CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNANCE – I

(L104)

OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE

The objective of the course is to instruct about the basic constitutional framework which covers
Citizenship, Fundamental Rights and available remedial measures for the infringement of
Fundamental Rights such as Writ Jurisdiction, Directive Principles of State Policy and its
relationship with Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties and the related topics. As the
subject is contemporary and relevant in all days of life, the course covers the current
controversies and the contemporary issues.

CREDIT HOURS

As per the credit hours allotted to the subject there will be 6 theory classes per week. Teaching
Methodology will include Lecture-cum-case discussion, CRE, Assignment/Project and
Presentation/Debate.

THE EVALUATION SYSTEM

• Continuous Assessment (Written Test – Declared/Snap,

Presentation/Debate) 15%
• Court Room Exercise (CRE) 15%
• Project 20%
• End-Term Examination 50%
 COURSE CURRICULUM

MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION

• Meaning of Constitution, Constitutional Governance, Constitutionalism

• Conceptualization of Constitutional Governance: Rule of Law (comparison of Dicey &
Joseph Raz), Separation of Powers, Federalism, Preamble and Basic Structure Doctrine,
transformative constitutionalism, Living Tree Doctrine
• Constitutionalism and Judicial Review

Recommended Readings:

• Seervai.H.M., “Constitutional Law of India”, 4th Edition, Universal Law Publishing Co.,
Pvt., Ltd, Delhi, 2010, vol. 1, Pp.276-303.
• Jain M.P., “Indian Constitutional Law”, 5th Edition, Lexis Nexis Butterworths Wadhawa,
Nagpur, 2008, Pp. 1-20, 477, 724-735.
• Basu. DD., “Shorter Constitution of India”, 14th Edition, Lexis Nexis Butterworths
Wadhawa, Nagpur, 2009, Pp.1-17.
• Singh.M.P., “V.N.Shukla’s Constitutional Law of India”, 11th Edition, Eastern Book
Company, Lucknow, 2008, Pp.1-4.
• Granville Austine, “The Indian Constitution - Cornerstone of a Nation” 7th Edition,
Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2004.
• Dicey.A.V., “An Introduction to the study of Law of the Constitution”, 10th Edition,
Universal Law Publishing Co., Pvt., Ltd., Delhi, 2008, Pp.1-36, 183-205.
• K.C.Wheare Federal Government (1947)

Case Laws:

1. Keshavananda Bharati vs. State of Kerala AIR 1973 SC 1461

2. Indira Nehru Gandhi vs. Raj Narain AIR 1975 SC 2299
3. Minerva Mills Ltd., Union of India AIR 1980 SC 1789
4. S.R.Bommai vs. Union of India AIR 1994 SC 1918
5. Dr.M.Ismail Faruqui Etc., Mohd. V. Union of India AIR 1995 SC 605 A
6. MP Gopalakrishnan Nair vs. State of Kerala AIR 2005 SC 3053
7. M.Nagaraj v. Union of India (2006) 8 SCC 212
8. I.R.Coelho (Dead) by LRs. v. State of Tamil Nadu and Ors. (2007) 2 SCC 1
9. Ashok Kumar Thakkur vs. Union of India 2008(6) SCC 1
10. State of West Bengal Vs. Committee for the Protection of Democratic Rights WB AIR
2010 SC 1476
11. Government of NCT of Delhi v. Union of India & Anr Civil Appeal No.2357 of 2017

MODULE 2 : UNION OF INDIA, ITS TERRITORY & CITIZENSHIP

 • Territory of India, Admission or establishment of New States, Cession of Territory to
Foreign Country
• Citizenship – Constitutional Provision, Citizenship of Corporations, The Citizenship Act,
1955 , Overseas Citizen of India and Dual Citizenship

Recommended Readings:

• Seervai.H.M., “Constitutional Law of India”, 4th Edition, Universal Law Publishing Co.,
Pvt., Ltd, Delhi, 2010, vol. 1, Pp.304-348.
• Jain M.P., “Indian Constitutional Law”, 5th Edition, Lexis Nexis Butterworths Wadhawa,
Nagpur, 2008, Pp.792-799.
• Basu. DD., “Shorter Constitution of India”, 14th Edition, Lexis Nexis Butterworths
Wadhawa, Nagpur, 2009, Pp.21-45.
• Singh.M.P., “V.N.Shukla’s Constitutional Law of India”, 11th Edition, Eastern Book
Company, Lucknow, 2008, Pp.5-22
• Subhash C Jain, “The Constitution of India: A Commemorative Edition on 50 Years of
Indian Constitution”, Taxmann, Delhi, 2000, Pp.759-761.

