Biology practical exam

Q. Isolate DNA from given plant material (5)

• Aim: to isolate DNA from available plant material (ripe banana)

• Requirements: Ripe banana, mortar and pestle , beakers, testubes,
liquid detergent, non iodised sodium chloride, distilled water, 95%
Alcohol.
• Procedure:
• First of all prepare salt and detergent solution for that mix 10 g of NaCl with
10 ml of detergent in 100 ml of water.
• Crush banana pulp with the help of mortar and pestle, and mix salt
detergents solution to it.
• Now filter the mixture with the help of filter paper to obtain DNA filtrate.
• Now mix chilled alcohol to filtrate and leave it undisturbed for few minutes.
• Observation: the addition of chilled alcohol causes DNA precipitation.
The DNA fibres appears as white precipitate of very fine threads on
glass spool.
• Precautions:
• Plant material should be washed thoroughly.
• All the glassware used must be washed thoroughly cleaned and dried.
• The chemicals used in experiment should be of standard quality and
measured and used properly.
Q2. Study the plant population density/ frequency by
quadrant method (4)
• Aim: to study population density/ frequency of different plant species
of a given area.
• Requirements: meter scale, string, nails, paper, pencil etc.
• Determination of population density/ frequency: take a quadrat of
suitable size, count the number of plant species present in each
quadrat.
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑑
• Population density =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑑
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑
• Population Frequency = X 100
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑑
• Observation and Result:

• (TABLE)
 No. of individuals per quadrat
Total
i ii iii iv v Total
no. of
no. of Total
individu Frequenc
quadrat no. of Populat
als in all y
Plant s in quadr ion
S. no the percentag
species which at density
quadrat e= (A/B)X
species studie =(N/B)
studied 100
occurre d (B)
(N=i+ii+
d (A)
iii+iv+v)

1 A 4 2 1 3 2 12 5 5 12/5= (5/5)X100
2.4 = 100%

2 B 2 0 1 0 1 4 3 5 3/5= (3/5)X100
0.6 = 60%

3 C 0 1 0 1 0 2 2 5 2/5= (2/5) X
0.4 100= 40%
4 D 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 5 1/5= (1/5)X100
0.2 =20%
• Precautions:
• The measurement of quadrat should be accurate.
• The string or cord used should not be very thick.
• One individual of one species should be counted only once in the quadrat.
Q3: Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study
mitosis. (5)
• Aim: to prepare temporary acetocarmine stained mount of onion root tip
to study various stages of mitosis.
• Requirements: onion bulb, conical flask/ glass bottles, Petri dish, scissors,
forceps, needles, methyl alcohol, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid,
acetocarmine, distilled water, spirit lamp, microscope, slides, coverslip,
blotting paper etc.
• Procedure:
• Cut about 5 mm of root tip and put them in mixture of acetic acid and alcohol (1:3).
Keep for an hour. This process is known as fixation.
• Now place root tip in a watch glass/ test tube and add few drops of HCl to it and
gently warm it.
• Now wash root tip thoroughly by distilled water.
• Now place root tip on a slide drop few drops of acetocarmine and place coverslip.
Clean extra stain by blotting paper and observe it under microscope.
Observations:
• Interphase: non dividing phase chromatin fibres are not condensed.
interphase

• Prophase: chromatin condensed and form chromosome.

• Metaphase: all the chromosomes are arranged at the centre of the

cell.
• Anaphase: centromere split and sister chromatids are moving at
opposite poles.

• Telophase: two nucleus forms in one cell.

• Precautions:
• The base of onion should be in contact of water while growing roots.
• Root tip should be fixed between 8 to 10 AM.
• The slide should be warm gently over sprit lamp.
Prepare a temporary mount to observe pollen germination.(5)

• AIM: to prepare a temporary mount to observe pollen germination on

slide.
• Requirements: fresh seasonal flower, slide, coverslip, microscope,
sucrose, boric acid, magnesium sulphate, potassium nitrate, beakers
etc.
• Procedure:
• Preparation of pollen nutrition solution: Add 10 g of sucrose, 10 g of boric
acid, 30 mg of magnesium sulphate, and 20 mg of potassium nitrate in 100 ml
of water.
• Take a few drops of solution on clean slide and dust a few pollen grain onto it.
• Observe in microscope after 5 minutes.
• Observation: pollen grains start germinating in nutrition solution, and
pollen tube starts emerging out from germ pore.

