38 CHAPTER 5 – CHARACTERISTICS OF CROP PROTECTANTS

5 Characteristics of Crop Protectants

Used On Tree Fruits
5.1 Cross Reference of Chemical vs. Trade Names of Pesticides
(A), Acaricide; (B), Bactericide; (F), Fungicide; (H), Herbicide; (I), Insecticide;
5.1.1 By Common Name dimethoate – (Dimethoate) Loveland (Dimate) WinField
Solutions; (Dimethoate) Drexel (I)
2,4-D – (2,4-D Amine 4) WinField Solutions; (Amine 4) diuron – (Direx, Karmex) Griffin; (Diuron) Drexel,
Loveland Products; (Weedar 64, Formula 40) Nufarm; Loveland, WinField Solutions, Makhteshim Agan (H)
(Unison) Helena (H) dodine – (Syllit FL) Agriphar (F)

abamectin – (*Agri-Mek) Syngenta; (*Temprano) emamectin benzoate – (*Proclaim) Syngenta (I)

Chemtura; (*Abba) Makhteshim (A, I) endosulfan – (Endosulfan) Drexel; (Phaser) Bayer;
acequinocyl – (Kanemite) Arysta LifeScience (A) (*Thionex) Makhteshim Agan (I)
acetamiprid – (Assail) United Phosphorus (I) esfenvalerate – (*Asana) DuPont (I)
azadirachtin – (Aza-Direct) Gowan; (Neemix 4.5, Azatin etoxazole – (Zeal) Valent (A)
XL) Certis (I)
fenarimol – (Vintage) Gowan (F)
azinphos-methyl – (*Guthion) Bayer, Makhteshim (I)
fenbuconazole – (Indar) Dow AgroSciences (F)
azoxystrobin – (Abound) Syngenta (F)
fenbutatin-oxide – (*Vendex) Griffin (A)
Bacillus subtilis – (Serenade) AgraQuest (B, F) fenhexamid – (Elevate) Arvesta (F)
bifenazate – (Acramite) Chemtura (A) fenpropathrin – (*Danitol) Valent BioSciences (I)
bifenthrin – (*Bifenture) United Phosphorus; (*Brigade) fenpyroximate – (Portal) Nichino America (A,I)
FMC; (*Fanfare) Makhteshim Agan (I, A) flonicamid – (Beleaf) FMC (I)
boscalid + pyraclostrobin – (Pristine) BASF (F) ferbam – (Ferbam Granuflo) Taminco (F)
Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) – (Agree) Certis; (Biobit) fluazifop-p-butyl – (Fusilade) Syngenta (H)
Valent BioSciences; (Dipel) Valent BioSciences; fludioxonil – (Scholar) Syngenta (F)
(Deliver) Certis; (Javelin) Certis (I) flumioxazin – (Chateau) Valent (H)
bromacil – (Hyvar, Hyvar X-L) DuPont (H) formetanate hydrochloride – (Carzol) Gowan (A,I)
fosetyl-Al – (Aliette) Bayer (F)
captan – (Captan) Micro Flo, Drexel, Makhteshim Agan;
(Captec) Micro Flo (F) gamma cyhalothrin – (*Proaxis) Loveland (I)
carbaryl – (Carbaryl) Drexel; (Sevin) Bayer (I) glufosinate-ammonium – (Rely) Bayer (H)
carfentrazone-ethyl – (Aim, Rage) FMC (H) glyphosate – (Roundup Original, Roundup Original II,
chlorantraniliprole – (Altacor) DuPont (I) Roundup Original Max, Roundup Ultra, Roundup
chlorpyrifos – (Lorsban) Dow AgroSciences, Gowan (I) Ultradry, Roundup Weathermax) Monsanto; (Atila,
chlorothalonil – (Bravo) Syngenta; (Echo) Sipcam Agro; Credit) Nufarm; (Cornerstone) WinField Solutions;
(Applause) Loveland; (Concorde) Griffin; (Equus) (Glystar Original) Albaugh; (Touchdown HiTech,
Makhteshim Agan (F) Touchdown IQ, Touchdown Total IQ) Syngneta; (Rage)
clofentezine – (Apollo) Makhteshim Agan (A) FMC (H)
clopyralid – (Stinger) Dow AgroSciences (H) hexakis – (*Vendex) United Phosphorus (I)
codling moth granulosis virus – (Cyd-X) Certis; hexythiazox – (Savey, Onager) Gowan (A)
(Carpovirusine) Arysta LifeScience (I) hydrogen dioxide – (OxiDate, StorOx) Biosafe Systems
copper hydroxide – (Kocide, Champ) Griffin, Nufarm (B, F)
Americas (B, F)
imidacloprid – (Provado, *Leverage) Bayer (I)
copper oxychloride/copper sulfate – (C-O-C-S) Loveland
indoxacarb – (Avaunt) DuPont (I)
(B, F)
iprodione – (Rovral) Bayer; (Iprodione) MicroFlo (F)
copper sulfate – (Cuprofix Ultra Disperss) United
Phosphorus; (Basicop) Griffin (B, F)
kaolin – (Surround) TKI (A,F,I)
cyfluthrin – (*Baythroid, *Leverage) Bayer (I)
kresoxim-methyl – (Sovran) BASF (F)
cyprodinil – (Vangard) Syngenta (F)
lambda-cyhalothrin – (*Lambda-Cy) United Phosphorus;
diazinon – (*Diazinon) Makhteshim (I)
(*Taiga Z) WinField Solutions; (*Warrior) Syngenta (I)
dichlobenil – (Casoron) Chemtura (H)
liquid lime-sulfur – (Allpro Lime Sulfur, Suregard Lime
dicloran – (Botran) Gowan (F)
Sulfur) Value Garden Supply; (Sulforix Lime Sulfur,
difenoconazole– (Inspire Super) Syngenta (F)
Lime Sulfur Solution) Miller Chemical (A, F, I)

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 CHAPTER 5 - CHARACTERISTICS FRUIT CROP PROTECTANTS 39

malathion – (Clean Crop Malathion) Loveland; (Malathion) tebuconazole – (Elite) Bayer; (Adament) Bayer; (Tebuzol)
Drexel; (Prentox Malathion) Prentiss (I) United Phosphorus(F)
mancozeb – (Dithane) Dow AgroSciences; (*Manzate) tebufenozide – (Confirm) Dow AgroSciences (I)
Griffin; (Penncozeb) United Phosphorus (F) terbacil – (Sinbar) DuPont (H)
maneb – (Manex) Griffin (F) thiabendazole – (Mertect) Syngenta; (Shield-Brite TBZ)
mefanoxam – (Ridomil Gold) Syngenta (F) Pace International (F)
methidathion – (*Supracide) Gowan (I) thiacloprid – (Calypso) Bayer (I)
methomyl – (*Lannate) DuPont (I) thiamethoxam – (Actara) Syngenta (I)
methoxyfenozide – (Intrepid) Dow AgroSciences (I) thiophanate-methyl – (Topsin M) United Phosphorus;
metiram – (Polyram) BASF (F) (Thiophanate-methyl) FarmSaver, Makhteshim Agan;
myclobutanil – (Nova) Dow AgroSciences (F)
(T-Methyl) Micro Flo (F)
thiram – (Thiram Granuflo) Taminco (F)
napropamide – (Devrinol) United Phosphorus (H)
norflurazon – (Solicam) Syngenta (H) triadimefon – (Triadimefon) Taminco; (Bayleton)
Amvac (F)
oryzalin – (Surflan) United Phosphorus; (Oryza Ag) trifloxystrobin – (Flint) Bayer; (Adament) Bayer; (Gem)
AgValue; (Oryzalin) FarmSaver.com; (H) Bayer (F)
oxamyl – (*Vydate) DuPont (I) triflumizole – (Procure) Chemtura (F)
oxyfluorfen – (Goal) Dow AgroSciences; (Galigan)
Makhteshim Agan (H) ziram – (Ziram) United Phosphorus; (Ziram Granuflo)
oxytetracycline – (Mycoshield) Nufarm (B) Taminco (F)

Pantoea agglomerans strain E325 – (Bloomtime

Biological) Northwest Agricultural Products (B)
5.1.2 By Trade Name
paraquat – (*Gramoxone Inteon) Syngenta-(H)
pendimethalin – (Prowl) BASF (H) 2,4-D Amine 4 – (2,4-D) WinField Solutions (H)
permethrin – (*Ambush) AMVAC; (*Perm-Up) United
Phosphorus; (*Pounce) FMC (I) *Abba – (abamectin) Makhteshim (A, I)
pheromones – (Checkmate) Suterra; (Isomate) CBC; Abound – (azoxystrobin) Syngenta (F)
(SPLAT) ISCA Tech (I) Acramite – (bifenazate) Chemtura (A)
phosmet – (Imidan) Gowan (I) Actara – (thiamethoxam) Syngenta (I)
pronamide – (*Kerb) Dow AgroSciences (H) Adament – (tebuconazole & trifloxystrobin) Bayer (F)
phosphite – (Phostrol) NuFarm (F, B) §Agree – (Bacillus thuringiensis) Certis (I)
phosphite – (ProPhyt) Luxembourg-Pamol (F) Agri-Fos – Agrichem Manufacturing Industries (F, B)
phosphorous acid – (Fosphite) JH Biotech; (Topaz *Agri-Mek – (abamectin) Syngenta (A,I)
Fungicide) WinField Solutions (F) Agrimycin – (streptomycin) Nufarm (B)
phosphorous acid – (Agri-Fos) Agrichem Manufacturing Aim – (carfentrazone-ethyl) FMC (H)
Industries; (Fungi-Phite) Biagro Western Sales; (F, B) Aliette – (fosetyl-Al) Bayer (F)
propiconazole – (Orbit) Syngenta; (PropiMax) Dow Allpro Lime Sulfur – (liquid lime-sulfur) Value Garden
AgroSciences (F) Supply (A, F, I)
pyraclostrobin+boscolid – (Pristine) BASF (F) Altacor – (chlorantraniliprole/rynaxypyr) DuPont (I)
pyraflufen ethyl – (Venue) Nichino (H) Amine 4 – (2,4-D) Loveland Products (H)
pyrethrins/rotenone – (PyGanic, Pyrenone) McLaughlin
*Ambush – (permethrin) AMVAC (I)
Gormley King, Bayer (I)
Applause – (chlorothalonil) Loveland (F)
pyridaben – (Nexter) Gowan (A,I)
pyrimethanil – (Scala) Bayer; (Penbotec) Janssen (F) Apollo – (clofentezine) Makhteshim (A)
pyriproxyfen – (Esteem) Valent BioSciences (I) *Asana – (esfenvalerate) DuPont (I)
Assail – (acetamiprid) United Phosphorus (I)
rynaxypyr – (Altacor) DuPont (I) Atila Plus – (glyphosate) Nufarm (H)
Avaunt – (indoxacarb) DuPont (I)
sethoxydim – (Poast) BASF (H) Aza-Direct – (azadirachtin) Gowan (I)
simazine – (Princep) Syngenta; (Simazine) WinField Azatin XL – (azadirachtin) Certis (I)
Solutions, Drexel, Loveland Products; (Sim-Trol)
Sipcam Agro (H) Basicop – (copper sulfate) Griffin (B, F)
soap, insecticidal – (M-Pede) Dow AgroSciences (I) Bayleton – (triadimefon) Amvac (F)
spinetoram – (Delegate) Dow AgroSciences (I) *Baythroid – (cyfluthrin) Bayer (I)
spinosad – (SpinTor) Dow AgroSciences (I) Beleaf – (flonicamid) FMC (I)
spirotetramat – (Movento) Bayer CropScience (I) *Bifenture – (bifenthrin) United Phosphorus (I, A)
streptomycin – (Agri-mycin, Streptrol) Nufarm; Biobit – (Bacillus thuringiensis) Valent BioSciences (I)
(Agricultural Streptomycin) Farm Saver (B) Botran – (dicloran) Gowan (F)
sulfur – (Microthiol Disperss) United Phosphorus (F) Bravo – (chlorothalonil) Syngenta (F)
*Brigade – (bifenthrin) FMC (I, A)

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40 CHAPTER 5 – CHARACTERISTICS OF CROP PROTECTANTS

C-O-C-S – (copper oxychloride/copper sulfate) Loveland Imidan – (phosmet) Gowan (I)

(B, F) Indar – (fenbuconazole) Dow AgroSciences (F)
Calypso – (thiacloprid) Bayer (I) Inspire Super – (difenoconazole & cyprodinil) Syngenta (F)
Captan – (captan) Micro Flo, Drexel, Makhteshim Agan (F) Intrepid – (methoxyfenozide) Dow AgroSciences (I)
Captec – (captan) Micro Flo (F) Iprodione – (iprodione) MicroFlo (F)
Carbaryl – (carbaryl) Drexel (I) Isomate – (pheromones) CBC (I)
Carpovirusine – (codling moth granulosis virus) Arysta
LifeScience (I) Javelin – (Bacillus thuringiensis) Certis (I)
Carzol – (formetanate hydrochloride) Gowan (A,I)
Casoron – (dichlobenil) Chemtura (H) Kanemite – (acequinocyl) Arysta LifeScience (A)
Champ – (copper hydroxide) Nufarm Americas (B, F) Karmex – (diuron) Griffin (H)
Chateau – (flumioxazin) Valent (H) *Kerb – (pronamide) Dow AgroSciences (H)
Checkmate – (pheromones) Suterra (I) Kocide – (copper hydroxide) Griffin (B, F)
Clean Crop Dimethoate – (dimethoate) Loveland (I)
Clean Crop Malathion – (malathion) Loveland (I) *Lambda-Cy – (lambda-cyhalothrin) United Phosphorus (I)
Concorde – (chlorothalonil) Griffin (F) *Lannate – (methomyl) DuPont (I)
Cornerstone – (glyphosate) WinField Solutions (H) *Leverage – (cyfluthrin/imidacloprid) Bayer (I)
Credit – (glyphosate) Nufarm (H) Lime Sulfur Solution – (liquid lime sulfur) Miller Chemical
Cuprofix Ultra Disperss – (copper sulfate) United (A, F, I)
Phosphorus (B, F) Lorsban – (chlorpyrifos) Dow AgroSciences, Gowan (I)
Cyd-X – (codling moth granulosis virus) Certis (I)
Malathion – (malathion) Drexel (I)
*Danitol – (fenpropathrin) Valent BioSciences (I) Manex – (maneb) DuPont (F)
Delegate – (spinetoram) Dow AgroSciences (I) *Manzate – (mancozeb) Griffin (F)
Deliver – (Bacillus thuringiensis) Certis (I) Mertect – (thiabendazole) Syngenta (F)
Devrinol – (napropamide) United Phosphorus (H) Messenger – (harpin) Eden Bioscience (B)
Diazinon – (*Diazinon) Makhteshim (I) Movento – (spirotetramat) Bayer CropScience (I)
Dimate – (dimethoate) WinField Solutions (I) M-Pede – (insecticidal soap; potassium salts of fatty acids)
Dimethoate – (dimethoate) Drexel, Helena, Micro Flo (I) Dow AgroSciences (I)
Dipel – (Bacillus thuringiensis) Valent BioSciences (F) Mycoshield – (oxytetracycline) Nufarm (B)
Direx – (diuron) Griffin (H) Microthiol Disperss – (sulfur) Unifos (F)
Dithane – (mancozeb) Dow AgroSciences (F)
Diuron – (diuron) WinField Solutions, Drexel, Loveland Neemix 4.5 – (azadirachtin) Certis (I)
Products, Makhteshim Agan Nexter – (pyridaben) Gowan (A, I)
Nova – (myclobutanil) Dow AgroSciences (F)
Echo – (chlorothalonil) Sipcam Agro (F)
Elevate – (fenhexamid) Arvesta (F) Onager – (hexythiazox) Gowan (A)
Elite – (tebuconazole) Bayer (F) Orbit – (propiconazole) DuPont (F)
Endosulfan – (endosulfan) Drexel (I) Oryza Ag – (oryzalin) AgValue (H)
Equus – (chlorothalonil) Makhteshim Agan (F) Oryzalin – (oryzalin) FarmSaver.com (H)
Esteem – (pyriproxyfen) Valent BioSciences (I) OxiDate – (hydrogen dioxide) Biosafe Systems (B, F)

