9

CHAPTER

DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
Chapter Objectives
This chapter will help you understand :
¾¾ Differential equations : Introduction to differential equations; Basic concepts; General and Particular solutions of
differential equations; Methods to solve First-order and First-degree differential equations.

Quick Review
™™ Differential equation is an equation involving
derivatives of an unknown function and possibly TIPS…
the function itself as well as the independent Differential equation is a linear differential equation
variables. if the degree of function and its derivatives are all
™™ Differential equations have a remarkable ability 1, otherwise, the equation is said to be a non-linear
to predict the world around us. They are used differential equation.
in a wide variety of disciplines, from biology,
Linear differential equations are notable because
economics, physics, chemistry, and engineering.
They can describe exponential growth and decay, they have solutions that can be added together in
the population growth of species or the change in linear combinations to form further solutions.
investment return over the time.
™™ Some other uses of differential equations include :
• In medicine, for modelling cancer growth or the
TRICKS…
spread of disease. Try to identify the order of differential equation as the
• In engineering, for describing the movement of order of the highest derivative taken in the equation.
electricity. The general solutions to ordinary differential
• In chemistry, for modelling chemical reactions equations are not unique but introduce arbitrary
and to computer radio-active half-life. constants. The number of constants is equal to the
• In economics, to find optimum investment order of equation in most instances.
strategies.
In applications, these constants are subject to be
• In physics, to describe the motion of waves,
pendulums or chaotic systems. It is also used in evaluated given the initial conditions : the function
physics with Newton's Second Law of Motion and its derivatives at x = 0. The number of initial
and the Law of Cooling. conditions required to find a particular solution of
• In Hooke's Law, for modelling the motion of a a differential equation is also equal to the order of
spring or in representing models for population equation in most cases.
growth and money flow/circulation.

Know the Links

☞☞
http ://www.analyzemath.com/calculus/Differential_Equations/applications.html
☞☞
http ://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/DE/IntroBasic.aspx

Multiple Choice Questions (1 mark each)

Q. 1. The degree of the differential equation Ans. Correct option : (d)

2 2 Explanation : The degree of above differential
 d y   dy 
2
 dy 
 2  + = x sin   is equation is not defined because when we expand
 dx   dx   dx 
 dy 
(a) 1 (b) 2 sin   we get an infinite series in the increasing
 dx 
(c) 3 (d) not defined dy
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 34, Page 195] powers of . Therefore its degree is not defined.
dx
396 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

Q. 2. The degree of the differential equation d y dy  dy 

3/2 ⇒ =
− − y  + y
  dy  2  d2 y dx dx  dx 
1 +    = is
  dx   dx 2 d y dy dy
⇒ =− − y − −y
3 dx dx dx
(a) 4 (b) d y dy
2 ⇒ =−2 − 2
(c) not defined (d) 2 dx dx
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 35, Page 195] d2y dy
Ans. Correct option : (d) ⇒ + 2 + 2y = 0
dx 2 dx
Explanation : Given that,
3/ 2
Q. 5. The differential equation for y = A cosαx + B
  dy  2  d2y sinαx, where A and B are arbitrary constants, is
1 +    = d2 y d2 y
  dx   dx 2 (a) − α 2
y = 0 (b) + α 2 y =0
dx 2 dx 2
On squaring both sides, we get
d2 y d2 y
3
  dy  2   d 2 y 
2 (c) 2
+ αy =0 (d) − αy = 0
dx dx 2
1 +    =  2  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 38, Page 196]
  dx    dx  Ans. Correct option : (b)
So, the degree of differential equation is 2. Explanation :
Q. 3. The order and degree of the differential equation Given, y = A cos α x + B sin α x
d 2 y  dy 
1/ 4
dy
+ + x1/ 5 =
0 respectively, are ⇒ = −α A sin α x + α B cosα x
dx 2  dx  dx
(a) 2 and 4 (b) 2 and 2 Again, differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 3 and 3 d2y
− Aα 2 cosα x − α 2B sin α x
=
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 36, Page 195] dx 2
Ans. Correct option : (a)
d2y
Explanation : ⇒ = −α 2 ( A cosα x + B sin α x )
1/ 4 dx 2
d 2 y  dy 
Given that, + − x1 / 5
= d2y
dx 2  dx  ⇒ = −α 2 y
1/ 4
dx 2
2
d y  dy  d2y
⇒ + − x1 / 5
=
dx 2  dx  ⇒ + α 2y =
0
dx 2
1/ 4
 dy   d2y  Q. 6. The solution of differential equation xdy − ydx
⇒  dx  = −  x1 / 5 + 2  =0 represents
   dx 
(a) a rectangular hyperbola
On squaring both sides, we get (b) parabola whose vertex is at origin
1/ 2 2
 dy   1/ 5 d 2 y  (c) straight line passing through origin
 dx= x + 2 
dx  (d) a circle whose centre is at origin
  
