a) To print hello world message

declare
msg varchar(15):='hello world';
begin
dbms_output.put_line('message is'||msg);
end;

message ishello world

Statement processed.

b) Find given number is even or odd

DECLARE
num number(5);
rem number;
BEGIN
num:=:num;
rem:=mod(num,2);
if rem=0
then
dbms_output.put_line(' Number '||num||' is Even');
else
dbms_output.put_line(' Number '||num||' is Odd');
end if;
END;

c) Find smallest of two numbers

declare
a integer;
b integer;
s integer;
begin
a:=:a;
b:=:b;
if(a < b) then
dbms_output.put_line('a is small');
else
dbms_output.put_line('b is small');
end if;
end;

a is small
Statement processed.

d ) greatest of 3 numbers
declare

83
 a integer;
b integer;
c integer;
begin
a:=:a;
b:=:b;
c:=:c;
if(a>b and a>c) then
dbms_output.put_line('a is greatest num');
elsif(b>a and b>c) then
dbms_output.put_line('b is greatest num');
else
dbms_output.put_line('c is greatest num');
end if;
end;
input:
a: 10
b: 2
c: 3
a is greatest num

Statement processed.

e)Print the grade of the student using case stmt

DECLARE
grade char(1) := 'A';

BEGIN
CASE grade
when 'A' then dbms_output.put_line('Excellent');
when 'B' then dbms_output.put_line('verygood');
when 'C' then dbms_output.put_line('well done');
when 'D' then dbms_output.put_line('passed');
when 'F' then dbms_output.put_line('better try again');
else dbms_output.put_line('No such grade');
END CASE;
END;
Excellent

Statement processed.

f)
--Here, sequence of statement(s) may be a single statement or a block of statements. An
--EXIT statement or an EXIT WHEN statement is required to break the loop.
--Example:
DECLARE
x number := 10;
84
BEGIN
LOOP
dbms_output.put_line(x);
x := x + 10;
exit WHEN x > 50;
END LOOP;
-- after exit, control resumes here
dbms_output.put_line('After Exit x is: ' || x);
END;

10
20
30
40
50
After Exit x is: 60

Statement processed.

g) find factorial of a number

DECLARE
n integer;
fact integer:=1;
BEGIN
n:=:n;
while n != 0 LOOP
fact:=fact*n;
n:=n-1;
END LOOP;
dbms_output.put_line('factorial of n is '||fact);
END;

factorial of n is 120

Statement processed.

h) To write a PL/SQL block to find Sum of Digits of a given Number.

DECLARE
num number(5);
rem number(5);
sm number(5):=0;
num1 number(5);
BEGIN
num:=:num;
num1:=num;
while(num>0) loop
rem:=mod(num,10);
85
 sm:=sm+rem;
num:=trunc(num/10);
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line('SUM OF DIGITS OF '||num1||' IS: '||sm);
end;
SUM OF DIGITS OF 10 IS: 1

Statement processed.

86
 i) To write a PL/SQL block to Generate Fibonacci Series
DECLARE
num number(5);
f1 number(5):=0;
f2 number(5):=1;
f3 number(5);
i number(5):=3;
BEGIN
num:=:num;
dbms_output.put_line('THE FIBONACCI SERIES IS:');
dbms_output.put_line(f1);
dbms_output.put_line(f2);
while(i<=num) loop
f3:=f1+f2;
dbms_output.put_line(f3);
f1:=f2;
f2:=f3;
i:=i+1;
end loop;
END;
THE FIBONACCI SERIES IS:
0
1
1
2
3
5
8
13
21
34

j) To write a PL/SQL block to Check the Given String is Palindrome or Not

DECLARE
name1 varchar2(20);
name2 varchar2(20);
l number(5);
BEGIN
name1:=:name1;
l:=length(name1);
while l>0 loop
name2:=name2||substr(name1,l,1);
l:=l-1;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line('REVERSE OF STRING IS:'||NAME2);

87
 if(name1=name2) then
dbms_output.put_line(name1||' IS PALINDROME ');
else
dbms_output.put_line(name1||' IS NOT PALINDROME ');
end if;
END;
REVERSE OF STRING IS:mam
mam IS PALINDROME
Statement processed.

k) MULTIPLICATION TABLE
declare
i number(2);
n number(2);
begin
n:=:n;
for i in 1..10 loop
dbms_output.put_line( n || ' * ' || i || ' = ' || n*i);
end loop;
end;

5*1=5
5 * 2 = 10
5 * 3 = 15
5 * 4 = 20
5 * 5 = 25
5 * 6 = 30
5 * 7 = 35
5 * 8 = 40
5 * 9 = 45
5 * 10 = 50

Statement processed.
l) Print 1 to n prime numbers
declare
i integer;
n integer;
c integer;
begin
n:=:n;
for i in 2..n loop
c:=0;
for j in 1..i loop
if(mod(i,j)=0) then
c:=c+1;
end if;
end loop;
88
if (c=2) then
dbms_output.put_line(i);
end if;
end loop;
end;

2
3
5
7

Statement processed.

