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Organisaton of Data

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33 views4 pages

Organisaton of Data

statistics

Uploaded by

deekshadeewan456
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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STATISTICS

Chapter - 3
ORGANIZATION OF DATA

Organization of data refers to the systematic arrangement of collected


figures (raw data), so that the data becomes easy to understand and more
convenient for further statistical treatment .

Classification is the process of arranging data into sequences and groups


according to their common characteristics of separating them in to different
but related parts.

Characteristics of classification:
1. Homogeneity
2.Suitability
3. Clarity
4. Flexibility
5. Diversification

A variable is a characteristic which is capable of being measured and


capable of change in its value from time to time.

Basis of classification:
Raw data can be classified as:
1. Chronological classification: In such a classification data are classified
either in ascending or in descending order with reference to time such as
years, quarters, months weeks etc.
2. Geographical/Spatial classification: The data are classified with
reference to geographical location/place such as countries, states , cities,
districts, block etc.
3. Qualitative classification: Data are classified with reference to
descriptive characteristics like sex, caste, religion literacy etc.
4. Quantitative classification: Data are classified on the basis of some
measurable characteristics such as height, age, weight, income, marks of
students.
5. conditional classification: When data are classified with respect to
condition, the type of classification is called conditional classification.
A mass of data in its original form is called raw data. It is an unorganized
mass of various items.
A characteristic which is capable of being measured and changes its value
overtime is called a variable. It is of two types.
(a) Discrete
(b) Continuous

Discrete: Discrete variable are those variables that increase in jumps or in


complete numbers and are not fractional. Ex.-number of student in a class
could be 2, 4, 10, 15,, 20, 25, etc. It does not take any fractional value
between them.

Continuous variable: Continuous variables are those variables that can


takes any value i.e. integral value or fractional value in a
specified interval.Ex- Wages of workers in a factory.

A frequency distribution is a comprehensive way to classify raw data of a


quantitative variable. It shows how different values of a variable is
distributed in different classes along with their corresponding class
frequencies.

The class mid-point or class mark is the middle value of a class. It lies
halfway between the lower class limit and the upper class limit of a class
and can be ascertained in the following manner.

Class mid-point = upper class limit + lower class limit / 2.

Class frequency: It means the number of values in a particular class.


Class width:- It is the difference between the upper class limit and lower
class limit

Class width = upper class Limit - Lower class Limit

Class Limits:- There are two ends of a class. The lowest value is called
lower class limit and highest value is called upper class limit.
The classes, by the exclusive method is formed in such a way that the
upper class limit of one class equals the lower class limit of the next class.
eg 0-10, 10-20.
In comparison to the exclusive method, the inclusive method does not
excludes the upper class limit in a class interval. It includes the upper class
in a class. Thus both class limits are parts of the class intervals e.g., 0-9,
10-19.
The classification of data as a frequency distribution has an inherent short
coming. While it summarizes the raw data making it concise and
comprehensible. It does not show the details that are found in raw data. So
there is a loss of information in classifying raw data.
Classification of data implies conversion of raw data in to statistical series.
The difference between
Univariate and Bivariate Frequency distribution

Univariate Frequency
Basis Bivariate Frequency distribution
distribution
When data is classified on
when data is classified on the basis
the basis of single
of two variables, the distribution
Meaning variable,the distribution is
is known as bivariate frequency
known as univariate
distribution.
frequency distribution.
Alternate
One-way frequency Two-way frequency
Name
Height of students in a Height and weight of students in a
Example
class class

Broadly statistical series are of two types.


Types of series
1. Individual series
2. Frequency series
a. Discrete series Or frequency array
b. Frequency distribution or continuous series

Individual series are those series in which the items are listed singly. For
example:

Sr. No. of workers Daily wages(in Rs.)


1 25
2 50
3 35
4 40
5 20
6 45

A discrete series or frequency array is that series in which data are


prescribed in a way that exact measurements of items are clearly shown.
The example in following table illustrates a frequency array.

Frequency array of the size of household

Size of the household Number of household (Frequency)


1 5
2 15
3 25
4 35
5 10
6 5

A continuous series: It is that series in which items cannot be exactly


measured. The items assume a range of values and are placed within the
range of limits. In other words, data are classified into different classes with
a range, the range is called class-intervals.

Frequency distribution or continuous series

Marks Frequency
10-20 4
20-30 5
30-40 8
40-50 5
50-60 4
60-70 3

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