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 39, Page 196]
Again, on squaring both sides, we have Ans. Correct option : (c)
dy  d2y 
4
Explanation :
=  x1 / 5 + 2  Given that, xdy – ydx= 0
dx  dx 
⇒ xdy = ydx
Order = 2, degree = 4 dy dx
Q. 4. If y = e–x (A cos x + B sin x), then y is a solution of ⇒ =
y x
d2 y dy d2 y dy
(a) 2
+2 = 0 (b) −2 + 2y = 0 On integrating both sides, we get
dx dx dx 2 dx =
log y log x + log C
d2 y dy d2 y
(c) 2
+2 + 2y = 0 (d) + 2y = 0 ⇒ log y = log Cx
dx dx dx 2
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 37, Page 195] ⇒ y= Cx
Ans. Correct option : (c) which is a straight line passing through the origin.
Explanation : Q. 7. The integrating factor of differential equation
Given that, y = e–x (A cos x + B sin x) dy
cos x + y sin x = 1 is
On differentiating both sides w.r.t., x we get dx
dy (a) cos x (b) tan x
=− e − x ( A cos x + B sin x ) + e − x ( − A sin x + B cos x ) (c) sec x (d) sin x
dx
dy  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 40, Page 196]
=− y + e − x ( − A sin x + B cos x ) Ans. Correct option : (c)
dx
Explanation :
Again, differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get dy
d 2 y − dy Given that, cos x + y sin x = 1
= + e − x ( − A cos x − B sin x ) − e − x ( − A sin x + B cos x ) dx
dx 2 dx
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | 397
dy dy y
⇒ + ytanx =
sec x ⇒ − = x3 − 3
dx dx x
Here, P = tan x and Q = sec x 1
∫ Pdx e ∫ tan xdx Here, P = x3 − 3
− , Q=
=
  IF e= = e ln sec x x
1
∴IF = sec x 1
∴ IF= e ∫ = e ∫ x = e − log x=
Pdx − dx

Q. 8. Solution of the differential equation tan y sec 2x dx x

+ tan x sec 2ydy = 0 is : Q. 11. The solution of
(a) tan x + tan y = k (b) tan x – tan y = k dy
− y = 1 , y(0) = 1 is given by
tan x dx
(c) =k (d) tan x ⋅ tan y =
k x
tan y (a) xy = –e (b) xy = –e–x
(c) xy = –1 (d) y = 2ex – 1
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 41, Page 196]
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 44, Page 196]
Ans. Correct option : (d)
Ans. Correct option : (d)
Explanation :
Explanation : Given that,
Given that, tan ysec2xdx + tan xsec2ydy = 0
dy
⇒ tan y sec 2 xdx =
− tan x sec 2 ydy −y= 1
dx
sec 2 x − sec 2 y dy
⇒ dx =...(i) dy ⇒ = 1+ y
tan x tan y dx
On integrating both sides, we have dy
⇒ = dx
sec 2 x sec 2 y 1+ y
∫ tan x dx = − ∫ tan y dy On integrating both sides, we get
log(1 + y ) =x + C
Put tan x = t in LHS integral, we get
When x = 0 and y = 1, then
sec 2 x dx = dt ⇒ sec 2 x dx =
dt
log 2= 0 + C
and tan y = u in RHS integral, we get
sec 2 ydy = du ⇒ C= log 2
On substituting these values in EQ. (i), we get The required solution is
dt du log(1 + y ) =x + log 2
∫ t = −∫ u 1+ y 
⇒ log  =x
log t =
− log u + log k  2 
⇒ log(t ⋅ u) =
log k 1+ y
⇒ ex
=
⇒ log(tan x tan y ) =
log k 2
⇒ tan x tan y =k ⇒ 1+ y =2e x

Q. 9. Family y = Ax + A3 of curves is represented by the ⇒ 2e x − 1

y=
differential equation of degree : Q. 12. The number of solutions of
(a) 1 (b) 2 dy y + 1
(c) 3 (d) 4 = , when y(1) = 2 is
dx x − 1
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 42, Page 196] (a) none (b) one
Ans. Correct option : (a) (c) two (d) infinite
Explanation :  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 45, Page 197]
Given that, = y Ax + A 3 Ans. Correct option : (b)
dy Explanation :
⇒ = A
dx dy y + 1
Given that, =
[We can differential above equation only once dx x − 1
because it has only one arbitrary constant.] dy dx
∴ Degree = 1 ⇒ =
y +1 x −1
Q. 10. The integrating factor of
On integrating both sides, we get
xdy
− y = x 4 − 3 x is log( y +=1) log( x − 1) − log C
dx
C( y + 1) = ( x − 1)
(a) x (b) log x
1 x −1
(c) (d) –x ⇒ C=
x y +1
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 43, Page 196] When x = 1 and y = 2, then C = 0
Ans. Correct option : (c)
So, the required solution is x – 1 = 0
Explanation :
Hence, only one solution can exist.
dy
Given that, x − y = x 4 − 3x Q. 13. Which of the following is a second-order
dx differential equation?
398 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