A GOTO statement in PL/SQL programming language provides an unconditional jump from the
GOTO to a labeled statement in the same subprogram.
Syntax
The syntax for a GOTO statement in PL/SQL is as follows −
GOTO label;
..
..
<< label >>
statement;

m) Illustrate go to statement
DECLARE
a number(2) := 1;
BEGIN
<<loopstart>>
WHILE a <= 5 LOOP
dbms_output.put_line ('value of a: ' || a);
a := a + 1;
IF a = 3 THEN
a := a + 1;
GOTO loopstart;
END IF;
END LOOP;
END;
value of a: 1
value of a: 2
value of a: 4
value of a: 5

Statement processed.

89
 n) Update the sal of the emp , for manager – 20%, salesman 15%, others 10%

declare

ejob emp.job%type;

esal emp.sal%type;

eid emp.empno%type;

inc number(7,2);

begin

eid:=:empno;

select job into ejob from emp where empno=eid;

if ejob='MANAGER' then

inc:=0.2;

update emp set sal=sal+sal*inc where empno=eid;

dbms_output.put_line('manager sal updated');

elsif ejob='SALESMAN' then

inc:=0.15;

update emp set sal=sal+sal*inc where empno=eid;

dbms_output.put_line('salesman sal updated');

else

inc:=0.1;

update emp set sal=sal+sal*inc where empno=eid;

dbms_output.put_line('updated for emp who r not mgrs and salesmans');

end if;

end;

-----

o) Find out whether the commission is NULL or not for the given eid

90
declare

eid emp.empno % type;

com emp.comm % type;

begin

eid:=:empno;

select comm into com from emp where empno=eid;

if com is null then

dbms_output.put_line('comm is null');

else

dbms_output.put_line('comm is not null');

end if;

end;

PROCEDURES:
A Procedure in PL/SQL is a subprogram unit that consists of a group of PL/SQL
statements that can be called by name. Each procedure in PL/SQL has its own unique name by
which it can be referred to and called. This subprogram unit in the Oracle database is stored as
a database object.

Syntax:
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE
<procedure_name>
(
<parameterl IN/OUT <datatype>
..
.
)
[ IS | AS ]
<declaration_part>
BEGIN
<execution part>
EXCEPTION
<exception handling part>
END;

91
  CREATE PROCEDURE instructs the compiler to create new procedure in Oracle.
Keyword 'OR REPLACE' instructs the compile to replace the existing procedure (if any)
with the current one.
 Procedure name should be unique.
 Keyword 'IS' will be used, when the stored procedure in Oracle is nested into some other
blocks. If the procedure is standalone then 'AS' will be used.

IN Parameter:

 This parameter is used for giving input to the subprograms.

 It is a read-only variable inside the subprograms. Their values cannot be changed inside
the subprogram.
 By default, the parameters are of IN type.

OUT Parameter:

 This parameter is used for getting output from the subprograms.

 It is a read-write variable inside the subprograms. Their values can be changed inside the
subprograms.
 In the calling statement, these parameters should always be a variable to hold the value
from the current subprograms.

IN OUT Parameter:

 This parameter is used for both giving input and for getting output from the subprograms.
 It is a read-write variable inside the subprograms. Their values can be changed inside the
subprograms.
 In the calling statement, these parameters should always be a variable to hold the value
from the subprograms.

Note: RETURN statement to return the control to the calling block, but it cannot return any
values through the RETURN statement.

Procedures cannot be called directly from SELECT statements. They can be called from another
block or through EXEC keyword.

p) Write a Procedure for Fibonacci series

create or replace procedure fib(n number) as

a number:=0;

b number:=1;

c number;

i number;

92
begin

dbms_output.put_line(a);

dbms_output.put_line(b);

for i in 3..n loop

c:=a+b;

a:=b;

b:=c;

dbms_output.put_line(c);

end loop;

end;

Procedure created.

declare

n number(10);

begin

n:=:n;

fib(n);

end;

input: 5

output:

93
Statement processed.

q) Write a procedure for finding out whether the given number is prime or not

create or replace procedure isprime(n number) as

c integer:=0;

i integer;

begin

for i in 1..n loop

if(mod(n,i)=0) then

c:=c+1;

end if;

end loop;

if(c=2) then

dbms_output.put_line('prime');

else

dbms_output.put_line('not prime');

end if;

end;

declare

n integer;

begin

n:=:n;

isprime(n);

end;

---

94
 r) Write a procedure for finding out whether the given number is palindrome or not

create or replace procedure palindrome(n number) as

rev number;

t number;

begin

rev:=0;

t:=n;

while t!=0 loop

rev:=(rev*10)+mod(t,10);

t:=trunc(t/10);

end loop;

if n=rev then

dbms_output.put_line('Palindrome');

else

dbms_output.put_line('notPalindrome');

end if;

end;

declare

n number:=:n;

begin

palindrome(n);

end;

s) Write a procedure to update emp data

create or replace procedure empupdate(eno emp.empno%type, inc number)as

95
 begin

update emp set sal=sal+inc where empno=eno;

commit;

dbms_output.put_line('update successfully');

end;

declare

eno emp.empno%type;

inc number;

begin

eno:=:eno;

inc:=:inc;

empupdate(eno,inc);

end;

select * from emp;

t) Write a procedure for swapping of two numbers

create or replace procedure swap(a in out number,b in out number) as

t number;

begin

t:=a;

a:=b;

b:=t;

end;

declare

a number:=:a;

b number:=:b;
96
 begin

dbms_output.put_line('before swapping'||a||','||b);

swap(a,b);

dbms_output.put_line('after swapping'||a||','||b);

end;

97