igh Refkekim Aned Refacieo

CRevision
Light-Lsr a for eey t . produtas th sensahen
o twell as di eren
Sight. Lighr can avel hrru vaCLwm as mely
havimexer
1A om èkofomnagreki wnves
Tramepavenh medin eiu
t h Tong od hm -4Gon
Shol- w a e lensths wkin
Sama

The phenanenon brunung

bask * t ue
Refeion Ligkt
medium k stikigaan

Tnae
Nama hu san
Lass o Refetion- th same point at
are ie a
ray anel norma
The ind dent ray,relite4

Point Cordeek.
ual a elkskin
. The angd iniedeuu
mier(O
stetig a
pant, olth r(kkm ap poiat, Theu tkis
an 0bje
Whn
liskt s mech at
me oahiq"pen a
kntj ataall
ok obje
Seron snt
Callesf Ih ine t geu
There are too typs Jmnges
Jngt vefrnekn atkaly or
Vitul elkeken eal ima
RralRal Jnge an
objenl,att
imege.
Teal imaga
A

likt rays miaid to be

e
Teal oY a
n mirn

RAld mag by o
MutEhe
ah a
real imng sormed
Sere

Cam be ftmed on
efnkim),do
inve tol imay Cor
aktk refk.kin
is n
to be
n objtek, is s a i e
Vihual lighr 7o
Jmasg kWhenachul but abheor o
mect ing a
son,
meut frrmed
on
nor be
Canv u
Vinual image. A vistual Imea ara
knt

by a mi
Ond a vitual Im
 Imayt med by a Plane Mir

Image ule

O Vitual ad ere- objee

Inage will be eca ame
Bizx as the objee
Tha imag i tmae behinl4e
mime.

Lat Latnl nvet

Shhprieal Mirrer

Comvep uiw
CemCae Mi

Pdisht
Pdashe Piche

Mins
trms Used spherical
Pole.

. Cese 2anare
Prinapla
3. Rdju o Cunafe
4- Pjaip Axis
S Apedue
6 rinipal focus.
7-Focal lengts
foc Plane. o d i u omatre
8 oifo
focal Jeugts an
Relahimbeheoeuu
 Rudesor ObBaini Ine by Sp*ic
A ht ray travelling poralel to th Pindpol axis Tka
Rule No-
mirr, a t eckhin oill aduall pas thvgh th prini þal
fotus
CCentau mirnr) o oppeay to p s n 7k Prini pal

toCus F ( Conve mi mr).

Cmve i
CnCene M i

F Clenkauemin)
Rue No -2 A o kE posing thrmgh prinip-t
fotus,tto(Cwerin)
oppear Ho pos hovugk prnapaaxis.
e ktin it kemes palkl to priipd

Crvex minv.
CCAe Mim
Rule No-3 a Pasig pasing t h h Th tee qouekre (Coae n i n
abpearto pas t r he ceste qlCantue CGnu mim)

Cep.
Kule No- A ra k pasin at pole u beth
m m aves as 'ike as plane mim

F
 Image tormaben by a Concae Mim
OWhen be obje phud at inintr.

Re,inet Re meel aue

a poinf Sie im hgklydi eimi
Chlafma ft)
En coimat fcu) mhk

krhen thu obj«ti plaud beyond C.

C.

obje
diminithed.
Real,estd Oud
bekoeph Cad E
neg uoil om
r h e n the obja plauda t .

Cund Same Sx
1 Rea, Tneita
C)
C4 Lmeg sr}

lhen the objeuB plaud behoen éandf

Real, Inuvestud ud-enlaos

beynd )
Cmaye toil fovm

KesLuetul and
 riint
Realnvetd nd hiyky enlog)
Image col m at iutin)
Hhen h obju phud behse Pand F

C Vitua, e red avd

enlng)
nuay i-em bkad i)
Jmagesom by Cmes Miner -
O lhen objui placal a inkiniy

tal,rext and paa

six)
bjes
O When e objur i plaesal bekwem
InHat an Pde.'

L
 MAGNI
UsES OF CONCAVE mIRkoRS
be platad betoeeu
- As a shaving mirros ammokeup mims.(obje« should ma
focus one fo
2. 9 -torehes, searigis Qnd helligher vehekstogt pouehul prelkl beom
A,
The Hers us Concae minarsto u kqe inoes q the tecth patjola
3
vSES Of CoNve MIRRORS
As O reqy-view mios Au vehicks.
Rellets en sat liqks

DISTINCTION BETWEEN CONCAVE, CONUEX AND PLANE MIRRORS.

