21MAB201T : TRANSFORMS AND BOUNDARY

VALUE PROBLEMS

S.K.Thamilvanan, Asst. Prof.

Department of Mathematics
SRMIST

September 25, 2023

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 1 / 111
UNIT - V 21MAB201T : Z - Transforms

CONTENTS:
Z - Transforms - Elementary properties of Z - Transforms

Inverse Z - Transform (using partial fraction and residues)

Initial value theorem and final value theorem

Convolution theorem

Formation of difference equations

Solution of difference equations using Z - Transform

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Z - TRANSFORM

INTRODUCTION
The Z - transform plays a significant role in the Modern communication
theory especially in signal processing.

In signal processing, the Z - transform converts a discrete time - domain

signal, which is a sequence of real numbers, into a complex frequency -
domain representation.

The Z - transform and advanced Z - transform were introduced (under the Z

- transform name) by E. I. Jury in 1958 in Sampled - Data Control Systems
(John Wiley & Sons). The idea contained within the Z - transform was
previously known as the ”generating function method”.

There are two mainly known Z - transforms, namely, unilateral and bilateral.

The (unilateral) Z - transform is to discrete - time signals what the one -

sided Laplace transform is to continuous - time signals.

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Z - TRANSFORM

INTRODUCTION
In other words, just as Laplace transforms are used to solve differential
equations, Z - transforms are used to solve difference equations.

The Z - transform is an essential part of a structured control system design.

One of the very nice things about the Z - transform is the ease with which
we can write a software from it.

Using Z - transform, almost by inspection, theoretically correct coding from a

transfer function can be done.

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Z - TRANSFORM

DEFINITION : Unilateral Z - transform

Let {f (n)} be any sequence defined for n = 0 , 1 , 2 , · · · .
Then the Z - transform of the given sequence {f (n)} is defined as

∞
X
Z [f (n)] = f (n) z −n
n=0

where z is an arbitrary complex variable.

The right hand side of the above equation is a function of z and hence it is
denoted by Z [f (n)] = F (z).
This transform is known as Unilateral Z - transform (or) One - Sided Z -
transform of the given sequence {f (n)}.

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Z - TRANSFORM

DEFINITION : Unilateral Z - transform for discrete values of t

Let {f (t)} be a sequence defined for discrete values of t = 0 , T , 2T , 3T , · · · .
i.e., {f (t)} is defined for discrete values of t , where t = nT ,
n = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , · · · and T being the sampling period ,
Then the Z - transform of the given sequence {f (t)} is defined as

∞
X
Z [f (t)] = f (nT ) z −n
n=0

i.e., If the sequence is given as {f (t)} , then replace t by nT and find the Z -
Transform of {f (nT )}.

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Z - TRANSFORM

DEFINITION : Bilateral Z - transform

Let {f (n)} be a sequence defined for n = 0 , ±1 , ±2 , · · · .
Then the Z - transform of the given sequence {f (n)} is defined as

∞
X
Z [f (n)] = f (n) z −n
n = −∞

This Z - transform is called as Bilateral Z - transform (or) two - sided Z -

transform of the given sequence {f (n)}.

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NOTE :
(1) The domain for the sequence in unilateral Z-transform is n = {0 , 1 , 2 , · · · }
whereas for Bilateral Z-transform is n = {0 , ±1 , ±2 , · · · }.
(2) Throughout this chapter we consider only the unilateral Z - transform.

Basic Formulae :
(1) (1 − x)−1 = 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + · · · where |x| < 1
−1 2 3
(2) (1 + x) = 1 − x + x − x + ··· where |x| < 1
(3) (1 − x)−2 = 1 + 2x + 3x 2 + 4x 3 + · · · where |x| < 1
(4) (1 + x)−2 = 1 − 2x + 3x 2 − 4x 3 + · · · where |x| < 1

x2 x3 x4
(5) − log(1 − x) = x + + + + ···
2 3 4
x x2 x3 x4
(6) ex = 1 + + + + + ···
1! 2! 3! 4!

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Z - Transform of some elementary sequences
I. Find the Z - Transform of the following sequences :

(1). 1 (2). an (3). n (4).

1 (5).
1
n n+1

(6).
1 (7).
1 (8).
1 (9).
1
n−1 n! (n + 1)! n+2

(10). Unit Impulse Sequence. (11). Unit Step Sequence.

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 9 / 111
(1). To Find : Z [1]
Solution : We know that
∞
X
Z [f (n)] = f (n) z −n
n=0
∞  n
X 1
∴ Z [1] = 1.
n=0
z
   2  3
1 1 1 1
= 1+ + + + ··· where <1
z z z z
 −1
1
= 1− , 1 < |z|
z
 −1
z −1
= , |z| > 1
z
z
Z [1] = , |z| > 1
z −1

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(2). To Find : Z [an ]
Solution : We know that
∞
X
Z [f (n)] = f (n) z −n
n=0
∞  n
X 1
∴ Z [an ] = an .
n=0
z
∞  n
X a
=
n=0
z
 a 2  a 3
a a
= 1+ + + + ··· where <1
z z z z
 a −1

= 1− , |a| < |z|
z
 −1
z −a
= , |z| > |a|
z
z
Z [an ] = , |z| > |a|
z −a
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 11 / 111
(3). To Find : Z [n]
∞
f (n) z −n
P
Solution : We know that Z [f (n)] =
n=0

∞  n
X 1
Z [n] = n.
n=0
z
   2  3  4
1 1 1 1
= 0+1 +2 +3 +4 + ···
z z z z
"    2  3 #
1 1 1 1
= 1+2 +3 +4 + ···
z z z z
 −2
1 1
= 1−
z z
 −2  2
1 z −1 1 z
= =
z z z z −1
z
Z [n] = 2 , |z| > 1
(z − 1)

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 12 / 111
 1
(4). To Find : Z [ ] , n > 0
n
∞
f (n) z −n
P
Solution : We know that Z [f (n)] =
n=0

  ∞  
1 X 1
Z = z −n
n n=1
n
∞  
X 1 1
=
n=1
n zn
   2  3
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + ···
1 z 2 z 3 z
1 1 2 1 3




z
=+ z + z + ···
12 3
     −1
1 z −1 z −1
= − log 1 − = − log = log
z z z
   
1 z
Z = log //
n z −1
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 13 / 111
 1
(5). To Find : Z [ ]
n+1
∞
f (n) z −n
P
Solution : We know that Z [f (n)] =
n=0

  ∞   ∞    n
1 X 1 X 1 1
Z = z −n =
n+1 n=0
n + 1 n=0
n + 1 z
   2  3
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1+ + + ···
2 z 3 z 4 z
"   2  3  4 #
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= z + + + ···
z 2 z 3 z 4 z
     −1
1 z −1 z −1
= −z log 1 − = −z log = z log
z z z
   
1 z
Z = z log , |z| > 1 //
n+1 z −1

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 14 / 111
 1
(6). To Find : Z [ ] , n > 1
n−1
∞
f (n) z −n
P
Solution : We know that Z [f (n)] =
n=0

  ∞   ∞    n
1 X 1 X 1 1
Z = z −n =
n−1 n=2
n − 1 n=2
n − 1 z
 2  3  4
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + ···
1 z 2 z 3 z
"   2  3 #
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + ···
z z 2 z 3 z
     −1
1 1 z −1 1 z −1
= − log 1 − = − log = log
z z z z z
   
1 1 z
Z = log , |z| > 1 //
n−1 z z −1

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 15 / 111
 1
(7). To Find : Z [ ]
n!
∞
f (n) z −n
P
Solution : We know that Z [f (n)] =
n=0

  ∞
1 X 1 −n
Z = z
n! n=0
n!
∞  n
X 1 1
=
n=0
n! z
   2  3  4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1+ + + + + ···
1! z 2! z 3! z 4! z
1 1 2 1 3 1 4





z z z z
= 1+ + + + + ···
1! 2! 3! 4!
 
1 1
Z = ez //
n!

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 16 / 111
 1
(8). To Find : Z [ ]
(n + 1)!
∞
f (n) z −n
P
Solution : We know that Z [f (n)] =
n=0

  ∞
1 X 1
Z = z −n
(n + 1)! n=0
(n + 1)!
∞  n
X 1 1
=
n=0
(n + 1)! z
   2  3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + + ···
1! 2! z 3! z 4! z
"    2  3  4 #
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= z + + + + ···
1! z 2! z 3! z 4! z
 
1 h 1 i
Z = z ez −1 //
(n + 1)!

