Adjectives

Compare two peoples, places or things we use:

1) Comparative adjectives. Eje. I'm busier than I was five years ago.
2) less + adjective Eje. I'm less relaxed this year than I was last year.
3) (not) as + adjective + as Eje. The service in this restaurant isn't as good as it was.

Comparative Adjectives
short shorter one syllable = +er
hot hotter one vowel + one consonant = double final consonant
stressed more stressed one syllable adjectives ending in -ed = more + adjective
busy busier two syllable adjectives ending in consonant + y = y + -ier
relaxed more relaxed Two or more syllables= more + adjective
good better Irregular
bad worse Irregular
far further Irregular (also farther)

Adverbs
Compare two actions we use
1) Comparative adverbs Eje. People walk more quickly than in the past
2) Less + Adverb Eje. My brother speaks French, but less fluently than me
3) (not) as + adverb + as Eje. She doesn't drive as fast as her brother

Comparative Adverbs
Quickly more quickly adverbs ending in -ly = more + adverb
Fast faster irregular
Hard harder irregular
Well better irregular
Badly worse irregular
Superlatives

1) We use the + superlative adjectives to say wich is the biggest, etc. In a group
After superlatives we use in + names of places or singular words for groups of people

Eje. Tokyo is the cleanest capital city in the world

Eje. Spain is one of the most popular holiday destinations

2) We often use the + superlative with the present perfect + ever

Eje. It's the most beatiful city I've ever been to.
Eje. It's the best film I've seen this year.

Adjective Comparative Superlative

cold colder the coldest
thin thinner the thinnest
healthy healthier th healthiest
beatiful more beatiful the most beatiful
good better the best
bad worse the worst
far further the furthest
Quantifiers
We use too much, too many, too to say "more than is good".

1) Use too much + uncountable noum (coffee, time) or after a verb Eje. I'm very stressed today. I have too much work.
2) Use too many + countable noun (cackes, people) Eje. My diet is unhealthy. I eat too many cakes and sweets
3) Use too + an adjective Eje. I don't want to go out tonight. I'm too tired

Enough (suficiente)
1) Use enough before a noun to mean "all that is necessary" Eje. Do you eat enough vegetables?
2) Use enough after a verb with no object Eje. Jane doesn't sleep enough. She's always tired
3) Use enough after an adjective or adverb Eje. Our fridge isn't big enough for family of five.
I have too much work.
at too many cakes and sweets
night. I'm too tired

tables?
gh. She's always tired
gh for family of five.
Will / Won't (Predictions)

1) We often use will/won't + infinitive for future predictions. Eje. A I'm seeing Jessica at six. She'll be late
i.e. to say things we think, guess or know about the future. Eje. The film's is French. We won't undestand
anything
2) We often use I think / I don´t think / I'm sure + will. Eje. It's a great book. I'm sure you'll like it.
I think he'll fail the exam. I don't think he'll pass the exam I don't think it'll rain tomorrow

+
I / You / He / She / It / We / They ll be late

-
I / You / He / She / It / We / They won't be late

?
I / You / He / She / It / We / They be late?

V
I / You / He / She / It / We / They will

X
I / You / He / She / It / We / They won't
x. She'll be late
won't undestand
e you'll like it.
ow
Will / Won't / Shall (Other uses)

We use will / won't + infinitive for making instant decisions, offers, and promises.
We don't use the present tense

When an offer is a question, we use Shall I..? Or Shall we…?

Shall I pay? Shall we do the washing-up?

Decisions
I' won't stay for diner. I think i'll go home early.

Offers
I'll help you with your homework. Shall I open the windows?