(a) ( y′)2 + x =y2 (b) y′y′′ + y =sin x On integrating both sides, we get
y2 x2
(c) y′′′ + ( y′′)2 + y = 0 (d) y′ = y 2 = Cx − + K
2 2
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 46, Page 197]
x2 y2
Ans. Correct option : (b) ⇒ + = Cx + K
2 2
Explanation :
The second-order differential equation is y'y"+y x2 y2
⇒ + − Cx = K
=sin x. 2 2
Q. 14. The integrating factor of differential equation which represent family of circles.
dy Q. 17. The general solution of ex cos ydx – ex sin ydy
(1 − x 2 ) − xy = 1 is = 0 is
dx
x (a) ex cos y = k (b) ex sin y = k
2 (c) ex = k cos y (d) ex = k sin y
(a) – x (b) 1 + x  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 50, Page 197]
1 Ans. Correct option : (a)
(c) 1 − x 2 (d) log(1 − x 2 )
2 Explanation :
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 47, Page 197] Given that, ex cos ydx – ex sin ydy = 0
Ans. Correct option : (c)
⇒ e x cos ydx = e x sin ydy
Explanation :
dy dx
Given that, (1 − x 2 ) − xy = 1 ⇒ = tan y
dx dy
dy x 1 ⇒ dx = tan ydy
⇒ − y =2
dx 1 − x 2 1− x On integrating both sides, we get
which is a linear differential equation. = x log sec y + C
x
− ∫ 1− x 2 dx ⇒ x −C = log sec y
IF = e
dt ⇒ e x −C
sec y =
Put 1 − x 2 = t ⇒ −2xdx = dt ⇒ xdx = −
2 ⇒ e x e −C
sec y =
1 dt 1 1
∫ log t log(1− x 2 )
1 ex
Now, IF= e = e = e = 1 − x2
2 t 2 2
⇒ =
−1 −1
Q. 15. tan x+tan y = C is general solution of the cos y e C
differential equation eC
⇒ e x cos y =
2 dy 1 + x 2
(a) dy = 1 + y (b) = ⇒ e=x
cos y K =
[where, K eC ]
dx 1 + x 2 dx 1 + y 2 Q. 18. The degree of differential equation
2 2
(c) (1 + x )dy + (1 + y )dx =
0 d 2 y  dy 
3

+ + 6 y5 =
0 is
2
(d) (1 + x )dx + (1 + y )dy = 0 2
dx 2  dx 
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 48, Page 197] (a) 1 (b) 2
Ans. Correct option : (c) (c) 3 (d) 5
Explanation :  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 51, Page 197]
Given that, tan–1x + tan–1 y = C Ans. Correct option : (a)
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get Explanation :
1 1 dy 3
d 2 y  dy 
+ ⋅ = 0 + + 6y5 =
0
1 + x 2 1 + y 2 dx dx 2  dx 
1 dy 1 We know that, the degree of a differential equation
⇒ ⋅ =
−
2
1 + y dx 1 + x2 is exponent of highest order derivative.
∴ Degree = 1
⇒ (1 + x 2 )dy + (1 + y 2 )dx =
0 Q. 19. The solution of
dy dy
Q. 16. The differential equation y +x= C represents + y = e − x , y(0) = 0 is
dx dx
(a) family of hyperbolas (b) family of parabolas (a) y = ex(x – 1) (b) y =xe–x
(c) family of ellipses (d) family of circles (c) y = xe–x + 1 (d) y = (x + 1)e–x
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 49, Page 197]  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 52, Page 197]
Ans. Correct option : (d) Ans. Correct option : (b)
Explanation : Explanation :
dy dy
Given that, y +x=C Given that, +y= e−x
dx dx
dy Q e−x
P 1,=
Here,=
⇒ y = C−x
dx
IF e ∫= e= ∫ dx e x
Pdx
⇒ yd y = (C − x )dx =
The general solution is
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | 399

∫ e e dx + C dy 1 + y
−x x
y ⋅ ex
=
⇒ = −y
dx x
∫ dx
x
⇒
⇒ yy ⋅⋅ ee x == dx +
+CC dy 1 + y − xy
⇒ =
⇒ x
⇒ yy ⋅⋅ ee x =
=xx +
+CC ...(i) dx x
When x = 0 and y = 0, then dy 1 y(1 − x )
⇒ = +
0 =0 + C ⇒ C =0 dx x x
EQ. (i) becomes y ⋅ e x = x dy  1 − x  1
⇒ − y=
⇒ y= xe − x dx  x  x
Q. 20. The integrating factor of differential equation −(1 − x ) 1
=
Here, P = ,Q
dy x x
+ y tan x − sec x = 0 is
dx 1− x x −1
(a) cos x (b) sec x = ∫ Pdx e − ∫ =
IF e= x
dx
e∫ x
dx