Case Law:

1. State of Bihar vs. Amar Singh AIR 1955 SC 282

2. In re Berubari vs. Union of India AIR 1960 SC 51
3. State Trading Corporation vs. Commercial Tax Officer AIR 1963 SC 1811
4. Kulathil Mamma vs. State of Kerala AIR 1966 SC 1614
5. Maganbhai Ishwarbhai Patel etc., vs. Union of India & Anr AIR 1969 SC 783
6. Consumer Education Society vs. Union of India (2009) 11 Scale 708
7. Baby Manji Yamada vs. Union of India and Anr. AIR2009SC84
8. Jan Balaz vs. Anand Municipality and 6 Ors. AIR2010Guj21

MODULE 3 : FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

• Right Vs. Liberty

• Fundamental Rights, Origin & Development, Fundamental Rights & Human Rights
• Definition of State - ‘Instrumentality of State’: Debate on Public Functions –
Comparative study with US
• Justifiability of Fundamental Rights, Laws inconsistent with Fundamental Rights,
Doctrine of Eclipse, Doctrine of Severability, Doctrine of Waiver & Judicial Review

Recommended Readings:
 • Seervai.H.M., “Constitutional Law of India”, 4th Edition, Universal Law Publishing Co.,
Pvt., Ltd, Delhi, 2010, vol. 1, Pp.349-434.
• Jain M.P., “Indian Constitutional Law”, 5th Edition, Lexis Nexis Butterworths Wadhawa,
Nagpur, 2008, Pp.827-854.
• Basu. DD., “Shorter Constitution of India”, 14th Edition, Lexis Nexis Butterworths
Wadhawa, Nagpur, 2009, Pp.46-76.
• Singh.M.P., “V.N.Shukla’s Constitutional Law of India”, 11th Edition, Eastern Book
Company, Lucknow, 2008, Pp.23-43.
• Basu.DD., “Human Rights in Constitutional Law”, 3rd edition, Lexis Nexis Butterworths
Wadhwa, Nagpur, 2008, Pp.54-85.

Case Law:

1. Bhikaji vs. State of MP AIR 1955 SC 781

2. RMDC Vs. Union of India AIR 1957 Sc 628
3. Rajasthan State Electricity Board vs. Mohanlal AIR 1967 SC 1857
4. State of Gujarat vs. Shri Ambika Mills Ltd., AIR 1974 SC 1300
5. Sukhdev vs. Bhagatram AIR 1975 SC 1331
6. Sabhaji Tewary vs. Union of India AIR 1975 SC 1329
7. Ramanna D. Shetty vs. International Airport Authority AIR 1979 SC 1628
8. Som Prakash vs. Union of India AIR 1981 SC 212
9. Ajay Hasia vs. Khalid Mujib AIR 1981 SC 487
10. P.K. Ramachandra Iyer vs. Union of India AIR 1984 SC 541
11. Central Inland Water Transport Corporation vs. Brojo Nath AIR 1986 SC 1571
12. Olga Tellis vs. Bombay Municipal Corporation AIR 1986 SC 180
13. Unni Krishnan.J.P.vs. State of Andhra Pradesh AIR 1993 SC 2178
14. Narsingh Pal vs. UOI AIR 2000 SC 1401
15. Pradeep Kumar Biswas vs. Indian Institute of Chemical Biology and Ors., AIR 2002 SC
1963
16. A.CMuthaiah vs. Board of Control for Cricket in India & Anr. 2011 (5) SCALE 68

MODULE 4 : RIGHT TO EQUALITY

• Equality before the Law and Equal Protection of Laws, Doctrine of Classification &
Doctrine of Equality, Equality and Constitutionality of Statutes, Legitimate Expectations,
Doctrine of Intelligible differentia
• Justice to Weaker Section of the Society & Gender Justice
• Equality of Opportunity in Public Employment & Reservation
• Constitutionality of 93rd Constitutional Amendment, 2005
• Abolition of Untouchability & Titles
Recommended Readings:

