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Developmental Biology Notes

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25 views

Developmental Biology Notes

Uploaded by

dilipy20022
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1000 POINTS REVISION SERIES 13 UNITS 30 DAYS

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Amphibia
1. Cleavage type- Unequal radial holoblastic cleavage
2. Cortical Rotation
The cortical cytoplasm has rotated 30º relative to the internal
cytoplasm.

3. The point of sperm entry -determines dorsal-ventral axis


4. Gray Crescent
The region opposite the point of sperm entry, where the greatest
displacement of cytoplasm occurs (Gastrulation will begin)

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5.

6. Amphibian Gastrulation

7. Epiboly: The thinning and spreading of the animal cap cells over the
vegetal hemisphere, powered by proliferation and radial intercalation.

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Vegetal rotation: Vegetal cells asymmetrically press up against the


inner blastocoel roof on the dorsal side.
Bottle cell formation and invagination: Localized apical constriction
at the dorsal blastopore lip creates anisotropic forces that foster
invagination.
Involution and cell migration: The leading edge of invaginating cells
crawls up onto the blastocoel roof.
Convergence and extension: The targeted medial-to-lateral
intercalation of cells on the midline (convergence) drives anterior-
posterior axis elongation (extension).
8. The mechanism for “bottom-up” specification of germ layers of the
frog embryo resides in a set of mRNAs that are tethered to the vegetal
cortex
9.

10. The mRNA for the transcription factor VegT, which becomes
apportioned to the vegetal cells during cleavage. VegT is critical in
generating both the endodermal and mesodermal lineages.
11. One of the genes activated by VegT protein encodes the Sox17
transcription factor.
12. Sox17

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is critical for activating the genes that specify cells to be endoderm.


Thus, the fate of the vegetal cells is to become endodermal
13. Another set of early genes activated by VegT encodes Nodal
paracrine factors that instruct the cell layers above them to become
mesoderm
14.

15. Nieuwkoop center


Dorsalmost vegetal cells of the blastula, which are capable of inducing
the organizer
(dorsal vegetal cells can induce animal cells to become dorsal
mesodermal tissue)

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16. The major candidate for the factor that forms the Nieuwkoop
center was β-catenin (This multifunctional protein also proved to be a
key player in the formation of the dorsal amphibian tissues)
17. During first cleavage, GBP, Dsh, and Wnt11 are brought into the
future dorsal section of the embryo protect β-catenin

18.
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19. During cleavage, β-catenin enters the nuclei and binds with Tcf3 to
form a transcription factor that activates genes encoding proteins
Siamois and Twin.

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20. Siamois and Twin interact in the organizer with the Smad2
transcription factor activated by vegetal TGF-β family members
(Nodal-related proteins, Vg1, activin)
21. Twin and Siamois encode homeodomain transcription factors and
are expressed in the organizer
22. High β-catenin + Nodal related high + Veg T, Vg1 = Organizer

23. Nodal related low + Veg T, Vg1 = Ventral mesoderm


24. The “default fate” of the ectoderm is to become neural tissue

25. The ectoderm is induced to become epidermal tissue by BMPs

26.

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27. Siamois and Twin inducing the activation of the neuroepithelium


genes – Foxd4 and Sox11
28. BMP inhibitors secreted by the organizer are-Noggin, Chordin,
Follistatin & Norrin

29. Noggin binds to BMP4 and BMP2 and inhibits their binding to
receptors

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30. Noggin is a secreted protein that is able to accomplish two of the


major functions of the organizer: It induces dorsal ectoderm to form
neural tissue It dorsalizes mesoderm cells that contribute to the ventral
mesoderm
31. Chordin is the one most acutely activated by β-catenin. Like
Noggin, Chordin binds directly to BMP4 and BMP2 and prevents their
complexing with their receptors
32. Antisense morpholinos to eliminate three BMP antagonists
(Noggin, Chordin, and Follistatin) in Xenopus. The resulting embryos
had catastrophic failure of dorsal development and lacked neural
plates and dorsal mesoderm
33. In Drosophila,
BMP homologue Decapentaplegic (Dpp)
34. In Drosophila,
Sog protein is a homologue of Chordin.
35. Wnt inhibitors secreted by the organizer are
Dickkopf, Cerberus, Frzb & IGF
36. Two organizer proteins, inhibt Wnt proteins during gastrulation
Tiki and Notum
37. Brain formation requires,
inhibiting both the Wnt and BMP pathways.

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38. IGFs and FGFs in the anterior region,


Initiate the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signalling inhibit BMPs
and Wnts pathways
39. Nodal protein establishes left-right polarity,
By activating Pitx2 on the left side

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