DARRELL ER (COPYRIGHTED) ©

DARRELL ER (COPYRIGHTED)

TOPIC 2.1:
KINETIC PARTICLE
THEORY

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THE ABOUT

TIME

CHAPTER
ANALYSIS EXAM

WEIGHTAGE
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MUST KNOW
BASICS

Solid Liquid Gas

• Fixed volume • Fixed volume • No fixed volume

• Fixed shape • No fixed shape • No fixed shape
• Cannot be • Cannot be • Can be compressed
compressed compressed easily
• Does not flow • Flows easily • Flows in all direction
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MUST KNOW

KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY OF

MATTER

The theory states that:

• all matter consist of particles that are too small to be directly visible,

• the particles are always in a constant state of random motion at varying

speeds.

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KEY CONCEPT

KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY OF MATTER

Physical Properties Solid Liquid Gas

Particulate model of
matter

Arrangement Closely packed in an orderly Loosely packed in a Far apart & random
arrangement disorderly arrangement arrangement

Forces of attraction Very strong attractive force Strong attractive force Weak attractive force

Density Very high density High density Low density

Movement Vibrate about its fixed Particles sliding over one Move about at high speeds
position another freely randomly
Energy Increasing energy

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CHANGE IN STATE
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MELTING (SOLID TO LIQUID)

Temperature / °C

• During melting, the particles gain energy from the

surroundings and vibrate vigorously about their
fixed positions until they have sufficient energy to
overcome and break free from the attractive
forces.
Melting Melting
starts ends
Melting
• The temperature remains constant during the
point melting process as the heat energy absorbed is
used to overcome the forces of attraction.

solid + liquid liquid

solid • A mixture of solid and liquid is present during
this stage.

Time/min

The temperature of the matter (solid) is a measure

7 of the average kinetic energy the matter possesses.
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FREEZING (LIQUID TO SOLID)

Temperature / °C • At A, the particles have lost enough kinetic energy
and freezing starts.

• The particles after losing most of their kinetic

energy, no longer have enough energy to
overcome the forces of attraction between
themselves and would return to their fixed
Freezing Freezing position.
Freezing point starts ends
=
Melting point
• Between A and B, the freezing process is ongoing.
The temperature remains constant because
heat energy is being released to the
liquid liquid + solid solid surroundings. The release of heat energy negates
the cooling effect resulting in the temperature
remaining is constant.
A B
Time/min
• A mixture of solid and liquid is present during this
stage.
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BOILING (LIQUID TO GAS)

Temperature / °C
• At A, sufficient heat energy has been absorbed to
reach its boiling point.

• During boiling, the particles have gains the

required amount of energy to overcome the
forces of attraction between them to move even
Boiling Boiling further apart.
starts ends
boiling
point • Between A and B, the boiling process is ongoing.
The temperature remains constant as heat
energy gained was used to overcome the forces of
liquid liquid + gas gas attraction between particles rather than used to
increase the particles’ kinetic energy/temperature.

A B
Time/min • A mixture of gas and liquid is present at this stage.

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CONDENSATION (GAS TO LIQUID)

Temperature / °C

• At A, the particles lost much of its kinetic energy

and condensation starts.

• During condensation, the particles loses most of

its energy to that was used to overcome the
forces of attraction between themselves
Condensation
Condensation Condensation resulting in them coming closer together.
starts ends
point
=
Boiling point • Heat energy is released to the surroundings as
particles slow down and become more closely
packed. The release of heat energy negates the
gas + liquid liquid
gas cooling effect resulting in the temperature
remaining constant.
A B
Time/min • A mixture of gas and liquid is present during this
stage.

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