• Seervai.H.M., “Constitutional Law of India”, 4th Edition, Universal Law Publishing Co.,
Pvt., Ltd, Delhi, 2010, vol. 1, Pp.435-692.
• Jain M.P., “Indian Constitutional Law”, 5th Edition, Lexis Nexis Butterworths Wadhawa,
Nagpur, 2008, Pp. 855-980.
• Basu. DD., “Shorter Constitution of India”, 14th Edition, Lexis Nexis Butterworths
Wadhawa, Nagpur, 2009, Pp.77-245.
• Singh.M.P., “V.N.Shukla’s Constitutional Law of India”, 11th Edition, Eastern Book
Company, Lucknow, 2008, Pp.44-116.
• Subhash C Jain, “ The Constitution of India : A Commemorative Edition on 50 Years of
Indian Constitution”, Taxmann, Delhi, 2000, Pp.762-772.

Case-Law:

1. Chiranjit Lal vs. UOI AIR 1951 SC 41

2. State of West Bengal vs. Anwar Ali Sarkar & Anr. AIR 1952 SC 75
3. MR Balaji vs. State of Mysore AIR 1963 SC 649
4. E.P.Royappa vs. State of Tamil Nadu AIR 1974 SC 555
5. State of Kerala vs. NM Thomas AIR 1976 SC 490
6. RD Shetty vs. International Airport Authority AIR 1981 SC 487
7. Central Inland Water Transport Corporation vs. Brojo Nath AIR 1986 SC 1571
8. Indra Sawhney vs. Union of India 1992 Supp. 2 SCR 454
9. Vishakha vs. State of Rajasthan AIR 1997 SC 3011
10. Apparel Export Promotion Council vs. AK Chopra (1999) 1 SCC 759
11. Sourabh Chaudhari vs. Union of India AIR 2004 SC 361
12. Amita vs. Union of India and Anr (2005) 13 SCC 721
13. M.Nagraj vs. Union of India AIR 2007 SC 71
14. Ashok Kumar Thakur vs. Union of India (2008) 6 SCC 1
15. Ashok Kumar Yadav vs. State of Haryana (1985) 4 SCC 417
16. Amarnath Choudhary vs. Braithwaite & Co., Ltd., (2002) 2 SCC 290
17. Indian Medical Association vs. Union of India AIR 2011 SC 2365
18. Joseph shine v. Union of India, Writ Petition (Cr.) No.194 of 2017
19. Navteja Singh Johar & Ors v. Union of India
20. NALSA v. UOI
21. Indian Young Lawyers Association v. State of Kerala
22. The Secretary, Ministry of Defence v. Babita Puniya & Ors Civil Appeal No.1210 of 2020

MODULE 5 : RIGHT TO FREEDOMS

• Importance of Freedom of Speech, Freedom of the Press, Advertisement, Right to

Information and its importance, Reasonable Restrictions
• Freedom to Carryout Trade & Commerce, Trading in Liquor, Betting and Gambling,
Right of Street Hawkers - extent and scope and restrictions.
 • Freedom to Assemble, Freedom to Form Association, Freedom of Movement & Right to
Property

Recommended Readings:

• Seervai.H.M., “Constitutional Law of India”, 4th Edition, Universal Law Publishing Co.,
Pvt., Ltd, Delhi, 2010, vol. 1, Pp.693-947.
• Jain M.P., “Indian Constitutional Law”, 5th Edition, Lexis Nexis Butterworths Wadhawa,
Nagpur, 2008, Pp. 980-1054.
• Basu. DD., “Shorter Constitution of India”, 14th Edition, Lexis Nexis Butterworths
Wadhawa, Nagpur, 2009, Pp.246-347.
• Singh.M.P., “V.N.Shukla’s Constitutional Law of India”, 11th Edition, Eastern Book
Company, Lucknow, 2008, Pp.117-175.

