Verbs Active

Four conjugations (groups) of verbs

Future Future
Perfect passive Present Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect
Conjugation Present Infinitive Perfect (1st_2nd) (3rd_4th) perfect
participle
I o bo am bam (v)i (v)eram ero
1 o are avi atus
You (s) s bis es bas (v)isti (v)eras eris
2 eo ere ui itus
He t bit et bat (v)it (v)erat erit
3 o ere ?i ?tus
We mus bimus emus bamus (v)imus (v)eramus erimus
4 io ire ivi itus
You (pl) tis bitis etis batis (v)istis (v)eratis eritis

Verbs - Tenses They nt bunt ent bant (v)erunt (v)erant erint

- Present (I am verbing / I am being verbed)
- Imperfect (I was verbing / I was being verbed)
- Future (I will verb / I will be verbed) Passive
- Perfect (I verbed / I was verbed)
- Pluperfect (I had verbed / I had been verbed) Future Future
Present Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect
(1st_2nd) (3rd_4th) perfect
- Future Perfect (I will have verbed / I will have been verbed)

I r bor ar bar …us sum …us eram …us ero

For passive perfect + pluperfect :
- sunt You (s) ris beris eris baris …us es …us eras …us eris
- Original = is
- Changed = were (passive) He ur bitur etur batur …us est …us erat …us erit

- erant
We mur bimur emur bamur …i sumus …i eramus …i erimus
- Original = were
- Changed = had been (passive) You (pl) mini bimini emini bamini …i estis …i eratis …i eritis
→ One time back when changing into passive
They ntur buntur entur bantur …i sunt …i erant …i erint
Subjunctives Irregular Verbs - possum posse potui (I am able)
- Translated depending on the construction it is in

Present Future Imperf. Perfect Pluperf. Fut.per Im. Sub Plu. Sub
Imperfect Pluperfect
(infinitive + person ending) (perfect stem + isse + person ending) I possum pot- pot- potu- potu- potu- possem potuissem

Active Passive Active Passive You (s) potes posses potuisses

potare - m portare - r portav - isse - m portatus essem He potest posset potuisset

potare - s portare - ris portav - isse - s portatus esses We possumus possemus potuisssemus

potare - t portare - tur portav - isse - t portatus esset You (p) potestis possetis potuissetis

They possunt possent potuissent

potare - mus portare - mur portav - isse - mus portati essemus

potare - tis portare - mini portav - isse - tis portati essetis

Irregular Verbs - eo ire ivi (I go)
potare - nt portare - ntur portav - isse - nt portati essent

Present Future Imperf. Perfect Pluperf. Fut.per Im. Sub Plu. Sub
Irregular Verbs - sum esse fui (I am)
I eo i-bo i-bam i-i i-eram i-ero i-re-m i-isse-m

Present Future Imperf. Perfect Pluperf. Fut.per Im. Sub Plu. Sub You (s) is i-bis i-bas i-isti i-eras i-eris i-re-s i-isse-s

He it
I sum ero eram fu-i fu-eram fu-ero essem fuissem

We imus
You (s) es eris eras fuisti fueras fueris esses fuisses

You (p) itis

He est erit erat fuit fuerat fuerit esset fuisset

They eunt
We sumus erimus eramus fuimus fueramus fuerimus essemus fuissemus

You (p) estis eritis eratis fuistis fueratis fueristis essetis fuissetis

They sunt erunt erant fuerunt fuerant fuerint essent fuissent

Irregular Verbs - Fero Deponent verbs

Aggredior, aggredi, aggressus sum I attack, to attack, I attacked

Perfect present
Present Infinitive Perfect Meaning
participle Colloquor, colloquid, collocutus sum Hold a conversation

Conor, conari, conatus sum Try

fero ferre tuli latus I carry / bring / bear

Egredior, egredi, egressus sum Go out

aufero auferre abstuli ablatus I steal
Hortor, hortari, hortatus sum Encourage
offero offerre obtuli oblatus I offer
Ingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum Go in /enter
refero referre rettuli relatus I bring back / report
Labor, labi, lapsus sum Slip / slide / glide

tollo tollere sustuli sublatus I raise / lift up

Loquor, loquid, locutus sum Speak

Miror, mirari, miratus sum Admire

Irregular Verbs - Volo, nolo, malo
Morior, mori, mortuus sum Die

Present Infinitive Future Imperfect Perfect Nascor, nasci, natus sum Am born

volo velle volam volebam volui Obliviscor, oblivisci, oblitus sum (+ genitive) Forget

