Scribd
Upload
14 views46 pages

Biology Books Balochistan

Balochistan board biology 2nd year text book

Uploaded by

maqsoodahmedayaanlawoon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
14 views46 pages

Biology Books Balochistan

Balochistan board biology 2nd year text book

Uploaded by

maqsoodahmedayaanlawoon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 46

CIRCULATION

@DrShahidiqbalR2

Shahid Iqbal Rana [email protected]


[email protected]
You tube channel name : Dr shahid iqbal
BLOOD CIRCULATORY SYSTEM OF MAN

❑ Cardiovascular system Components

❑ Study of Cardiovascular system - angiology


Human Heart
Base
❑ Pumping organ
❑ Hollow, fibromuscular organ
❑ Greek name Cardia - cardiac
❑ Latin name cor – coronary
❑ Cone shaped

Apex
Structure of Human Heart
❑ Thoracic cavity b/w lungs
❑ Pericardium
❑ Two parts
❑ Outer
❑ inelastic white fibrous tissue
❑ Inner – 2 membranes

❑ Pericardial fluid
Structure of Human Heart
Structure of Human Heart

Morphology
➢Size
➢ 12 cm L, 8-9 cm B, 6cm, T
➢Structure
➢Epicardium
➢Myocardium
➢Endocardium (simple squamous epithelium)
➢Heart valves - Endocardium
Pathway
Structure of Human Heart

❑4 chambers
❑Thickness
❑Valves
❑Circulation
Human Heart
❑ Papillary muscles
❑ Chordae tendineae
Cardiac cycle
Sequence of events which make up one
heart beat
➢Atrial Diastole – blood enters
➢Bicuspid & tricuspid closed
➢Atrial Systole- Atria contract simultaneously
➢Semilunar closed
➢Ventricular systole
➢Close cuspid valve
➢Semilunar open
➢Ventricular diastole
➢High pressure in aorta & pulmonary trunk
➢Closes Semilunar valves
Cardiac cycle

➢Normal cardiac cycle 0.7-0.8 sec


➢Heart muscle relax 0.1-0.3 sec between beats
➢Heart beat rate = 72 time/mint
➢Atrial systole = 0.15 sec
➢Rest 0.1 sec
➢Ventricular systole = 0.30 sec
Conduction system of the heart
➢Myogenic
➢Intrinsic rhythmicity
➢Conduction system
➢Constitute cardiac cycle
Components conduction system
➢Sinoatrial node
➢AV node
➢ Atrioventricular bundle
➢ Conducting myofibrils
Conduction system of the heart

➢Sinoatrial node

➢ Specialized plexus of cardiac

➢SINUS VENOSUS
➢
Atrioventrcular node
➢
Conduction system of the heart
AV node
➢ Bundle of His
➢Purkinje fibers
➢Large diameter cardiac
muscle fibers
➢
➢Intercalated disks
➢Gap junctions
Conduction system of the heart
➢ Called Pace make

➢HEART SOUNDS
➢1st low pitched Lub
➢Closure atrioventricular valves

2nd dub sound


Closure of aortic & pulmonary valves
Cardiac cycle

0.04S

0.11 S Delay
Total 0.15 S
Cardiac cycle
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
• ELECTRICAL IMPULSES
• Depolarization and repolarization
• Instrument electrocardiograph
• Waves P, QRS & T
• P Wave – depolarization of atrial fiber
• P-R interval , from start of P wave & to beginning of QRS
completes
• QRS – Ventricular depolarization
• S-T segment: Period b/w completion of ventricular
depolarization & initiation of repolarization
T wave: Ventricular repolarization
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
USE OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
• Detect arrhythmias

• Conduction defects

• Size & position of heart chambers

• Damage to heart muscles

• Impaired blood flow to heart muscles

• Effect of cardiac medicines

• Function of artificial pacemakers


BLOOD VESSELS
❑ Arteries
❑ Pink
❑ Vary in size
❑ Aorta Arteries Arterioles Capillaries
❑ No Valves
❑ 3 layers
❑ Tunica adventitia
❑ Outer
❑ Fibrous connective tissue
BLOOD VESSELS
❑ Tunica media
❑ Variable Amount of elastic fibers
❑ Many layered thick
❑ 1 or 2 layers of circular muscles

❑ Tunica intima
❑ Simple squamous epithelium
❑ Elastic fibers – elastin
❑ Aorta approx. 23 mm diameter
❑ Arterioles 0.2 mm
Capillaries
❑ Endothelial cells
❑ Most 7 to 9 µm diameter
❑ Length 1mm
❑ Branch without change in diameter
❑ RBC – single file
VEINS
❑ Not deep in muscles
❑ Blue under skin
❑ Tunica adventitia
❑ Collagenous connective tissue
❑ Tunica media
❑ Thin layers of smooth muscle
❑ Collagen fibers
❑ Sparsely distributed elastic fibers
❑ Tunica intima
❑ Endothelial cells
❑ Elastic fibers
VEINS
❑ Venules
❑ 40 to 50µm diameter
❑ Endothelium
❑ Collect blood from capillaries
VALVES IN VEINS
❑ Diameter 2 mm
❑ Only lower part
Role of arteries in vasodilation & vasoconstriction
❑ Vasoconstriction
❑ Decrease blood flow
❑ Vasodilation
❑ Increase blood flow
❑ Blood flow controlled vasoconstriction agents on arterioles
❑ Especially Norepinephrine
❑ Epinephrine – Less
❑ Kinins – vasodilator agents
❑ Histamine
❑ Most prostaglandins
❑ Some – vasoconstrictor
Role of precapillary sphincter in regulating blood flow

❑Open close cyclically


several times per minute

❑Cyclic opening & closing


called vasomotion

❑Duration of open metabolic need of tissues


❑ Myocardium blood supply CORONARY CIRCULATION
❑ R&L coronary arteries

❑ coronary sinus

❑ Right atrium
Hepatic portal System

❑ BEGINS & end at capillary


❑ No pumping mechanism
❑ Begins with capillaries in viscera
❑ Ends with capillaries in liver
❑ Hepatic portal vein largest vein of this system
❑ Join form inferior vena cava
Hepatic portal System
Renal circulation
Baroreceptors

❑ High pressure arterial baroreceptor


❑ In the wall of aorta & carotid sinus in carotid arteries
❑ Baroreceptor immediately part of negative feed back
mechanism called - baroreflex
❑ Low pressure baroreceptor
❑ Located in atria of heart & carotid arteries

❑ Cardiac out put = 5000ml/min


Cardiovascular Diseases

Thrombus

❑ Clotted mass of blood


❑ Embolism
❑ 99% emboli due to dislodgement of thrombi
❑ Cause death
❑ Thromboembolism
Cardiovascular Diseases
Heart problems

Atherosclerosis
❑ Plaque deposition of cholesterol in arteries
❑ Narrowing arteries
❑ Later
❑ Fibers deposited
❑ Start calcify – hard – arteriosclerosis
❑ Plaque – 1st form of thrombus – embolus
Cardiovascular Diseases
Atherosclerosis
MAJOR FACTORS
❑ Hypercholesterolemia
❑ Hypertension
❑ Cigarette smoke
❑ Diabetes mellitus
MINOR FACTORS
❑ Increasing age
❑ Lack of exercise
❑ Stressful competitive life
❑ Obesity
Cardiovascular Diseases
Heart problems
Angina Pectoris
❑ Occasional chest pain
❑ Angina pectoris
❑ Heart labouring hard
❑ Physical or emotional stress
❑ Signal heart part not receiving sufficient O2
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Any questions ……..
Don’t shy

You might also like