*Fanfare – (bifenthrin) Makhteshim Again (A, I) Penbotec– (pyrimethanil) Janssen (F)

Ferbam Granuflo – (ferbam) Taminco (F) Penncozeb – (mancozeb) United Phosphorus (F)
Flint – (trifloxystrobin) Bayer (F) *Perm-Up – (permethrin) United Phosphorus (I)
Formula 40 – (2,4-D) Nufarm (H) Phaser – (endosulfan) Bayer (I)
Fosphite – (phosphorous acid) JH Biotech (F) Phostrol – (sodium, potassium, and ammonium phosphates)
Fungi-Phite – (phosphorous acid) Biagro Western Sales; NuFarm (F, B)
(F, B) Poast – (sethoxydim) BASF (H)
Fusilade – (fluazifop-p-butyl) Syngenta (H) Polyram – (metiram) BASF (F)
Portal – (fenpyroximate) Nichino America (A,I)
Galigan – (oxyfluorfen) Makhteshim Agan (H) *Pounce – (permethrin) FMC (I)
Gem – (trifloxystrobin) Bayer (F) *Prentox Diazinon – (*Diazinon) Prentiss (I)
GlyStar Original – (glyphosate) Albaugh (H) Prentox Malathion – (malathion) Prentiss (I)
Goal – (oxyfluorfen) Dow AgroSciences (H) Princep – (simazine) Syngenta (H)
Gramoxone Inteon (paraquat) Syngenta (H) Pristine – (pyraclostrobin + boscolid) BASF (F)
*Guthion – (azinphos-methyl) Bayer, Makhteshim (I) *Proaxis – (gamma-cyhalothrin) Loveland (I)
*Proclaim – (emamectin benzoate) Syngenta (I)
Hyvar – (bromacil) DuPont (H) ProPhyt – (potassium phosphite) Luxembourg-Pamol (F)

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 CHAPTER 5 - CHARACTERISTICS FRUIT CROP PROTECTANTS 41

Procure – (triflumizole) Chemtura (F) Vangard – (cyprodinil) Syngenta (F)

Provado – (imidacloprid) Bayer (I) *Vendex – (hexakis, fenbutatin-oxide) United Phosphorus
Prowl – (pendimethalin) BASF (H) (A)
PyGanic, Pyrenone – (pyrethrins) McLaughlin Gormley Venue – (pyraflufen ethyl) Nichino (H)
King, Bayer (I) Vintage – (fenarimol) Gowan (F)
*Vydate – (oxamyl) DuPont (I)
Rage – (carfentrazone/glyphosate) FMC (H)
Rely – (glufosinate-ammonium) Bayer (H) *Warrior – (lambda-cyhalothrin) Syngenta (I)
Ridomil Gold – (mefanoxam) Syngenta (F) Weedar 64 – (2,4-D) Nufarm (H)
Roundup Original – (glyphosate) Monsanto (H) Zeal – (etoxazole) Valent (A)
Roundup Original II – (glyphosate) Monsanto (H) Ziram – (ziram) United Phosphorus (F)
Roundup Original Max – (glyphosate) Monsanto (H) Ziram Granuflo – (ziram) Taminco (F)
Roundup Ultra – (glyphosate) Monsanto (H)
Roundup Ultradry – (glyphosate) Monsanto (H)
Roundup Weathermax – (glyphosate) Monsanto (H)
Rovral – (iprodione) Bayer (F)
5.2 Restricted Highly Toxic Pesticides
2,4-D, some formulations (Unison, Agrisolutions 2,4-D
Savey – (hexythiazox) Gowan (A) Amine, Weedar 64)
Scala – (pyrimethanil) Bayer (F) abamectin (*Agri-Mek, *Abba, *Temprano)
Scholar – (fludioxonil) Syngenta (F) azinphos-methyl (*Guthion)
Serenade – (Bacillus subtilis) AgraQuest (B, F)
Sevin – (carbaryl) Bayer (I) bifenthrin (*Bifenture, *Brigade, *Fanfare)
Shield-Brite TBZ – (thiabendazole) Pace International (F)
Simazine – (simazine) WinField Solutions, Drexel, carbaryl (*Sevin 80WS) - “G” restriction
Loveland Products (H) chloropicrin (*Telone C-17)
Sim-Trol – (simazine) Sipcam Agro (H) clopyralid (Stinger)
Sinbar – (terbacil) DuPont (H) cyfluthrin (*Baythroid, *Leverage)
Solicam – (norflurazon) Syngenta (H)
Sovran – (kresoxim-methyl) BASF (F) emamectin benzoate (*Proclaim)
SpinTor – (spinosad) Dow AgroSciences (I) endosulfan (*Thionex)
SPLAT – (pheromones) ISCA Tech (I) esfenvalerate (*Asana)
Stinger – (clopyralid) Dow AgroSciences (H)
StorOx – (hydrogen dioxide) Biosafe Systems (B, F) fenpropathrin (*Danitol)
Streptrol – (streptomycin) Nufarm (B) formetanate hydrochloride (Carzol SP)
*Supracide – (methidathion) Gowan (I)
Suregard Lime Sulfur – (liquid lime-sulfur) Value Garden hexakis, fenbutatin-oxide (*Vendex)
Supply (A, F, I)
Surflan – (oryzalin) United Phosphorus (H) imidacloprid (Provado, *Leverage)
Sulforix Lime Sulfur – (liquid lime-sulfur) Miller Chemical
(A, F, I) lambda - cyhalothrin (*Lambda-Cy, *Taiga Z, *Warrior)
Surround – (kaolin) TKI (A,F,I)
Syllit – (dodine) Loveland, Agriphar (F) methidathion (*Supracide)
methomyl (*Lannate)
T-Methyl – (thiophanate-methyl) Micro Flo (F) methyl bromide
*Taiga Z – (lambda-cyhalothrin) WinField Solutions (I)
*Temprano – (abamectin) Chemtura (A, I) oxamyl (*Vydate)
*Thionex – (endosulfan) Makhteshim (I)
Thiophanate-methyl – (thiophanate-methyl) FarmSaver, paraquat (Gramoxone Inteon)
Makhteshim Agan (F) permethrin (*Ambush, *Perm-Up *Pounce)
Thiram Granuflo – (thiram) Tamico (F) pronamide (*Kerb)
Topaz Fungicide – (phosphorous acid) WinField Solutions
(F) zinc phosphide
Topsin M – (thiophanate-methyl) United Phosphorus (F)
Touchdown HiTech – (glyphosate) Syngenta (H)
Touchdown IQ – (glyphosate) Syngenta (H)
Touchdown Total IQ – (glyphosate) Syngenta (H)
Triadimefon – (triadimefon) Taminco (F)

Unison – (2,4-D) Helena (H)

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42 CHAPTER 5 – CHARACTERISTICS OF CROP PROTECTANTS

5.3 Fungicides washing of the spray residue or rapid growth of tissue

occurs during a critical period for spore discharge.
(For meaning of symbols preceding product names, see
Captan has limited postinfection activity. Captan is not
abbreviation list at the end of this publication)
effective for control of rust diseases and powdery
mildew. In wet years or orchards where sooty blotch and
Azoxystrobin (Abound) is a locally systemic, strobilurin fly speck are consistent problems, captan should be tank
fungicide labeled on stone fruit for control of brown rot,
mixed with Topsin M to improve control of these
powdery mildew (rusty spot), and peach scab. It is
diseases. Captan used alone is relatively weak against
labeled on apricots, sweet and tart cherry, nectarines,
fly speck.
peaches, plums and prunes. Abound is a protectant
Captan may cause spotting, yellowing, and
fungicide and should therefore be applied before
dropping of leaves when used at full strength early in
infection occurs. Abound, like other strobilurin
the season on Delicious, Baldwin, and Stayman,
fungicides, is prone to resistance development. Follow
especially when used in combination with sulfur. Captan
label restrictions for resistance management. Abound
can be combined with sulfur to control mildew on most
can be applied up to the day of harvest.
other varieties. Combining captan with dodine or
Caution: Abound is extremely phytotoxic to
malathion may increase the injury. Captan should not be
certain apple varieties. Therefore, DO NOT spray
used with lime, or be applied to alkaline residues.
Abound where spray drift may reach apple trees; do not
Captan should not be applied within 7-10 days of an oil
spray when conditions favor drift beyond the intended
application. Tank-mixing Captan with foliar nutrients or
area of application; do not use equipment to spray apple
spray adjuvants that enhance penetration may result in
trees that previously has been used to spray Abound.
phytotoxicity.
Captan also controls brown rot on stone fruits and
§Bordeaux Mixture is a mixture in water of copper cherry leaf spot. Leaf injury occurs on certain sweet
sulfate (bluestone) and hydrated spray lime and is used cherry varieties such as Emperor Francis, Schmidt, and
as a spray on pears and apples for fire blight, on peaches Giant. Leaf and fruit injury is likely to occur on soft-
for leaf curl, and on cherries in postharvest sprays for fleshed plums if captan is used in several continuous
leaf spot. The recommended amount of each ingredient sprays before July. On Stanley prune, a “shot-hole” type
varies from one crop to another and is designated by 3 of injury to the leaves and roughening of the fruit
figures (e.g., Bordeaux 2-6-100). The 1st figure of the surface may occur with the use of captan in sprays
Bordeaux formula is the copper sulfate in lb, the 2d is around bloom and shuck split stages. It has caused leaf
the spray lime in lb, and the 3d is the water in gal. The injury on some varieties of peaches when sprayed on
mixture is prepared by dissolving copper sulfate snow young developing leaves if the spray is preceded by
(not fixed copper) in about 1/2 tank of water. Once the extended periods of cloudy wet weather.
copper sulfate is completely dissolved, the spray lime is Captan is also registered for use as a postharvest
added slowly with constant agitation, and the tank is dip or drench of apples, pears, cherries, and peaches for
filled with water. Bordeaux mixture must be agitated the control of postharvest rots. If fruit is likely to be
vigorously to prevent settling. exported, review the acceptability and tolerance limits of
Bordeaux mixture is generally unsafe to use on captan for countries of export destination before
fruit crops after the 1/4-inch green stage. However, postharvest treatments. Check maximum residues
pears tolerate copper, and it can be used during bloom allowed at <http://mrldatabase.com>
for fire blight control provided that the disease pressure
is only moderate to light. Bordeaux mixture has long Chlorothalonil (Bravo, Echo, Applause, Concorde,
residual action and gives good control of leaf spot when
Equus) is available in a number of different
applied to sour cherries in a postharvest spray.
formulations. Chlorothalonil shows good activity
Due to the large volume of spray lime, Bordeaux
against cherry leaf spot, peach leaf curl, brown rot
mixture has many compatibility problems. When used in
blossom blight, and black knot. However, some of the
combination with other pesticides, the labels of the
generic products are not labeled for all of these diseases.
pesticides involved should be read thoroughly.
Users should pay strict attention to the timing of
applications because improper use of this material (after
Captan is formulated and sold as a 50% or 80% dry shuck split on some crops) may result in phytotoxicity
wettable powder, as an 80% wettable dry granular, as a and unacceptable residue levels. Chlorothalonil is a
liquid (4 lb AI/gal), and as dust formulations. Recent broad-spectrum fungicide that not at risk for
formulations may have a 24-hr re-entry: check labels. development of fungicide-resistance in pathogens that it
On apples, captan controls apple scab, black rot, controls.
white rot, Brooks fruit spot, Botryosphaeria rot, bitter
rot, and blossom-end rot. In the control of apple scab, Cyprodinil (Vangard) is an anilinopyrimidine or AP
captan used at the rate of 1 lb AI/100 gal of spray gives
fungicide registered for the control of apple scab and
adequate protection when applied on a 6- to 10-day
blossom blight on stone fruits (except for sweet
schedule. Shorter intervals should be used if excessive
cherries). Because it works best at lower temperatures