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 17 / 111
 1
(9). To Find : Z [ ]
n+2
∞
f (n) z −n
P
Solution : We know that Z [f (n)] =
n=0

  ∞ ∞  n
1 X 1 −n
X 1 1
Z = z =
n+2 n=0
(n + 2) n=0
(n + 2) z
   2
1 1 1 1 1
= + + + ···
2 3 z 4 z
 2  3  4 !
1 1 1 1 1 1
= z2 + + + ···
2 z 3 z 4 z
       
1 1 z −1 1
= z 2 − log 1 − − = z 2 − log −
z z z z
   
z 1
= z 2 log −
z −1 z
   
1 z
Z = z 2 log − z //
n+2 z −1
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 18 / 111
(10). To Find : The Z - Transform of Unit Impulse Sequence
Solution : The Unit Impulse Sequence is defined by

1 for n = 0
δ (n) =
0 for n ̸= 0

∞
X
∴ Z [f (n)] = f (n) . z −n
n=0
∞
X
Z [δ (n)] = δ (n) . z −n
n=0
∞  n
X 1
= δ (n) .
n=0
z
   2  3
1 1 1
= δ (0) . + δ (1) + δ (2) . + δ (3) . + ···
z z z
= 1 + 0 + 0 + 0 + ···
Z [δ (n)] = 1 //
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(11). To Find : The Z - Transform of Unit Step Sequence
Solution : The Unit Step Sequence is defined by

1 for n ≥ 0
u (n) =
0 for n < 0
X∞
Z [f (n)] = f (n) . z −n
n=0
∞  n
X 1
Z [u (n)] = u (n) .
n=0
z
   2  3
1 1 1
= u (0) . + u (1) + u (2) . + u (3) . + ···
z z z
   2  3
1 1 1
= 1+ + + + ···
z z z
 −1  −1
1 z −1
= 1− =
z z
z
Z [u (n)] = //
z −1
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Properties of Z - Transform

(1). Linearity Property

Z [af (n) ± bg (n)] = aZ [f (n)] ± bZ [g (n)]

(2). Differentiation in z - Domain :

If Z [f (n)] = F (z) , Then

d
Z [nf (n)] = −z [F (z)]
dz

(3). First Shifting [Frequency Shifting] Property (or) Damping Rule :

If Z [f (n)] = F (z) , Then
z 
Z [an f (n)] = F
a

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Properties of Z - Transform

(4). Second Shifting [Time Shifting] Property :

If Z [f (n)] = F (z) , Then
(i) Z [f (n + 1)] = zF (z) − zf (0)
(ii) Z [f (n + 2)] = z 2 F (z) − z 2 f (0) − zf (1)
(iii) Z [f (n + 3)] = z 3 F (z) − z 3 f (0) − z 2 f (1) − zf (2)

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(2). Differentiation in z - Domain :
Statement :
d
If Z [f (n)] = F (z) , Then Z [nf (n)] = −z [F (z)]
dz
Proof : We know that
∞
X ∞
F (z) = Z [f (n)] = f (n) z −n d 1X
[F (z)] = − nf (n) z −n
n=0 dz z n=0
∞
X ∞
i.e., F (z) = f (n) z −n d X
−z [F (z)] = nf (n) z −n
n=0 dz n=0
∞
d X
d
f (n) −n.z −n−1


[F (z)] = −z [F (z)] = Z [nf (n)]
dz n=0 dz
∞ d
d X
i.e., Z [nf (n)] = −z [F (z)]
[F (z)] = − nf (n) z −n .z −1 dz
dz n=0

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 23 / 111
(3). First Shifting [Frequency Shifting] Property (or) Damping Rule :
z 
Statement : If Z [f (n)] = F (z) , Then Z [an f (n)] = F
a
∞
f (n) z −n
P
Proof : We know that F (z) = Z [f (n)] =
n=0

∞
X
n
Z [a f (n)] = an f (n) z −n
n=0
∞
X an
= f (n)
n=0
zn
∞
X  a n
= f (n)
n=0
z
X∞  z −n
= f (n)
n=0
a
z 
Z [an f (n)] = F //
a
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(4). Second Shifting [Time Shifting] Property :
(i) Statement : If Z [f (n)] = F (z) , Then Z [f (n + 1)] = zF (z) − zf (0).
∞
f (n) z −n
P
Proof : We know that F (z) = Z [f (n)] =
n=0

∞
X
∴ Z [f (n + 1)] = f (n + 1) z −n
n=0

Put m = n + 1 =⇒ n = m − 1 , Also n = 0 =⇒ m = 1
∞
X ∞
X
Z [f (n + 1)] = f (m) z −(m−1) = z f (m) z −m
m=1 m=1
∞
!
X
−m
= z f (m) z − f (0)
m=0
= z (F (z) − f (0))
Z [f (n + 1)] = zF (z) − zf (0) //

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(4). Second Shifting [Time Shifting] Property :
(ii) Statement : If Z [f (n)] = F (z) , Then
Z [f (n + 2)] = z 2 F (z) − z 2 f (0) − zf (1)
∞
f (n) z −n
P
Proof : We know that F (z) = Z [f (n)] =
n=0

∞
X
∴ Z [f (n + 2)] = f (n + 2) z −n
n=0

Put m = n + 2 =⇒ n = m − 2 , Also n = 0 =⇒ m = 2
∞
X ∞
X
Z [f (n + 2)] = f (m) z −(m−2) = z 2 f (m) z −m
m=2 m=2
∞
!
X
2 −m −0 −1
= z f (m) z − f (0) z − f (1) z
m=0
= z 2 F (z) − f (0) − f (1) z −1

Z [f (n + 2)] = z 2 F (z) − z 2 f (0) − zf (1) //

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 26 / 111
(4). Second Shifting [Time Shifting] Property :
(iii) Statement : If Z [f (n)] = F (z) , Then
Z [f (n + 3)] = z 3 F (z) − z 3 f (0) − z 2 f (1) − zf (2)
∞
f (n) z −n
P
Proof : We know that F (z) = Z [f (n)] =
n=0

∞
X
∴ Z [f (n + 3)] = f (n + 3) z −n
n=0

Put m = n + 3 =⇒ n = m − 3 , Also n = 0 =⇒ m = 3
∞
X ∞
X
Z [f (n + 3)] = f (m) z −(m−3) = z 3 f (m) z −m
m=3 m=3
∞
!
X
3 −m −0 −1 −2
= z f (m) z − f (0) z − f (1) z − f (2) z
m=0
= z 3 F (z) − f (0) − f (1) z −1 − f (2) z −2

Z [f (n + 3)] = z 3 F (z) − z 3 f (0) − z 2 f (1) − zf (2) //

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Initial Value Theorem
Statement : Initial Value Theorem
If Z [f (n)] = F (z) , Then f (0) = lim F (z) .
z→∞
∞
f (n) z −n
P
Proof : We know that F (z) = Z [f (n)] =
n=0
∞
X f (n)
F (z) =
n=0
zn
f (0) f (1) f (2)
+
F (z) = + 2 + ···
z0 z z
Taking limit z → ∞ on both the sides , We get
 
f (0) f (1) f (2)
lim F (z) = lim + + + · · ·
z→∞ z→∞ z0 z z2
lim F (z) = f (0)
z→∞

i.e., f (0) = lim F (z) //

z→∞

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Final Value Theorem
Statement : Final Value Theorem
If Z [f (n)] = F (z) , Then lim f (n) = lim (z − 1) F (z) .
n→∞ z→1

Proof : We know that

∞
f (n) z −n
P
(i) F (z) = Z [f (n)] =
n=0
(ii) Z [f (n + 1)] = zF (z) − zf (0)
∞
X
Now Z [f (n + 1) − f (n)] = [f (n + 1) − f (n)] z −n
n=0
∞
X
Z [f (n + 1)] − Z [f (n)] = [f (n + 1) − f (n)] z −n
n=0
∞
X
zF (z) − zf (0) − F (z) = [f (n + 1) − f (n)] z −n
n=0
∞
X
(z − 1) F (z) − zf (0) = [f (n + 1) − f (n)] z −n
n=0
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Taking limit z → 1 in both the sides , We get
∞
X
lim [(z − 1) F (z) − zf (0)] = lim [f (n + 1) − f (n)] z −n
z→1 z→1
n=0
∞
X
lim (z − 1) F (z) − f (0) = [f (n + 1) − f (n)]
z→1
n=0
n
X
= lim [f (m + 1) − f (m)]
n→∞
m=0
= lim {[f (1) − f (0)] + [f (2) − f (1)] + · · · +
n→∞
[f (n) − f (n − 1)] + [f (n + 1) − f (n)]}
= lim [f (n + 1) − f (0)]
n→∞
lim (z − 1) F (z) − f (0) = lim f (n) − f (0)
z→1 n→∞
lim (z − 1) F (z) = lim f (n)
z→1 n→∞

i.e., lim f (n) = lim (z − 1) F (z) //

n→∞ z→1

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Problems on Z - Transform

Find the Z - Transform of the following :

n 1 n
(1). (−3) + −7 (2). 4 3n + 2(−1) (3). e an (4). e −an
3n

(5). e at (6). e −at + t (7). an cosh nθ (8). an sinh nθ

(9). r n cos nθ (10). r n sin nθ (11). cos nθ (12). sin nθ

 nπ   nπ   nπ 
(13). cos (14). sin (15). cos2
2 2 2
 nπ   nπ   nπ 
(16). sin2 (17). cos3 (18). sin3
2 6 6
 nπ π  nπ 
(19). cos + (20). sin +a //
2 4 2
Homework Problems : (16) , (17) & (20)

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Problems on Z - Transform

Find the Z - Transform of the following :

1 n−2 1
(21). (22). (23).
n (n + 1) n (n + 1) (n + 1) (n + 2)