FRom VIEW PorNT Of IMAGE foRmAToN)
m bnngs hica ear a plane mirva, Ae toill obsewe am ereet imcg exaey
Aaes Meve eive te sig q t Imege remaint unchoned oven peson
movesouwqdu thu mir o auay rom the mi rrsr
apesum
persm brings his anear a Convex Min,he i l obser an r a
0, e
mac smaler sie di mi nisheol image) th pexum auooy
moes

mi , he sl2a q th image tuther detreasu.

be abe to sea au

3 a
persm sands u neaa ancawe mir, ha ill

ere and enas imag d hiu au. the perseon shi auoo th
m i , thon beyond a cetiu distane, hiy imog coill beseme n invetol inge

SIGN CONVEN TON FoR REFLECTION B SPHERICAL MIRRORS.

Difeciom t inidedg-
a
Direkntordods Dirkobads -
Heikruprds C-e)
PA
Hegh deonond

MiEROR foRmuLA J rdcinship betreun

ok distama () uop disfaus
,
() and feol entlt a
wheret tocal lenqts qi
u 0bjet ditaus

Imag disauu.
 EAR MAGNIFICATON momkcaion produ by a spherical mi gie

he aive exen to ohih t h image a objd

ts magnihiel wt heobject sig. Tespe to th
obF plaed perpendi cular
t d a m as, t i rako h a i or oes to the Prin pal axis, the inear ngriN
ineg to the huizk
objat hi-h imeq)
Lineer momiication e* hi (ho hir-objeot)|
haigk4 okje ho

mAnicakem
uttms u ad V
u nea
hi -
m ho

then shorws The imaze is real, inveiudereh

9 m-ive vitual auel
Note is
m +le

-ive Cdeerds upen

the rakre*
For ConcAe mi o
Linas megniicafn may+Hie

is alsoys(+iie).
fr Comw Mi myijitaki,

m C nlare meg)
c diminisheel image)
mL
Numerilal Concaue mi fccal kuqth loCm
a distane 3 0 Cn nn a
OAn objes
is plau a

tho imag "mm he mim.

Calculat the distane
-300n. By mi fma
Solui lo tm
:

V 2

- lo (-3)
02 objesro kie Stn þlaus
A lennor
u m a Conus mi ooallenqh |
2atm o a distamu o iusomt o
i reheing 64e id poAibn ,raturd
VS (Ralimag) m:h
ho
souky ho +SOn
j:+2oon CCweye mi) hi -Y xho
200
y mim fnul r24
-
h= +2 SCm
(-20)
20
Vituet imep vill fm 4ix

V toCnvikua Imag)
 REFRACTION OF LIGHT 9E à the phemumenom harg u
dirahen 6 k t roy inickt obliyue at
the taloauto daerent traksoren media Nama
Tideu med-f

OPTILALLy DENSER amd RARER MEDIA

A meelium,u okiah sped ouakt as Combarahvely med 2
moc, Caleel aM opkcall m*y medium or aeY
mediu:
A mectium iu his sk zkt Comberatively ks , à called
den sn medi um
N Tha
okcally denu meeum obically r e r mdium a rehhle-em.
term or

DIRECTION OF BENDING OF A uGMT ON REFRATON

X

ulhenh passes m Tarer mectum to dent medlium ati veachon ,

ibend touoerd nrmd Nnal

Recr

Dena
lhen light passen fm densu mediunn to a r meelium
ot aen moved uo pm hu nsmal.
Nere
Dent

TERms REGARDING REfRAcrION OF LuGHT

Raw
Nor m
Medium-1
Tnuidet ro
aykit

UntiomHao medlia

Medi um- 2
ng Rekotl vay
 iste
AS6 OF REFRACnON The basic Caux rpraion

cha o ped lig wilk pausing hrogk

two tansorent meaia.
e koo lauws ofreekio
LAWS Of REFRACTiONThui
and nal
O The inidentray ,he veprocta o Jrmideud
t tha inkroei d tuo tonspot mgdia at
lie su th
the paint q inci Henu, al the hres
m-2
S n e l i k a n

jnideu CSini) to th sins s

ThTha raho in t s i r ) s Constut fr th ligkt a °gien mse.
ama q hoen
gien pad dmeolia
.

co aekenats) and t
Stn Conctt
m e d l a u m t e e one.
ae rt.
mecdium
Refakie indep