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 CHAPTER 5 - CHARACTERISTICS FRUIT CROP PROTECTANTS 43

and does not control fruit scab, Vangard is not days later. Because the material has limited protectant
recommended for use beyond tight cluster. Vangard can capabilities against apple scab, especially on fruit, it
provide 48 to 72 hr of postinfection activity against should always be used in combination with a contact
apple scab on leaves. In efficacy trials conducted in fungicide (e.g., captan, mancozeb). Fenarimol is also
Cornell orchards, Vangard was rarely more effective very active against cedar apple rust and powdery
against scab than mancozeb fungicides except in mildew.
situations where post-infection activity played a role. On pears, Vintage is labeled for control of scab,
However, activity may be reduced in orchards with powdery mildew, and rusts. It is more effective against
apple scab that is resistant to the SI fungicide group. leaf scab infections than it is against fruit scab, so tank-
mixing with a protectant fungicide is recommended.
Dicloran (Botran) is formulated as a 75% WP or WSB Vintage cannot be used on pears until petal fall
for use on stone fruit. It is labeled for control of brown (potential for effects on fruit shape if used earlier).
rot blossom blight on peaches, nectarines, sweet (but not Vintage is also registered for control of powdery
tart) cherry, plums and prunes. It is labeled for control mildew and leaf spot on cherries, against which it is
of brown rot fruit rot and Rhizopus rot on apricots, very effective. However, it has little activity against
peaches, nectarines, and sweet cherry. Two applications brown rot.
at 18 and 10 days prior to harvest are permitted for Warning: Vintage is no longer effective against
control of fruit rot; Botran has a 10-day preharvest apple scab in many New England orchards because the
interval (PHI). Botran is not compatible with EC pathogen has developed resistance to the SI fungicide
formulations. group. Vintage may also fail to control leaf spot on
cherries where that pathogen has become resistant to SI
Difenoconazole (Inspire Super) is labeled for use on fungicides.
for diseases of apples, and has provided outstanding
control of apples scab, powdery mildew, and flyspeck Fenbuconazole (Indar) is a sterol inhibitor fungicide
and sooty blotch in research trials. The product comes as labeled for use on stone fruits and apples. Indar has
a multipack with Inspire and Vangard WG in a single provided outstanding control of brown rot in university
box. Both components must be added to the application trials and commercial orchards, with good residual
to comply with product labeling. For apple, there is a 72 activity following the last application. Follow label
day PHI. directions for including a spray adjuvant when using
Note: Inspire Super may be able to control SI Indar to control brown rot on smooth-skinned stone
resistant apple scab in varieties that have reduced fruits. Indar is also labeled for control of cherry leaf spot
susceptibility apple to apple scab (e.g. develop less scab and peach scab, and provides moderate control of
than ‘McIntosh’) in seasons with low disease pressure. powdery mildew on sour cherries. For stone fruit, there
However, this material should not be used specifically to is a 0-day PHI with respect to residue tolerance, and a
manage SI resistant apple scab. 12-hour restricted-entry interval for worker protection.
Indar has most recently been approved for use on
Dodine (Syllit) is formulated and sold as a 65% wettable apples. It has demonstrated outstanding control on apple
powder and as a flowable containing 3.4 lb dodine per scab, and is also labeled for control of powdery mildew,
gallon. Due to resistance concerns, we no longer rusts, and flyspeck and sooty blotch. For apple, there is a
recommend the use of dodine for apple scab control, 14 day PHI.
even in early prebloom applications, unless absence of Warning: Indar may fail to control disease where
field resistance to dodine has been verified by lab testing the pathogen populations have become resistant to SI
of apple scab isolates from the specific orchard in fungicides.
question. Dodine has given excellent control of cherry
leaf spot on both sweet and sour cherry. Dodine is not Fenhexamid (Elevate) is labeled for control of brown
effective against brown rot. rot blossom blight and fruit rot on all stone fruits.
University trials in other states have shown that Elevate
Fenarimol (Vintage), a sterol-inhibitor or SI fungicide, is provides good control of blossom blight but is less
formulated as a 1-lb/gal emulsifiable concentrate. It is effective than SI fungicides for controlling the fruit rot
especially useful in an apple scab control program phase of brown rot.
because of its long (72-96 hr) kickback activity and
prolonged presymptom activity. However, it is Ferbam (Ferbam Granuflo) is a contact carbamate
important to remember that kickback and presymptom fungicide in the same chemical family as thiram and
activities are strongly dependent on rate; thus, the longer ziram, but it is not an EBDC fungicide. It is very
one waits to spray after the start of an infection period, effective against rust diseases of apple and moderately
the higher the necessary rate. It has also been shown that effective as a protectant against apple scab. It also is
a single post-infection spray of Vintage is more effective against Brooks fruit spot, frog-eye (black rot)
effective if followed by a back-to-back application 7-10 leaf spot, sooty blotch, fly speck, pear scab, and pear

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leaf and fruit spots. It is recommended for use in Iprodione (Rovral, Iprodione) is formulated as a 50%
combination with sulfur for control of brown rot and wettable powder and a 4 lb/gal flowable formulation.
leaf spot on sour cherries under light to moderate Iprodione is highly effective for control of brown rot
disease pressure conditions. Ferbam also is very blossom blight on stone fruits. It is especially effective
effective as a dormant spray on peaches for control of at inhibiting spore production by the brown rot fungus,
peach leaf curl. and therefore is particularly recommended in wet years
Although ferbam is safe on apple foliage, it may conducive to rapid disease buildup. This material has
cause enlargement of fruit lenticels in certain seasons 24- to 48-hr post-infection activity against blossom
and causes severe russeting on Golden Delicious. It is blight infections. Iprodione cannot be applied after petal
undesirable in late-season sprays because of its fall.
unsightly residues.
Ferbam is compatible with most commonly used Kresoxim-Methyl (Sovran) is a strobilurin fungicide.
pesticides. It should not be used with lime. Like the other strobilurin fungicides (e.g., Abound,
Flint), Sovran is an excellent protectant, and will be
§Fixed Copper is a term that refers to several relatively most reliable when used in this manner. Sovran has
insoluble forms of copper that are safer for fruit crops some kickback activity against apple scab, but it is not
than basic copper sulfate and more convenient to use as effective in this mode as the sterol inhibitors once
than Bordeaux mixture. The fixed copper compounds were. However, Sovran reduces spore production from
are sold under many trade names but fall into 4 basic the lesions that are present when the fungicide is
types: copper oxychloride and copper sulfate (e.g., C-O- applied. Sovran provides good control of powdery
C-S WDG); copper hydroxide (e.g., Kocide 2000, mildew, but it is only moderately effective against cedar
Champ Formula 2); complexed forms of basic copper apple rust and weak against quince rust. Sovran provides
sulfate (e.g., Cuprofix Ultra Disperss). Dust preparations excellent control of sooty blotch and flyspeck. Sovran
(e.g., C-O-C-S Copodust) are also available. All copper provides good to very good control of black rot and fair
fungicides work by releasing free copper ions, so control of bitter rot.
activity (and potential phytotoxicity) is usually related to Caution: Sovran causes moderate to severe
the amount of actual metallic copper that is applied to phytotoxicity (leaf burning) on several sweet cherry
the crop. varieties. The most sensitive varieties are: Somerset,
Sweetheart, Valera, Van, and Vandalay; these varieties
Fludioxonil (Scholar) is a new non-systemic fungicide might also be injured by spray drift containing Sovran.
registered for postharvest uses on stone fruits and pome Minor to moderate injury occurs on Cavalier, Coral
fruits. Scholar is the only fruit fungicide in the new Champagne, Emperor Francis, Royalton, Schmidt,
phenylypyrrole class of chemistry and it therefore is Summit, and Viva; there is less danger of injury due to
effective against fungi that have developed resistance to spray drift on these varieties. Many other sweet and sour
benzimidazole and other fungicide groups. Scholar cherry varieties (including Bing, Brooks, Cashmere,
applied after harvest is effective against brown rot Gold, Hardy Giant, Hart-land, Hedelfingen, Hudson,
(Monilinia species), Botrytis cinerea, Rhizopus Kristin, Lapins, Lambert, Montmorency, Napoleon,
stolonifer, and Gilbertella persicaria, and Penicillium Nelson Black Sweet, Rainier, Royal Ann, Sam, Stark
species. Scholar can be applied as a dip or drench, as Crimson, Stella, Sue, Tehranivee, Tulare, Ulster, Vega,
line spray, or mixed in fruit waxes. For fruit destined for Vic, Viscount, and Windsor) showed no injury when
export, check with importers to be certain that the sprayed directly with high labeled rates. The Sovran
importing country has an established tolerance (MRL) manufacturer recommends: (i) Do not apply Sovran near
for fludioxonil before treating fruit (see or allow drift onto cherries in the highly sensitive group
http://mrldatabase.com). (Somerset, etc.); and (ii) thoroughly rinse spray
equipment (tanks, hoses, nozzles) after spraying Sovran
Fosetyl-Al (Aliette) is registered for control of and before using this equipment on sensitive cherry
Phytophthora collar rot on bearing and non-bearing varieties.
apples and for control of the bacterial disease, blister
spot, on bearing apples. It is also labeled for control of Mancozeb (Dithane, *Manzate, Penncozeb) is
fire blight but this use is not recommended. Aliette formulated for use on apples and pears as a 4 lb/gal
should not be tank mixed with copper compounds. If liquid, a 75% active dry flowable and as an 80% active
applied prior to or after the application of copper, the pH wettable powder. It is a broad spectrum protectant
of Aliette should be raised to 6.0 or above with an fungicide with good residual properties, providing
alkaline buffer such as Potassium Carbonate (3 lbs of excellent control of apple and pear scab, rust diseases,
Potassium Carbonate to 5 lbs of Aliette WDG) or summer diseases (sooty blotch, fly speck, and bitter rot),
DiAmmonium Phosphate (1:1 ratio). Mixing of Aliette and Fabraea leaf spot. Label changes effective in 1992
WDG with surfactants, foliar fertilizers or adjuvants that allow low-rate uses up to 77 days before harvest,
enhance pesticide penetration may cause phytotoxicity. whereas high rate applications are not allowed after
bloom.

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Maneb (Maneb, Manex) is a broad-spectrum protectant Pyraclostrobin + Boscolid (Pristine) is a new

with activity against apple scab, rusts, flyspeck and fungicide that is registered for use on both pome fruits
sooty blotch. The label recommends two treatment and stone fruits. Pyraclostrobin is in the strobilurin
schedules and they are not to be combined or integrated. fungicide group with activity similar to that of Flint and
The pre-bloom schedule allows applications to begin at Sovran whereas boscolid is a carboximide fungicide
green tip and continue through bloom. The extended with good activity against Botrytis diseases and brown
application or tank-mix schedule allows applications to rot. Pristine controls a broad range of diseases including
begin at green tip and continue through the second cover brown rot, peach scab, powdery mildew, cherry leaf
spray or until 77 days before harvest. spot, black rot, white rot, bitter rot, fly speck, sooty
blotch, and fruit decays caused by Botrytis and
Mefanoxam (Ridomil Gold) is a systemic fungicide Penicillium. It may be applied up to 5 times per season
highly specific in its activity against a particular group on stone fruits and 4 times per season on pome fruits. It
of fungi. Important tree fruit crop diseases caused by has a 0-day PHI. Pristine may prove useful for
these fungi are limited to root and crown rots caused by managing SI fungicide resistance in brown rot and
species of Pythium and Phytophthora. cherry leaf spot if used in alternations with SI
The 4EC formulation of Ridomil Gold is labeled fungicides. Pristine provides excellent control of
for use on bearing apple and stone fruit trees for the summer diseases on apples. Note that the label prohibits
control of Phytophthora root and crown rots (collar rot). rates of less than 14.5 oz/A on pome fruits.
Although Ridomil is highly effective for preventing
crown rot infections, it is usually ineffective for curing Pyrimethanil (Penbotec, Scala) is a new
trees that are declining from this disease. anilinopyrimidine fungicide (same class as Vangard)
that is registered as Penbotec for postharvest use on
Metiram (Polyram) is formulated as an 80% active dry pome fruits and as Scala for control of scab on pome
flowable labeled for use on apples but not pears. It is an fruits and brown rot blossom blight, scab, and shot hole
ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (EBDC) fungicide similar to on all stone fruits except cherries. Penbotec is very
mancozeb in chemistry and activity. Label changes effective for controlling postharvest decays caused by
effective in 1992 impose use limits similar to those for Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea. It can be
mancozeb. applied as a dip or drench, as line spray, or mixed in
fruit waxes. Scala has activity similar to that of Vangard
Myclobutanil (Rally) is a member of the triazole group (cyprodinil): it is most effective under cool conditions
of sterol inhibitor fungicides. It is very active against and has up to 48 to 72 hr of postinfection activity
powdery mildew, cedar apple rust, and scab on apples. against apple scab. In trials in the Hudson Valley, it
Like the other sterol inhibitors, Rally is particularly provided scab control similar to mancozeb when used in
active against apple scab in the kickback and a protectant timing, but it was superior to mancozeb in a
presymptom modes. Fruit scab control is usually trial where short-term postinfection activity (<72 hr)
improved by tank-mixing with a contact fungicide was crucial. However, activity may be reduced in
(captan, mancozeb). It is also registered and very orchards with apple scab that is resistant to the SI
effective for control of brown rot blossom blight and fungicide group.
powdery mildew on some stone fruits (cherries, peaches,
and nectarines), and for control of cherry leaf spot. It is §Sulfur. The most commonly used and acceptable form
neither registered nor effective for control of fruit brown of sulfur is the wettable form. Wettable sulfurs are
rot. finely divided elemental sulfur particles with a wetting
Warning: Rally is no longer effective against agent added so that the sulfur can be mixed with water
apple scab in many New England orchards where the and remain in suspension while being applied. The
pathogen has developed resistance to the SI fungicide wettable sulfurs are most readily available as dry,
group. Rally may fail to control other diseases where the wettable powder containing 95% sulfur, and as fused
pathogen populations have become resistant to SI bentonite sulfur containing 30% or 81% sulfur,
fungicides. depending on the brand used. Against apple scab, the
sulfur products are effective in a protective schedule
Propiconazole (Orbit) is a sterol inhibitor fungicide only.
labeled for control of brown rot on apricots, cherries, Dry wettable sulfur is used at a rate of 5 lb AI/100
nectarines, peaches, and plums. (See label warning gal in early-season sprays in a protective program. It can
about late-season use on Stanley plums.) It is also be used through bloom without substantially reducing
labeled for cherry leaf spot. Orbit has a 0-day PHI and a set. Fruit russeting and reduction in yield may result if it
24-hour restricted-entry interval for worker protection. is used under high-temperature conditions such as those
Warning: Orbit may fail to control disease where that occur during postbloom sprays.
the pathogen populations have become resistant to SI Sulfur is effective against powdery mildew of
fungicides. apple when used at 2 to 3 lb AI/100 gal. It is also