Patior, pati, passus sum Suffer

nolo nolle nolam nolebam nolui

Proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum Set out

malo malle malam malebam malui
Progredior, progredi, progressus sum Advance
Negative commands = noli/nolite + infinite
Regredior, regredi, regressus sum Go back

Deponent verbs Sequor, sequi, secutus sum Follow

- They LOOK passive but their meaning is ACTIVE

Utor, uti, usus sum (+ abl) Use
- 20 on vocab list + 3 semi-deponent verbs
- Meaning: I verb, to verb, I verbed Vereor, vereri, veritus sum Fear

Videor, videri, visus sum Seem

 Semi deponent verbs
- Going = iens, euntem
- Extra info that goes with the participle often comes in front of it
Audeo, audere, ausus sum Dare
- ad forum festinantes = hurrying to the forum
Fio, fieri, factus sum Become - Genitive plural = … ium = of the …ing people
- turba audientium = a crowd of people listening
Gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum Rejoice

Soleo, solere, solitus sum Am accustomed to

Perfect passive participle
- Perfect participle active
Present active participle → verbing - Having verbed
- Perfect participle passive
Singular m/f nt - Having been verbed
- 4th principal part of conjugations
nom portans (ens) portans (ens)

acc portantem (entem) portans (ens) Future participle active

- futURe
gen portantis (is)
- Perfect passive participle + UR before the ending
dat portanti (i) - Eg)
- Perfect passive participle: portatus
portante (e)
abl - Future active participle: portaturus (or portatura if f)
(but is sometimes I)
- Meaning: about to carry
Plural m/f nt - Meaning
- About to …
nom portantes (es) portantia (ia)
- Going to …
acc portantes (es) portantia (ia) - Intending to …
- Aiming to …
gen portantium (ium)
- Irregular
dat portantibus (ibus) - Futurus = about to be
- Iturus = about to go
abl portantibus (ibus)
Nouns Ablative absolutes
- Condition: noun or pronoun in the ablative + participle in ablative
Singular Nouns
- Most commonly found with ppp (perfect passive participle)
1st 2nd 2nd neuter 3rd 3rd neuter - Literal translations
- Used with PPP (atus / itus / tus)
Nominative subject a us um ? ?
- With the ____ having been ____ed
Vocative spoken a e um ? ? - Used with Future participle (aturus / iturus / turus)
- With the ____ about to ____
Accusative object am um um em ?
- Used with Present participle (ans / ens)
Genitive of ae i i is is - With the ____ ____ing
- Better translations
Dative to/for ae o o i i
- When / after / because / as
Ablative by/with/from a o o e e - Eg) After the city had been destroyed, we rejoiced.
- Two clauses joined by AND ; this happened AND that happened
- Noun + noun both ablative : with ____ as the ____
Plural Nouns
- Eg) cena consumpta = when the meal had been eaten
1st 2nd 2nd neuter 3rd 3rd neuter
Pronouns
Nominative subject ae i a es a

Vocative spoken ae i a es a
I you (sg) we you (pl) he/she/they

Accusative object as os a es a
Nominative ego tu nos vos -

Genitive of arum orum orum um um

Accusative me te nos vos se

Dative to/for is is is ibus ibus

Genitive mei tui nostrum vestrum sui

Ablative by/with/from is is is ibus ibus

Dative mihi tibi nobis vobis sibi

Adjectives Ablative me te nobis vobis se

Same table as nouns

Hic, haec, hoc Ipse, ipsa, ipsum

Singular (this) Plural (these) Singular (my/him/it/her/yourself) Plural (our/them/yourselves)

Mas. Fem. Neuter Mas. Fem. Neuter Mas. Fem. Neuter Mas. Fem. Neuter

Nom hic haec hoc hi hae haec Nom ipse ipsa ipsum ipsi ipsae ipsa

Acc hunc hanc hoc hos has haec Acc ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsos ipsas ipsa

Gen huius huius huius horum harum horum Gen ipsius ipsius ipsius ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum

