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Assignment No 1. BT511T

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20 views3 pages

Assignment No 1. BT511T

Uploaded by

shahbaz shahid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ASSIGNMENT NO 1

BT511T
NAME: IFTA AAMIR
STUDENT ID: BC240218799
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Question :
Briefly explain types of RNAs?

Answer:

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a vital molecule that plays a essential role in various
cellular processes, including protein synthesis, gene regulation, and the transmission
of genetic information.

Types of RNAs:

There are a number of types of RNAs, each with unique functions and characteristics.

Messenger RNA (mRNA):

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the most well-known type of RNA. It carries genetic
information from DNA to the ribosome, encoding the amino acid sequence of a
polypeptide. mRNA is single-stranded, making up about 5% of the cell's RNA, and
provides the model for protein synthesis. The continuance of nucleotides in mRNA
regulate the sequence of amino acids in the protein.

Transfer RNA (tRNA):

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is another crucial type of RNA. It brings amino acids to the
ribosome for protein synthesis, reading the genetic code. tRNA resembles a cloverleaf
shape, consisting of 75-90 nucleotides, and binds to specific amino acids, transporting
them to the ribosome. Each tRNA molecule has a specific amino acid attached to it,
and the sequence of nucleotides in the tRNA molecule establishes which amino acid it
carries.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA):

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a major component of ribosomes, which read mRNA to


form proteins. rRNA combines with proteins to form ribosomes, helping accumulate
proteins by providing a platform for mRNA and tRNA interaction, and facilitating
translation. rRNA makes up about 80% of the cell's RNA and is dependable for the
structural and catalytic properties of ribosomes.

Small Nuclear RNA (snRNA):


Small Nuclear RNA (snRNA) and Small Nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) are concerned in
various aspects of RNA processing, including splicing, modification, and degradation.
snRNAs are involved in splicing, which removes introns (non-coding regions) from
pre-mRNA, while snoRNAs modify other RNAs, such as rRNA and tRNA.

MicroRNA (miRNA):

MicroRNA (miRNA) regulates gene expression by fastening to messenger RNA and


preventing its translation or promoting its degradation. miRNAs are small, single-
stranded RNAs that are complementary to specific mRNA sequences, and their
binding inhibits protein synthesis.

Long Non-Coding RNA (lncRNA):

Long Non-Coding RNA (lncRNA) molecules are implicated in regulating gene


expression, chromatin modification, and other cellular processes. lncRNAs are longer
than 200 nucleotides and do not encode proteins, but instead regulate gene expression
by binding to DNA or other RNAs.

Riboswitches:

Riboswitches are RNA molecules that bind small molecules, such as metabolites, and
regulate gene expression in reaction to changes in their concentration. Riboswitches
are often found in bacteria and control gene expression in response to changes in their
environment.

RNA interference (RNAi):

RNA interference (RNAi) is a method by which cells regulate gene expression by


degrading specific mRNA molecules. RNAi is a natural process that cells use to
defend against viruses and other foreign genetic material.

Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA):

Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) molecules are involved in regulating transposons and


other genetic elements in germline cells. piRNAs are small RNAs that attach to Piwi
proteins and regulate gene expression in germline cells.

Circular RNA (circRNA):

Circular RNA (circRNA) molecules are generated through a course of action called
back-splicing and have been implicated in regulating gene expression and miRNA
activity. circRNAs are single-stranded RNAs that form a covalently closed loop and
have been found in various organisms, including animals and plants.

In summary, each type of RNA plays a exceptional role in the central dogma of
molecular biology, from protein synthesis to gene regulation, and their dysregulation
can show the way to various diseases and disorders. Understanding the different types
of RNAs and their functions is necessary for understanding the complexities of
cellular biology and developing new treatments for diseases.
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THE END OF ASSIGNMENT


THANK YOU

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