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somewhat effective against cherry mildew. Sulfur is is sometimes used for its activity as a deer and rabbit
used on stone fruits to control brown rot, but is not as repellent.
effective as captan or the newer brown rot fungicides. It
is moderately effective against cherry leaf spot, but not Triadimefon (Bayleton, Triadimefon) is formulated as a
effective against Rhizopus rot. 50% dry flowable. This material is effective against
Flowable sulfur products are also available. They apple (but not cherry) powdery mildew and apple rust
have the advantage over wettable sulfur in that they are diseases. It has little activity against scab or other apple
effective at lower rates and have better retention diseases.
capabilities.
Trifloxystrobin (Flint, Gem) is a strobilurin fungicide.
Tebuconazole (Elite, Tebuzol, Adament) is a sterol- Like Sovran, Flint is an excellent protectant and should
inhibitor fungicide that is registered for and provides be used in this manner. Flint provides good control of
excellent control of brown rot on cherry, peach, and apple scab and powdery mildew but is only moderately
nectarine, especially when used at the higher label rates. effective against cedar apple rust and is weak against
Tebuzol is also labeled for pome fruit. It also provides quince rust. Flint also provides excellent control of
control of leaf spot and powdery mildew of cherry. It sooty blotch and flyspeck and good control of black rot
has a 0-day preharvest interval on these crops and a 12- bitter rot. Gem is the formulation registered for control
hour reentry interval. of stone fruit diseases such as cherry leaf spot, scab, and
Warning: Elite and Tebuzol may fail to control mildew on stone fruits
disease where the pathogen populations have become
resistant to SI fungicides. Trifloxystrobin + Tebuconazole (Adament) is a
new fungicide that is registered for use on both pome
Thiabendazole (Mertect 340-F, Shield-Brite TBZ) is fruits and stone fruits. Trifloxystrobin is in the
registered as a flowable formulation for control of strobilurin fungicide group and is the same active
storage rots of apples and pears. Thiabendazole (TBZ) is ingredient in Flint, whereas tebuconazole is a sterol-
active against Penicillium and Botrytis (blue mold and inhibitor fungicide with good control against brown rot.
gray mold), but will not control rots caused by Adament can control against apple scab, and is also
Alternaria and Rhizopus. Dip, drench, or spray the labeled for control of powdery mildew, cedar apple rust,
harvested fruit with a suspension of 16 fl oz of the flyspeck and sooty blotch, and white and bitter rot.
flowable formulation in 100 gal of water. TBZ is Adament can also control of brown rot blossom blight
compatible with DPA, but not with ethoxyquin. Strains and fruit rot in stone fruit and is also labeled for
of fungi resistant to TBZ are present in most apple controlling jacket rot, mildew, anthracnose, cherry leaf
storages and may compromise the performance of this spot, along with several other diseases on stone fruit. To
fungicide. Combinations with captan can improve limit resistance development, Adament or another
activity against TBZ-resistant strains of Penicillium. fungicide from FRAC groups 11 or 3 should not be
applied for more than two consecutive applications.
Thiophanate-Methyl (Topsin M, Thiophanate-Methyl,
T-methyl) is formulated as a 70% or 85% wettable and a Triflumizole (*Procure) is a sterol inhibitor fungicide
4.5-lb/gal flowable and is registered for control of with activities, strengths, and weaknesses similar to
diseases of stone fruits, apples, and pears. Topsin M is a those of Vintage and Nova. Procure provides very good
benzimidazole fungicide in the same chemical group as to excellent control of apple scab, powdery mildew and
benomyl and thiabendazole. Many fruit pathogens have cedar apple rust. It is labeled for control of scab and
developed resistance to benzimidazole fungicides, but mildew on pears and for brown rot, mildew, and leaf
Topsin M is still effective for controlling flyspeck, sooty spot control on sweet and tart cherries.
blotch, black rot, and white rot on apples in New Warning: Procure is no longer effective against
England orchards. Do not tank mix thiophanate-methyl apple scab in many New England orchards because the
with copper-containing materials or with highly alkaline pathogen has developed resistance to the SI fungicide
pesticides such as Bordeaux mixture or lime sulfur. The group. Procure may fail to control other disease where
maximum annual use-rates listed on the labels limit the the pathogen populations have become resistant to SI
number of applications can be used to control summer fungicides.
diseases on apples.
Ziram (Ziram) is a contact carbamate fungicide in the
Thiram (Thiram Granuflo) is a contact carbamate same chemical family as ferbam and thiram, but it is not
fungicide in the same chemical family as ferbam and an EBDC fungicide. It is used most effectively as a
ziram, but it is not an EBDC fungicide. It is a summer cover spray for apples, where it provides good
moderately effective fungicide for brown rot, peach leaf control of sooty blotch and fly speck, but only marginal
curl, and peach scab, but is weaker than captan. Thiram control of rots (black, white, and bitter). It is not as
Granuflo is no longer labeled for use on apples. Thiram effective against scab as either captan or the EBDC

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fungicides, but will provide acceptable control of Apogee if the water source for spray applications
secondary scab under low to moderate pressure. It is contains high levels of calcium carbonate (hard water).
compatible with oil. Ziram is also labeled for control of Use a standard adjuvant/non-ionic surfactant.
scab and Fabraea leaf spot on pears. It has a 14-day PHI
on both crops, and a 48-hour restricted-entry interval. Bloomtime Biological (Pantoea agglomerans
strain E325) is a biopesticide labeled for control of
the blossom blight phase of fire blight. Bloomtime
5.4 Bactericides Biological is a wettable powder formulation of the
§Streptomycin (Agrimycin, Streptrol, Streptomycin) is bacterium Pantoea agglomerans strain E325. The
a bactericide used for control of blister spot on ‘Crispin’ bacterium acts by colonizing susceptible blossom tissues
apples and fire blight of apples and pears. It is and using up available nutrients in an effort to prevent
formulated as streptomycin sulfate in a 17% wettable colonization of fire blight bacteria (Erwinia amylovora).
powder form. Streptomycin is commonly used in bloom This competitive inhibition will, in theory, prevent the
at the rate of 1/2 lb/100 gal for fire blight control, but buildup of Erwinia amylovora numbers, and in turn,
can be used at 1/4 lb/100 gal in combination with 1 pt of prevent blossom infections. Bloomtime Biological
Regulaid/100 gal dilute spray. It can be applied to pears provides only partial control of fire blight in commercial
until 30 days before harvest and to apples until 50 days orchards in New York. When used appropriately, studies
before harvest. However, summer sprays of conducted in NY indicate that Bloomtime Biological
streptomycin are NOT recommended, except following can provide up 50% compared to streptomycin under
a hailstorm. commercial conditions. Bloomtime Biological should be
Tests of streptomycin applied during bloom at a applied as a preventive and should not be applied after
constant amount in different volumes of water indicated fruit set.
that control of fire blight was reduced at concentrations
in excess of 6X. Thus, concentration of streptomycin Hydrogen Dioxide (StorOx, OxiDate) works like
sprays greater than 6X is specifically not recommended. hydrogen peroxide and kills fungi and bacteria via
Resistance to streptomycin is widespread among surface contact with the organism. OxiDate is labeled
populations of the blister spot bacterium. Resistance is for control of diseases in the field whereas StorOx is
also widespread among populations of the fire blight labeled for use as a surface disinfectant and as an
bacterium in Pacific Coast and Midwest production antimicrobial for hydro coolers and water flumes.
districts, and has recently been detected on a very Hydrogen dioxide does not have residual activity, nor
limited scale in NY. Indiscriminate use of this material will it control fungi or bacteria that have already
(e.g., summer sprays) will hasten the further penetrated host tissue. Thus, it must be applied after
development of resistance. pathogens have been deposited on plant surfaces but
before they can initiate infections. Field applications to
apples are not recommended because OxiDate can cause
§Oxytetracycline (Mycoshield), another antibiotic, is severe fruit russetting under certain conditions.
registered for use on peaches and nectarines to control Controlled inoculation trials indicate no significant
bacterial spot. It is also registered for control of fire effect of OxiDate on fire blight infection of apple.
blight on pear, but is not as effective as streptomycin.
Phosphorous Acid (Fosphite, Topaz Fungicide, Agri-
Fos, Fungi-Phite) and Phosphites (Phostrol, ProPhyt)
5.5 Other Materials can be viewed as generic forms of Aliette and are
Apogee (Prohexadione calcium) is a plant growth labeled on tree fruits primarily for control of root and
regulator that reduces shoot growth. It acts by crown rot diseases caused by Phytophthora species.
inhibiting the biosynthesis of gibberellin, the plant However, some products are also labeled for
hormone that regulates cell elongation. Apogee will suppression of fire blight and/or blister spot. Experience
reduce the severity of fire blight shoot infection if in NY suggests they do not provide reliable suppression
applied 10–14 days in advance of infections. It is not of fire blight when applied during bloom, but they can
be very useful as part of a program for controlling
active against blossom blight and does not provide
blister spot. Although these products are being tested for
protection against rootstock infection. Apogee does not
controlling other diseases of tree fruits, there is not yet
have direct antibiotic activity against the fire blight sufficient data to support labels for other diseases. As
bacteria, rather it decreases host susceptibility. For with Aliette, using these products with or soon after
maximum reduction in fire blight susceptibility, copper fungicides can cause copper phytotoxicity.
Apogee should be applied early in the growing season
(when shoots are 1 to 3 inches long) and reapplied 14– §Serenade (Bacillus subtilis) is a biofungicide labeled
21 days later to prevent vigorous shoot growth. Do not for control of fire blight, apple scab and powdery
tank mix Apogee with calcium sprays because calcium mildew. Serenade is a wettable powder formulation of
will reduce the effectiveness of Apogee. One pound of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis, a common soil resident.
ammonium sulfate may be added for each pound of The bacterium acts by releasing cell contents during

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growth in order to eliminate or reduce competitors in its leafroller, and spotted tentiform leafminer. The material
immediate environment. Serenade is relatively has a high bee-poisoning hazard. [Note: In 2010, the
ineffective for controlling fungal diseases under the total amount of formulated product allowed per acre
climatic conditions that exist in New England. When is 4 lb for apples, 4 lb for pears, and 1.5 lbs for
used alone, Serenade provides only partial control of fire cherries.]
blight. In alternation with streptomycin, it sometimes Formulation available and EPA registration
provides control approaching that of a full streptomycin number: *Guthion (Bayer) 50WS: 264-733;
program. Serenade should be applied as a preventive (Makhteshim) 50WSP: 66222-162.
and can be applied up to and including the day of
harvest.
Chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) 4E formulation is registered for
control of San Jose scale during the prebloom period on
5.6 Insecticides apples, pears, peaches, and plums. Application during
The insecticides and acaricides used to control fruit pests this period will also control rosy apple aphid. This
can be divided into several categories according to their material can be used alone or in combination with oil. It
chemical composition, mode of action, persistence, and is also registered for use on peaches and cherries to
other properties. To plan and carry out an effective spray control peachtree borers and in apples as a postbloom
program, it is important to understand these characteristics. trunk spray to control a variety of borers. The 50WS
A simplified classification of most of the insecticides and formulation is similarly restricted to prebloom use in
acaricides recommended in this bulletin is given, along with apples plus postbloom trunk sprays against borers, so its
some of their general properties and uses. potential targets correspond to those of the 4E
formulation. A 75 WG (water dispersible granule)
formulation is available for all tree fruits except
Notes on Materials
apricots, and exhibits better efficacy, rainfastness, and
The hazard of a material poisoning honey bees is given as fewer phytotoxicity problems than the 50W or 4E
follows: High = hazardous to bees at any time; 1 day to 2 formulations. An amended registration extends the
wk residual toxicity. Moderate = not hazardous if applied in period of its use on apple through petal fall, which
either evening or early morning when bees are not foraging, means that it can now be used as an alternative to other
except during periods of high temperature; 3 hr to 1 day commonly used petal fall materials against such pests as
residual toxicity. Low = not hazardous to bees at any time; plum curculio, European apple sawfly, codling moth,
1 hr to 1 day residual toxicity. and oriental fruit moth, as well as some additional pests
that might not be controlled by other OPs, including
obliquebanded leafroller and rosy apple aphid. This
5.6.1 Organophosphates
label also lists trunk sprays for many borer species in
Most organophosphate insecticides are highly toxic to apple. All three formulations can also be used in tart
warm-blooded animals when inhaled, swallowed, or cherries to control borers, as well as other pests
absorbed through the skin. Persons handling or applying including leafrollers, plant bugs, and scales. The
these materials should take every precaution for their own material has a high bee-poisoning hazard.
safety and for that of others. Although the Formulations available and EPA registration
organophosphates in general are less persistent than the numbers: *Lorsban (Dow AgroSciences) 4EC: 62719-
chlorinated hydrocarbons, their toxicity often prohibits their 220; *Lorsban Advanced (Dow AgroSciences) 3.76EC:
use close to harvest (see following materials). 62719-591; Lorsban (Gowan) 50WS: 62719-221;
Organophosphates are contact insecticides as well as Lorsban (Gowan) 75WG: 62719-301-10163.
stomach poisons. Therefore, they are useful for a quick kill
of all insect forms present at the time of application, as well *Diazinon has caused russeting or related finish
as for reasonable residual protection. When used alone or in problems on R.I. Greening, Golden Delicious, and
combination with other materials, some organophosphates Baldwin. No injury has been reported on McIntosh or
cause phytotoxicity on fruit varieties. Check this bulletin closely related varieties. Observations on other varieties
under the pest, the crop, and the product for more details are limited. The material should not be used in
about this situation. combination with copper. It is principally used
prebloom for control of San Jose scale or postbloom for
*Azinphos-Methyl (*Guthion) No phytotoxicity or broad-spectrum control of major pests. It is generally
fruit finish problems have been noted to date; it gives less persistent than other standard phosphates and has a
reasonably good finish on Golden Delicious. It has been high bee-poisoning hazard.
used safely in many areas of New England. This Formulations available and EPA registration
material should not be used with lime. It provides broad- numbers: *Diazinon AG500 (Makhteshim) 4EC: 66222-
spectrum control with good residual effectiveness 9; *Diazinon AG600 WBC (Makhteshim) 4EC: 66222-
against major pests. Several minor pests have become 103-34704; *Diazinon 50W (Makhteshim) 50WP:
resistant to this material, including rosy and green apple 66222-10.
aphids, white apple leafhopper, obliquebanded

