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Simple Basics and Tips

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21 views10 pages

Simple Basics and Tips

Uploaded by

lewissikanyika35
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SIMPLE AND EASY C++

PROGRAMING BASICS
AND TIPS
User Input and Output in C++

 To get user input, we use cin.


 To show output to the user, we use cout.
 #include <iostream> is needed to use cin and cout.
 using namespace std; makes it easier to use cin and cout.
 cout << "Hello!"; prints "Hello!" to the screen.
 int age; declares a variable named age.
 cin >> age; gets a number from the user and stores it in age.
 We can combine cout and cin for interaction: cout << "Enter your age: "; cin >> age;.
 endl moves to the next line in the output.
 You can also use \n to move to the next line: cout << "Hello!\n";.
 Use getline(cin, name); to read a whole line of text.
 string name; declares a variable named name that can hold text.
 To print both text and variables: cout << "You are " << age << " years old.";
 You can print multiple variables: cout << "Name: " << name << ", Age: " << age;.
 Always remember to include #include <iostream> at the top of your program.
 After you get input from cin, use cin.ignore(); to clear the input buffer if you want to read text
next.
Conditions (if and switch case) In C++

 Conditions allow your program to make decisions.


 Use if to check a condition.

Example: if (age > 18) { cout << "You are an adult."; }
The code inside {} runs if the condition is true.
Use else for what to do if the condition is false.

Example: if (age > 18) { cout << "You are an adult."; } else { cout << "You are not an adult."; }
You can check multiple conditions with else if.
Example: if (age > 18) { cout << "Adult"; } else if (age > 12) { cout << "Teen"; } else { cout << "Child"; }
switch is used for multiple choices based on a single variable.

Example:
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switch (day) {
case 1: cout << "Monday"; break;
case 2: cout << "Tuesday"; break;
default: cout << "Other day";
}

 switch checks the value of day.


 Each case checks for a different value.
 break ends each case to prevent falling into the next one.
 default runs if none of the cases match.
 Always remember to put a break after each case.
 Use == to compare values in if and switch.
 Example of if: if (a == b) { cout << "Equal"; }
 Example of switch for grades:
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switch (grade) {
case 'A': cout << "Excellent"; break;
case 'B': cout << "Good"; break;
case 'C': cout << "Average"; break;
default: cout << "Poor";}
Loops (for, while, do-while)
 Loops let you run the same code multiple times.
 for loop runs a set number of times.

Example:
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
cout << i;
}
 i = 0 starts the loop.
 i < 5 is the condition to keep running.
 i++ increases i by 1 each time.
 while loop runs while a condition is true.
Example:
while (i < 5)
{
cout << i;
i++;
}
 i < 5 is the condition to keep running.
 do-while loop runs at least once, then checks the condition.
Example:
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do {
cout << i;
i++;
} while (i < 5);

 do starts the loop.


 while (i < 5); is the condition to keep running.
 for is good when you know how many times to loop.
 while is good when you loop until something happens.
 do-while is good when you need to run at least once.
 break stops the loop early.

Example:
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
if (i == 5)
break;
}
 continue skips to the next loop iteration.

Example:
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
if (i == 5)
continue;
cout << i;
}
 Always check your loop conditions to avoid infinite loops.

Example of an infinite loop:
while (true)
{
cout << "Forever";
}
Functions (void and return types)
 Functions let you group code together to use it multiple times.
 void functions don't return a value.

Example:
void greet()
{
cout << "Hello!";
}
 Call a function with its name: greet();
 Functions can take parameters (input).
Example:
void greet(string name)
{
cout << "Hello, " << name;
}
 Call with a parameter: greet("Alice");
 Functions can return a value.

Example: int add(int a, int b)


{
return a + b;
}
 int sum = add(3, 4); calls add and stores the result in sum.
 return ends the function and sends back a value.
 Use void for actions, and types like int for calculations.

Example:
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void printSum(int a, int b) {
int sum = a + b;
cout << "Sum: " << sum;
}

Example of a function that returns a value:


cpp
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int multiply(int a, int b) {
return a * b;
}
 You can have multiple functions in a program.
 Always declare functions before using them.

Example of declaration and definition:


cpp
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int subtract(int, int); // Declaration
int subtract(int a, int b) { // Definition
return a - b;
}
 Use comments to describe what your functions do.
 Example of using a void function with parameters:

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void sayHello(string name) {
cout << "Hello, " << name << "!";
}
Call it with: sayHello("Bob");
Arrays
 Arrays store multiple values of the same type.

Example: int numbers[5]; declares an array of 5 integers.

 Access elements with an index: numbers[0] = 10; sets the first element.
 Indexes start at 0.

Example: cout << numbers[0]; prints the first element.
Initialize with values: int numbers[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

 Use loops to access array elements.



Example:
cpp
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for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
cout << numbers[i];
}

 Arrays can hold any type: float, char, string.

Example: float scores[3] = {98.5, 85.0, 90.0};

Access all elements with a loop:


cpp
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for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
cout << scores[i];
}

 Change values by index: numbers[2] = 100;


 Arrays are fixed in size.

Example: char letters[4] = {'A', 'B', 'C', 'D'};


Print array with a loop:
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for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
cout << letters[i];
}
 Declare without initializing: int data[10];
 Be careful with array bounds (indexes must be within size).

Example of accessing elements:
cpp
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int ages[3] = {20, 25, 30};
cout << ages[0]; // Prints 20
cout << ages[2]; // Prints 30

You can use arrays with functions.


Example
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void printArray(int arr[], int size) {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
cout << arr[i];
}
}
TASKS TO TRY AND GRAB THE BASICS

 Hello World Program


 Simple Calculator
 Number Guessing Game
 Todo List
 Simple File Management System
 Temperature Converter
 Student Grade Book
 Bank Account Manager
 Number Patterns
 Character Counter
 Palindrome Checker
 Factorial Calculator
 Prime Number Checker
 Basic File Reader/Writer
 Simple Stopwatch
 BMI Calculator
 Simple Calendar
 Currency Converter

Good luck learning.

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