Dat huic huic huic his his his Dat ipsi ipsi ipsi ipsis ipsis ipsis

Abl hoc hac hoc his his his Abl ipso ipsa ipso ipsis ipsis ipsis

- Could mean… He, she, it, they, them / This man / here
Is, ea, id

Ille, illa, illud

Singular (he/she/it/that) Plural (they/those)

Singular (that) Plural (those) Mas. Fem. Neuter Mas. Fem. Neuter

Mas. Fem. Neuter Mas. Fem. Neuter Nom is ea id ei/ii eae ea

Nom ille illa illud illi illae illa Acc eum eam id eos eas ea

Acc illum illam illud illos illas illa Gen eius eius eius eorum earum eorum

Gen illius illius illius illorum illarum illorum Dat ei ei ei eis/iis eis/iis eis/iis

Dat illi illi illi illis illis illis Abl eo ea eo eis/iis eis/iis eis/iis

Abl illo illa illo illis illis illis

Idem, eadem, idem Comparatives and Superlatives

Singular (the same) Plural (the same) Singular Plural

Mas. Fem. Neuter Mas. Fem. Neuter Fem / Mas Neuter Fem / Mas Neuter

Nom idem eadem idem eidem eaedem eadem Nom ior ius iores iora

Acc eundem eandem idem eosdem easdem eadem Voc ior ius iores iora

Gen eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem eorundem earundem eorundem Acc iore ius iores iora

Dat eidem eidem eidem eisdem eisdem eisdem Gen ioris ioris iorum iorum

Abl eodem eadem eadem eisdem eisdem eisdem Dat iori iori ioribus ioribus

- Basically, IS EA ID + DEM at the end Abl iore iore ioribus ioribus

Relative clauses - qui, quae, quod - Use of quam : than (comparatives), How __! / How ___?, Whom, Her

Superlative
Singular (who, which) Plural (who, which)

Mas. Fem. Neuter Mas. Fem. Neuter latus - wide latissim(us) - widest, very wide

Nom qui quae quod qui quae quae pulcher - beautiful pulcherrim(us) - most beautiful, very beautiful

Acc quem quam quod quos quas quae facillis - easy facillim(us) - easiest, very easy

Gen cuius cuius cuius quorum quarum quorum Adjectives

- Endings : Issimus, Illimus, Errimus
Dat cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus - Translated as… very ___, ___est, Most ___
Adverbs
Abl quo qua quo quibus quibus quibus
- Endings : Issime, Illime, Errime
- Translated as… very ___ly
Comparative + superlative - Adjectives - irregular Comparative + superlative - Adverbs - irregular

Original word Comparative Superlative Original word Comparative Superlative

Latin Meaning Latin Meaning Latin Meaning Latin Meaning Latin Meaning Latin Meaning

bonus good melior better optimus best, very good bone well melius better optime best, very good

malus bad peior worse pessimus worst, very bad male badly peius worse pessime worst, very badly

magnus big maior bigger maximus biggest, very big magnopere greatly magis more maxime most, very greatly

smallest, very paulum little minus less minime least, very little
parvus small minor smaller minimus
small
multum much plus more plurimum most, very much
most, very
multus much plus more plurimus
much
Imperatives = commands
most, very
multi many plures more plurimi
many
Conjugation Singular Plural Meaning

Comparative + superlative - Adverbs - example 1 porta portate carry!

____ius
2 doce docete teach!

Original word Comparative Superlative 3 trahe trahite drag!

Latin Meaning Latin Meaning Latin Meaning 4 audi audite listen/hear!

late widely latius More widely latissime most/very widely Negative commands = noli/nolite + infinite (eg. noli ambulare)
Eg) noli ambulare = Don’t walk!
More most/very
pulchre beautiful pulchrius pulcherrime
beautiful beautifully

facile easily facilius More easily facillime most/very easily

Gerundives Indirect statement
- Accusative + infinitive construction
Conjugation Latin Meaning - Signpost words (introduce indirect statement)
- After these words, there should be accusative or infinitive
1 amandus - a - um must be loved