2n + 3 2n2 + 4n + 3
(24). (25). //
(n + 1) (n + 2) n (n + 1) (n + 2)

Homework Problems : (22) , (23) & (25)

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 32 / 111
  
n 1
(1). To Find : Z (−3) + n − 7
3
z
Solution : We know that Z [an ] =
z −a
   n 
n 1  n 1
∴ Z (−3) + n − 7 = Z (−3) + Z − 7Z [1]
3 3
z z z
= + 1 −7
z − (−3) z − 3 z −1
 
n 1 z 3z 7z
Z (−3) + n − 7 = + − //
3 z + 3 3z − 1 z − 1
 n
(2). To Find : Z 4 3n + 2(−1)
z
Solution : We know that Z [an ] =
z −a
n n
∴ Z 4 3n + 2(−1) = 4Z [3n ] + 2Z (−1)
 

z z
= 4 +2 //
z −3 z +1
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(3). To Find : Z [e an ]
z
Solution : We know that Z [an ] =
z −a
n
Z [e an ] = Z (e a )


z
= //
z − ea

(4). To Find : Z [e −an ]

z
Solution : We know that Z [an ] =
z −a

n 
Z e −an = Z e −a
  

z
= //
z − e −a

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 34 / 111
(5). To Find : Z [e at ]
z
Solution : We know that Z [an ] = and Z [f (t)] = Z [f (nT )]
z −a

Z e at = Z e anT
   
h
n i
= Z e aT
z
Z e at =
 
//
z − e aT

(6). To Find : Z [e −at + t]

z
Solution : We know that Z [an ] = and Z [f (t)] = Z [f (nT )]
z −a
h
n i
Z e −at + t = Z e −anT + nT = Z e −aT + T .n
   
h
n i
= Z e −aT + T Z [n]
 −at  z z
Z e +t = −aT
+T 2 //
z −e (z − 1)
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 35 / 111
(7). To Find : Z [an cosh nθ]

z e x + e −x
Solution : We know that (i) Z [an ] = and (ii) cosh x =
z −a 2
e + e −nθ
  nθ 
Z [an cosh nθ] = Z an
2
1  n nθ
= Z a e + e −nθ


2
1 
= Z an e nθ + an e −nθ

2
1 h
n
n i
= Z ae θ + ae −θ
2
1 n h θ
n i h
n io
= Z ae + Z ae −θ
2 
1 z z
= +
2 z − ae θ z − ae −θ
 
z 1 1
= +
2 z − ae θ z − ae −θ

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 36 / 111
 z − ae −θ + z − ae θ
 
z
Z [an cosh nθ] =
z 2 − aze θ − aze −θ + a2
2
(
)
z 2z − a e θ + e −θ
=
2 z 2 − az (e θ + e −θ ) + a2
 
z 2z − 2a cosh θ
=
2 z 2 − 2az cosh θ + a2
z (z − a cosh θ)
Z [an cosh nθ] = //
z 2 − 2az cosh θ + a2

(8). To Find : Z [an sinh nθ]

z e x − e −x
Solution : We know that (i) Z [an ] = and (ii) sinh x =
z −a 2
−nθ
  nθ 
e −e 1 
Z [an sinh nθ] = Z an = Z an e nθ − e −nθ


2 2
1 
= Z an e nθ − an e −nθ

2
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 37 / 111
 1 h θ
n
n i
Z [an sinh nθ] = Z ae − ae −θ
2
1 n h θ
n i h
n io
= Z ae − Z ae −θ
2 
1 z z
= −
2 z − ae θ z − ae −θ
 
z 1 1
= −
2 z − ae θ z − ae −θ
−θ
z − ae − z + ae θ
 
z
=
2 z 2 − aze θ − aze −θ + a2
( )
a e θ − e −θ


z
=
2 z 2 − az (e θ + e −θ ) + a2
 
z 2a sinh θ
=
2 z 2 − 2az cosh θ + a2
az sinh θ
Z [an sinh θ] = //
z2 − 2az cosh θ + a2

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 38 / 111
(9). To Find : Z [r n cos nθ] and also (10). To Find : Z [r n sin nθ]

z
Solution : We know that (i) Z [an ] = and (ii) e inθ = cos nθ + i sin nθ
z −a
Put a = r e iθ in (i)
h
n i z
Z r e iθ =
z − r e iθ
 n inθ  z
Z r e =
z − r e iθ
z
Z [r n (cos nθ + i sin nθ)] =
z − r (cos θ + i sin θ)
z
Z [r n cos nθ + ir n sin nθ] =
z − r cos θ − ir sin θ
z
Z [r n cos nθ] + iZ [r n sin nθ] =
(z − r cos θ) − ir sin θ
z (z − r cos θ) + ir sin θ
= ×
(z − r cos θ) − ir sin θ (z − r cos θ) + ir sin θ
z (z − r cos θ) + i rz sin θ
= 2 2
(z − r cos θ) + (r sin θ)
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 39 / 111
 z (z − r cos θ) + i rz sin θ
Z [r n cos nθ] + iZ [r n sin nθ] =
− 2zr cos θ + r 2 cos2 θ + r 2 sin2 θ
z2
z (z − r cos θ) + i rz sin θ
=
z 2 − 2zr cos θ + r 2
z (z − r cos θ) rz sin θ
Z [r n cos nθ] + iZ [r n sin nθ] = 2 +i 2
z − 2zr cos θ + r 2 z − 2zr cos θ + r 2

Comparing the real and imaginary parts on both the sides , We get

z (z − r cos θ)
Z [r n cos nθ] =
z2 − 2zr cos θ + r 2
&
rz sin θ
Z [r n sin nθ] = //
z2 − 2zr cos θ + r 2

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 40 / 111
(11). To Find : Z [cos nθ]
Solution : We know that
z (z − a cos θ)
Z [an cos nθ] = (1)
z2 − 2az cos θ + a2
Put a = 1 in (1), We get

z (z − cos θ)
Z [cos nθ] = //
z 2 − 2z cos θ + 1

(12). To Find : Z [sin nθ]

Solution : We know that
az sin θ
Z [an sin nθ] = (1)
z2 − 2az cos θ + a2
Put a = 1 in (1), We get

z sin θ
Z [sin nθ] = //
z 2 − 2z cos θ + 1
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 41 / 111
 h  nπ i
(13). To Find : Z cos
2
z (z − a cos θ)
Solution : We know that Z [an cos nθ] = 2 (1)
z − 2az cos θ + a2
π
Put a = 1 and θ = in (1), We get
2

z z − cos π2


h  nπ i z2
Z cos = 2 nπ = 2 //
2 z − 2z cos 2 + 1 z +1

h  nπ i
(14). To Find : Z sin
2
az sin θ
Solution : We know that Z [an sin nθ] = 2 (1)
z − 2az cos θ + a2
π
Put a = 1 and θ = in (1), We get
2
h  nπ i z sin π2 z
Z sin = 2 = 2 //
2 z − 2z cos π2 + 1 z +1

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 42 / 111
 nπ


(15). To Find : Z cos2 2
1 + cos 2θ
Solution : We know that cos2 θ =
2
n
1 + cos 2 nπ
 nπ 

1 + cos nπ 1 + (−1)
∴ cos2 = 2
= =
2  2 2 2
 nπ i n
h 1 + (−1) 1  n
Z cos2

= Z = Z 1 + (−1)
2 2 2
1  n
= Z [1] + Z (−1)
2 
1 z z
= +
2 z −1 z +1
 
z 1 1
= +
2 z −1 z +1
   
z z +1+z −1 z 2z
= =
2 z2 − 1 2 z2 − 1
h  nπ i z2
Z cos2 = 2 //
2 z −1
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 43 / 111
(18). To Find : Z sin3 nπ


6
1
Solution : We know that sin3 θ = [3 sin θ − sin 3θ]
4
z sin θ
Also Z [sin nθ] = 2
z − 2z cos θ + 1
 nπ  1h  nπ   nπ i
∴ sin3 = 3 sin − sin 3
6 4 6 6
3 nπ 3
   nπ  1  nπ 
sin = sin − sin
6 4 6 4 2
3 nπ 3 h  nπ i 1 h  nπ i
h  i
=⇒ Z sin = Z sin − Z sin
6 4 6
4 2
3 z sin π6 1 z
= −
4 z 2 − 2z cos π6 + 1 4 z 2 + 1

3 z 12 1 z
= √ −
4 z − 2z
2 3 4 z2 + 1
2 +1
h  nπ i 3 z 1 z
Z sin3 = √ − //
6 8 z − 3 z + 1 4 z2 + 1
2

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 44 / 111
 h  nπ π i
(19). To Find : Z cos +
2 4
h  nπ i z2 h  nπ i z
Solution : WKT Z cos = 2 & Z sin = 2
2 z +1 2 z +1
π nπ  nπ  π  nπ   π 
Now cos = cos + cos − sin sin
2 4 2 4 2 4
 nπ π  1 h  nπ   nπ i
cos + = √ cos − sin
2 4 2 2 2
h  nπ π i 1 h  nπ   nπ i
=⇒ Z cos + = √ Z cos − sin
2 4 2 2 2
1 n h  nπ i h  nπ io
= √ Z cos − Z sin
2 2 2
2
1 z2 − z
   