(c) ecos x (d) esec x  1

 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 53, Page 198] ∫ 1− x  dx
=e
Ans. Correct option : (b)
= e∫
x − log x
Explanation :
dy 1
log  
Given that, + y tan x − sec x = 0 = ex ⋅ e x
dx
Here, P = tan x, Q = sec x 1
= ex ⋅
∫ Pdx e ∫ tan xdx x
=IF e=
= e (log sec x ) Q. 23.=y ae mx + be − mx satisfies which of the following
differential equation
= sec x
Q. 21. The solution of differential equation (a) dy + my = 0 (b) dy − my =0
dx dx
dy 1 + y 2
= is 2 2
dx 1 + x 2 (c) d y − m 2 y =0 (d) d y + m 2 y = 0
(a) y = tan x–1
(b) y – x = k(1 + xy) dx 2 dx 2
(c) x = tan–1y (d) tan (xy) = k  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 56, Page 198]
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 54, Page 198] Ans. Correct option : (c)
Ans. Correct option : (b) Explanation :
Explanation : Given that,= y ae mx + be − mx
dy 1 + y 2 On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
Given that, =
dx 1 + x 2 dy
= mae mx − bme − mx
dy dx      dx
⇒ =
1 + y2 1 + x2 Again, differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
On integrating both sides, we get d2y
= m 2 ae mx + bm 2 e − mx
=
tan −1
y tan −1 x + C dx 2
d2y
⇒ tan −1 y − tan −1 x =
C ⇒ m 2 ( ae mn + be − mn )
=
dx 2
 y−x 
⇒ tan −1  = C d2y
⇒ m2 y
=
 1 + xy  dx 2
y−x d2y
⇒ = tan C ⇒ − m2 y =
0
1 + xy dx 2
⇒ y=− x tan C(1 + xy ) Q. 24. The solution of differential equation cos x sin ydx
⇒ y − x = k (1 + xy ) + sin x cos ydy = 0 is
where, k = tan C sin x
(a) =C (b) sin x sin y = C
Q. 22. The integrating factor of differential equation sin y
dy 1+ y
+ y = is (c) sin x + sin y = C (d) cos x cos y = C
dx x
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 57, Page 198]
x ex
(a) x (b) Ans. Correct option : (b)
e x Explanation :
(c) xex (d) ex Given differential equation is
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 55, Page 198] cos x sin ydx + sin x cos ydy = 0
Ans. Correct option : (b) ⇒ cos x sin ydx = − sin x cos ydy
Explanation :
cos x cos y
dy 1+ y ⇒ dx =− dy
Given that, +y= sin x sin y
dx x
⇒ cot x dx =− cot ydy
 ⇒ cos x sin ydx =
− sin x cos ydy
400 | ⇒ cos
OSWAAL x
NCERT cos y
SOLUTIONS
dx =− dy – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII
sin x sin y
⇒ cot x dx =− cot ydy Q. 27. The family y = Ax + A3 of curves will correspond
On integrating both sides, we get to a differential equation of order
log sin x = –log sin y + log C (a) 3 (b) 2
⇒ log sin x sin y = log C (c) 1 (d) not defined
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 60, Page 199]
⇒ sin x ⋅ sin y =
C
Ans. Correct option : (c)
dy Explanation :
Q. 25. The solution of x +y=e x is
dx y Ax + A 3
Given family of curves is =
x
e k
(a) =
y + (b) y = xex + Cx dy
x x ⇒ =
A ...(i)
dx
ey k dy
(c) y = xex + k (d) =
x + Replacing A by in EQ. (i) we get
y y dx
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 58, Page 198] 3
Ans. Correct option : (a) dy  dy 
=y x +
Explanation : dx  dx 
dy ∴ Order = 1
Given that, x +y= ex Q. 28. The general solution of
dx
dy x2 − y
dy y e x = 2 x e is
⇒ + = dx
dx x x 2 2
−y
which is a linear differential equation. (a) e x =C (b) e − y + e x =
C
2 2
1 (c) e=
y
ex + C (d) e x + y = C
e∫ x =
dx
∴ IF = e (log x ) =
x  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 61, Page 199]
 ex  Ans. Correct option : (c)
The general solution is y ⋅=
x ∫  x ⋅ x  dx Explanation :
dy 2 2
Given that,= 2x = e x − y 2x e x ⋅ e − y
∫ e dx
x
⇒ y⋅x = dx
⇒ y ⋅ x = ex + k dy 2
⇒ ey = 2x e x
ex k dx
⇒ y= + 2
x x ⇒ e y dy = 2x e x dx
Q. 26. The differential equation of the family of curves
On integrating both sides, we get
x2 + y2 − 2ay =0, where a is arbitrary constant, is
∫e dy = 2 ∫ xe x dx
2
y
dy dy
(a) ( x2 − y2 ) =2 xy (b) 2( x 2 + y 2 ) = xy
dx dx Put x2   = t in RHS integral, we get
dy dy 2x dx = dt
(c) 2( x 2 − y 2 ) = xy (d) ( x 2 + y 2 ) =2 xy
dx dx
∫e dy = ∫ e t dt
y