Case-Law:

1. Ramesh Thapper vs. State of Maharashtra AIR 1950 SC 124

2. Brij Bhushan vs. State of Delhi AIR 1950 SC 129
3. Amarnath Bali v. State of Punjab 1951 Cri L J 261
4. State of Bihar v. Shailabala Devi 1952 AIR SC 329
5. Hamdard Dawakhana v. UOI AIR 1960 SC 554
6. Sakal Papers v. UOI AIR 1962 SC 305
7. Bennet Coleman vs. Union of India AIR 1973 SC 106
8. State of Uttar Pradesh vs. Rajnarain AIR 1975 SC 865
9. Tata Press Ltd., vs. MTNL AIR 1975 SC 2438
10. Sadan Singh vs. NDMC AIR 1985 SC 1988
11. Express News Paper Pvt Ltd., vs. Union of India AIR 1986 SC 515
12. Reliance Petrochemicals Ltd., v. Proprietors of Indian Express Newspapers Bombay (P)
Ltd., AIR 1989 SC 190
13. R Rajagopal vs. State of TN AIR 1995 SC 264
14. Papnasam Labour Union v. Madura Coats Limited AIR 1995 SC 2220
15. Tata Press v. Mahanagar Telephone Nigam 1995 (5) SCC 139
16. Secretary, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India & Ors v.
Cricket Association of Bengal and Ors AIR 1995 SC 1236
17. Bharat Kumar K Palicha vs. State of Kerala AIR 1997 Ker 291
18. People’s Union of Civil Liberties vs. Union of India AIR 1997 SC 568
19. Zee telefilms Pvt Ltd., vs. Union of India AIR 2005 SC 2677
20. R.K.Anand vs. Delhi High Court (2009) 8 SCC 106
21. Ajay Goswami vs. Union of India (2007) 1 SCC 143
22. Central Board of Secondary Education & Anr vs. Aditya Bandopadhyay & others 2011
(4) JCR 14 SC
23. Sahara India Real Estate Corporation Ltd., v. SEBI (2012) 10 SC 603
24. Shreya Singhal v. UOI (2013) 12 SCC 73
25. Swapnil Tripathi v. Supreme Court of India Writ Petition (Civil) No.1232 of 2017
26. Anuradha Bhasin v. UOI & Ghulam Nabi Azad v. UOI Decided on January 10, 2020
 27. Internet and Mobile Association of India v. Reserve Bank of India Writ Petition (Civil)
No.528 of 2018

MODULE 6 – RIGHT TO LIFE & PERSONAL LIBERTY

• Protection against Ex-post facto Law, Double jeopardy, Self-incrimination

• Right to life and personal liberty, Due Process of Law and Procedure Established by Law
• Inter-relationship between Article 14, 19 & 21, New Horizons of Article 21 - Prisoners &
Detunes Rights, Right to privacy, Right to Health and Medical aid, Right to livelihood,
Environmental Rights, Right of unborn child etc., – procedure established by law v. due
process of law, substantive due process vis-à-vis Article 21
• Right to Education
• Preventive detention
• Right against Exploitation – Prevention of traffic in human being, Begar, Forced and
Child Labour

Recommended Readings:

• Seervai.H.M., “Constitutional Law of India”, 4th Edition, Universal Law Publishing Co.,
Pvt., Ltd, Delhi, 2010, vol. 1, Pp.969-1258.
• Jain M.P., “Indian Constitutional Law”, 5th Edition, Lexis Nexis Butterworths Wadhawa,
Nagpur, 2008, Pp. 1055-1199.
• Basu. DD., “Shorter Constitution of India”, 14th Edition, Lexis Nexis Butterworths
Wadhawa, Nagpur, 2009, Pp.347-468.
• Singh.M.P., “V.N.Shukla’s Constitutional Law of India”, 11th Edition, Eastern Book
Company, Lucknow, 2008, Pp.177-232.

Case Laws:

