Monitoring and Evaluation Methods and Tools

Qualitative and Quantitative research

When collecting and analysing data, quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics,
while qualitative research deals with words and meanings. Both are important for gaining
different kinds of knowledge.

Quantitative research is expressed in numbers and graphs. It is used to test or

confirm theories and assumptions. This type of research can be used to establish generalizable
facts about a topic.
Common quantitative methods include: experiments, observations recorded as numbers, and
surveys with closed-ended questions.

Qualitative research is expressed in words. It is used to understand concepts, thoughts or

experiences. This type of research enables you to gather in-depth insights on topics that are not
well understood.
Common qualitative methods include interviews with open-ended questions, observations
described in words, and literature reviews that explore concepts and theories.

The differences between quantitative and qualitative research

Quantitative and qualitative research use different research methods to collect and analyze data,
and they allow you to answer different kinds of research questions.

Quantitative research Qualitative Research

Focuses on testing theories and hypotheses Focuses on exploring ideas and formulating a
theory or hypothesis

Analyzed through math and statistical Analyzed by summarizing, categorizing and

analysis interpreting
Quantitative research Qualitative Research

Mainly expressed in numbers, graphs and Mainly expressed in words

tables

Requires many respondents Requires few respondents

Closed (multiple choice) questions Open-ended questions

Key terms: testing, measurement, Key terms: understanding, context, complexity,

objectivity, replicability subjectivity

Data collection methods

Quantitative and qualitative data can be collected using various methods. It is important to use
a data collection method that will help answer your research question(s).

Many data collection methods can be either qualitative or quantitative. For example, in surveys,
observations or case studies, your data can be represented as numbers (e.g. using rating scales or
counting frequencies) or as words (e.g. with open-ended questions or descriptions of what you
observe).

However, some methods are more commonly used in one type or the other.

Quantitative data collection methods

 Surveys: List of closed or multiple choice questions that is distributed to a sample (online,
in person, or over the phone).
 Experiments: Situation in which variables are controlled and manipulated to establish
cause-and-effect relationships.
 Observations: Observing subjects in a natural environment where variables can’t be
controlled.
Qualitative data collection methods

 Interviews: Asking open-ended questions verbally to respondents.

 Focus groups: Discussion among a group of people about a topic to gather opinions that
can be used for further research.
 Ethnography: Participating in a community or organization for an extended period of time
to closely observe culture and behavior.
 Literature review: Survey of published works by other authors.

When to use qualitative vs. quantitative research

A rule of thumb for deciding whether to use qualitative or quantitative data is:

 Use quantitative research if you want to confirm or test something (a theory or hypothesis)
 Use qualitative research if you want to understand something (concepts, thoughts,
experiences)

For most research topics you can choose a qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods approach.
Which type you choose depends on, among other things, whether you’re taking an inductive vs.
deductive research approach; your research question(s); whether you’re
doing experimental, correlational, or descriptive research; and practical considerations such as
time, money, availability of data, and access to respondents.

Research question: How satisfied are students with their studies?

Qualitative research approach

You conduct in-depth interviews with 15 students and ask them open-ended questions such as:
“How satisfied are you with your studies?”, “What is the most positive aspect of your study
program?” and “What can be done to improve the study program?”
Based on the answers you get you can ask follow-up questions to clarify things. You transcribe
all interviews and try to find commonalities and patterns.

Mixed methods approach

You conduct interviews to find out how satisfied students are with their studies. Through open-
ended questions you learn things you never thought about before and gain new insights. Later,
you use a survey to test these insights on a larger scale.

It’s also possible to start with a survey to find out the overall trends, followed by interviews to
better understand the reasons behind the trends.

How to analyze qualitative and quantitative data

Qualitative or quantitative data by itself can’t prove or demonstrate anything, but has to be
analyzed to show its meaning in relation to the research questions. The method of analysis differs
for each type of data.

Analyzing quantitative data

Quantitative data is based on numbers. Simple math or more advanced statistical analysis is used
to discover commonalities or patterns in the data. The results are often reported in graphs and
tables.

Applications such as Excel, SPSS, or R can be used to calculate things like:

 Average scores
 The number of times a particular answer was given
 The correlation or causation between two or more variables
 The reliability and validity of the results

Analyzing qualitative data

Qualitative data is more difficult to analyze than quantitative data. It consists of text, images or
videos instead of numbers.
Some common approaches to analyzing qualitative data include:

 Qualitative content analysis: Tracking the occurrence, position and meaning of words or
phrases
 Thematic analysis: Closely examining the data to identify the main themes and patterns
 Discourse analysis: Studying how communication works in social contexts

Topic Resources

Handbook for Project Evaluation(NSF 93-152)

An introduction to quantitative research Quantitative research means collecting and
analyzing numerical data to describe characteristics, find correlations, or test hypotheses.

Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research | Differences & Methods (scribbr.com)