 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 59, Page 199]

Ans. Correct option : (a) ⇒ ey =et + C
2
Explanation : ⇒ e y =e x + C
Given equation of curve is Q. 29. The curve for which the slope of the tangent at
x 2 + y 2 − 2ay =
0 any point is equal to the ratio of the abscissa to the
ordinate of the point is
x2 + y2 (a) an ellipse
⇒ 2a
=
y (b) parabola
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get (c) circle
(d) rectangular hyperbola
 dy  dy
y  2x + 2 y  − ( x 2 + y 2 )  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 62, Page 199]
 dx  dx Ans. Correct option : (d)
=0
y2 Explanation :
dy dy dy
⇒ 2xy + 2 y 2 − (x2 + y2 ) 0
= Slope of tangent to the curve =
dx dx dx
2 2 2 dy x
⇒ (2y − x − y ) −2xy
= and ratio of abscissa to the ordinate =
dx y
2 2 dy
⇒ (y − x ) −2xy
= dy x
dx According to the question, =
dx y
2 2 dy
⇒ (x − y ) 2xy
= yd y = xd x
dx
 2
1  2x + 3 
⇒ log  =log C
2  2y − 1 
1/ 2
 2x + 3 
⇒  =
DIFFERENTIAL
 C
EQUATIONS | 401
 2y − 1 
On integrating both sides, we get 2x + 3
⇒ C2
=
y2 x2 2y − 1
= +C
2 2 2x + 3
⇒ = k= , where k C 2
y2 x2 2y − 1
⇒ − =C
2 2
Q. 32. The differential equation for which y = a cos x+ b
⇒ y − x 2 =2C
2
sin x a solution, is
which is an equation of rectangular hyperbola. 2 2
(a) d y2 + y = 0 (b) d y2 − y = 0
Q. 30. The general solution of differential equation dx dx
2
x
dy 2 2
= e 2 + xy is
(c) d y2 + ( a + b)y = 0 (d) d y2 + ( a − b)y =
0
dx dx dx
2 2  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 65, Page 200]
(a) y = Ce − x /2
(b) y = Ce x /2

2 2
Ans. Correct option : (a)
= ( x + C)e x / 2
(c) y y (C − x )e x / 2
(d) = Explanation :
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 63, Page 199] Given that, y = a cos x + b sin x
Ans. Correct option : (c) On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
Explanation : dy
=− a sin x + b cos x
dy 2         dx
Given that, = e x / 2 + xy
dx Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy 2 d2 y
⇒ − xy = ex / 2 = − a cos x – b sin x
dx      dx 2
2
2 d y
Here, P = ex / 2
−x , Q = ⇒ = −y
dx 2
= e∫ = e−x / 2
− x dx 2
∴ IF d2y
The general solution is ⇒ +y= 0
dx 2
Q. 33. The solution of
∫e
− x2 / 2 − x2 / 2 2
y=
    ⋅e .e x / 2 dx + C
dy
= + y e − x ,= y(0) 0 is
∫1dx + C
2
/2
⇒ ye − x = dx
–x
2
/2 (a) y = e (x – 1) (b) y = xex
⇒ y ⋅ e−x = x+C –x
2 2
(c) y = xe + 1 (d) y = xe–x
/2
⇒ xe x
y= + Ce + x /2
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 66, Page 200]
⇒ y= ( x + C)e x / 2
2
Ans. Correct option : (d)
Q. 31. The solution of equation (2y −1) dx − (2x +3) dy = Explanation :
0 is dy
Given that, +y= e−x
2x − 1 dx
(a) =k (b) 2 y + 1 = k which is a linear differential equation.
2y + 3 2x − 3 Here, P = 1 and Q = e–x
2x + 3 2x − 1 =IF e= ∫ dx e x
(c) =k (d) =k
2y − 1 2y − 1 The general solution is
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 64, Page 199] y ⋅ e x= ∫ e − x ⋅ e x dx + C
Ans. Correct option : (c)
⇒ ye x = ∫ dx + C
Explanation :
Given that, (2y – 1)dx – (2x + 3)dy = 0 ⇒ ye x =+ x C ...(i)
⇒ ( 2 y − 1)dx =( 2x + 3)dy When x = 0 and y = 0 then, 0 = 0 + C ⇒ C = 0
dx dy EQ. (i) becomes y ⋅ e x = x ⇒ y = xe − x
⇒ = Q. 34. The order and the degree of differential equations
2x + 3 2 y − 1 2 4
 d3 y  d2 y  dy 
On integrating both sides, we get  3  − 3 2 + 2  = y 4 are
 dx  dx  dx 
1 1 (a) 1, 4 (b) 3, 4
log( 2x=+ 3) log( 2 y − 1) + log C
2 2 (c) 2, 4 (d) 3, 2
1  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 67, Page 200]
⇒ [log⋅ ( 2x + 3) − log( 2 y − 1)] =log C
2 Ans. Correct option : (d)
1  2x + 3  Explanation :
⇒ log  =log C 2
2  2y − 1   d3y  d2y  dy 
4