1. AK Gopalan vs. State of Madras AIR 1950 SC 27

2. State of Bombay vs. Kallu Kutti Oghad AIR 1961 SC 1808
3. Kharak Singh vs. State of UP AIR 1963 SC 1295
4. Maneka Gandhi Vs. Union of India AIR 1978 SC 597
5. M.H.Haskot vs. State of Maharashtra AIR 1978 SC 1548
6. Sunil Batra vs. Delhi Administration AIR 1978 SC 1675
7. Nandini Satpaty vs. PL Dani (1978) 2 SCC 424
8. Hussainara Khatoon vs. Home Secretary, Bihar AIR 1979 SC 1360
9. Prem Shankar Shukla AIR 1980 SC 1535
10. Francis Coralie vs. Union of India AIR 1981 SC 746
11. People’s Union for Democratic Republic vs. Union of India AIR 1981 SC 746
12. AK Roy vs. Union of India AIR 1982 SC 710
13. Rudal Sha vs. State of Bihar AIR 1983 SC 1086
14. Olga Tellis vs. Bombay Municipal Corporation AIR 1986 SC 180
15. Saheli vs. Commissioner of Police AIR 1990 SC 513
 16. Unnikrishnan vs. State of AP (1993) 1 SCC 645
17. Gian Kaur vs. State of Punjab AIR 1996 SC 946
18. Mr.X vs. Hospital Z AIR 1999 SC 496
19. State of Himachal Pradesh vs. Raja Mahendra Pal AIR 1999 SC 1786
20. NHRC vs. Arunachal Pradesh AIR 1999 SC 343
21. Aneesh Malhotra vs. Union of India (2009) 6 SCC 398
22. Nandini Sundar & others vs. State of Chattisgarh Writ Petition (Civil) No. 250 of 2007
23. Justice K S Puttuswamy (Retd.,) and Anr v UOI Writ Petition (Civil) No.494 of 2012
24. Common Cause v. Union of India W.P. (Civil) No.13 of 2003
25. Shakti Vahini v. Union of India W.P. (Civil) No.231 of 2010
26. Independent Thought v. Union of India W.P. (Civil) No.382 of 2013
27. Pankaj Sinha v. Union of India and Ors W.P. (Civil) No.767 of 2014
28. NavTej Singh Johar & Ors. V. Union of India W.P. (Criminal) No.76 of 2016
29. Common Cause (A Regd. Society) v. Union of India (Euthanasia case) Writ Petition
(Civil) No.215 of 2005

MODULE 7 - FREEDOM OF RELIGION & MINORITY RIGHTS

• Religion – Concept and meaning, Religion and Secularism

• Difference and similarity between Articles 25 and 26 (Ismail Farooqui judgment)
• Essential Practices Test vs. Express Limitations in the Constitutional Provisions and
Conflict, Doctrine of Cyprus
• Constitutional Safeguards to Minorities and their Right to Establish Educational
Institutions & their regulation
• Comparative analysis with US Constitution – Freedom of religion

Recommended Readings:

• Seervai.H.M., “Constitutional Law of India”, 4th Edition, Universal Law Publishing Co.,
Pvt., Ltd, Delhi, 2010, vol. 1, Pp.1259-1353.
• Jain M.P., “Indian Constitutional Law”, 5th Edition, Lexis Nexis Butterworths Wadhawa,
Nagpur, 2008, Pp. 1200-1252.
• Basu. DD., “Shorter Constitution of India”, 14th Edition, Lexis Nexis Butterworths
Wadhawa, Nagpur, 2009, Pp.468-517.
• Singh.M.P., “V.N.Shukla’s Constitutional Law of India”, 11th Edition, Eastern Book
Company, Lucknow, 2008, Pp.238-272.
• Subhash C Jain, “The Constitution of India : A Commemorative Edition on 50 Years of
Indian Constitution”, Taxmann, Delhi, 2000, Pp.773-785.

Case-Law:

1. Sri Venkataramana Devaru vs. State of Mysore AIR 1958 SC 255

2. SP Mittal vs. Union of India AIR 1983 SC 620
3. Gulam Abbas vs. state of UP (1984) 1 SCC 81
4. Bijoe Emmanuel vs. state of Kerala (1986) 3 SCC 615
 5. In re The Kerala Education Bill
6. St . Stephen’s college vs. university of delhi (1992) 1 SCC 558
7. S.R.Bommai vs. Union of India AIR 1994 SC 1918
8. Lily thomas vs. UOI (2000) 6 SCC 224
9. TMA Pai Foundation vs. State of Karnataka (2002) 8 SCC 481
10. Islamic Academy of Edn vs. State of Karnataka (2003) 6 SCC 697
11. Commissioner of Police vs. Acharya Jagdishwarananda MANU/SC/0218/2004
12. P.A.Inamdar vs. State of Maharashtra (2005) 6 SCC 537
13. Singhi Education Society vs. The Chief Secretary, Govt of NCT of Delhi (2010) 8 SCC 49
14. Indian Young Lawyers Association & Ors v. The State of Keral & Ors Writ Petition
(Civil) No. 373 of 2006
15. Rajeev Suri v. Delhi Development Authority & Ors Transferred case(Civil) No.229 of
2020

