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Assessing The Peripheral Vascular System, Breast, Axillae

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10 views52 pages

Assessing The Peripheral Vascular System, Breast, Axillae

Uploaded by

Alyssa Mae Ruiz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ASSESSING THE PERIPHERAL

VASCULAR SYSTEM

SHIELA DIZON PADILLA


The peripheral vascular system is the part of the circulatory
system that consists of the veins and arteries not in the
chest or abdomen (i.e. in the arms, hands, legs and feet).
-The peripheral vascular system (PVS) is a continuous
network of blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away
from the heart to the periphery and carry deoxygenated blood
back to the heart and to the lungs for reoxygenation. This
system is important in the perfusion and oxygenation of
tissues in the periphery.
The main components of the PVS :
● ARTERIES
● VEINS
● CAPILLARIES
Your veins are actually full of dark red blood — darker than
the blood in your arteries, which is cherry red. The blood in
your veins is darker because it lacks oxygen. Your veins look
blue because of the way light rays get absorbed into your skin.
Blood is always red both in your veins and arteries
ARTERIES
● Located deep in the muscle
● Have very thick walls
● Carry blood from the heart to the organs
● Carry oxygenated blood (except for the pulmonary artery)
● Has a thick layer of muscle tissue inside
● Have no valves (except for the pulmonary artery)
The multiple layers of the arteries are strong and elastic and
can dilate (expand in circumference) and recoil (decrease or
return to normal size) in relation with cardiac systole and
diastole. These high-pressure vessels dilate when the
heart contracts and pumps blood out into them and then
recoil to push blood through the arteries, creating a
wave of blood through the vessels (felt as a pulse).
VEINS
● Are located closer to the surface of your body
● Have thin walls
● Carry blood towards your heart
● Carry deoxygenated blood
● Has a thin layer of muscle tissue inside
● Contain valves to keep blood flowing
The walls of these vessels are thin in comparison to arteries
but have good stretching capacity, so they can acclimate
to larger volumes of fluid (blood) when needed.
Veins are low-pressure vessels because they are further
away from the heart than arteries.
Muscle contractions aid the blood flow in the leg veins.
The forward blood flow from the lower extremities to the heart
is also influenced by respiratory changes that affect pressure
gradients(increase-decrease) in the abdomen and chest
cavity.
CAPILLARIES
● Are located inside all tissues
● Have a very thin wall
● Carry blood between veins and arteries
● Carry both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
● Don't have muscle tissue
● Don't have valves
small blood vessels that connect the arteries to the
veins. Their main function is to facilitate the exchange
of materials between blood and body tissues (e.g.,
muscles, kidneys, liver). They deliver blood and its
components (nutrients and oxygen) to tissues
throughout the body and transport waste products.
What tests are carried out to diagnose PAD?
1: Pulse strength check
Symptoms of suspected PAD

Results of a pulse check Pathological changes

Cannot find the pulse in the groin Artery occlusion in the pelvis

Vascular murmur in groin Artery stenosis in the pelvis

Can find the pulse in the groin but not behind the Pathological change in the femoral artery
knee

The pulse can be found, but there is a cold Diabetic peripheral neuropathy or orthopedic
sensation and numbness disease
2: Blood flow test
use a Doppler blood flow meter and a pulse wave detector to measure blood pressure in the
ankle and upper arm, or the ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI), which is the systolic blood
pressure of the ankle divided by that of the upper arm.
3: Whole body tests using medical equipment
Further tests such as intravascular ultrasonography, thermography, CT scan, MR (MRI,
MRA), angiography, and angioscopy may be used to identify which areas in the blood
vessels have become narrow and where there are obstructions, and to examine the
condition of the blood vessels and blood flow throughout the body.
Arterial diseases:
Varicosities
When patients have a pallor on elevation and rubor on
dependency, this is often the first indicator of vascular
insufficiency.
After elevation of the extremity, keep in mind that it normally
takes less than 20 seconds for the return of blood to the
dependent extremity.
Phlebitis, or thrombophlebitis, is an inflammation that causes a blood
clot to form in a vein, usually in your leg. When it affects a vein close
to your skin's surface, it's called superficial phlebitis. When it affects
a deeper vein, it's called deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
edema
ASSESSING THE BREAST
AND THE AXILLAE
a: milky discharge; b: yellowish ± greenish multiple pore discharge
in a context of fibrocystic breast disease; c: straw-colored single
pore discharge; d: bloody single pore discharge.
The best time to do a monthly breast self-exam is about 3 to 5
days after your period starts. Do it at the same time every
month. Your breasts are not as tender or lumpy at this time in
your monthly cycle.
The best time to perform a male breast self exam is during or right
after a warm shower or bath as warm, soapy water relaxes and
smoothes the skin, making the exam easier to perform. Check each
breast one at a time.
AREOLA ABNORMALITIES
SUBCLAVIAN MASS
LATISSIMUS DORSI MUSCLE

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