1/ 2
Given that,  3  − 3 + 2  dx  = y4
 2x + 3   dx  dx 2  
⇒   = C
∴ Order = 3
 2y − 1 
and degree = 2
2x + 3
⇒ C2
=
2y − 1
2x + 3
⇒ = k= , where k C 2
2y − 1
402 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

Q. 35. The order and the degree of differential equations D 2 y − 2Dy + y =

0,
  dy  2  d 2 y
1 +   = are d
2 where D =
  dx   dx dx
3 ( D 2 − 2D + 1) y =
0
(a) 2, (b) 2, 3
2
(c) 2, 1 (d) 3, 4 The auxiliary equation is m 2 − 2m + 1 =0
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 67, Page 200] ( m − 1)2 =0 ⇒ m =1, 1
Ans. Correct option : (c) Since, the roots are real and equal.
Explanation : ∴ CF= ( Ax + B)e x ⇒ y= ( Ax + B)e x
  dy  2  d 2 y [Since, its roots of auxiliary equations are real and
Given that, 1 +    = 2
  dx   dx equal say (m), then [= CF (C1x + C 2 )e mx ]
∴ Order = 2 and degree = 1 Q. 38. The general solution of
Q. 36. The differential equation of family of curves dy
+ y tan x = sec x is
y2 = 4a (x + a) is dx
dy  dy  (a) y sec x = tan x + C
=
(a) y2 4 x+
dx  dx  (b) y tan x = sec x + C
(c) tan x = y tan x + C
(b) 2 y dy = 4 a (d) x sec x = tan y + C
dx
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 71, Page 201]
2
d 2 y  dy  Ans. Correct option : (a)
(c) y + =
0
dx 2  dx  Explanation :
2
Given differential equation is
dy  dy  dy
(d) 2 x + y  −y= 0 + y tan x = sec x
dx  dx  dx
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 69, Page 200] which is a linear differential equation
Ans. Correct option : (d) Here, P = tan x, Q = sec x,
Explanation :
IF e ∫ = e = sec x
tan xd x log sec x
∴=
Given that, y2 = 4a (x + a) …(i)
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get The general solution is