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 CHAPTER 5 - CHARACTERISTICS FRUIT CROP PROTECTANTS 49

Dimethoate is a broad-spectrum systemic material 5.6.2 Carbamates

registered on pears that is still effective against certain Carbamates are presently represented by 3 insecticides
organophosphate-resistant aphids and leafhoppers. It widely used on fruit trees.
will also suppress tarnished plant bug when used
prebloom and will control apple maggot. It has a high Carbaryl (Sevin) applications made within 30 days after
bee-poisoning hazard.
petal fall have a pronounced thinning effect on most
Formulations available and EPA registration
apple varieties. Sevin does not thin pears. It is a broad-
numbers: Dimethoate 400 (Loveland): 34704-207;
spectrum material that acts as a stomach as well as
Dimate (WinField Solutions) 4EC: 51036-110-9779;
contact poison and controls various fruit insects,
Dimethoate (Drexel) 4EC: 19713-231. [Note: These
including organophosphate-resistant pests such as white
products have been voluntarily withdrawn from use
apple leafhopper. It is one of the low-hazard insecticides
on apples. Pears are still a registered use.]
and can be used until 1 day before harvest on most fruit
crops, as well as in home orchards. Sevin is very toxic to
Malathion is a mild phosphate that in one or two bees and, therefore, should not be used just before
instances has caused very mild necrotic spotting of bloom; it is also toxic to certain predator mite species.
McIntosh foliage and slight roughening of McIntosh Formulations available and EPA registration
fruit. It has never been known to cause severe injury. numbers: Sevin (Bayer) 4F: 264-349; Sevin (Bayer)
Malathion is used where a high degree of safety to XLR Plus 4EC: 264-333; Sevin (Bayer) 80S: 264-316;
people or animals is desired. It is registered on Carbaryl (Drexel) 4L: 19713-49.
practically all fruit crops and has a very short PHI. It is
compatible with most other insecticides and fungicides *Methomyl (*Lannate) spray injury to foliage and fruit
and has a low bee-poisoning hazard.
resulting in fruit drop has been observed on Early
Formulations available and EPA registration
McIntosh-type varieties. This material is highly toxic to
numbers: Clean Crop Malathion (Loveland) 57EC:
predator mites and, when used in a seasonal program,
34704-108; Malathion (Drexel) 5EC: 19713-217;
has promoted the buildup of woolly apple aphid. It has
Prentox 5 lb. Malathion Spray (Prentiss) 5EC: 655-777.
been registered for controlling organophosphate-
resistant apple aphid, rosy apple aphid, leafrollers, tufted
*Methidathion (*Supracide) is registered for dormant or apple bud moth, lesser appleworm, white apple
delayed dormant use on apples, peaches, plums, leafhopper, and tentiform leafminer, as well as codling
apricots, and cherries for the control of San Jose scale moth. Although *methomyl has broad-spectrum activity,
and rosy apple aphid. It may be mixed with oil in these its short residual activity (5-7 days) makes it less
sprays. It has a high bee-poisoning hazard. effective against fruit feeders (such as plum curculio,
Formulations available and EPA registration apple maggot, or codling moth) than are
numbers: *Supracide (Gowan) 25WP: 10163-244; organophosphate materials. *Lannate has a 96 hour
*Supracide (Gowan) 2EC: 10163-236. reentry period for peaches, 72 hours for apples, and
48hours for pears. It has a high bee-poisoning hazard.
Phosmet (Imidan) is a broad-spectrum material with a Formulations available and EPA registration
lower toxicity to mammals than many other commonly numbers: *Lannate (DuPont) 90SP: 352-342, *Lannate
used organophosphates. It is compatible with most LV (2.4L): 352-384.
commonly used insecticides and fungicides, but is
incompatible with alkaline materials such as Bordeaux *Oxamyl (*Vydate) is a combination insecticide,
mixture and lime. It may cause severe leaf injury to nematicide, and acaricide with systemic properties,
sweet cherries, particularly those of Emperor Francis which translocates throughout the leaves and into the
parentage. It can be used in summer sprays in integrated roots of fruit trees. It is formulated as a methanol-based
mite-control programs because of its low toxicity to liquid for foliar or drench treatment of newly planted
predator mites. In some seasons in which rainfall has trees, primarily for nematode control. It is recommended
been negligible during the late summer, the fruit on bearing apple trees as a foliar spray for control of
occasionally shows a buildup of the carrier used in the spotted tentiform leafminer, aphids, leafhoppers, and
wettable powder. Imidan is effective in controlling mites. It is a mite suppressant requiring back-to-back
codling moth, apple maggot, redbanded leafroller, plum applications for effective control. When applied between
curculio, peach twig borer, and oriental fruit moth on petal fall and 30 days thereafter, thinning may occur.
apple, pear, peach, apricot, nectarine, and plums to be *Vydate is not a broad-spectrum insecticide, but is hard
used for prunes. It has been ineffective against on mite predators. It has a moderate bee-poisoning
phosphate-resistant populations of pear psylla. It has a hazard.
high bee-poisoning hazard. Formulation available and EPA registration
Formulations available and EPA registration number: *Vydate (DuPont) 2L:352-372.
numbers: Imidan (Gowan) *70WP, 70WS: 10163-169.

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50 CHAPTER 5 – CHARACTERISTICS OF CROP PROTECTANTS

5.6.3 Pyrethroids Fomulation available and EPA registration

number: *Baythroid XL (Bayer) 1L: 264-840; 2EC:
This group of insecticides has broad-spectrum activity and
264-745.
considerable efficacy at low dosage. These compounds are
similar in terms of biological activity, residual
effectiveness, toxicity, and effects on nontarget organisms. Cyfluthrin/Imidacloprid (*Leverage) is labeled
In addition to being directly toxic to insects, pyrethroids are against a wide range of pests of pome fruit and stone
also repellent. They are generally very persistent, and some fruit. It is a combined formulation of imidacloprid, the
are reportedly more effective at cooler temperatures. a.i. found in Provado, plus the pyrethroid cyfluthrin, the
Although mammalian toxicity of most pyrethroids is a.i. in *Baythroid. The pome fruit label includes internal
relatively low, direct exposure can cause allergic reactions worms and leafrollers, aphids (except woolly apple
such as skin irritations and difficulty in breathing. Fish are aphid), apple maggot (combined with a sticker), sawfly,
highly sensitive to pyrethroid insecticides. Therefore, drift plum curculio, San Jose scale crawlers, and plant bugs;
or runoff to bodies of water should be avoided when the stone fruit label adds Japanese beetle, American
spraying. Pyrethroids can have undesirable effects on plum borer, and cherry fruit fly, among others. This
nontarget organisms in the orchard. Most pyrethroids, when product may not be applied prebloom. It has a high bee
used postbloom, have a temporary suppressive effect on poisoning hazard. [Note: For best effectiveness and
spider mites, but populations often recover quickly, insecticide resistance management, the use of pre-mixes
resulting in outbreaks. Predator mites are very sensitive to such as *Leverage should be reserved for those
pyrethroid insecticides and are repelled for many weeks by situations when the pest complex to be treated is
the residue. Postbloom use of these compounds on apple or appropriately matched to the combination of active
pear can also result in outbreaks of the woolly apple aphid ingredients and modes of action contained in the
on apple and Comstock mealybug on apple or pear. product.]
Currently, Cornell does not recommend multiple Formulation available and EPA registration
applications of pyrethroids in regular cover-spray programs number: Leverage 2.7 (Bayer) 1.6EC: 264-770.
on any fruit crop because of secondary pest problems and
the increased likelihood of resistance development. *Esfenvalerate (*Asana XL). *Asana XL is a purified
However, pyrethroids are valuable for the control of special ester of fenvalerate with generally better activity, which
pest problems on fruit that are difficult to control with is reflected in its low labeled usage rates. *Asana XL is
organophosphate or carbamate insecticides. To extend the registered for control of apple, pear, and stone fruit
field life of these compounds and delay development of pests. It is particularly useful for prebloom insect control
resistance, they should not be applied more than once or on apple and against pear psylla; however, tolerance or
twice/season in an orchard. resistance to *fenvalerate has been documented in some
New York pear psylla populations. It has a high bee-
Bifenthrin (*Bifenture, *Brigade, *Fanfare) is labeled for poisoning hazard.
use on pears. This is a relatively established pyrethroid Formulation available and EPA registration
in other crops, and was one of the first that demonstrated number: *Asana XL (DuPont) 0.66EC: 352-515.
mite control in addition to the efficacy profile common
to other members of this family. Besides European and *Fenpropathrin (*Danitol) is labeled for control of
twospotted spider mites, the label also includes aphids, insect pests of apples and pears, including leafminers,
codling moth, green fruitworm and leafrollers, leafhoppers, leafrollers, tarnished plant bug, aphids,
leafhoppers, plant and stink bugs, and plum curculio. plum curculio, internal leps, and apple maggot, with
Pear psylla is not on the label. This material has a high activity also against European red mite. It has a high bee
bee poisoning hazard. poisoning hazard.
Formulations available and EPA registration Formulation available and EPA registration
numbers: *Bifenture (United Phosphorus) 2EC: 70506- number: *Danitol (Valent) 2.4EC: 59639-35.
57; *Brigade (FMC) 10WS: 279-3108; *Fanfare
(Makhteshim Agan) 2EC: 66222-99. *Gamma-Cyhalothrin (*Proaxis) is identical to
*lambda-cyhalothrin, below, in that they both contain
*Cyfluthrin (*Baythroid) is registered for use on all pome the same a.i., but, whereas *Warrior is a mixture of both
and stone fruits in New England. This synthetic the active and inactive isomer, *Proaxis contains only
pyrethroid has activity on a broad range of the major the active (“resolved”) isomer. It is formulated as a 0.5
insect pest species in tree fruit crops, including lb a.i. /gal capsule suspension, but because 1 gal of
leafhoppers, internal Lepidoptera, leafrollers, plum *Warrior contains the same amount of active isomer as
curculio, apple maggot, sawflies, true bugs, San Jose 1 gal of *Proaxis, the labeled uses, rates, and restrictions
scale crawlers, American plum borer, black cherry of the two products are identical. It has a high bee-
aphid, and cherry fruit fly. It has a high bee poisoning poisoning hazard.
hazard. Formulation available and EPA registration
number: *Proaxis (Loveland) 0.5CS: 74921-3-34704.

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Lambda-Cyhalothrin (*Lambda-Cy, *Taiga Z, §Azadirachtin (Aza-Direct, Neemix 4.5, Azatin XL) is

*Warrior) is labeled for control of insect pests of all tree derived from the seeds of the neem tree, Azadirachta
fruits, including leafrollers, codling moth, oriental fruit indica, which is widely distributed throughout Asia and
moth, lesser appleworm, green fruitworm, leafminers, Africa. Azadirachtin has been shown to have repellent,
apple maggot, cherry fruit flies, plum curculio, plant antifeedent, or growth regulating insecticidal activity
bugs, leafhoppers, aphids, pear psylla, peachtree borers, against a large number of insect species and some mites.
American plum borer, Japanese beetle and San Jose It has also been reported to act as a repellent to
scale. It has a high bee poisoning hazard. nematodes. Neem extracts have also been used in
Formulations available and EPA registration medicines, soap, toothpaste and cosmetics. It shows
numbers: *Lambda-Cy (United Phosphorus) 1EC: some activity against leafminers, leafhoppers,
70506-121; *Taiga Z (WinField Solutions) 1CS: 100- mealybugs, aphids, caterpillars, tarnished plant bug and
1112-1381; *Warrior (Syngenta) 1CS: 100-1112; pear psylla, but repeated applications at short intervals
2.08CS: 100-1295. are probably necessary for acceptable control of most
pests. Azadirachtin is relatively short-lived and
*Permethrin (*Ambush, *Perm-Up, *Pounce) is labeled mammalian toxicity is low (rat oral LD50 >10,000). It
for control of insect pests of cherries, pears, and can be used up to and including the day of harvest and
peaches. On apples, use is restricted to prebloom and reentry is permitted without protective clothing after the
petal fall applications. Its recommended use is similar to spray has dried. It is relatively nontoxic to beneficials,
that of *esfenvalerate. It has a high bee-poisoning but toxic to fish, aquatic invertebrates, and bees exposed
hazard. to direct treatment, although relatively non-toxic when
Formulations available and EPA registration dried. It is therefore categorized as having a moderate
numbers: *Ambush (AMVAC) 25WP: 5481-502; bee poisoning hazard.
*Perm-Up (United Phosphorus) 3.2EC: 70506-9; Formulations available and EPA registration
*Pounce (FMC) 25WP: 279-3051 numbers: Aza-Direct (Gowan) 1.2L: 71908-1-10163;
Neemix 4.5 (Certis) 4.5L: 70051-9; Azatin XL (Certis)
0.27EC: 70051-27-59807.
5.6.4 Other Materials
*Abamectin (*Agri-Mek) is a natural fermentation §Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt, Dipel, Deliver, Biobit,
product containing a macrocyclic glycoside, used on Javelin, Agree) is a microbial insecticide specifically for
apples and pears as an acaricide/insecticide. When used the control of caterpillars. It contains spores and
as currently recommended, it controls European red mite crystalline endotoxin that must be ingested by larvae
and pear psylla, and aids in the control of spotted with high gut pH to provide control. It is effective
tentiform leafminer. Abamectin is toxic to bees and against many fruit pests, including leafrollers and
predator mites on contact, but the foliar residue fruitworms. Although this material will control codling
dissipates quickly, making it essentially non-toxic to moth and other internal lepidopteran apple pests, it does
these species after a few hours (low bee-poisoning not provide as effective control as do most conventional
hazard). insecticides. One exception is the obliquebanded
Formulation available and EPA registration leafroller, which has become so difficult to control with
number: *Agri-Mek (Syngenta) 0.15EC: 100-898; conventional toxicants that the Bt products work at least
*Abba (Makhteshim) 0.15EC: 66222-139; *Temprano as well as any material available. This material is
(Chemtura) 0.15EC: 67760-71-400. exempt from requirements for a tolerance on all raw
agricultural commodities, thus it can be sprayed up until
Acetamiprid (Assail) belongs to the neonicotinoid group harvest. It is harmless to humans, animals, and
of insecticides (along with Provado and Actara). It was beneficial insects, including the honey bee.
registered by the US EPA under the reduced risk Formulations available and EPA registration
pesticide policy and is considered a replacement for numbers: Agree WG (Certis) 3.8WS: 70051-47; Biobit
older OP insecticides. Assail has a spectrum of XL (Valent BioSciences) 2.1FC: 73049-46; Deliver
effectiveness across several insect groups, and is active (Certis) 18WG: 70051 - 69; DiPel (Valent BioSciences)
against pests such as plum curculio, apple maggot, 10.3DF:73049-39; Javelin (Certis) 7.5WDG:70051-66.
internal leps, aphids, leafhoppers, leafminers, San Jose
scale, European apple sawfly and mullein plant bug, Chlorantraniliprole (Rynaxypyr) (Altacor) belongs
plus pear pests such as pear psylla and Comstock to a new chemical class, the anthranilic diamides, which
mealybug. It has low toxicity to honey bees and most activate the insect's ryanodine receptors, stimulating
beneficial insects, although some flaring of mites has release of calcium from muscle tissues, and causing
been reported by researchers. paralysis and death. Altacor is labeled for the control of
Formulation available and EPA registration a range of insect pests in pome and stone fruits,
number: Assail (United Phosphorus) 30SG: 8033-36- including codling moth, oriental fruit moth, and
82695. obliquebanded leafroller. Other species listed on the

