal memory that is used solely for reading. BIOS (Basic Input/Output
System), a program which is located in a separate ROM on the motherboard, and defines, as the
name suggests, basic input/output system, is a good example. ROM can store data but cannot be
changed. It holds the information that was built into the computer.
c) Interacts with the processor million of times per second.
2. Input Device - any device that translates data into a form the computer can interpret. It sends a specific input
signal to the computer.
a. Traditional input devices 1. Keyboard
1) Alphanumeric Keyboard. What you type is what you see. Standard keyboard has 101-key with the
traditional QWERTY key layout, 12 function keys, a variety of special function keys and cursor
control keys.
2) Special function Keyboards- designed for specific application like cash register of most fast-food
restaurant. Each key has a corresponding function.

ALPHANUMERIC KEYBOARD
SPECIAL
FUNCTION KEYBOARD
3
b. Point and Draw Devices
1) Mouse. A mouse tracked movement using a ball in the bottom of the mouse. This "mouse ball" pushed
against different rollers as it moved, measuring the mouse's speed and direction.
However, now most mice use optical technology, which uses a beam of light to track the mouse's
motion. Optical mice are more accurate than roller-based mice and they have the added bonus of
not getting dirty.
2) Trackball- It serves the same purpose as a mouse, but is designed with a moveable ball on the top, which
can be rolled in any direction. Instead of moving the whole device, one simply roll the moveable ball
on top of the trackball unit to generate motion input.
3) Trackpad/touchpad. It is a flat pad on some computers that one slide his finger over in order to
move the cursor.
4) Lightpen- When it is moved closer to the screen, the light pen detects light being emitted from the
monitor’s display. The graphics cursor automatically locks on to the position of the pen and tracks its
movement over the screen.
5) Digitizer tablet and Pen. A pen and a pressure sensitive tablet with the same X-Y coordinates as
the screen. The movement of the pen is reproduced simultaneously on the display screen.
 6) Joystick. Joysticks consist of a base and a stick that can be moved in any direction. The stick can be
moved slowly or quickly and in different amounts. Some joysticks have sticks that can also be rotated
to the left or right. Because of the flexible movements a joystick allows, it can provide much greater
control than the keys on a keyboard.