2y
dy
4a 2 y
=⇒
dy
= 4a
y ⋅ sec x = ∫ sec x ⋅ sec x + C
  dx dx
∫ sec x dx + C
2
⇒ y=
⋅ sec x
dy 1 dy ...(ii)
⇒ y = 2a ⇒ a = y ⇒ y ⋅ sec =
x tan x + C
dx 2 dx 
Q. 39. The solution of differential equation
On putting the value of a from EQ. (ii) in EQ. (i), we
get dy y
+ = sin x is
dy  1 dy  dx x
= y 2 2y  x + y  (a) x (y + cos x) = sin x + C
dx  2 dx 
2
(b) x (y – cos x) = sin x + C
2 dy  dy  (c) xy cos x = sin x + C
⇒ y= 2xy + y2  
dx  dx  (d) x (y + cos x) = cos x + C
2
dy  dy   [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 72, Page 201]
⇒ 2x + y  − y =0
dx  dx  Ans. Correct option : (a)
Q. 37. Which of the following is the general solution of Explanation :
d2 y dy Given differential equation is
2
−2 +y= 0? dy 1
dx dx + y = sin x
dx x
(a) y = (Ax+ B)ex
(b) y = (Ax + B)e–x Which is linear differential equation.
(c) y = Aex + Be–x 1
=P = and Q sin x
(d) y = A cos x + B sin x x
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 70, Page 200] Here;
Ans. Correct option : (a) ∫ dx
1
∴ IF= e x = elog x= x
Explanation :
The general solution is,
d2y dy
Given that, −2 +y =
0
dx 2 dx
y⋅x = ∫ x ⋅ sin xdx + C ...(i)
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | 403
Ans. Correct option : (b)
I
= ∫ x ⋅ sin xdx Explanation :
Take. − x cos x − ∫ − cos xdx dy
Given that, = e x − y + x 2e − y
= − x cos x + sin x dx
dy
Put the value of I in EQ. (1), we get ⇒ =e x e − y + x 2e − y
dx
xy = − x cos x + sin x + C
dy e x + x 2
⇒ x( y + cos x) =sin x + C ⇒ =
dx ey
Q. 40. The general solution of differential equation ⇒ y
e dy = x
(e + x 2 )dx
( e x + 1)ydy = ( y + 1)e x dx is On integrating both sides, we get
(a) (y + 1) = k (ex+ 1)
∫ e=
dy ∫ (e
y x
+ x 2 )dx
(b) y + 1 = ex + 1 + k
(c) y = log {k (y +1) (ex + 1)} x3
⇒ e y =ex + +C
(d) y = log {(ex + 1)/(y + 1)} + k 3
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 73, Page 201] x3
Ans. Correct option : (c) ⇒ +Ce y − ex =
3
Explanation : Q. 42. The solution of differential equation
Given differential equation
dy 2 xy 1
(e x + 1) ydy =+( y 1)e x dx + =2 2 is
dx 1 + x 2
(1 + x )
dy e x (1 + y ) dx (e x + 1) y
⇒= x
⇒= x (a) y(1 + x 2 ) =C + tan −1 x
dx (e + 1) y dy e (1 + y )
dx ex y y y
⇒ = + (b) = C + tan −1 x
dy e (1 + y ) e x (1 + y )
x 1 + x2
dx y y (c) y log(1 + x 2 ) =C + tan −1 x
⇒ = +
dy 1 + y (1 + y )e x
(d) y(1 + x 2 ) =C + sin −1 x
dx y  1  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 75, Page 201]
⇒ = 1 + 
dy 1 + y  e x  Ans. Correct option : (a)
dx y  ex + 1  Explanation :
⇒ =  
dy 1 + y  e x  dy 2 xy 1
Given that, + =
 y   ex  dx 1 + x 2 (1 + x 2 ) 2
⇒   dy =  x  dx 2x 1
1+ y   e +1 Here, = P = and Q
On integrating both sides, we get 1 + x2 (1 + x 2 ) 2
which is a linear differential equation.
y ex
∫ 1 + y dy = ∫ 1 + e x dx ∴
∫ 2 dx
e 1+ x
IF =
2x

1+ y −1 ex Put 1 + x 2 =t ⇒ 2 xdx =dt

⇒ ∫ 1+ y ∫
dy =
1 + ex
dx
dt
∫ 2
x ∴ IF = e 1 = elog t = elog(1+ x ) =
1 + x2
1 e
⇒ ∫1dy − ∫ ∫ 1 + e x dx
dy = The general solution is
1+ y 1
⇒ y − log | (1
= + y ) log|(1+e x ) + log k y ⋅ (1 + x 2 ) = ∫ (1 + x 2 ) +C
(1 + x 2 ) 2
⇒ y= log(1 + y ) + log(1 + e x ) + log(k ) 1
⇒ y (1 += x2 ) ∫ dx + C
⇒ y log {k (1 + y )(1 + e x )}
= 1 + x2
Q. 41. The solution of differential equation ⇒ y (1 + x 2= ) tan −1 x + C
dy Q. 43. The degree of the differential equation
= e x − y + x 2 e − y is
dx 3
 d 2 y   dy 
2
 dy 
 2  +   + sin   + 1 =0 is
(a) y =e x − y − x 2 e − y + C  dx dx
    dx 