2 0.Yt mad-)
SinY CReeake indes me is Call
r t med-[
indx med-2
rekoctive
Refrain Jndee
--
Relaive The
relahin paakin indur
med-I,
met-2 v
eloct

ma 2
Relaion befwem in2 Omd 2n veleV
1m CKeakive inelee med2o.7tme
2 rmapoal qreauke indornedputme2)
o cexm
Absdute Refmcivn Index:- The rerakve indes mecim r t
an éalkal aksalut elakue indep.
9 dnat by nm 0r Mo
C
indee 2 t a vauwm/a
absdat zthoke
=

reouhin indx o medum is Callkolreastie inde

PThe absolite
ponple
 KEFRACTiON THROUGH A R¬CTANGULAR GLASS SLAB

Tnikent r
a
glass as slab.

Reat Labrddicplha me+

To

Qmemea

ExAm pLES of REfRA CnoN Of UGHT erqent a

A penul pat immerseo u ol u a gla
tumber apþeas -to be cisplau ben ot
i n p f ai anel wati
. A Coin s plaud at the botom a tumbler fie coith
wdths opparen dapth q Coi apþensto be ls
than ik t i depth

Co

E. Cein
 6PHERICAL LENS 3ay
Tehadi thanspaven) makevia,aret
4A lens s a o of a
d bot5 s l a s one
LENS sufaus, of 'okab'
bund ytwo
glas lenses re wo typ
shheical. b C m e ens.
onver lens
CConerqinq ens) (Diverq

Thicke al- elges

middlu

Thicker e t h midde Hiner a t

t.
and
at h eelg trm
amd h i aner
Lenses he len
Bas
iu Respech o
whieh
Erms spberes, o Cunatue
Lato The
Cures ol 4hese Cexthres ot
Carvakure- alle«l
Cem o Pat,
are

R
R-

The Tadii of sphers,°

Radius of Curvabure- par, ar
Caled odi
lens Sukaus fum and
etedes

hich h a Camukre

ceuhes
oCwvature ttoo
hhhe ens.
Th. line painq
prinifal
axis o a axis ofa
3 Prind pal eis. is calkd
h
purint orn
h iaa
sithou

both
sides
les i a stajkr
on
cenhe ga ohih goes
Tho oflical
4OphCAl
Ceuhe
z k pasig
th
cns, a ay
a m y d u i a h i n .

Pn

outire of
a spheica
diameter ofto iruler
Tke <ejtie
Aenadtere-
5 & Calleed ik aperabr en, e v
al R r o p
axis oa merlo)
principaf atully Convege
focue A point on
axis
Prindpal h prinipal
6. parallelto
avellirq
lens), is Called Prinipol foc
to divese fom (nvee
of apear

Priolfr)
Fotaleh-The cdistane o th Primapaltocus f a lens fomn k
is Called ik soal lenats. 9 duvsts b
ophca Cente

th prinibel fius ofa lens nd z

Fota lane - A pane paxcing tnu that ens
t i prinaplaxis i al<d th focal pene of

nae formain by sphevial lenses

Ruksr obtainin maa by spherica lense

4 tki likr raus travli pevalled to prinuil arie, at mauhn

p a thg fou lConee lens) and ahea to pås +houh fons
(Cuncaeems)

F F
F
+ uht ruys poiny thwwgk tow CConvteles) or opheY to pas
betomes þoralkl to prinipa|
r tous Centae len) alte. rerachon
axis.

F
lves ns r ancaue eu
ceute da
a Toy paneu rgh oplital
duialn
ah erokin t gos sahrwithou ar
 neFor maien by a hin Cnverlens-
O When the objes- is plaud at inkinily:.

F
Natyre
Imee oill be Real fnveteel
,
Nactrc
Qd peint 8i
hihy diminishee.
fetw
Poaik Inage toill Am at
Image ell fm at Fas
Posi tiy
oR beyd 2F.
Wen objut is placed behseun infinily ad 2f,

be cal, investël
Natu Imase will
ael baig diminished
af
beksecu
PAhen Image ul e pom
f Onel 2F2
a 2F
6 When h objuF is placed
a
Natur-mage uillbe real, invesed
Sa S4

Positien Imat will & m 2

ar 2f2.