1 z z
= √ − = √
2 z2 + 1 z2 + 1 2 z2 + 1
h  nπ π i z (z − 1)
Z cos + = √ //
2 4 2 (z 2 + 1)

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 45 / 111
  
1
(21). To Find : Z
n (n + 1)
1
Solution : Let f (n) = . Using the method of partial fraction
n (n + 1)

1 A B
= +
n (n + 1) n n+1
1 = A (n + 1) + Bn
Put n = 0 we get 1 = A+0 =⇒ A = 1
Put n = −1 we get 1 = 0 − B =⇒ B = −1
1 1 1
∴ = −
n (n + 1) n n+1
     
1 1 1
Z = Z −Z
n (n + 1) n n+1
   
z z
= log − z log
z −1 z −1
   
1 z
Z = (1 − z) log //
n (n + 1) z −1
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 46 / 111
  
2n + 3
(24). To Find : Z
(n + 1) (n + 2)
2n + 3
Solution : Let f (n) = . Using the method of partial fraction
(n + 1) (n + 2)

2n + 3 A B
= +
(n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 1) (n + 2)
2n + 3 = A (n + 2) + B (n + 1)
Put n = −1 we get −2+3 = A+0 =⇒ A = 1
Put n = −2 we get − 4 + 3 = 0 − B =⇒ B = 1
2n + 3 1 1
∴ f (n) = = +
(n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 1) (n + 2)
     
2n + 3 1 1
Z [f (n)] = Z = Z +Z
(n + 1) (n + 2) n+1 n+2
   
z z
= z log + z 2 log −z
z −1 z −1
   
2n + 3 z
Z = z (z + 1) log − z //
(n + 1) (n + 2) z −1
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 47 / 111
Problems on Z - Transform Using Properties

Find the Z - Transform of the following :

(1). n2 (2). n3 (3). nC2 (4). n(n − 1)

(5). n(n − 1)(n − 2) (6). (n + 1)(n + 2)

an
(7). an n (8). an n2 (9). an n3 (10).
n!
an
(11). (12). an sin nθ (13). an cos nθ
n
 nπ   nπ 
(14). an cos (15). an sin
2 2

(16). an δ (n − k) (17). an u (n) //

Homework Problems : (4) , (6) , (8) , (9) , (11) , (12) , (13)

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 48 / 111
  
(1). To Find : Z n2

d z
Solution : WKT Z [nf (n)] = −z (Z [f (n)]) & Z [n] = 2
dz (z − 1)
!
d d z
Now Z n2 = Z [n.n] = −z
 
(Z [n]) = −z 2
dz dz (z − 1)
!
2
(z − 1) .1 − z.2 (z − 1)
= −z 4
(z − 1)
!
z 2 − 2z + 1 − 2z 2 + 2z
= −z 4
(z − 1)
!
2
z −1 z (z + 1) (z − 1)
= z 4 = 4
(z − 1) (z − 1)
z (z + 1)
Z n2 =
 
3 //
(z − 1)

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 49 / 111
  
(2). To Find : Z n3

Solution : We know that

d
(i) Z [nf (n)] = −z (Z [f (n)]) &
dz
 2 z (z + 1)
(ii) Z n = 3
(z − 1)
d
Now Z n3 = Z n.n2 = −z Z n2
     

dz !
d z(z + 1)
= −z
dz (z − 1)3
!
d (z 2 + z)
= −z
dz (z − 1)3
u 
After the differentiation using d , We get
v


 3 z z 2 + 4z + 1
Z n = 4 //
(z − 1)
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 50 / 111
(3). To Find : Z [nC2 ]

Solution : We know that

z   z (z + 1)
(i) Z [n] = 2 & (ii) Z n2 = 3
(z − 1) (z − 1)
n (n − 1) 1 2

nC2 = = n −n
1×2 2
 
1 2

Z [nC2 ] = Z n −n
2
1   2
= Z n − Z [n]
2( )
1 z (z + 1) z
= −
2 (z − 1)3 (z − 1)
2
( )
z (z + 1) − (z − 1)
= 3
2 (z − 1)
z
Z [nC2 ] = 3 //
(z − 1)
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 51 / 111
(5). To Find : Z [n(n − 1)(n − 2)]

z   z (z + 1)
Solution : We know that (i) Z [n] = 2 & (ii) Z n2 = 3

(z − 1) (z − 1)
  z z 2 + 4z + 1
(iii) Z n3 = 4 .
(z − 1)
Now Z [n (n − 1) (n − 2)] = Z n3 − 3n2 + 2n
 

= Z n3 − 3Z n2 + 2Z [n]
   


z z 2 + 4z + 1 z (z + 1) z
= 4 −3 3 +2 2
(z − 1) (z − 1) (z − 1)

2
z z 2 + 4z + 1 − 3z (z + 1) (z − 1) + 2z(z − 1)
= 4
(z − 1)
z 3 + 4z 2 + z − 3z 3 + 3z + 2z 3 − 4z 2 + 2z
= 4
(z − 1)
6z
Z [n (n − 1) (n − 2)] = 4 //
(z − 1)
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 52 / 111
(7). To Find : Z [an n]

z
Solution : We know that (i) Z [an f (n)] = (Z [f (n)])z→ z & (ii) Z [n] = 2
a
(z − 1)
!
z z
Now Z [an n] = (Z [n])z→ z = 2 =
2
a
(z − 1) z
z→ za a a −1
az
Z [an n] = 2 //
(z − a)

an
 
(10). To Find : Z
n!
 
1 1
Solution : We know that (i) Z [an f (n)] = (Z [f (n)])z→ z & (ii) Z = ez
a n!

an
    
1  1 a
Z = Z = ez = ez //
n! n! z→ z z→ za
a

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 53 / 111
 h  nπ i
(14). To Find : Z an cos
2

Solution : We know that (i) Z [an f (n)] = (Z [f (n)])z→ z &

a
h  nπ i 2
z
(ii) Z cos = 2
2 z +1

z2
h  nπ i  h  nπ i  
n
Z a cos = Z cos =
2 2 z→ za z 2 + 1 z→ z
a

z 2


a
=
z 2


a +1
z2
=  
z 2 +a2
a2 a2

h  nπ i z2
Z an cos = 2 //
2 z + a2

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 54 / 111
 h  nπ i
(15). To Find : Z an sin
2

Solution : We know that (i) Z [an f (n)] = (Z [f (n)])z→ z &

h  nπ i a
z
(ii) Z sin = 2
2 z +1
 nπ i  h  nπ i  
h
n z
Z a sin = Z sin =
2 2 z→ za z 2 + 1 z→ z
a
z


a
=
z 2


a + 1
z
=  
z 2 +a2
a a2
h  nπ i az
Z an sin = 2 //
2 z + a2

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 55 / 111
(16). To Find : Z [an δ (n − k)]

1 if n = k 1
Solution : We know that (i) δ (n − k) = & (ii) Z [δ (n − k)] =
0 if n ̸= k zk
 
1
Z [an δ (n − k)] = (Z [δ (n − k)])z→ z =
a z k z→ z
a
 z −k  a k
z −k


= z→ za
= = //
a z

(17). To Find : Z [an u(n)]

z
Solution : We know that (i) Z [an f (n)] = (Z [f (n)])z→ z & (ii) Z [u(n)] =
a z −1
 
n z
Z [a u (n)] = (Z [u (n)])z→ z =
a z −1 z→ za
z
a z z
= z = z−a

= //
a −1 a a
z −a
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 56 / 111
UNIT - V Z - TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE
EQUATIONS

CONTENTS:
Z - Transforms - Elementary properties of Z - Transforms

Inverse Z - Transform (using partial fraction and residues)

Initial value theorem and final value theorem

Convolution theorem

Formation of difference equations

Solution of difference equations using Z - Transform

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 57 / 111
INVERSE Z - TRANSFORM
Inverse Z - Transform : Definition
If Z [f (n)] = F (z) , Then f (n) is called the inverse Z - Transform of F (z). It is
denoted by Z −1 [F (z)] = f (n)

Some Important Inverse Z - Transform Formulae

   
z z
(1). Z −1 = 1 (2). Z −1 = an
z −1 z −a
" # " #
z z
(3). Z −1 2 = n (4). Z −1 2 = nan−1
(z − 1) (z − a)
" #
n (n − 1) an−2 z2
 
−1 z −1
 nπ 
(5). Z 3 = (6). Z 2 2
= an cos
(z − a) 2! z +a 2
 
z  nπ 
(7). Z −1 2 2
= an−1 sin
z +a 2

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 58 / 111
Problems on Inverse Z - Transform by Partial Fraction
Method

Find the Inverse Z - Transform of the following using partial fraction method:
" #
z3
 
−1 10z −1
(1). Z (2). Z 2
z 2 − 3z + 2 (z − 1) (z − 2)
" #
z2 4z 2 − 2z
 
−1 −1
(3). Z (4). Z 2
(z + 2) (z 2 + 4) (z − 1) (z − 2)

z2 + z
   
−1 z −1
(5). Z (6). Z
(z − 1) (z − 2) (z − 1) (z 2 + 1)