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label include green fruitworm, spotted tentiform areas, tarnished plant bug. This material is useful in
leafminer, apple sawfly, European corn borer, and integrated mite control programs because of its low
suppression of apple maggot, cherry fruit fly, white toxicity to predator mites. It is highly toxic to fish and
apple leafhopper, and plum curculio. It has low toxicity should not be used near any body of water. Because of
to bees, beneficial mites, birds, fish and mammals. its long residual effectiveness, the days-to-harvest
Formulation available and EPA registration intervals are longer and the number of applications/
number: Altacor (DuPont) 35WDG: 352-730 season more restricted than for other materials. No
phytotoxic or fruit finish problems have been observed
§Codling Moth Granulosis Virus (Carpovirusine, with either the EC or WP formulations. *Thiodan has a
Cyd-X) These products contain an insecticidal moderate bee-poisoning hazard.
baculovirus, Cydia pomonella granulovirus, which is Formulations available and EPA registration
specific to the larval form of the codling moth, and is numbers: *Thionex (Makhteshim) 3EC: 66222-63;
registered for use in apples, pears, and (Cyd-X only) 50WP: 66222-62.
plums. This biological insecticide must be ingested in
order to be effective, after which the viral occlusion Flonicamid (Beleaf) is labeled against aphids and plant
bodies dissolve in the larval midgut and release bugs for pome fruit and stone fruit; the label classifies it
infectious virions. These enter the cells lining the as a member of the pyridinecarboxamide family, an
digestive tract, where they replicate; eventually, the IRAC Section 9C material, which is defined as
other tissues are infected and the larva stops feeding and "Unknown or non-specific mode of action – selective
eventually (within 3–7 days) dies. After death, the larva feeding blockers". Researchers have reported good
disintegrates, releasing billions of new occlusion bodies, efficacy against green peach aphid and tarnished plant
which may infect other codling moth larvae upon bug in peaches. The label also lists apple aphid, black
ingestion. No adverse effect to fish, wildlife or cherry aphid, rosy apple aphid, spirea aphid and woolly
beneficial organisms has been observed; it has a low apple aphid. It has a low bee poisoning hazard.
bee-poisoning hazard. Formulation available and EPA registration
Formulations available and EPA registration number: Beleaf (FMC) 50SG: 71512-10-279.
numbers: Carpovirusine (Arysta LifeScience) 0.99SC:
66330-55; Cyd-X (Certis) 0.06SC: 70051-44. Imidacloprid (Provado) is a broad spectrum contact and
locally systemic chloronicotinyl insecticide with low
*Emamectin benzoate (*Proclaim) is registered for mammalian toxicity. It is primarily effective against
use on pome fruits. This restricted-use material is a aphids, whiteflies, thrips, scales (crawlers), pyslla,
soluble granule formulation of emamectin benzoate, leafhoppers, mealybugs, some beetle and weevil species,
which is a second-generation avermectin insecticide and leafminers. The flowable formulation is labeled on
related to *Agri-Mek. The primary target pests are apples for aphids (except woolly apple aphid),
leafrollers, leafminers, and fruitworms; however, the leafminers, leafhoppers and San Jose scale and on pears
label also lists suppression of codling moth, oriental for aphids, pear psylla, mealybug, and San Jose scale. It
fruit moth, lesser appleworm, pear psylla, and spider has also shown activity against pear midge when applied
mites (European red mite and twospotted spider mite). at petal fall. This material has no effect on any mites,
In 2007, it was granted a 2(ee) registration for the beneficial or phytophagous, but is hard on Stethorus.
control of 1st generation (only) codling moth in apples. High bee-poisoning hazard, exhibiting toxicity on
*Proclaim is translaminar, being absorbed quickly into contact plus repellency and hive disorientation.
the leaf tissue, and forming a reservoir of a.i. against Compatibility note: may be mixed with other
plant-feeding pests. Although it is most effective when pesticides, although a preliminary test of compatibility
ingested, limited contact activity does exist for a short with candidate materials is recommended. When
period after application. Addition of a penetrating preparing tank mixtures, add wettable powders first,
adjuvant such as horticultural mineral oil or a nonionic then Provado and other flowables, and emulsifiable
surfactant is recommended. It has a high bee poisoning concentrates last.
hazard. Formulation available and EPA registration
Formulation available and EPA registration number: Provado (Bayer) 1.6F: 264-763.
number: *Proclaim (Syngenta) 5SG: 100-904.
Indoxacarb (Avaunt) is a broad-spectrum oxadiazine
*Endosulfan (*Thionex) is a long-residual period labeled in apples and pears against plum curculio, apple
chlorinated hydrocarbon registered for use on peaches, maggot, and European apple sawfly, with some activity
pears, apples, plums, cherries, and other fruit crops. also on Lepidoptera such as codling moth, oriental fruit
Used as a preplant as well as seasonal treatment on moth and leafminers, as well as leafhoppers. The active
stone fruits for control of peachtree borers, it is also ingredient is activated by the insect to an insecticidal
effective against aphids, white apple leafhopper, adult form only upon ingestion or absorption through the
leafminers, green fruitworms, cutworms, and, in some cuticle, after which it causes paralysis by interference

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with the sodium flow into nerve cells. It has generally §Pheromones for mating disruption Synthetic
slight to no effects on beneficial insects and mites, but is pheromones are available for disrupting the chemical
highly toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment and communication of certain insect pests, thereby
relatively non-toxic when dried. It is therefore preventing them from mating and producing larvae that
categorized as having a moderate bee poisoning hazard. injure the crop. Pest-specific pheromones are released
Formulation available and EPA registration from dispensers or microcapsules placed or sprayed in
number: Avaunt (DuPont) 30WDG: 352-597. the orchard before the initiation of flight, and can reduce
or in some cases eliminate the need for supplementary
§Insecticidal soaps (M-Pede) are concentrates made insecticidal sprays. This approach works best in large
from biodegradable fatty acids and are contact (5-10A or more), rectangular plantings, where the
insecticides that can be effective against such soft- pheromone concentration in the air is more uniform and
bodied arthropods as aphids, mealybugs, and psyllids. can be maintained at a high level. Border insecticide
They can provide suppression of pear psylla when used sprays may be needed in orchards adjacent to sources of
in a seasonal spray program, but the residual period is adult immigration or in other high pressure situations.
short, and uniform drying conditions are required to Formulations available and EPA registration
prevent droplet residues on the fruit surface. They have numbers: For oriental fruit moth – Checkmate OFM-F
a low bee-poisoning hazard. (Suterra): 56336-24; Isomate-M 100 (CBC): 53575-19.
Formulation available and EPA registration For peachtree borers – Isomate-LPTB (CBC): 53575-23.
number: M-Pede (Mycogen) 49L: 53219-6. For obliquebanded leafroller – Isomate-OBLR/PLR Plus
(CBC): 53575-24. For codling moth – Isomate-C TT
§Kaolin (Surround) is a naturally occurring clay mineral (CBC): 53575-25; Checkmate CM-F (Suterra): 56336-
that has many uses as a direct and indirect food additive, 37; Checkmate Puffer CM-O (Suterra): 73479-9. For
in food contact items, cosmetics and toiletries, and as an codling moth plus oriental fruit moth – Checkmate CM-
inert ingredient in many pesticide formulations. When OFM Duel (Suterra): 56336-49; Checkmate Puffer CM-
applied, the 95WP crop protectant forms a white, OFM (Suterra): 73479-11; Isomate-CM/OFM TT
mineral-based particle film intended to reduce the (CBC): 53575-30; SPLAT Cydia (ISCA): 80286-3;
damage to plants caused by certain arthropod and SPLAT OFM 30M-1 (ISCA): 80286-1.
disease pests, as well as environmental stress caused by
solar effects. In research trials in apples, it has shown §Pyrethrin or Pyrethrum (PyGanic, Pyrenone) is
some preventive efficacy against plum curculio, internal produced in the flowers of Chrysanthemum
Lepidoptera such as codling moth and oriental fruit cinerariaefolium and is the forerunner of the synthetic
moth, leafrollers, phytophagous mites, leafhoppers, and pyrethroid insecticides. It is available as an emulsifiable
apple maggot. In pears, it can additionally suppress pear concentrate, (PyGanic), or synergized by piperonyl
psylla, and in stone fruits it reduces feeding damage butoxide (Pyrenone). Pyrethrin is labeled against a large
from Japanese beetle. Frequent applications (7–10-day number of pests. It may be moderately to highly
intervals) and maximal coverage are advised in New effective against leafhoppers, aphids, pear psylla, apple
England while there is active foliar growth. Surround maggot, codling moth, true bugs, caterpillars,
has a low bee poisoning hazard. mealybugs, plum curculio, and thrips. It is quickly
Formulation available and EPA registration broken down in the environment and may be used up to
number: Surround (TKI) 95WP: 61842-18. and including the day of harvest. Pyrethrin is relatively
non-toxic to humans and other mammals, although the
Methoxyfenozide (Intrepid) is the more-active dust produces allergy attacks in people who are allergic
successor to Confirm (tebufenozide); it imitates the to ragweed pollen. The acute oral LD50 is 1200 to 1500
natural insect molting hormone, and works by initiating mg/kg. It is toxic to fish, and has a low bee-poisoning
the molting process within a few hours of ingestion. The hazard.
premature molt makes it impossible for the larva to Formulations available and EPA registration
complete the shedding of the original exoskeleton. The numbers: PyGanic (McLaughlin Gormley King) 1.4EC:
larva is trapped within the old cuticle and death occurs, 1021-1771; Pyrenone (Bayer) 6L: 432-1033.
usually within 2–5 days, due to starvation and
dehydration. Intrepid is labeled for use in apples and Pyriproxyfen (Esteem), which is registered for use in all
pears, principally against obliquebanded leafroller, pome and stone fruits, is a juvenile hormone analog (a
although activity against oriental fruit moth, codling type of insect growth regulator) that interferes with the
moth and lesser appleworm is also exhibited. Intrepid is insect’s normal metamorphosis and kills by retarding its
essentially safe to birds, fish, and most beneficials; growth and causing sterility; ovicidal activity is also
however, it is toxic to aquatic invertebrates. It has a low exhibited. It shows translaminar properties, so
bee-poisoning hazard. applications on the top surface of the leaf will affect
Formulation available and EPA registration insects on the bottom surface. While it has no activity on
number: Intrepid (Dow AgroSciences) 2F: 62719-442. adult insects, hatching of eggs laid by treated adults will

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be suppressed. Although leafrollers and codling moth Formulation available and EPA registration
appear on the label, results from preliminary field trials number: Movento (Bayer CropScience) 240SC: 264-
in the region suggest that it has greatest efficacy on San 1050.
Jose scale, pear psylla, leafminers and aphids. It has low
toxicity or is non-toxic to most beneficial species, and Thiacloprid (Calypso) is a neonicotinoid registered for
has a low bee poisoning hazard. use on apple, pear and quince, exhibiting both systemic
Formulation available and EPA registration activity and crop safety. Its mode of action is through
number: Esteem (Valent BioSciences) 35WP:59639- interference with the nicotinergic acetylchloline
115. receptor, and it controls pests by both contact and
stomach activities. Calypso has activity on apples
Rynaxypyr (see Chlorantraniliprole) against aphids (except woolly apple aphid), leafminers,
leafhoppers, mirid bugs, codling moth, oriental fruit
Spinetoram (Delegate) is a new spinosyn insecticide moth, plum curculio, apple maggot, and European apple
related to spinosad (below), but which has been sawfly. It will also suppress scale insects (crawler
chemically modified to be more active and effective stage). On pears, it is active against pear psylla, aphids,
against a broader range of insects. It has efficacy against codling moth, mealybugs, leafminers, and the pear
internal feeding Lepidoptera such as codling moth and midge. It will also suppress scale insects on pears.
oriental fruit moth, plus leafrollers and leafminers. It is Calypso has a low acute toxicity to warm-blooded
also labeled for control of pear psylla, thrips, and cherry animals and a low bee poisoning hazard; however, it is
fruit fly, and shows suppression of apple maggot and highly toxic to marine/estuarine invertebrates.
plum curculio. Like spinosad, it acts by disrupting insect Fomulation available and EPA registration
nerve function. It is nontoxic to birds, fish, aquatic number: Calypso (Bayer) 4F: 264-806.
invertebrates, and most beneficial arthropods. It has a
low bee-poisoning hazard. Thiamethoxam (Actara) is a broad-spectrum
Formulation available and EPA registration neonicotinoid material labeled for use in apples and
number: Delegate (Dow AgroSciences) 25WG: 62719- pears against a number of chewing and sucking pests. It
541. moves rapidly into plant mesophyll tissues, where it is
locally systemic and protected from rapid degradation. It
Spinosad (SpinTor, §Entrust) is a mixture of spinosyn A shows activity against plum curculio, aphids, European
and spinosyn D molecules, a naturally derived group of apple sawfly, leafhoppers, mealybugs, and pear psylla.
toxicants from a species of Actinomycete bacteria. Although it has little effect on predatory mites or
Spinosad, which acts as both a contact and a stomach beneficial insects, it is toxic to fish and aquatic
poison, is available for use in apples, pears and stone invertebrates, and highly toxic to bees exposed to direct
fruits, primarily against obliquebanded leafroller, treatment, although relatively non-toxic when dried. It is
although activity against spotted tentiform leafminer is therefore categorized as having a moderate bee
also exhibited. Spinosad is essentially nontoxic to birds, poisoning hazard.
fish, aquatic invertebrates, and most beneficials. It has a Formulation available and EPA registration
low bee-poisoning hazard. number: Actara (Syngenta) 25WDG: 100-938.
Formulations available and EPA registration
numbers: §Entrust (Dow AgroSciences) 80WP: 62719-
282; SpinTor (Dow AgroSciences) 2SC: 62719-294.
5.7 Acaricides
Of the species of mites found on fruit trees in New England,
Spirotetramat (Movento) is a tetramic acid registered only the European red mite and the twospotted spider mite
for the control of a number of indirect pests in pome are abundant and widely enough distributed to be major
fruits and stone fruits, primarily aphids (including problems.
woolly apple aphid), mealybugs, pear psylla, and San
Jose scale. It has systemic activity, exhibiting 2-way Mites are not insects, and because they are not affected by
movement in the plant, both upwards in the xylem to most insecticides, special chemicals, known as acaricides,
new shoots and leaves, and downwards in the phloem to have been developed for their control. With few exceptions,
the root tissues. Its mode of action is as a Lipid acaricides are not effective against insects. Therefore,
Biosynthesis Inhibitor (LBI), and it is active by growers who want to control mites in their orchards should
ingestion against immature insects feeding on treated (A) use oil during the half-inch green to tight cluster period,
plants. Additionally, adult females have exhibited or an acaricide at the tight cluster to pink bud stage, and
reduced fecundity and offspring survival. Movento is then (B) regularly monitor mite populations on the foliage
not toxic to bees or beneficial arthropods, and poses low from petal fall until harvest, applying an acaricide and/or an
risk to wildlife, including fish and birds. insecticide that will provide some suppression when mite
numbers exceed the threshold for that period (refer to Figs.
4–6). For further information on the use of these materials,