Promises
I'll always love you. I won't tell anybody.
Review of verb forms: present, past and future
Tense Example Use
Present Simple I live in the city centre Things that always or usually happen
She doesn't smoke
Present Continuous He's looking for a new job Things that are happening now or around now
I'm leaving tomorrow
Past Simple We saw a good film last night Finished actions that happened once or more than once
We didn't do anything yesterday
Past Continuous He was working in Paris Actions that were in progress at past time
What were you doing at 7.00?
Be going to + infinitive I'm going to see Tom tonight Future plans
You'll love New York Predictions
I'll phone her later Instants decisions
Will / Won't + infinitive I'll help you Offers
I'll pay you back tomorrow Promises

I've finished the book Recently finished actions (we don't say when
Present Perfect Past experiences
Have you ever been to Iran?
 Use
y happen

ow or around now

ned once or more than once in the past

s at past time

e don't say when

Uses of the infinitive with to
1) After some verbs, e.g. want, need, would like, etc Eje. You need to be on time / Try not to talk too much
2) After adjectives Eje. It'll be nice to meet new people / It's important not to be late
3) After questions words. E.g. what, where, when, etc Eje. I don't know where to go or what to do
4) To say why you do / did somethings Eje. Why did you wear a suit? To make a good impression.

Uses of the gerund (verb+ -ing)

The gerund is the base form of the verb + -ing. It can be positive (e.g. going) or negative (e.g. not going)

1) as a noun, e.g. as the subject or object of a setence Eje. Eating outside in the summer makes me feel good
2) After some verbs, e.g. like, love, hate, enjoy, etc Eje. I love having breakfast in bed
3) After prepositions Eje. I'm thinking of buying a new car.
alk too much
mportant not to be late
do
good impression.

oing)
Have to, don't have to, must, musn't

Have to, don't have to

We use have to + verb (infinitive) to talk about rules and obligations
We use don't have to + verb (infinitive) to say that there is no obligation, or that somethings is not necessa
We use do / does to make questions and negatives. e.i. Do I have to go?
We don't contract have or has. i.e. I have to go.

+
I have to speak English at work / She has to get up seven every day
-
W don't have to wear a uniform at this school / He doesn't have to work on saturdays
?
Do I have to buy a grammar book?
What time does she have to get up in the morning?

Must / musn't
We use must + verb (infinitive without to) to talk about rules and obligations
Must / musn't are the same for all persons
We use musn't + verb (infinitive without to) to say something is prohibited

+
You must do your homework tonight
She must tidy her room before she goes out
-
You musn't leave your bags here
I musn't forget to call her tonight
?
Must I go to bed now?
When must we decide about the party?
8A. Sould / shouldn't

1) We use should / shouldn't + verb (infinitive without to) to give somebody advice or say what we think is the right thing to do
Eje. You should leave your boyfriend
Eje. She's very stressed. She shouldn't work so hard

2) We often use I think you should….or I don't think you should…..

Eje. I think you should get a new job
Eje. I don't think you should speak to him

8B. First conditional: if + present, will/won't + infinitive

1) We use if + present to talk about a possible situation and will/won't + infinitive to talk about consequence
Eje. If we get to the airport early, the flight will be delayed.
Eje. If you tell her the truth, she won't believe you

2) The if-clause can come first or second. If the if-clause comes first, we usually put a comma before the next clause
Eje. If you don't go, she won't be very pleased
Eje. She won't be very pleased if you don't go

3) We can also use the imperative or can + infinitive instread of will + infinitive in the other clause
Eje. If you miss the las bus, get a taxi
Eje. If you miss the last bus, you can get a taxi
we think is the right thing to do

t consequence

efore the next clause

se
Possessive pronouns
We use possessive pronouns to talk about possession.
Is it yours? Yes, it's mine

We use Whose to ask about possession.

Whose book is it? Whose is that bag?

We don't use possessive pronouns with a noun

We don't use the with possessive pronouns
Is this yours? NOT Is this the yours?

Pronouns and possessive adjectives overview

Subject Object Possessive Possessive
pronouns pronouns adjectives pronouns
I me my
You you your
He him his
She can come She loves her This is her seat It's
It it its
We us our
They them their
Possessive
pronouns
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
theirs