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Lecture2 QM

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18 views19 pages

Lecture2 QM

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akshath.rk2002
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© © All Rights Reserved
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PH101

Introduction to Quantum Mechanics


Lecture 2
Recap:
❖ Classical experiments that put the seed of Quantum Mechanics

❖ Blackbody Radiation.

❖ Photoelectric effect.

❖ Atomic Line spectra.

❖ Bohr’s model of Atom.

Plan of lecture:

❑ Compton Scattering experiment.

❑ Davisson Germer experiment on electron diffraction.

❑ Double-slit Experiment.

❑ DeBroglie Wave Particle Duality Hypothesis.


Bohr's model of atomic structure, 1913

The electron's orbital angular momentum is


quantized

Bohr, Niels Henrik David (1885


-- 1962), Danish physicist.

The theory predicts that electrons travel in discrete orbits around the atom's nucleus, with the chemical
properties of the element being largely determined by the number of electrons in each of the outer orbits

The idea that an electron could drop from a higher-energy orbit to a lower one, emitting a photon (light quantum)
of discrete energy (this became the basis for quantum theory).
Atomic transitions

In the limit of very large ‘n’ energy spectrum becomes


continuous known Bohr’s correspondence principle. We
will discuss more about it upcoming lectures.
Summary: Bohr’s theory

Failures of the Bohr Model


 Electron Transitions It fails to provide any understanding of why
certain spectral lines are brighter than
others. There is no mechanism for the
calculation of transition probabilities.
The Bohr model treats the electron as if it
were a miniature planet, with definite
radius and momentum. This is in direct
violation of the uncertainty principle
which dictates that position and
momentum cannot be simultaneously
determined.

The Bohr model gives us a basic


conceptual model of electrons orbits and
energies. The precise details of spectra
and charge distribution must be left to
quantum mechanical calculations, as with
the Schrödinger equation.
Atomic transitions: Examples
Evolution of Quantum Mechanics
Stefan (1879) Plank(1900) Einstein(1905)
Wien (1893) Photons
Rayleigh (1900)
&
Jeans (1905)
(Thermal radiation)

Quantum Mechanis:
Balmer (1884) Born(1926), Heisenberg(1925),
Rydberg (1890) Schroedinger(1926), Dirac(1927)
Zeeman (1896)
(Spectral lines)

Thomson (1897)
(Electron)

Rutherford (1911) Bohr(1913) De Broglie(1924)


(Nucleus) Model of atoms Wave-particle duality
Compton Effect: Particle nature of Wave (Photon)
A direct collision experiment of sufficiently energetic light particles with some small
particle that possesses mass would establish this in a more concrete way.

Classical physics says: The E vector would disturb the


electron and after loosing some energy and a new wave
of longer wavelength will be created which will
propagate outward in a spherical manner.

From photoelectric effect we learned that light itself is


quantized as proposed by Einstein. This idea was similar
to the quantization of oscillator energies in the case of
blackbody radiation as proposed by Planck.

The photoelectric effect would only give us the


maximal kinetic energy of the photoelectrons,
a more direct proof that light wave consists of
small small packets of photons with discrete
energy was needed !!!
If light has also particle properties: A photon should collide with the electron in a relativistic
way and the total energy and momentum needs to be conserved as the light particle moves
with the speed of light.
Particle nature of Wave (Photon)
Compton Effect:

Along the original photon direction Along the perpendicular direction

Nobel prize 1927 for Arthur Holly 0


Compton

0
Excercise
Wave Nature of Particles
Electron Scattering –> Diffraction.

In 1927, Davisson and Germer experimentally observed that electrons were


diffracted much like x rays in nickel crystals, just trying to continue with prior
research, no knowledge of De Broglie’s hypothesis at that time
Around the same time George P. Thomson, son of J. J. Thomson, knew about
De Broglie’s hypothesis and set out to prove (or disprove) it, build the first high
energy electron diffraction camera reported seeing the effects of electron
diffraction in transmission experiments. First confirmation of wave nature of
particles.
This led to the immediate Nobel prize to de Broglie in 1929 and 10 years later to
Davisson and Thomson (not to Germer)
Double-slit Experiments

We shall continue in the next class


Double-slit Experiments
The steps forward...
❑ Black-Body Radiation (Particle nature of light
wave)
❑ Photo-electric effect (Particle nature of light
wave)

❑ Compton Effect (particle nature of light wave)

❑ Davidson Germer Experiment (Wave nature of


electron)

❑ Double slit experiment (Particle or wave or both


nature of matter wave!)

Several other experimental evidences can be added to the list at this point.

The main lesson we learnt that the electromagnetic radiation behaves like
particles and particles behave like wave.
Wave-Particle Duality
Wave Particle Duality
Momentum of a photon

Relativity:

For photons
Photole
ctric Is it valid for particles?
effect: Wavelength-Energy relation

de Broglie matter wave hypothesis (1924):

All matter has a wave-like nature (wave-particle duality) and that the
wavelength and momentum of a particle are related by the simple relation.
de Broglie’s idea and Bohr’s postulate
The de Broglie idea given immediate explanation of Bohr’s postulate for electron moving
in a circular orbit.

If the state is stationary and the electron possess wave nature and if the electron does not
overlap with itself after a complete cycle then a whole number of waves should be
accommodated in the circle.

Fractional wavelength
will lead to destructive
interference and hence
the system will not
exist.
Modes of vibration of a wire
look where a whole number
of waves gets fitted into a
circle.
Forthcoming Topics:
Understanding the particles nature as group
of waves, phase velocity, group velocity,
Uncertainty principle, Quantum wave
mechanics (Schrodinger Equation) and many
more fascinating ideas....

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