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their limitations, and the precautions to be observed, refer sterilizes adults; its translaminar movement into the leaf
to the Comments sections in the spray recommendations. tissue ensures longer residual activity and action against
mites feeding on plant surfaces not directly contacted by
Abamectin (*Agri-Mek). Refer to “Other Materials” the spray application. It is labeled for use on apples,
section. pears, and cherries; only one application per year is
permitted. It has a low bee-poisoning hazard.
Acequinocyl (Kanemite) is registered for control of Formulation available and EPA registration
European red mite and twospotted spider mite in apples number: Zeal Miticide1 (Valent) 72WS: 59639-138.
and pears. This material, which is a member of the
quinoline family, represents new chemistry and a novel Fenpyroximate (Portal) is a phenoxypyrazole
mode of action, against which no resistance has yet been acaricide and insecticide labeled for use in apples and
demonstrated in mite populations. It has activity against pears to control European red mite, twospotted spider
all life stages and is recommended for use against mite, pear rust mite, leafhoppers, mealybugs and pear
threshold populations, normally those occurring in psylla. Portal belongs to the METI (Mitochondrial
summer. Two applications per season are allowed; it is Electron Transport Inhibitor) class of compounds. For
nominally safe to predatory mites and has a low bee effective resistance management, Portal should be
poisoning hazard. used in rotation with other modes of action. The active
Formulation available and EPA registration ingredient in Portal, fenpyroximate, works by blocking
number: Kanemite (Arysta LifeScience) 15SC: 66330- cellular respiration, which gives it activity against all
38. motile stages of mites: larvae, nymphs, and adults.
Portal may not be used before petal fall; it has a 2
Bifenazate (Acramite) is a carbazate that acts as a application per season maximum. It is classified as a
contact acaricide against both the motile stages of mites reduced-risk material, and has a low bee-poisoning
and the larvae and nymphs that hatch from treated eggs. hazard.
Because this represents a new class of chemistry, there Formulation available and EPA registration
is no cross-resistance of this material demonstrated with number: Portal (Nichino) 0.4EC: 71711-19.
other currently used acaricides. It is effective against
both European red mite and twospotted spider mite, Formetanate hydrochloride (Carzol) is a carbamate
exhibiting a rapid knockdown of contacted motile forms acaricide-insecticide used for control of European red
and a relatively long residual efficacy period. It is mite and twospotted spider mite on pears, apples, and
labeled in New England for use on apples, pears, peaches and against phosphate-resistant white apple
peaches, nectarines, plums and prunes. Only one leafhopper, potato leafhopper, and spotted tentiform
application per year is permitted. It is moderately toxic leafminer on apples. Suppression of tarnished plant bug
to honeybees upon direct contact, but low in toxicity by has been achieved during some seasons with prebloom
foliar residue: it therefore has a moderate bee poisoning applications. Carzol is quite susceptible to alkaline
hazard. hydrolysis and should be freshly prepared before each
Formulation available and EPA registration application. This material may not be applied past the
number: Acramite (Chemtura) 50WS: 400-503. petal fall stage. Carzol is toxic to birds and other
wildlife and highly toxic to predatory mites. It has a
Clofentezine (Apollo) is a tetrazine compound used as a moderate bee-poisoning hazard.
contact acaricide that acts primarily as an Formulations available and EPA registration
ovicide/larvicide; it is particularly effective against numbers: Carzol (Gowan) 92SP: 10163-265.
winter eggs of European red mite. Following early
season applications, it gives excellent residual control. *Hexakis or Fenbutatin Oxide (*Vendex) is an
Its use in apples is restricted to no later than 45 days organotin compound registered for the control of a wide
before harvest, but in pears, cherries, peaches and range of plant-feeding mites on several fruit crops,
apricots it may be used up until 21 days before harvest. including strains that are resistant to some other
It is safe to bees (low bee-poisoning hazard), beneficial miticides. Where resistance to Plictran has been found,
insects, and predatory mites. It is not an effective it is highly likely that resistance to this material is also
adulticide. present. *Vendex is nontoxic to honey bees, and is
Formulation available and EPA registration relatively nontoxic to predatory mites. It can be readily
number: Apollo (Makhteshim-Agan) 4SC: 66222-47. dispersed and can be used in conventional, dilute or
concentrate, sprayers. Agitation is required during
Etoxazole (Zeal) acts like an insect growth regulator by mixing and spraying. Thorough coverage of foliage and
inhibiting molting, and has very good activity against all fruit is necessary for optimum mite control. This product
life stages of European red mite and twospotted spider is compatible with insecticides. It is not to be applied
mite when applied preventatively or at threshold. It more than 4 times/season or more than 3 times between
stops egg, larva and nymph development on contact and petal fall and harvest. This product is corrosive and may

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cause skin irritation, respiratory irritation, and eye control and its phytotoxicity. Oils in the 60- to 70-
damage. Use protective clothing and goggles as second viscosity range have historically been
described on the label. Do not graze treated areas or recommended as the preferred products for effective
contaminate food or feedstuffs. *Vendex is toxic to fish mite control with minimum phytotoxicity to fruit trees.
and has a low bee-poisoning hazard. However, because of blending processes used by
Formulation available and EPA registration petroleum refiners, it now appears that the viscosity of a
number: *Vendex (United Phosphorus) 50WP: 1812- given product is a less reliable indicator of suitability
413. than is the 50% distillation temperature, with a value of
412 +/- 8° F being preferred for prebloom use. Table
Hexythiazox (Savey, Onager) is a carboxamide 5.7.1 gives the specifications for narrow range plant-
compound used as a contact and stomach-poison spray oils currently available that permit relatively safe
acaricide. It is effective against eggs and larvae of use on apple foliage during the summer months. An oil
European red mite; it will not kill adults. It is registered is a physical pesticide, effective only when the film
for a single application in all pome and stone fruits, and deposited covers every egg or young mite. Therefore,
may be used up to 28 days before harvest. It provides thorough spraying and complete coverage of the entire
excellent residual control, and is safe to bees (low bee- tree are essential. A prebloom oil is recommended at 2
poisoning hazard), beneficial insects, and predatory gal/100 from the 1/2-inch green to the tight cluster
mites. stage. A concentration of 1 gal/100 is advised from the
Formulations available and EPA registration tight cluster to the pink stage because mite eggs become
numbers: Savey (Gowan) 50DF: 10163-250; Onager more susceptible as the season advances. In apple
(Gowan) 1EC: 10163-277. orchards that have received an early season oil spray, a
summer oil can effectively suppress mite populations
§Petroleum Oil Emulsions have been applied in the when applied at petal fall and in subsequent cover
dormant and/or prebloom period for many years to sprays at rates of 1 to 2 gal/100 gal of finish spray
control certain scales and other insects, as well as the solution. Although generally compatible with most crop
European red mite. Although oil was once largely protection chemicals, oil should never be mixed with
supplemented or replaced by new pesticides, it is still fungicides containing sulfur, such as Captan or Bravo.
strongly recommended for red mite control, and has Refer to Section 18.4 for guidelines in determining
been used with increasing frequency during the past few potential compatibility. Apple variety, moisture stress,
years. Newer acaricides often prove unreliable as the and spray drying conditions should be taken into
mite populations develop resistance to them; mites are account to minimize any possible effects on foliage
generally unable to develop resistance to oil. The type of quality and fruit finish. Summer oils can increase the
oil, as well as its viscosity and other characteristics, has
an important influence on its effectiveness in pest .

Table 5.7.1. Optimum properties of representative narrow-range oils available in the US1
Orchex 796
Sunspray Volck Gavicide
Specification (Omni NR 415 NR 440
Ultra-Fine Supreme Super 90
Supreme)
Distillation temperature (°F at 0.2 psi) ASTM D-1160
50% 414 440 415 440 476 440
10%–90% range 65 68 60 80 85 55
Unsulfonated Residue 92 92 92 92 99 93
(% min.) ASTM D-483
API gravity 32 35.1 32 31 34.8 33
ASTM D-4052
Viscosity SUS (sec at 68 74 70 100 105 86
100° F) ASTM D-446
Pour point (°F) 10 6 20 20 10 5
ASTM D-97
1
Davidson et al. (Davidson NA, Dibble JE, Flint ML, Marer PJ, Guye A. 1991. Managing insects and mites with spray oils. University of
California Publication 3347. 47 p.) used the term 'narrow-range' to refer to paraffinic oils with ≥ 92% UR and ASTM D 1160-based 10%-
90% distillation ranges of <111° F at 0.2 psi. and the then-recently formulated 'supreme oils' alike, and regarded the latter to be as safe as
'narrow-range' products for use on plants, but stated that they may pose more of a phytotoxicity problem on water-stressed plants because
of their greater persistence. The term 'supreme oil' is now widely recognized as meaning a paraffinic product that would now be classified
as an Agricultural Mineral Oil (AMO). Some of these products, and some Horticultural Mineral Oils (HMO's), have very high UR values
(99.9%) that meet criteria required for US Food and Drug Administration classification as food grade medicinal (pharmaceutical) paraffins

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incidence of scarf skin in varieties such as Red Rome, severely reduce the growth of the new trees. This effect can
Jonathan, and Stayman. Oil has a low bee-poisoning occur in all soil types, regardless of nematode levels. Trees
hazard in such situations frequently show a significant growth
Formulations available and EPA registration increase following preplant treatment with a broad-
numbers: Sunspray (Sun) 6E: 862-11; Stylet-Oil (JMS spectrum fumigant that kills fungi and other
Flower Farms): 65564-1; Damoil (Drexel): 19713-123; microorganisms as well as nematodes.
OMNI Oil 6E (Helena): 5905-368; Saf-T-Side (Brandt
Consolidated): 48813-1; PureSpray Spray Oil 10E Although fumigants are frequently cost-effective, their
(Petro-Canada): 69526-5; PureSpray Green (Petro- potential benefits are often lost when they are applied to
Canada): 69526-9; Prescription Treatment Ultra-Fine soils that are cold and wet or are otherwise poorly prepared.
(Whitmire Micro-Gen): 862-23-499; Mite-E-Oil For best results, the site should be plowed as deeply as
(Helena): 5905-302. possible (at least 12 in.) after the old orchard is removed,
and all old roots that turn up should be discarded. The land
Use this procedure for mixing a fungicide- should then be limed, fertilized, fitted, and planted with a
insecticide-oil combination: cover crop such as creeping red fescue, perennial ryegrass,
or sudangrass. The land should be cover cropped for at least
1. Fill the spray tank 1/4 full with water and add the 1 yr, preferably 2 or 3. Near the end of July during the year
liquid or wettable powder pesticide. before new trees are to be planted, the cover crop should be
2. Resume filling the tank and add the self- plowed under and nitrogen added to improve its
emulsifying oil. Continue agitation. decomposition. Poor decomposition of the cover crop or
3. Do not allow mixture to stand without agitation. other weeds will reduce the effectiveness of the fumigant.
The site should then be disked repeatedly to keep down
When using the tank-mix oils, first combine the wettable weeds and work the soil into seedbed condition. The soil
powder or liquid pesticides with 100 gal of water should be loose to a depth of at least 10 in. and free of any
containing the emulsifying agent. Then add the oil to the large, hard clods that the fumigant can’t penetrate.
mixture. Agitate vigorously while spraying Fumigants are generally most effective if applied while the
soil is relatively warm and dry. The best time for
Pyridaben (Nexter) is a pyridazinone compound used as fumigation is mid-August to early September, although
a selective contact acaricide-insecticide in apples and materials may still be effective is applied until mid-October
pears, plus all stone fruits, with effectiveness against under some conditions. In N.Y. State soils, best results have
motile forms of mites and pear psylla; it does not kill been obtained with broad-spectrum soil fumigants (Table
eggs. It is recommended for use to control postbloom 5.8.1).
mite and psylla populations, and is an effective late
season rescue material. Nexter is toxic to fish and For cost effectiveness, fumigants should be applied in
aquatic invertebrates, and has a high bee-poisoning bands 8 ft wide centered over the row. The material should
hazard. be injected to a depth of 12 in. with shank applicators 6 to 8
Formulation available and EPA registration in. apart for VapamHL and 10 to 12 in. apart for *Telone C-
number: Nexter (Gowan) 75WS: 81880-4-10163. 17 or *Telone C-35. Rolling or cultipacking after treatment
will help seal the surface and improve the activity of the
fumigant. Before the trees are planted in the spring, the soil
5.8 Fumigants and Nematicides for Tree should be disked, care being taken not to throw
Fruits unfumigated soil onto the treated band.
Whenever a new orchard is being planted in an old orchard
site, preplant soil fumigation should be considered. Postplant Nematicides. Where soil analysis shows
Nematodes, particularly Pratylenchus penetrans (the lesion high populations of parasitic nematodes in a young
nematode), can seriously injure the roots of a newly planted orchard, a postplant application of a nematicide may be
tree, restricting its growth and future productivity. This type justified. Currently, 2 chemicals are registered on
of injury is most common on cherries, but all fruit trees are nonbearing trees for such a purpose (Table 5.8.2): (1)
susceptible to some extent. Nematodes are more likely to *Oxamyl (*Vydate 2L) - mix 2 qt *Vydate 2L plus 4 oz
build up to damaging levels in sandy and loamy soils than of a surfactant/100 gal of water and apply as a foliar
in heavier soil types. The dagger nematode, Xiphenema spray to the point of runoff. Make 4 applications on a
americanum, can also cause serious losses at population 14- to 21-day schedule, beginning at first full leaf (about
levels too low to cause serious root injury by its the time that petal fall occurs on mature trees). (2)
transmission of the virus that causes stem pitting of stone *fenamiphos (*Nemacur), for the control of lesion
fruits, the constriction disease on Stanley prune trees, and nematode on apple, peach, and cherry trees. Apply to
apple union necrosis on trees grown on MM.106 rootstock. the soil surface within the drip line of the trees, at the
rate of 5–6.5 gal of the 3S formulation or 100–130 lb of
Where apples are being replanted following apples, the 15G formulation/treated A. The treatment is made
soilborne microorganisms can damage young tree roots and once (May until early June) each year for at least 2