MOUSE TRACKBALL
LIGHTPEN

JOYSTICK DIGITIZER
TABLET AND PEN TRACKPAD
4
c. Optical Character Recognition (OCR). It is a way to encode certain data in machine-readable format on the
original source document. OCR scanners are identified by light sensitive devices.
1) Hand-held label scanners or wand scanners. These devices read data on price tags and labels.
2) Stationary scanners. Scanners that are mounted in a solid housing.
3) Page scanners. These devices scan and interpret the alphanumeric characters on regular printed
pages.
4) Document scanners. They are capable of scanning documents of varying sizes (e.g. sales slips
from credit card transactions).
5) Continuous-form scanners. These devices read data printed on continuous forms, such as cash register
tapes.
6) Optical Mark scanners. Scan preprinted forms such as multiplechoice test answer forms.
d. Image Scanners. Scan and digitize an image. The hard copy is translated into format that can be interpreted by and
stored on computers.
1) Page image scanner. Works like a desktop duplicating machine. The image to be scanned is placed
face down on the letter-sized scanning surface, covered then scanned.
2) Hand image scanner. Scanner that is rolled manually over the image to be scanned.
e. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR). Scanner used exclusively by the banking industry in reading and
sorting checks. It is a technology used to verify the legitimacy or originality of paper documents, especially checks.
Special ink, which is sensitive to magnetic fields, is used in the printing of certain characters on the original documents.
Information can be encoded in the magnetic characters.
f. Magnetic Stripes and Smart Cards. Magnetic stripes on the back of credit cards, atm cards and the like are
encoded with data appropriate for the application. Because they cannot be read visually, they are perfect for storing
confidential data such as account number and privacy code. Smart cards contain a microprocessor that retains security
and personal data in its memory at all times.
g. Voice Data Entry. Speech recognition systems can be used to enter limited kinds and quantities of data. The sound
waves created by the spoken word are digitized by the computer.
h. Vision-Input System. To create the data base, a vision system, via a camera, digitizes the image of all objects to be
identified, and then stores the digitized form of each image in the data base. Examples are digital Camera, webcam and
video camera.
Vision-Input System: Camera, webcam and video camera
i. Microphone. It is used to record sound. The sound is then saved as a sound file on the computer.
j. Touch Screen/ Touch panel. A touch screen/panel is a computer screen or other screen that you can touch with
your finger to enter information.
3 Output Device - any device that translates data into a form man can understand. It sends a specific input
signal to the computer.
a. Monitor. Alphanumeric and graphic output are displayed on the television-like monitor. Monitors are defined by
three attribute:
1. Size. Diagonal dimension of the display screen. It varies in size from 5 to 25 inches.
2. Resolution. This refers to the number of addressable points on the screen. Resolution affects the quality of
output.
3. Monochrome or colored. Monochrome monitor displays image in a single color. Colored monitor can
display a spectrum of colors.
Monitor Monochrome Monitor elements. 1 pixel = 3 Page | bytes of color (RGB)+1
b. Printer. Produce hard copy output
1. Impact Printer. Refers to a type of computer printer with a print head that runs back and forth onthe page
and prints by impact, striking an ink soaked cloth ribbon against the paper, much like a typewriter. The
printing involves mechanical pressure, these printerscan create carbon copies and carbonless copies.
2. Page Printer. a high-speed, high resolution printer that uses a lightsource, as a laser beam or el ectrically
charged ions, to print a full page of text or graphics at a time.
c. Plotter -A graphics printer that draws images with ink pens. It draws pointto-point lines directly from vector
graphics files. The plotter was the first computer output device that could print graphics as well as accommodate
full-size engineering and architectural drawings.
d. Speakers - receive audio input from the computer's sound card and produce audio output in the form of sound
waves. Most computer speakers are active speakers which have an internal amplifier that allows increasing the
volume, or amplitude, of the sound.
4 Storage Device - any device that are used to store data when they are not being used in memory.
Types of storage devices
a. Floppy Drive - The smallest and most portable of all the storage devices usually holds about 1.44 MB of storage.
b. Super Disk - a special floppy diskette which can store up to 120MB or 240MB of information as well as being
backwards compatible and still supporting the standard floppy diskettes.
c. Zip Drive - Similar to the floppy disk which comes in100MB, 250MB and 750MB
Floppy Disk
Super Disk and Zip Disk

d. Compact Disk (CD)– It is an optical storage device that holds data anywhere from 650MB to 700MB (74-
80 minutes)
e. Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) - Also called Digital Video Disc. It is a highcapacity optical disc that looks like a
CD, but can store much more information. It holds data anywhere from4.70-17.08GB
DVD Capacity
DVD-5 4.7GB (2 hours)
DVD-9 8.54GB (4 hours)
DVD-10 9.4GB (4.5 hours)
DVD-18 17.08GB (8 hours)
f. Blu-ray disc (BD)- the successor to DVD, is an optical disk storage, it comes in different capacities, depending on
how many layers it has and the capacity of each layer. Currently, the capacity of one layer is between 27 GB and
33 GB, while the overall capacity is the product of the number of layers and capacity of each layer.
g. Hard Disk - usually built holds anywhere from 1GigaByte to 4TeraByte of capacity. It comes into two forms, the
hard disk drive, which is embedded in the computer case, and an external hard disk drive, which is connected to a
computer by using an appropriate cable or USB port, and is usually used to transfer data from one computer to
another or for backup
h. Flash Drive/USB Stick - A compact and portable device use for storing data anywhere from 128MB up to
256GB.
i. Memory card is a type of flash memory used to store data in digital cameras, cell phones, MP3 players etc.
Hard Disk External Hard Disk Flash Drive Memory Card

J. Solid state drive (SSD) is a newer and advanced form of hard drive that works as a storage device in computers.
With no moving parts, SSDs access and deliver data more quickly than traditional drives.