Homework Problems : (4) , (5) & (6)

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 59 / 111
  
10z
(1). To Find : Z −1
z 2 − 3z + 2

Solution : Let
10z 10z
F (z) = =
z 2 − 3z + 2 (z − 1) (z − 2)
F (z) 10
=
z (z − 1) (z − 2)

Use the method of partial fraction , We get

10 A B
= +
(z − 1) (z − 2) z −1 z −2
10 = A (z − 2) + B (z − 1)

Put z = 1 , We get 10 = −A + B(0) =⇒ A = −10

Put z = 2 , We get 10 = 0 + B =⇒ B = 10
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 60 / 111
 10 −10 10
∴ = +
(z − 1) (z − 2) z −1 z −2
 
10 1 1
= 10 −
(z − 1) (z − 2) z −2 z −1
 
F (z) 1 1
= 10 −
z z −2 z −1
 
z z
F (z) = 10 −
z −2 z −1
 
z z
Z −1 [F (z)] = 10Z −1 −
z −2 z −1
    
z z
f (n) = 10 Z −1 − Z −1
z −2 z −1
f (n) = 10 {2n − 1} //

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 61 / 111
 " #
−1 z3
(2). To Find : Z 2
(z − 1) (z − 2)

z3
Solution : Let F (z) = 2
(z − 1) (z − 2)

F (z) z2
= 2
z (z − 1) (z − 2)

Use the method of partial fraction , We get

z2 A B C
2 = + 2 +
(z − 1) (z − 2) (z − 1) (z − 1) (z − 2)
2
z 2 = A (z − 1) (z − 2) + B (z − 2) + C (z − 1)

Put z = 1 , We get 1 = A(0) + B(−1) + C (0) =⇒ B = −1

Put z = 2 , We get 4 = A(0) + B(0) + C (1) =⇒ C = 4
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 62 / 111
Comparing the coefficients of z 2 on both the sides , We get
1 = A + C =⇒ A = 1 − C = 1 − 4 =⇒ A = −3

z2 −3 −1 4
∴ 2 = + 2 + (z − 2)
(z − 1) (z − 2) (z − 1) (z − 1)
F (z) −3 −1 4
= + +
z (z − 1) (z − 1)2 (z − 2)
z z z
F (z) = −3 − +4
(z − 1) (z − 1)2 (z − 2)
  !  
−1 −1 z −1 z −1 z
Z [F (z)] = −3Z −Z 2 + 4Z
(z − 1) (z − 1) (z − 2)
n
f (n) = −3 (1n ) − n + 4(2)
f (n) = 4 (2n ) − n − 3 //

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 63 / 111
 z2
 
(3). To Find : Z −1
(z + 2) (z 2 + 4)

z2
Solution : Let F (z) =
(z + 2) (z 2 + 4)

F (z) z
=
z (z + 2) (z 2 + 4)

Use the method of partial fraction , We get

z A Bz + C
2
= + 2
(z + 2) (z + 4) (z + 2) (z + 4)
z = A z 2 + 4 + [Bz + C ] (z + 2)

−1
Put z = −2 , We get −2 = A(4 + 4) + [Bz + C ](0) =⇒ A =
4
1
Put z = 0 , We get 0 = 4A + 2C =⇒ 0 = −1 + 2C =⇒ C =
2
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 64 / 111
Comparing the coefficients of z 2 on both the sides , We get
1
0 = A + B =⇒ B = −A =⇒ B =
4

z − 14 1
4z + 2
1
∴ = +
(z + 2) (z 2 + 4) (z + 2) (z 2 + 4)
F (z) 1 1 1 z 1 1
= − + 2
+ 2
z 4 (z + 2) 4 (z + 4) 2 (z + 4)
1 z 1 z2 1 z
F (z) = − + 2
+ 2
4 (z + 2) 4 (z + 4) 2 (z + 4)
z2
     
1 z 1 1 −1 z
Z −1 [F (z)] = − Z −1 + Z −1 + Z
4 z +2 4 z2 + 4 2 z2 + 4
1 n 1  nπ  1  nπ 
f (n) = − (−2) + 2n cos + 2n−1 sin
4 4 2 2 2
1 n 1 n  nπ  1  nπ 
f (n) = − (−2) + 2 cos + 2n sin (or )
4 4 2 4 2
2n h  nπ   nπ 
n
i
f (n) = cos + sin − (−1) //
4 2 2
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 65 / 111
Inverse Z - Transform by Residue Method

I.Z.T by Residue Method : Formula

Z −1 [F (z)] = Sum of the residues of z n−1 F (z) at its poles.

Residue Formula :

The residue of z n−1 F (z) at a pole z = a of order m is given by

1 d m−1  m
Res z n−1 F (z) , z = a = (z − a) .z n−1 F (z)
  
lim m−1
(m − 1)! z→a dz

At pole of order 1 [i.e., at simple pole] z = a , The residue is given by the formula

Res z n−1 F (z) , z = a = lim (z − a) .z n−1 F (z)

 
z→a

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 66 / 111
Problems on Inverse Z - Transform by Residue Method

Find the Inverse Z - Transform of the following using residue method :

  " #
z −1 z (z + 1)
(1). Z −1 2 (2). Z 3
z + 3z + 2 (z − 1)
" #
3
 
z z
(3). Z −1 2 (4). Z −1
(z − 1) (z − 2) z 2 − 3z + 2
" #
4z 2 − 2z z 2 − 3z
 
−1
(5). Z 2 (6). Z −1
(z − 1) (z − 2) (z − 5) (z + 2)

Homework Problems : (4) , (5) & (6)

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 67 / 111
  
−1 z
(1). To Find : Z
z 2 + 3z + 2

z z
Solution : Let F (z) = =
z 2 + 3z + 2 (z + 1) (z + 2)
zn
=⇒ z n−1 F (z) =
(z + 1) (z + 2)

To Find : The poles of z n−1 F (z)

Assume that (z + 1)(z + 2) = 0
=⇒ z = −1 is a simple pole and z = −2 is also a simple pole
To Find : The Residues of z n−1 F (z)
Res z n−1 F (z) , z = −1 = lim (z + 1) z n−1 F (z)
 
z→−1
zn
Res (−1) = lim (z + 1)
z→−1 (z + 1) (z + 2)
n n
z (−1)
= lim =
z→−1 (z + 2) (−1 + 2)
n
Res (−1) = (−1)
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 68 / 111
 Res z n−1 F (z) , z = −2 = lim (z + 2) z n−1 F (z)
 
z→−2
zn
Res (−2) = lim (z + 2)
z→−2 (z + 1) (z + 2)
zn
= lim
z→−2 (z + 1)
n
(−2)
=
(−2 + 1)
n
Res (−2) = − (−2)

 
z
∴ Z −1 = Z −1 [F (z)]
(z + 1) (z + 2)
= Sum of the residues of z n−1 F (z)
f (n) = Res (−1) + Res (−2)
n n
f (n) = (−1) − (−2) //

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 69 / 111
 " #
z (z + 1)
(2). To Find : Z −1 3
(z − 1)

z (z + 1)
Solution : Let F (z) = 3
(z − 1)
z n (z + 1)
=⇒ z n−1 F (z) = 3
(z − 1)

To Find : The poles of z n−1 F (z)

Assume that (z − 1)3 = 0 =⇒ z = 1 is a pole of order m = 3
To Find : The Residues of z n−1 F (z)
1 d2 h 3 n−1
i
Res z n−1 F (z) , z = 1 =
 
lim (z − 1) z F (z)
2! z→1 dz 2" #
1 d2 n
3 z (z + 1)
Res (1) = lim (z − 1) 3
2 z→1 dz 2 (z − 1)
1 d 2  n+1
+ zn

= lim z
2 z→1 dz 2
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 70 / 111
 1 d 
(n + 1) z n + nz n−1

Res (1) = lim
2 z→1 dz
1
lim n (n + 1) z n−1 + n (n − 1) z n−2
 
=
2 z→1
1
= [n (n + 1) + n (n − 1)]
2
1 2
n + n + n2 − n

=
2
1  2
= 2n
2
Res (1) = n2

" #
−1 z (z + 1)
∴ Z 3 = Z −1 [F (z)]
(z − 1)
= Sum of the residues of z n−1 F (z)
f (n) = Res (1)
f (n) = n2 //
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 71 / 111
 " #
z3
(3). To Find : Z −1 2
(z − 1) (z − 2)

z3
Solution : Let F (z) = 2
(z − 1) (z − 2)

z n−1 z 3
=⇒ z n−1 F (z) = 2
(z − 1) (z − 2)
z n+2
=⇒ z n−1 F (z) = 2
(z − 1) (z − 2)

To Find : The poles of z n−1 F (z)

Assume that (z − 1)2 (z − 2) = 0

=⇒ z = 1 is a pole of order 2 and
z = 2 is a pole of order 1

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 72 / 111
To Find : The Residues of z n−1 F (z)

1 d h 2
i
Res z n−1 F (z) , z = 1 = (z − 1) z n−1 F (z)
 
lim
1! z→1 dz
" #
d 2 z n+2
Res (1) = lim (z − 1) 2
z→1 dz (z − 1) (z − 2)
 n+2 
d z
= lim
z→1 dz (z − 2)
" #
(z − 2) (n + 2) z n+1 − z n+2 (1)
= lim 2
z→1 (z − 2)
" #
(−1) (n + 2) − 1
= 2
(1)
Res (1) = − (n + 3)