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successive years. Preharvest intervals for *Nemacur are contact, post-emergent, desiccant herbicide for control
75 days for apples and 45 days for peaches and cherries. of young broadleaf weeds only; it has no effect on
grasses or sedges. Aim is most effective if used on
Table 5.8.1. Preplant nematicidal and broad- weeds that are small (up to 4 inches high) in
spectrum soil fumigants. combination with glyphosate. Tank mix provides faster
desiccation of weeds than glyphosate alone, but is not
Rate/ effective for long term control of perennial weeds. Aim
Treated A should always be mixed with crop oil concentrate or
Soil Fumigant Trade Name (gal) nonionic surfactant. Do not allow spray to contact green
Nematicidal Soil Fumigants bark, fruit or foliage. Aim can be used for sucker control
when tissue is soft and succulent.
*1-3-dichloropropene *Telone II 10-15
Broad-Spectrum Soil Fumigants Clopyralid is registered as Stinger, at 3 lb.ai/ gallon. It is
*chloropictrin plus *Telone C-17 32-42 a selective, postemergence herbicide for control of some
*1,3-dichloropropene broadleaf weeds if applied while weeds are generally
small and actively growing. Some of the weeds
*chloropicrin plus *1,3- *Telone C-35 39-50 controlled include clover species, dandelion, nightshade,
dichloropropene burdock, common groundsel, jimsonweed, horseweed,
sodium Vapam HL 37.5-75 and many thistle species including Canada. Can be used
methyldithiocarbamate in STONE FRUIT orchards. Stinger is highly leachable
* Restricted-use pesticide; may be purchased and used only in light soils.
by certified applicators
Dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile) is a white
crystalline solid available in 4% granular and 50%
Table 5.8.2. Post-plant nematicides. wettable powder formulations. The granular formulation
(Casoron 4G) is preferred because of its greater
Trade Application Rate/ effectiveness. Dichlobenil volatizes rapidly under warm,
Product Name Method Treated A moist soil conditions and must be applied in late fall or
*oxamyl *Vydate Foliar 2 0z/100 very early spring before the soil temperature exceeds
2L gal 45°F to minimize such loss. It is absorbed principally by
the roots of established and germinating weeds and
*fenamiphos *Nemacur Soil 5-6.5
rapidly translocated to growing points. This material is
3S gal/treated
effective against a wide range of annual and established
A
perennial grasses and weeds including nutsedge and
* Restricted-use pesticide; may be purchased and used only quack-grass. Applications of 100 lb of 4% granules/A
by certified applicators are effective on many annual grasses and broadleaf
weeds, whereas 150 lb/A are usually required for control
5.9 Herbicides for Tree Fruits of most established perennials. Dichlobenil is labeled
for use on APPLE, PEAR, and CHERRIES.
2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) is marketed in
various formulations. Weedar 64 and 2,4-D Amine are Diuron (3-[3,4-dichlorophenyl]-1,1-dimethyl-urea) is
registered for use in APPLE, PEAR, and STONE marketed in an 80% dry flowable formulation as
FRUIT orchards at least 1yr old. Unison is a new Karmex or Diuron 80DF as well as Diuron 4L (4lb AI
formulation of 2,4-D acid for pome and stone fruit. 2,4- per gallon). Diuron is effective against germinating
D is a selective herbicide that is effective on many annual broadleaf weeds and some annual grasses. It is
annual and perennial broadleaf weeds when applied as a absorbed by roots and translocated to the leaves where it
postemergence foliar spray. It is particularly effective in interferes with photosynthesis. For best results it must
controlling dandelions on the orchard floor when be present in the soil before weed seeds germinate.
applied in late fall. These materials should not be Diuron is best used in combination with materials that
applied during the bloom period of fruit trees, i.e., from are more effective on grasses. It is not effective on
the time flower buds begin to expand until 4 weeks after established perennial grasses or broadleaf weeds. Diuron
bloom. Combinations of 2,4-D plus glyphosate have has been effective against triazine-resistant pigweeds.
been effective in controlling many difficult perennial Rates must be determined in relation to soil texture and
broadleaf weeds. Do not apply to bare ground or light, organic matter content. Use is limited to APPLES,
sandy soil. PEARS, and PEACHES. Labels do not recommend
treatment of trees on full dwarf rootstocks.
Carfentrazone-ethyl is registered as Aim 2EC and
1.9EW at 2 and 1.9 lb ai/gallon, respectively. It is a

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Fluazifop-p-butyl (butyl 2-[4-[5-[trifluoro-meth-yl]-2- bark on trunks of young fruit trees. Root-suckers or low
pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoate) is available in a 2 lb branches that might be contacted by glyphosate should
AI/gallon formulation as Fusilade DX. Fluazifop is a be removed at least 10 days before the glyphosate
selective postemergence herbicide effective on both application. In APRICOT, PEACH, NECTARINE,
annual and perennial grasses. Its best use is for control PLUM, or PRUNE plantings, use wiper applications
of grasses in newly planted orchards. Two applications only. PEACHES and PLUMS are EXTREMELY
are usually necessary with perennial grasses such as SENSITIVE to glyphosate, and ANY contact with
quackgrass. Spot treatments are suggested unless a leaves or small branches or trunks of young trees may
severe grass problem exists. Inclusion of a nonionic result in severe damage or tree death.
surfactant enhances uptake by grass leaves. Can be used
in STONE FRUIT ORCHARDS of any age and in Napropamide (2-[a-napthoxy]-N,N-diethyl
NON-BEARING APPLE and PEAR ORCHARDS. propionamide) is formulated as a 50% dry flowable in
the form of Devrinol 50DF. Napropamide is effective in
Flumioxazin is an herbicide with pre-emergent and post- controlling most annual grasses and many annual
emergent activity, formulated as Chateau SW. It broadleaf weeds. It has been only partially effective
provides residual control and will also enhance the against ragweed and Pennsylvania smartweed under
activity of the burndown program with glyphosate or orchard conditions and does not control established
paraquat. It is readily absorbed by leaves, and quickly weeds or grasses. Napropamide inhibits development
causes bleaching and wilting of weeds. It is effective for and growth of roots. It must be present in the soil before
post-emergence control of many broadleaf weeds while weed-seed germination. Napropamide can be applied in
they are small, 2-6 inches high, depending on the weed newly planted orchards as soon as the soil settles around
species. It also provides effective pre-emergent control the roots and no open cracks are present. Contact
of many broadleaf weeds and grasses. If the soil is sandy herbicides are required to help control established weeds
or gravelly (over 80% content), a maximum rate of 6 and those that are not effectively controlled by
oz/acre should be applied in trees established less than 3 napropamide. It can be applied to all tree fruit crops.
years. If applied to trees established less than 1 year, the Must be incorporated by rainfall to a soil depth of 2–4
tree trunks must be protected with non-porous tree inches within 24 hours of application.
wraps.
Norflurazon (4-chloro-5-[methylamino]-2-[a, a,a-
Glufosinate-ammonium (ammonium-DL- trifluoro-m-tolyl]-3[2H]-pyridazinone) is formulated as
homoalanin-4-yl-(methyl) phosphinate) is currently a dry flowable in Solicam DF. Norflurazon at rates
registered as Rely formulated as a liquid with 1 lb. AI recommended provides control of most annual grasses
per gallon. Rely is a non-selective herbicide for and many annual broadleaf weeds plus suppression of
application as a directed spray labeled for control of a quackgrass and nutsedge. It is absorbed by roots and
broad spectrum of annual and perennial grass and translocated to growing points where it inhibits pigment
broadleaf weeds, some woody species, and rootsucker formation. The material must be applied and moved into
control in APPLES. It has no residual activity. Avoid all the soil by rainfall or irrigation before seed germination.
contact with foliage and green bark tissue since injury to Rates of application depend on organic matter and clay
the trees can result, especially in young trees. contents of the soil and crop. Norflurazon is most
frequently used in tank-mix combinations that will
Glyphosate (N-[phosphono[methyl] glycine). The increase effectiveness of broadleaf weed control.
isopropylamine salt is distributed as an aqueous solution Established perennial weeds are not effectively
under [various generic formulations and under] the controlled by norflurazon. Registered for use in APPLE,
name Roundup Original or Roundup WeatherMax. PEAR, APRICOT, CHERRY, NECTARINE, PEACH,
Glyphosate is a nonselective broad-spectrum herbicide PLUM, and PRUNE, depending on tree age.
for controlling established annual and perennial grasses
and weeds plus woody brush, vines, and trees. No Oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanil-amide) is
residual soil activity is to be expected from this material. available as an aqueous suspension (Surflan A.S. or
The best timing of applications varies with weed type Oryzalin 4A.S.) containing 4 lb AI per gallon. It
but is usually after weeds have developed full foliage provides effective control of most annual grasses and
and/or have begun to flower. Greatest effectiveness some annual broadleaf weeds.
against nutsedge is obtained after tuber formation Oryzalin has controlled triazine-resistant pigweed,
begins. Inclusion of 2,4-D and/or a nonionic surfactant but has not been sufficiently effective on ragweed or
is suggested to increase effectiveness. Glyphosate is Pennsylvania smartweed. It is not effective against
absorbed through foliage and bark and translocated established weeds or grasses. Oryzalin is absorbed by
throughout the plant. Glyphosate may be applied as a roots of germinating seedlings and interferes with cell
directed spray or by wiper in APPLE, PEAR, and division. To be effective, it must be applied and moved
CHERRY orchards. Do not allow contact with foliage or into the soil by 1/2 - 1 inch of rainfall-before seed

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60 CHAPTER 5 – CHARACTERISTICS OF CROP PROTECTANTS

germination. Oryzalin can be used in newly planted a 60-day PHI. It is effective for pre-emergent control of
orchards as soon as the soil settles around the roots and many grasses as well as some broadleaf weeds such as
no open cracks are present. It can be used in all tree fruit pigweed and lambsquarters.
crops.
*Pronamide (3,5-dichloro[N-1,1-dimethyl-2-
Oxyfluorfen (2-chloro-1-[3-ethoxy-4-nitro-phe-noxy]4- propynl]benzamide), available in water-soluble pouches
[trifluoromethyl]benzene) is available as a 2 lb AI per as *Kerb 50WP, is effective in controlling winter annual
gallon formulation in Goal 2XL or Galigan 2E. and perennial grasses and chickweed. It is absorbed by
Oxyfluorfen has preemergence and post-emergence roots and translocated throughout the plant. *Pronamide
activity as a contact herbicide. Uptake can be through must be applied in late fall, before soil freeze-up, and
leaves, stems, or roots, but very little translocation moved into the soil by water to be effective. The range
occurs in the plant. Destruction of membranes occurs of activity on broadleaf weeds is limited, requiring
when treated plant parts are exposed to light. additional measures for their control. Rates of
Oxyfluorfen is primarily effective against seedling application are determined by the type of grass being
broadleaf weeds. It does not control established controlled and by soil texture. Registered for use on
perennial weeds or grasses and is best used in tank-mix APPLE, CHERRIES, NECTARINE, PEACH, PEAR,
combinations with other appropriate herbicides. PLUM, APRICOT and PRUNE.
Applications of oxyfluorfen must be made while trees
are dormant, before buds begin to swell, to avoid Pyraflufen ethyl (Venue) is a nonselective contact
possible damage from vapors. Registered for use on all herbicide for post-emergence control of broadleaf weeds
tree fruit crops of any age. in tree fruit crops. Its mode of action resembles that of
Aim, as it speeds the burndown of weeds. It is registered
*Paraquat (l-1-dimethyl-4,4-bipyridinium ion), as the for use in both bearing and non-bearing tree fruit. It
dichloride salt, is marketed as *Gramoxone Inteon, works best if weeds are small – 2-4 inches; control will
which is a 2 lb/gallon formulation that has been be better in larger weeds if tank-mixed with 2,4-D or
formulated to prevent acute toxicity and has replaced glyphosate. The label restricts use to the postharvest to
most *Gramoxone Max (3 lb/gallon formulation) on the pre-bloom season only.
market. The rate for *Gramoxone Inteon is 2.5-4.0
pts/acre. *Gramoxone Inteon is registered for use in all Sethoxydim (2-[1-[ethoxyimino]butyl]-5-[2-
the same crops as *Gramoxone Max. There are 2 [ethythio]propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one) is
generic products now registered, Firestorm and marketed as Poast, which contains 1.5 lb AI/gal.
Parazone 3SL, which are both 3 lb/gallon materials. Sethoxydim is a selective grass herbicide for use in
*Paraquat is a nonselective contact herbicide that is controlling established annual and perennial grasses. It
effective in killing emerged annual broadleaf weeds and does not control broadleaf weeds or sedges. A crop-oil
grasses and top-killing and suppression of perennials. It concentrate must be used with sethoxydim. Suggested
is rapidly absorbed into foliage and green bark where it rates depend on height of grasses being treated.
is effective in destroying cell membranes. *Paraquat is Sethoxydim can be used in APPLE, PEAR, APRICOT,
strongly adsorbed onto soil colloids where it is degraded CHERRY, NECTARINE and PEACH orchards of any
by microbial activity. Contact with foliage, branches, age and in NONBEARING PLUM and PRUNE
and green bark on trunks of young trees can result in ORCHARDS.
damage to the trees. Observe all worker safety cautions
specified on labels when mixing, handling, or applying Simazine (2-chloro-4, 6 bis[ethylamino]-s-triazine) is
*paraquat. It is registered for use on all tree fruit crops. available in several formulations including Princep 4L,
Simazine 4L and 90DF, and Princep Caliber 90 for use
Pendimethalin (N-[1-ethylpropyl]-3,4 dimethyl-2,6 in orchards. Simazine is effective in controlling a wide
dinitrobenzenamine), formulated as an emulsifiable range of annual broadleaf weeds and grasses. It does not
concentrate containing 3.3 lb AI/gal, is sold as Prowl control established perennial weeds or grasses. Simazine
3.3EC. Pendimethalin is effective in controlling most is taken up by roots and translocated to the leaves where
annual grasses and some annual broadleaf weeds when it interferes with photosynthesis. It must be applied and
used in preemergence applications. Primary mode of moved into the soil before weeds germinate to be most
action is through root uptake and subsequent inhibition effective; therefore, late fall or very early spring
of cell division. Pendimethalin can be used in newly applications are suggested. Activity is reduced in soils
planted orchards. Combination with a contact herbicide of low pH.
is necessary to control emerged or established weeds. Resistant weeds such as pigweeds and
Use of Prowl 3.3EC is limited to NONBEARING lambsquarters have been found where simazine has been
TREES, for all tree fruit crops. Prowl H2O is now the principal herbicide used. Control of these weeds has
registered for use in BEARING pome and stone. It been achieved by using tank-mix combinations with
should be applied at 2-4 qts/acre; it has a 24-hr REI and diuron, oryzalin, or pendimethalin. Rates of simazine

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 CHAPTER 5 - CHARACTERISTICS FRUIT CROP PROTECTANTS 61

application and crop tolerance depend on soil texture soil is relatively long-lived. This material is frequently
and organic-matter content as well as crop and tree age. used in tank-mix combinations with diuron or simazine.
Registered for use in APPLE, PEAR, TART CHERRY, Application rates and crop tolerance depend on soil
SWEET CHERRY, PEACH, and PLUM. texture and organic-matter content as well as crop and
tree age. Use is limited to APPLES and PEACHES.
Terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil) Terbacil is newly registered for just-planted young and
is formulated as an 80% wettable powder under the non-bearing apple, peach, plum, apricot and cherry trees
name Sinbar. It is effective in controlling most annual at very low rates, but these uses have not yet been fully
grasses and broadleaf weeds and in providing partial tested.
control or suppression of such perennials as quackgrass,
horsenettle, and nutsedge. Terbacil is absorbed by plant * Restricted-use pesticide; may be purchased and used
roots and is translocated to the leaves where it interferes only by certified applicators, or used by someone under
with photosynthesis. Residual activity of terbacil in the the supervision of a certified applicator.

2010 NEW ENGLAND TREE FRUIT MANAGEMENT GUIDE