• Precautions:
• Flower should be freshly plucked
• Glass slides should be cleaned.
• Solution should have contained all Ingredients in proper quantity.
Spotting
Pollen germination on the head of stigma
Name: germinated pollen grain on
the head of stigma.
1. On stigma due to presence of
sugars and peptones, pollen
germinated.
2. A pollen tube arises from germ
pore, and grow toward
Spot look like micropyle due to
chemotropism. DRAW
Adaptation in flowers for pollination

DRAW
Name: the flower is adapted for entomophily
(pollination by insects)
Spot look like
1. Flowers are showy or brightly coloured.
2. Flower secrete nectar. To attract insects.
Parasitic association: Cuscuta
Name: Cuscuta on host plant.
1. Cuscuta shows parasitic
association with some
flowering plants.
2. Parasitism is an
association between two
living organism of two DRAW

Spot look like

different species in which
parasite obtain its food
directly from host.
TS of testis
Name: TS of testis.
1. The testis consist of
numerous seminiferous
tubules.
2. Various types of germinal
cells are present like
spermatogonia,
spermatids, sperms. DRAW

Spot look like

3. Between the germinal
cells, Sertoli cells are
present which provide
nutrition to sperms.
VS of ovary
Name: VS of ovary.
1. Ovary consists of outer
cortex and inner medulla
2. Cortex contains many
developing follicles
3. Medulla contains blood
vessels.
Spot look like DRAW
TS of Blastula

Name: T S of blastula
1. It is a spherical mass of
about 64 cells
2. Within there is a fluid
filled cavity called
blastocoel DRAW
Spot look like
Controlled pollination
• Hybridisation through controlled pollination
Steps:
1. Selection of male and female plants.
2. Emasculation: removal of stamen of female
plant in bud stage.
3. Bagging of female flower.
4. Collection of pollen from selected male
plant.
5. Dusting of pollen on selected female flower
and again cover it by a bag and tag it.
Name: Entamoeba histolytica
• Disease caused: Amoebic dysentery
• It is a human parasite reside in the upper part
of the large intestine.
• Symptoms of disease include abdominal pain
repeated motions with blood and mucus.
• WELL LABELLED DIAGRAM to be drawn.
Name: plasmodium vivax
• Disease caused: Malaria
• It is a human parasite, enters in human body
by the bite of human anopheles mosquito in
sporozoite stage.
• Symptom of disease is high periodic fever with
chills.
• WELL LABELLED DIAGRAM to be drawn.
Name: Ascaris
• Disease caused: Ascariasis
• It is an endo parasite in human small intestine and is
more common in children, because of unhygienic food
habits.
• Symptoms of disease: impaired digestion, diarrhoea,
vomiting, impaired physical and mental growth in
children.
• WELL LABELLED DIAGRAM to be drawn.
Symbiotic association: Lichen
1. Lichen is mutualistic association of an alga
and a fungus.
2. In symbiosis two organism lives in a
mutually beneficial association, where
both the organism are benefitted.
3. Algal component is called a phycobiont,
which provide food because of
photosynthetic ability.
4. Fungal component is called mycobiont,
which provides structural covering and
absorbs water and minerals.
A WELL LABELLED DIAGRAM IS NEED TO BE
DRAWN.
Symbiotic association: roots of leguminous
plants bearing Nodules.
1. Root nodules of legumes have a symbiotic
association with a nitrogen fixing bacteria:
rhizobium.
2. In symbiosis two organism lives in a
mutually beneficial association, where
both the organism are benefitted.
3. Bacteria develop nitrogen fixing capacity
only after entering the roots of legumes.
4. Plant provide food and shelter to bacteria,
and bacteria fixes nitrogen for plant.
A WELL LABELLED DIAGRAM IS NEED TO BE
DRAWN.
Homologous Structures: thorns and tendrils
in plants.
• Homologous structures look different
perform different function but their origin
is similar.
• As thorns and tendrils both arise in axillary
position and are modified branches.
Other examples:
1. Leaves of different plants.
2. Vertebrates forelimbs.
Analogous structures: wings of birds, bat, and
insects.
• Analogous structures perform similar
function but their origin is different.
• For example wings of birds and bats are their
forelimb, but insect wings are extension of
integument.
• Other examples:
• Leaf tendrils and stem tendrils of plants.
Inability to roll the tongue appears in progeny due to a recessive allele,
find out the possible genotype of individuals (I-2, II-2 and III-4) in the
given pedigree chart.

I-2 RR
II-2 Rr
III-4 rr
Colour blindness appears in progeny due to a recessive allele on X
chromosome, find out the possible genotype of mother, daughter and
unaffected son in the given pedigree chart.

Mother: XXc
Daughter: XcXc
Unaffected son: XY