2 docendus - a - um must be taught

Latin Meaning Latin Meaning

3 trahendus - a - um must be dragged

dico I say invenio I find

4 audiendus - a - um must be heard

narro I tell cognosco I find out

IF clauses (conditionals) nuntio I announce intellego I understand

- Si = if
refero I report puto I think
- Nisi = if … not / unless
respondeo I respond / reply scio I know (a fact)
Question words
promitto I promise credo I believe / trust
Latin Meaning Latin Meaning
audio I hear sentio I feel
-ne? ? ( = makes a Q) Quot? How many
video I see spero I hope
nonne? Surely? Quantus? How big/much

num? Surely … not? Qualis? What kind/sort of - Translate as…

- Signpost word + THAT
Quis? Who Unde? Where from?
- Eg) I find out that the test is tomorrow.
Quid? What Quo? Where to? - THAT + accusative case
- Verb infinitive
Cur? Why Ubi? Where / When
- Depends on the tense of introductory verb
Quam? How Quando? When - Present
- He says that he is doing
Quomodo? How Num Whether
- He said that he was doing
 - Present passive - Signpost words → ut / ne
- He says that it is done - Ne (negative purpose clauses) → ‘in order not to’ / ‘to avoid’
- He said that it was done
- Perfect Indirect speech
- He says that he has seen it - Eg) I asked who he was (involves question word)
- He said that he had seen it
- Future infinitives Result clauses
- He says that the dog will bark - Ut translated as → that
- He said that the dog would bark - Verb in imperfect subjunctive
- Example - Signpost words
- dominus dicit servos bene laborare
Latin English Latin English
- The master says that the slaves are working well.
- Laborare → are working (present infinitive) tam so talis / e of such a kind (such)

- dominus dicit servos bene laboravisse

tot so many ita in such a way
- The master says that the slaves were working well.
- Laboravisse → were working (perfect infinitive) tantus / a / um so big adeo to such an extent

- dominus dixit servos bene laboravisse

- The master said that the slaves had worked well. Indirect command
- Laboravisse → had worked - Eg) I told him to stand still (ut / ne)
- Form: He said that he ‘had’ seen it (하나 더 과거로) - Signpost words

Latin English Latin English

Subjunctive constructions - PIRIC+
Subjunctive hortor I encourage oro I beg

- Imperfect : infinitive + person ending impero I order persuadeo I persuade

- Pluperfect : perfect stem + isse + person ending
moneo I warn rogo I ask

Purpose clauses
- Translated as … to, in order to Cum clauses
- OR so that… would / might / should / (could) - Cum + abl → “with”
 - Cum + subjunctive clause → “when, since, although” - Pluperfect
Fearing clauses - Meaning
- I fear that … - Had verbed
- Ne → (means ‘that’) - Perfect stem (3rd part) + ‘isse’ + endings
- Eg) portav - isse - m
- ‘Ut’ + indicative (words that aren’t subjunctive) → means ‘as’ / ‘when’

Imperfect - Imperfect - Passive Pluperfect - Pluperfect -

Active (usual passive Active Passive
Subjunctive construction
endings)

Purpose clause - Ut → to, in order to, would/might

I em r iss - em …us essem
- Ne → in order no to, to avoid
You es ris iss - es …us esses
Indirect speech - Question words
He et tur iss - et …us esset
Result clause - Ut → that
We emus mur iss - emus …i essemus

Indirect command - Ut / ne → to / not to

You etis mini iss - etis …i essetis

Cum clause - Subjunctive clause → when, since, although

They ent ntur iss - ent …i essent

Fearing clause - Ne → that

- Ut + subjunctive → three possibilities

Subjunctive endings - Purpose clause, result clause, indirect commands

- Imperfect - Translate → ‘to’

- Meaning - ut saepe accidit → not subjunctive, hence ‘ut’ → ‘as’

- Was / were verbing

- To verb Infinitives

- Would / should / could /might verb Active

- Infinitive (2nd part) + endings
- Eg) potare - m Present infinitive amare
 Perfect amavisse

Future amaturus esse

Passive

Present infinitive amari

Perfect amatus esse

Future amaturus iri

Eg)
dicit canem amare vs dixit canem amare
- dicit canem amare → he says that the dog is loving
- dixit canem amare → he said that the dog was loving
- dicit canem a puella amari → he says that the dog is being loved by the girl
- dixit canem a puella amari → he said that the dog was being loved by the
girl
- dicit canem a puella amatum esse → he says that the dog has been loved
by the girl
- dixit canem a puella amatum esse → he said that the dog had been loved
by the girl