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 73 / 111
 Res z n−1 F (z) , z = 2 = lim (z − 2) z n−1 F (z)
 
z→2
z n+2
Res (2) = lim (z − 2) 2
z→2 (z − 1) (z − 2)
" #
z n+2
= lim 2
z→2 (z − 1)
2n+2
= 2
(2 − 1)
n
Res (2) = 4(2)

" #
−1 z3
∴ Z 2 = Z −1 [F (z)]
(z − 1) (z − 2)
= Sum of the residues of z n−1 F (z)
f (n) = Res (1) + Res (2)
f (n) = −(n + 3) + 4(2)n //
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 74 / 111
Inverse Z - Transform by Convolution Method
Convolution Product : Definition
Let f (n) and g (n) be two sequences , then the convolution product of f (n) and
g (n) is defined by

n
X
f (n) ∗ g (n) = f (k) g (n − k)
k=0

Convolution Theorem : Statement

If Z [f (n)] = F (z) and Z [g (n)] = G (z) , then

Z [f (n) ∗ g (n)] = Z [f (n)] Z [g (n)] (OR)

Z [f (n) ∗ g (n)] = F (z) G (z)

NOTE : Z −1 [F (z) G (z)] = Z −1 [F (z)] ∗ Z −1 [G (z)]

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 75 / 111
Problems on Inverse Z - Transform by Residue Method
Find the Inverse Z - Transform of the following using convolution method :
z2 8z 2
   
−1 −1
(1). Z (2). Z
(z − a) (z − b) (2z − 1) (4z − 1)
 
8z 2 z2
 
 
(3). Z −1 (4). Z −1     
(2z − 1) (4z + 1)  1 1 
z− z−
2 4
z2 z2
   
(5). Z −1 (6). Z −1
(z − 1) (z − 3) (z − 3) (z − 4)
" # " #
−1 z2 −1 z2
(7). Z 2 (8). Z 2
(z − a) (z + a)

Homework Problems : (2) , (4) , (6)

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 76 / 111
 z2
 
−1
(1). To Find : Z
(z − a) (z − b)

Solution : We know that

(i) Z −1 [F (z) · G (z)] = Z −1 [F (z)] ∗ Z −1 [G (z)]
n
P
(ii) f (n) ∗ g (n) = f (k) g (n − k)
k=0

z2
   
z z
Z −1 = Z −1 ·
(z − a) (z − b) (z − a) (z − b)
= Z −1 [F (z) · G (z)]
= Z −1 [F (z)] ∗ Z −1 [G (z)]
   
z z
= Z −1 ∗ Z −1
z −a z −b
= an ∗ b n
= f (n) ∗ g (n)
X n
= f (k) g (n − k)
k=0
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 77 / 111
 n n
z2
  X X
Z −1 = ak b n−k = ak b n b −k
(z − a) (z − b)
k=0 k=0
n  k n
X a X
= bn = bn rk
b
k=0 k=0
= bn 1 + r + r 2 + · · · + r n

1 − r n+1
 
n
= b
1−r
a n+1

!
1 −
= bn b
1 − ba
b n+1 − an+1
 
n b
= b ×
b n+1 b−a
n+1 n+1
b −a
=
b−a
z2 an+1 − b n+1
 
Z −1 = //
(z − a) (z − b) a−b
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 78 / 111
 8z 2
 
−1
(3). To Find : Z
(2z − 1) (4z + 1)

Solution : We know that (i) Z −1 [F (z) · G (z)] = Z −1 [F (z)] ∗ Z −1 [G (z)]

n
P
(ii) f (n) ∗ g (n) = f (k) g (n − k)
k=0
" #
8z 2 8z 2
 
−1 −1
Z = Z
2 z − 12 4 z + 14



(2z − 1) (4z + 1)
" #
−1 z2
= Z
z − 12 z + 14

z2
 
= Z −1
(z − a) (z − b)

1 −1
Where a = and b =
2 4  
z z
= Z −1 ·
(z − a) (z − b)
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 79 / 111
 8z 2
 
Z −1 = Z −1 [F (z) · G (z)]
(2z − 1) (4z + 1)
= Z −1 [F (z)] ∗ Z −1 [G (z)]
   
z z
= Z −1 ∗ Z −1
z −a z −b
= an ∗ b n = f (n) ∗ g (n)
Xn
= f (k) g (n − k)
k=0
n
X
= ak b n−k
k=0
n
X
= ak b n b −k
k=0
n  k n
X a X
= bn = bn rk
b
k=0 k=0
= bn 1 + r + r 2 + · · · + r n


S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 80 / 111
 8z 2 1 − r n+1
   
Z −1 = bn
(2z − 1) (4z + 1) 1−r

n+1 !
1 − ba
= bn
1 − ba
b n+1 − an+1
 
n b
= b ×
b n+1 b−a
n+1
b − an+1
=
b−a
an+1 − b n+1
=
a−b
1 −1
Put a = 2 and b = 4 , We get
1 n+1

n+1
− −1


2 4
= 1 1
2 + 4
"  n+1 #
n+1
8z 2
  
4 1 −1
Z −1 = − //
(2z − 1) (4z + 1) 3 2 4
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 81 / 111
 z2
 
−1
(5). To Find : Z
(z − 1) (z − 3)

Solution : We know that

(i) Z −1 [F (z) · G (z)] = Z −1 [F (z)] ∗ Z −1 [G (z)]
n
P
(ii) f (n) ∗ g (n) = f (k) g (n − k)
k=0

z2 z2
   
−1 −1
Z = Z
(z − 1) (z − 3) (z − a) (z − b)
Where a = 1 and b = 3
 
−1 z z
= Z ·
(z − a) (z − b)
= Z −1 [F (z) · G (z)]
= Z −1 [F (z)] ∗ Z −1 [G (z)]
   
−1 z −1 z
= Z ∗Z
z −a z −b
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 82 / 111
 z2
 
Z −1 = an ∗ b n
(z − 1) (z − 3)
= f (n) ∗ g (n)
X n
= f (k) g (n − k)
k=0
n
X n
X
= ak b n−k = ak b n b −k
k=0 k=0
n  k
X a
= bn
b
k=0
Xn
= bn rk
k=0
= bn 1 + r + r 2 + · · · + r n

1 − r n+1
 
n
= b
1−r

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 83 / 111

n+1 !
z2 1 − ba
 
−1 n
Z = b a
(z − 1) (z − 3) 1− b

b n+1 − an+1
 
n b
= b ×
b n+1 b−a
n+1
b − an+1
=
b−a
an+1 − b n+1
=
a−b
Put a = 1 and b = 3
1 − 3n+1
=
1−3
z2
 
−1 1  n+1 
Z = 3 −1 //
(z − 1) (z − 3) 2

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 84 / 111
 " #
z2
(7). To Find : Z −1 2
(z − a)

Solution : We know that

(i) Z −1 [F (z) · G (z)] = Z −1 [F (z)] ∗ Z −1 [G (z)]
n
P
(ii) f (n) ∗ g (n) = f (k) g (n − k)
k=0
" #
z2
 
−1 z z
Z 2 = Z −1 ·
(z − a) (z − a) (z − a)
= Z −1 [F (z) · G (z)]
= Z −1 [F (z)] ∗ Z −1 [G (z)]
   
−1 z −1 z
= Z ∗Z
z −a z −a
= an ∗ an
= f (n) ∗ g (n)
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 85 / 111
 " # n
−1 z2 X
Z 2 = f (k) g (n − k)
(z − a) k=0
Xn
= ak an−k
k=0
n
X
= ak+n−k
k=0
n
X
= an
k=0
 

= an + an + · · · + an 
| {z }
(n+1) times
" #
z2
Z −1 2 = (n + 1) an //
(z − a)

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 86 / 111
 " #
z2
(8). To Find : Z −1 2
(z + a)

Solution : We know that

(i) Z −1 [F (z) · G (z)] = Z −1 [F (z)] ∗ Z −1 [G (z)]
n
P
(ii) f (n) ∗ g (n) = f (k) g (n − k)
k=0
" #
z2
 
−1 z z
Z 2 = Z −1 ·
(z + a) (z + a) (z + a)
= Z −1 [F (z) · G (z)]
= Z −1 [F (z)] ∗ Z −1 [G (z)]
   
−1 z −1 z
= Z ∗Z
z +a z +a
n n
= (−a) ∗ (−a)
= f (n) ∗ g (n)
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 87 / 111
 " # n
−1 z2 X
Z 2 = f (k) g (n − k)
(z + a) k=0
Xn
k n−k
= (−a) (−a)
k=0
n
X k+n−k
= (−a)
k=0
n
X n
= (−a)
k=0
 
n n n
= (−a) + (−a) + · · · + (−a) 

| {z }
(n+1) times
" #
z2 n
Z −1 2 = (n + 1) (−a) //
(z + a)

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 88 / 111
UNIT - V Z - TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE
EQUATIONS

CONTENTS:
Z - Transforms - Elementary properties of Z - Transforms

Inverse Z - Transform (using partial fraction and residues)

Initial value theorem and final value theorem

Convolution theorem

Formation of difference equations

Solution of difference equations using Z - Transform

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 89 / 111
Formation of Difference Equations

Form the difference equations from the following by eliminating the arbitrary
constants given :
n
(1). un = A 2n + Bn (2). y (n) = a 2n + b(−2)
n
(3). un = (A + Bn) (−3) (4). yn = an + bn2
(5). x (n) = (An + B) 2n (6). un = a2n+1

Homework : (4) & (5)

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 90 / 111
(1). Form the difference equations from un = A 2n + B n by eliminating the
arbitrary constants A and B.