When, h obje s þlaceed betweun 26 omd Fi

invespA
Netur- Image will be el,
admeg'e

wilW be obtain
Posihon. Jmae
y t m 2f2.
 Focus.
When 1he objes
i place at

F
2F F
wrll be weati
Nacture nes
Real, Inveti and hizk enagd

fostin t injini

betuweuu fotus
adl Opkcal (ee Ieg at inhn
When t h objeet è blaceet

2F

Naturt fma wtll obsaay be

vivtuel,erect and mgp
Postin- tu 0mi sids o
0bjet
 t o m by bsvee Concave lens :
lhen th objut i plated a infinily:

af

ereet
Nctue-Image toill be vitucl,
and posint si icd obje
be the sa
Image oill
m
Poslben-

behweu infini and opiel Cexthe

When th objeur s placed

F
2
be vitua
Nature m a s will Cenie
Onel opkcal
ereet a d diminishee
focs
bekseeu

wll o btan
Image vin
Chyemehopic)dufes
Posihn
-

LENSES
loy- sightdes
ONVEx
SES OR Corest

w e d in sheateles Ho as megniby1as
S focal Egth ia ua
0 A Coves lens o croscopes ael telsope.
9is uo ain
9 n phatopbhe Comera

9n seaih likts and Projeted

huma CONCWE'
buman LENS ghadsigktedros(myopia)
dufea uram
USES Of Coret
spaztackes to
9is
9 n9 Gdikdstelscope
SIGN CoNVENTION FoR SPHERICAL LENSES

Dio iniclentso
objt - D i s a o o v i g t

tousds lu{-
HeighhnDislaus
Hayhar
dw nwny

-Diveniielet
D i s e totoods vigty>
obj Distoetausons lYt
-
gktytads
b-(dista
u (dizla
u (dishun obje-t),
(disme objet),
JF o relaknship belwes
LERS Fo RmULA
:
aund f(focalengh) a ls
eng)
ns fomule L L L|
fir both lenten) Vu
sign Cmvenhien)
ohle pulhim veu use
aaHhe hizkrof
Liner magnifccbn is esprened
MAGNIEICATION!-
LINEAR
Tebruert by m.
hei haghtr imegeh
Linear Moariitan (m heit objest ho

CFer Cemvep lens f:+ve

h Concpue kni =-ve)
ho

vealue mogrijcfin Bgniies

Hath image iè veal,
tu thu
ste -ve sian tA inagà vita
invere
valu omoznibtak,
Bignpes tat
ha
ve sin q
Pre (snve
alwoy +IVe
Con Cow

m7i ghows Bie imag i 9reak. thou Bigx objt.

s Bmalleu thon obju
m 8hoss
 AOA Coneo lens hs a Joc lenath 12.con. An o b t s pland ar a
distame d En f ens Aind 4he posItion d the mo o a
he u What is ik nature
+19Cnm (lmven lens)

t
2 18

36

more will be
s0
V +36m h othersid1 dobjet

m e torl tam
on

Ya anc inverke to tho prinipolobjet

axis o
þlaud perbendiculodistaut
Excmble
Excmnpk + 2 *m tall objest ison. Th h
a Convx lens o oal length the neture , postin ald si2 thaimege.
the ens i lotn. Pind
fuomy m a scen)
Can i be obtaine
7a ens muda
ho t 2 Cm
by
+2 SUn
Cloee les)
f o Cn

hi
V 2S Et)

-1
V25 lo

V -167
à vitulee
Tgehi Sigh oVshonss Imag
m u
ho
oh Y ho +167 x2-6
U
Flo

== I67x2 = +3 34 C
I meg).
6crVitus
Sme no obtaine on
 q a ens me3t &
PoNER OF A LENS Dower
'or diveros z k i mzt tiuid
dge Corntgtne
deina
Tha Porwesa ln is matfemchicall
oF PoE
DEFINITION
as RTuipota itfotal leng

Panves a lkns (P) oosl lets s

=

P
il à denstal by D.
PowcADiopke. Snshot
T Sf um¢ mete).
(ahul betnken tu
P =D .
&o fowen ù H i e
should be tlie 8o el-tie)
- e)
For Cnvee lens
r
-ie
fowe
Poren
fr Loncauelens
2oOn. akulet +k fouea
Examhk O A Covec lens has a foal evsth
= ton CCmverlens)

20m

P m)

+SD.
P
20

P-+sD As i-2.sD oKat a

us n spestaele
ens
Exombl 2 T PoOen
akd
a
natare te s
tocal lensth
P=-2.sD
P

24
P
S

-jve sîan Notuc olens Cemcaue hmk.