MODULE 8 – RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES

• Enforcement of Fundamental Rights, concept of ‘Continuous mandamus’

• Relationship of Article 32 & 226. – application of resjudicata & constructive resjudicata -
laches
• Laches in writ jurisdiction, alternate legal remedy
• Writs & Public Interest Litigation – Draft bill on PIL introduced during Mr.Deve
Gowda’s period, Balwant Singh guidelines
• Public Interest litigation & Social Action Litigation
• Emergency and Fundamental Rights

Recommended Reading:

• Seervai.H.M., “Constitutional Law of India”, 4th Edition, Universal Law Publishing Co.,
Pvt., Ltd, Delhi, 2010, vol. 1, Pp.1449-1920.
• Jain M.P., “Indian Constitutional Law”, 5th Edition, Lexis Nexis Butterworths Wadhawa,
Nagpur, 2008, Pp. 396-434,673-705,1307-1362, .
• Basu. DD., “Shorter Constitution of India”, 14th Edition, Lexis Nexis Butterworths
Wadhawa, Nagpur, 2009, Pp.547-625, 2155-2197.
• Singh.M.P., “V.N.Shukla’s Constitutional Law of India”, 11th Edition, Eastern Book
Company, Lucknow, 2008, Pp.318-340, 942-979.
• Subhash C Jain, “The Constitution of India : A Commemorative Edition on 50 Years of
Indian Constitution”, Taxmann, Delhi, 2000, Pp.877-879.

Case-Law:

1. Darya Rao and Ors. V. The State of UP and Ors 1962 SCR (1) 574
2. Fertilizer Corporation Kamgar Union (Regd) Sindri & Others vs. Union of India &
Others AIR 1981 SC 844
3. S.P.Gupta & Others vs. President of India AIR 1982 SC 149
4. MC Mehta vs. Union of India AIR 1987 SC 1086
5. Bodhisattwa vs. Subha Chakraborty AIR 1996 SC 922
 6. Rupa Ashok Hurra vs. Ashok Hurra (2002) 4 SCC388
7. Kannadasan vs. Ajay Khose (2009) 7 SCC1
8. State of W.B. vs. Committee for Protection of Human Rights AIR 2010 SC 1476
9. State of Uttaranchal vs. Balwant Singh (2010) 3 SCC 402
10. Asgar & Ors v. Mohan Verma & Ors Civil Appeal No.1500 of 2019

Module 9 - Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties

• Directive Principles - directions for social change

• Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles - inter-relationship - Champakam
dorairajan, Kameshwar Singh, Minerva Mills cases
• Constitutional amendments - to strengthen Directive Principles
• Uniform Civil Code
• Fundamental duties – Fraternity and assuring the dignity of individuals, common
brotherhood – Article 51A(e)

Recommended Readings:

• Seervai.H.M., “Constitutional Law of India”, 4th Edition, Universal Law Publishing Co.,
Pvt., Ltd, Delhi, 2010, vol. 1, Pp.1921-2020.
• Jain M.P., “Indian Constitutional Law”, 5th Edition, Lexis Nexis Butterworths Wadhawa,
Nagpur, 2008, Pp. 1363-1396.
• Basu. DD., “Shorter Constitution of India”, 14th Edition, Lexis Nexis Butterworths
Wadhawa, Nagpur, 2009, Pp.629-666.
• Singh.M.P., “V.N.Shukla’s Constitutional Law of India”, 11th Edition, Eastern Book
Company, Lucknow, 2008, Pp.342-362.
• Subhash C Jain, “The Constitution of India: A Commemorative Edition on 50 Years of
Indian Constitution”, Taxmann, Delhi, 2000, Pp.791-794.

Case-Law:

1. Mohd Hanif Khureshi vs. State of Bihar AIR 1958 SC 731

2. Minerva Mills Ltd vs. Union of India AIR 1980 SC 1789
3. Sarla Mudgal vs. Union of India (1995) 3 SCC 635
4. State of Tamil Nadu vs. Abu Kamer Bai AIR 1984 SC 626
5. IR Cohelo vs. State of TN AIR 2007 SC 861
6. State of Gujarat vs. Gajaji MANU/GJ/0289/2011
7. Lok Prahari Through its General Secretary v. The State of Uttar Pradesh & Ors W.P.
(Civil) No.864 of 2016
8. Asiad case
9. Mohini Jain & Unnikrishnan

***