Solution :
un = A2n + B n
un+1 = A2n+1 + B (n + 1)
un+2 = A2n+2 + B (n + 2)

un 2n n un 1 n
un+1 2n+1 n+1 = 0 =⇒ 2n un+1 2 n+1 = 0
un+2 2n+2 n+2 un+2 4 n+2
un 1 n
=⇒ un+1 2 n+1 = 0
un+2 4 n+2
un [2 (n + 2) − 4 (n + 1)] − un+1 [n + 2 − 4n] + un+2 [n + 1 − 2n] = 0
(1 − n) un+2 − (2 − 3n) un+1 − 2nun = 0

This is the required difference equation of second order. //

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 91 / 111
(2). Form the difference equations from y (n) = a 2n + b (−2) n
by eliminating the
arbitrary constants a and b.

Solution : Given that y (n) = a 2n + b (−2) n

=⇒ y (n + 1) = a 2n+1 + b (−2) n+1

& y (n + 2) = a 2n+2 + b (−2) n+2

y (n) 2n (−2) n
y (n + 1) 2n+1 (−2) n+1 = 0
y (n + 2) 2n+2 (−2) n+2
y (n) 1 1
n
2n (−2) y (n + 1) 2 −2 = 0
y (n + 2) 4 4
y (n) 1 1
y (n + 1) 2 −2 = 0
y (n + 2) 4 4
y (n) [8 + 8] − y (n + 1) [4 − 4] + y (n + 2) [−2 − 2] = 0
−4y (n + 2) + 16y (n) = 0
y (n + 2) − 4y (n) = 0 //
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 92 / 111
 n
(3). Form the difference equations from un = (A + Bn) (−3) by eliminating the
arbitrary constants A and B.

n
Solution : Given that un = (A + Bn) (−3)
n
un = A (−3) + Bn (−3n )
n+1
un+1 = A (−3) + B (n + 1) (−3n )
n+1
un+2 = A (−3) + B (n + 2) (−3n )

Consider the determinant

n
un (−3) n (−3) n
n+1 n+1
un+1 (−3) (n + 1) (−3) = 0
n+2 n+2
un+2 (−3) (n + 2) (−3)
un 1 n
n n
(−3) (−3) un+1 −3 −3 (n + 1) = 0
un+2 9 9 (n + 2)

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 93 / 111
 un 1 n
un+1 −3 −3 (n + 1) = 0
un+2 9 9 (n + 2)

Expand the determinant along the first column , We get


un [−27 (n + 2) + 27 (n + 1)] − un+1 [9 (n + 2) − 9n]
= 0
+un+2 [−3 (n + 1) + 3n]

un [−27n − 54 + 27n + 27] − un+1 [9n + 18 − 9n]
= 0
+un+2 [−3n − 3 + 3n]
−3un+2 + 18un+1 − 27un = 0
un+2 − 6un+1 + 9un = 0

This is our required difference equation of second order.

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 94 / 111
(3). Form the difference equations from un = a 2n+1 by eliminating the arbitrary
constants a

Solution : Given that

un = a2n+1
un+1 = a2n+2
= a2n+1 × 2
un+1 = 2un
un+1 − 2un = 0

This is our required difference equation of first order.

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 95 / 111
Solution of Difference Equations using Z - Transform

Solve the following difference equations :

(1). un+2 + 3un+1 + 2un = 0 given that u0 = 1 , u1 = 2
(2). yn+2 − 4yn = 0 given that y0 = 0 , y1 = 2 [Homework]
(3). y (n + 3) − 3y (n + 1) + 2y (n) = 0 given y (0) = 4 , y (1) = 0 and y (2) = 8
(4). yn+2 − 4yn+1 + 4yn = 0 given y0 = 1 , y1 = 0 [Homework]

(5). yn+2 + yn = 2 given that y0 = y1 = 0 [Homework]

(6). yn+2 + 6yn+1 + 9yn = 2n given y0 = y1 = 0
(7). un+2 + 4un+1 + 3un = 2n given u0 = 0 , u1 = 1 [Homework]
(8). yn+2 + 4yn+1 + 3yn = 3n given y0 = 0 , y1 = 1
(9). un+2 − 5un+1 + 6un = 4n given u0 = 0 , u1 = 1 [Homework]
(10). yn+2 + 4yn+1 − 5yn = 24n − 8 given y0 = 3 , y1 = −5

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 96 / 111
(1). Solve un+2 + 3un+1 + 2un = 0 given that u0 = 1 , u1 = 2

Solution: Given difference equation is

un+2 + 3un+1 + 2un = 0 (1)

Also given that u0 = 1 , u1 = 2

Taking Z - Transform on both the sides of (1), We get

Z [un+2 + 3un+1 + 2un ] = Z [0]

Z [un+2 ] + 3Z [un+1 ] + 2Z [un ] = Z [0]
2 2
 
z U (z) − z u (0) − zu (1) + 3 [zU (z) − zu (0)] + 2U (z) = 0
z 2 + 3z + 2 U (z) − z 2 (1) − z (2) − 3z (1) = 0

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 97 / 111
 z 2 + 3z + 2 U (z) = z 2 + 5z

(z + 1) (z + 2) U (z) = z (z + 5)
z (z + 5)
U (z) = (2)
(z + 1) (z + 2)
 
z (z + 5)
To Find : Z −1 [U (z)] = Z −1
(z + 1) (z + 2)
U (z) z +5
(2) =⇒ =
z (z + 1) (z + 2)
Using the method of partial fraction , We get
z +5 A B
= +
(z + 1) (z + 2) z +1 z +2
z + 5 = A (z + 2) + B (z + 1)

Put z = −1 , We get 4 = A(1) + B(0) =⇒ A = 4

Put z = −2 , We get 3 = A(0) + B(−1) =⇒ B = −3
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 97 / 111
 z +5 4 3
= −
(z + 1) (z + 2) z +1 z +2
U (z) 4 3
= −
z z +1 z +2
z z
U (z) = 4 −3
z +1 z +2
Taking inverse Z - transform on both the sides, We get
   
−1 −1 z −1 z
Z [U (z)] = 4Z − 3Z
z +1 z +2
n n
u (n) = 4(−1) − 3(−2) //

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 98 / 111
(3). Solve y (n + 3) − 3y (n + 1) + 2y (n) = 0 given y (0) = 4 , y (1) = 0
and y (2) = 8

Solution: Given difference equation is

y (n + 3) − 3y (n + 1) + 2y (n) = 0 (1)
Also given that y (0) = 4 , y (1) = 0 and y (2) = 8
Taking Z - Transform on both the sides of (1), We get
Z [y (n + 3) − 3y (n + 1) + 2y (n)] = Z [0]
Z [y (n + 3)] − 3Z [y (n + 1)] + 2Z [y (n)] = Z [0]
 3  
z Y (z) − z 3 y (0) − z 2 y (1) − zy (2)
= 0
−3 [zY (z) − zy (0)] + 2Y (z)
z 3 − 3z + 2 Y (z) − 4z 3 − 8z + 12z


= 0
z 3 − 3z + 2 Y (z) = 4z 3 − 4z

2
(z − 1) (z + 2) Y (z) = 4z z 2 − 1




4z z 2 − 1
Y (z) = 2
(z − 1) (z + 2)
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 99 / 111
 4z (z + 1) (z − 1)
Y (z) = 2
(z − 1) (z + 2)
4z (z + 1)
Y (z) = (2)
(z − 1) (z + 2)
 
4z (z + 1)
To Find : Z −1 [Y (z)] = Z −1
(z − 1) (z + 2)
Y (z) 4 (z + 1)
(2) =⇒ =
z (z − 1) (z + 2)
Using the method of partial fraction , We get
4 (z + 1) A B
= +
(z − 1) (z + 2) z −1 z +2
4 (z + 1) = A (z + 2) + B (z − 1)
8
Put z = 1 , We get 8 = A(3) + B(0) =⇒ A =
3
4
Put z = −2 , We get −4 = A(0) + B(−3) =⇒ B =
3
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 100 / 111
 4 (z + 1) 8 1 4 1
= +
(z − 1) (z + 2) 3z −1 3z +2
Y (z) 8 1 4 1
= +
z 3z −1 3z +2
8 z 4 z
Y (z) = +
3z −1 3z +2
Taking inverse Z - transform on both the sides, We get
   
−1 8 −1 z 4 −1 z
Z [Y (z)] = Z + Z
3 z −1 3 z +2
8 4 n
y (n) = (1) + (−2)
3 3
4  n
y (n) = 2 + (−2) //
3

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 101 / 111
(6). Solve yn+2 + 6yn+1 + 9yn = 2n given y0 = y1 = 0

Solution: Given difference equation is

yn+2 + 6yn+1 + 9yn = 2n (1)
Also given that y0 = 0 & y1 = 0
Taking Z - Transform on both the sides of (1), We get
Z [yn+2 + 6yn+1 + 9yn ] = Z [2n ]
Z [yn+2 ] + 6Z [yn+1 ] + 2Z [yn ] = Z [2n ]
 2 
z Y (z) − z 2 y (0) − zy (1) +

z
=
6 [zY (z) − zy (0)] + 9Y (z) z −2
2

z
z + 6z + 9 Y (z) − 0 − 0 − 0 =
z −2
2 z
(z + 3) Y (z) =
z −2
z
Y (z) = 2 (2)
(z − 2) (z + 3)

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 102 / 111
 " #
z
To Find : Z −1 [Y (z)] = Z −1 2
(z − 2) (z + 3)

Y (z) 1
(2) =⇒ = 2
z (z − 2) (z + 3)

Using the method of partial fraction , We get

1 A B C
2 = + +
(z − 2) (z + 3) (z − 2) (z + 3) (z + 3)2
2
1 = A(z + 3) + B (z − 2) (z + 3) + C (z − 2)

1
Put z = 2 , We get 1 = A(25) + B(0) + C (0) =⇒ A =
25
−1
Put z = −3 , We get 1 = A(0) + B(0) + C (−5) =⇒ C =
5
Comparing the coefficients of z 2 on both the sides , We get
−1
0 = A + B =⇒ B = −A =⇒ B =
25
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 103 / 111
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 = − −
(z − 2) (z + 3) 25 (z − 2) 25 (z + 3) 5 (z + 3)2
Y (z) 1 1 1 1 1 1
= − −
z 25 (z − 2) 25 (z + 3) 5 (z + 3)2
1 z 1 z 1 z
Y (z) = − −
25 (z − 2) 25 (z + 3) 5 (z + 3)2

Taking inverse Z - transform on both the sides, We get

    " #
−1 1 −1 z 1 −1 z 1 −1 z
Z [Y (z)] = Z − Z − Z 2
25 (z − 2) 25 (z + 3) 5 (z + 3)
1 n 1 n 1 n−1
y (n) = 2 − (−3) − n(−3)
25 25 5
1 n 1 n 1 n
y (n) = 2 − (−3) + n(−3) //
25 25 15

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 104 / 111
(8). Solve yn+2 + 4yn+1 + 3yn = 3n given y0 = 0 , y1 = 1

Solution: Given difference equation is

yn+2 + 4yn+1 + 3yn = 3n (1)

Also given that y0 = 0 , y1 = 1

Taking Z - Transform on both the sides of (1), We get

Z [yn+2 + 4yn+1 + 3y (n)] = Z [3n ]

Z [yn+2 ] + 4Z [yn+1 ] + 3Z [yn ] = Z [3n ]
  
z 2 Y (z) − z 2 y (0) − zy (1) z
=
+4 [zY (z) − zy (0)] + 3Y (z) z −3
z
z 2 + 4z + 3 Y (z) − z =


z −3
z
(z + 1) (z + 3) Y (z) = +z
z −3
z + z (z − 3)
(z + 1) (z + 3) Y (z) =
z −3
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 105 / 111
 z + z 2 − 3z
Y (z) =
(z + 1) (z + 3) (z − 3)
z 2 − 2z
Y (z) =
(z + 1) (z + 3) (z − 3)
z (z − 2)
Y (z) =
(z + 1) (z + 3) (z − 3)
z
Y (z) = (2)
(z + 1) (z + 3) (z − 3)
 
z (z − 2)
To Find : Z −1 [Y (z)] = Z −1
(z + 1) (z + 3) (z − 3)
Y (z) z −2
(2) =⇒ =
z (z + 1) (z + 3) (z − 3)
Using the method of partial fraction , We get
z −2 A B C
= + +
(z + 1) (z + 3) (z − 3) z +1 z +3 z −3
z − 2 = A (z + 3) (z − 3) + B (z + 1) (z − 3) + C (z + 1) (z + 3)
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 106 / 111
 3
Put z = −1 , We get −3 = A(2)(−4) + B(0) + C (0) =⇒ A =
8
−5
Put z = −3 , We get −5 = A(0) + B(−2)(−6) + C (0) =⇒ B =
12
1
Put z = 3 , We get 1 = A(0) + B(0) + C (4)(6) =⇒ C =
24
z −2 3 1 5 1 1 1
= − +
(z + 1) (z + 3) (z − 3) 8 z + 1 12 z + 3 24 z − 3
Y (z) 3 1 5 1 1 1
= − +
z 8 z + 1 12 z + 3 24 z − 3
3 z 5 z 1 z
Y (z) = − +
8 z + 1 12 z + 3 24 z − 3
Taking inverse Z - transform on both the sides, We get
     
3 z 5 z 1 z
Z −1 [Y (z)] = Z −1 − Z −1 + Z −1
8 z +1 12 z +3 24 z −3
3 n 5 n 1
y (n) = (−1) − (−3) + 3n //
8 12 24
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 107 / 111
(10). Solve yn+2 + 4yn+1 − 5yn = 24n − 8 given y0 = 3 , y1 = −5

Solution: Given difference equation is

yn+2 + 4yn+1 − 5yn = 24n − 8 (1)

Also given that y0 = 3 , y1 = −5

Taking Z - Transform on both the sides of (1), We get

Z [yn+2 + 4yn+1 − 5y (n)] = Z [24n − 8]

Z [yn+2 ] + 4Z [yn+1 ] − 5Z [yn ] = 24Z [n] − 8Z [1]
 2  
z Y (z) − z 2 y (0) − zy (1) + z z
= 24 −8
4 [zY (z) − zy (0)] − 5Y (z) (z − 1)
2 z −1
24z − 8z (z − 1)
z 2 + 4z − 5 Y (z) − 3z 2 + 5z − 12z =


2
(z − 1)
24z − 8z 2 + 8z
(z + 5) (z − 1) Y (z) = 2 + 3z 2 + 7z
(z − 1)

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 108 / 111



32z − 8z 2 + 3z 2 + 7z z 2 − 2z + 1
(z + 5) (z − 1) Y (z) = 2
(z − 1)
32z − 8z + 3z 4 − 6z 3 + 3z 2 + 7z 3 − 14z 2 + 7z
2
Y (z) = 3
(z + 5) (z − 1)
3z 4 + z 3 − 19z 2 + 39z
Y (z) = 3
(z + 5) (z − 1)
 
z 3z 3 + z 2 − 19z + 39
Y (z) = 3 (2)
(z + 5) (z − 1)
"  #
−1 −1
z 3z 3 + z 2 − 19z + 39
To Find : Z [Y (z)] = Z 3
(z + 5) (z − 1)

Y (z) 3z 3 + z 2 − 19z + 39
(2) =⇒ = 3
z (z + 5) (z − 1)

S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 109 / 111
Using the method of partial fraction , We get
3z 3 + z 2 − 19z + 39 A B C D
3 = + + +
(z + 5) (z − 1) (z + 5) (z − 1) (z − 1)2 (z − 1)
3

3 2

 A(z − 1) + B (z + 5) (z − 1) +
3z 3 + z 2 − 19z + 39 =
C (z + 5) (z − 1) + D (z + 5)


Put z = −5 , We get
−375 + 25 + 95 + 39 = A(−6)3 =⇒ −216 = −216A =⇒ A = 1
Put z = 1 , We get
3 + 1 − 19 + 39 = D(6) =⇒ 24 = 6D =⇒ D = 4
3
Equating the coefficients of z on both the sides , We get
3 = A + B =⇒ B = 3 − A = 3 − 1 =⇒ B = 2
Put z = 0 , We get
39 = −A + 5B − 5C + 5D =⇒ −39 = −1 + 10 − 5C + 20
=⇒ 39 = 29 − 5C
=⇒ C = −2
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 110 / 111
 3z 3 + z 2 − 19z + 39 1 2 2 4
3 = + − 2 + 3
(z + 5) (z − 1) (z + 5) (z − 1) (z − 1) (z − 1)
Y (z) 1 2 2 4
= + − +
z (z + 5) (z − 1) (z − 1)2 (z − 1)
3

z z z z
Y (z) = +2 −2 2 +4 3
(z + 5) (z − 1) (z − 1) (z − 1)
Taking inverse Z - transform on both the sides, We get
    
−1 z −1 z
Z + 2Z


z +5 z −1




−1
Z [Y (z)] = " # " #

 −1 z −1 z
 −2Z 2 + 4Z


 3
(z − 1) (z − 1)
n n (n − 1)
y (n) = (−5) + 2 − 2n + 4
2
n 2
y (n) = (−5) + 2 − 2n + 2n − 2n
n
y (n) = (−5) + 2n2 − 4n + 2 //
S.K.Thamilvanan 21MAB201T/TBVP : Unit - V Z.T & Properties September 25, 2023 111 / 111