x3 (a) 3 (b) 2
v x
(b) e − e = +C (c) 1 (d) not defined
3
 [NCERT Ex. 9.1, Q. 11, Page 383]
x3
x v
(c) e + e = +C Ans. Correct option : (d)
3
Explanation :
x v x3
(d) e − e = +C 3 2
3  d 2 y   dy   dy 
 2  +   + sin   + 1 =0
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 74, Page 201]  dx   dx   dx 
404 | d 2 y : Class-XII
OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS x −x
= c1e + c2 e
dx 2
The given differential equation is not a polynomial d2y
equation in its derivatives. Therefore, its degree is ⇒ 2 = y
dx
not defined. 2
d y
Q. 44. The order of the differential equation ⇒ 2 −y= 0
dx
d2y dy
2x2 2 − 3 + y = 0 is
dx dx This is the required differential equation of the
(a) 2 (b) 1 given equation of curve.
(c) 0 (d) not defined Q. 48. Which of the following differential equations has
 [NCERT Ex. 9.1, Q. 12, Page 383]
y = x as one of its particular solution?
Ans. Correct option : (a)
Explanation : d2y dy d2y dy
(a) − x2 + xy =
x (b) +x + xy =
x
d2y dy dx 2 dx dx 2 dx
2x2 2 − 3 + y = 0
dx dx d2y dy d2y dy
The highest order derivative present in the given (c) 2
− x2 + xy =0 (d) +x + xy =0
dx dx dx 2 dx
d2y
differential equation is . Therefore, its order is  [NCERT Ex. 9.3, Q. 12, Page 391]
dx 2
two. Ans. Correct option : (c)
Q. 45. The numbers of arbitrary constants in the general Explanation :
solution of a differential equation of fourth order The given equation of curve is y=x
are : Differentiating with respect to x, we get :
(a) 0 (b) 2 dy
=1
(c) 3 (d) 4 dx ...(1)
 [NCERT Ex. 9.2, Q. 11, Page 385] Again, differentiating with respect to x, we get :
Ans. Correct option : (d) d2y
Explanation : =0
dx 2 ...(2)
We know that the number of constants in the
general solution of a differential equation of order d2y
Now, on substituting the values of y, 2 , and
n is equal to its order. dx
Therefore, the number of constants in the general dy
from equation (1) and (2) in each of the given
equation of fourth-order differential equation is dx
four. alternatives, we find that only the differential
Q. 46. The numbers of arbitrary constants in the equation given in alternative C is correct.
particular solution of a differential equation of d2y dy
third order are : − x2 + xy = 0 − x 2 ⋅ 1 + x ⋅ x
dx 2 dx
(a) 3 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) 0 = − x2 + x2
 [NCERT Ex. 9.2, Q. 12, Page 385] =0
Ans. Correct option : (d) Q. 49. The general solution of the differential equation
Explanation : dy
= e x + y is
In a particular solution of a differential equation, dx
there are no arbitrary constants.
(a) e x + e − y =
C (b) e x + e y =
C
Q. 47. Which of the following differential equations has −x y
y = c1 ex + c2 e–x as the general solution? (c) e +e =
C (d) e − x + e − y =
C
d2y d2y  [NCERT Ex. 9.4, Q. 22, Page 397]
(a) + y 0
= (b) −y= 0 Ans. Correct option : (a)
dx 2 dx 2
Explanation :
2
d2y
(c) d y + 1 = 0 (d) −1= 0 dy
dx 2 dx 2 = e x +=
y
ex ⋅ e y
dx
 [NCERT Ex. 9.3, Q. 11, Page 391]
dy
Ans. Correct option : (b) ⇒ e x dx
=
Explanation : ey
The given equation is : ⇒ e − y dy =
e x dx
y c1e x + c2e − x
= Integrating both sides, we get :
Differentiating with respect of x, we get :
∫e dy = ∫ e x dx
−y

dy
= c1e x − c2 e − x ⇒ − e− y = e x + k
dx
Again, differentiating with respect of x, we get : ⇒ e + e− y =
x
−k
d y ⇒ e x + e− y =
C −k )
(C =
= c1e x + c2 e x

dx
d y
⇒ =
dx
d y
⇒ − =
 dy DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | 405
x − y = 2x2
dx
Q. 50. A homogeneous differential equation of the form dy y
⇒ − = 2x
dx  x dx x
= h   can be solved by making the
dy  y This is a linear differential equation of the form :
substitution. dy 1
(a) y = vx (b) v = yx + py = Q (where p = − and Q = 2 x )
dx x
(c) x = vy (d) x = v
The integrating factor (IF) is given by the relation,
 [NCERT Ex. 9.5, Q. 16, Page 406]
Ans. Correct option : (c) ∫e pdx
Explanation :
1
For solving the homogeneous equation of the form : ∫ − x dx −1 1
∴ IF = e = e − log x = elog( x )
= x −1 =
dx x x
= h   , we need to make the substitution as
dy  y Q. 53. The Integrating Factor of the differential equation
x = vy. dx
(1 − y 2 ) + yx = ay( −1 < y < 1) is
Q. 51. Which of the following is a homogeneous dy
differential equation?
1 1
(a) (4 x + 6 y + 5) dy − (3 y + 2 x + 4) dx = 0 (a) (b)
y2 − 1 y2 − 1
(b) ( xy ) dx − ( x + y ) dy = 0
3 3

1 1
(c) ( x 3 + 2 y 2 ) dx + 2 xy dy = 0 (c) (d)
1 − y2 1 − y2
(d) y 2dx + ( x 2 − xy − y 2 ) dy = 0
 [NCERT Ex. 9.5, Q. 17, Page 407]  [NCERT Ex. 9.6, Q. 19, Page 414]
Ans. Correct option : (d)
Ans. Correct option : (d)
Explanation :
Explanation : The given differential equation is :
Function F(x, y) is said to be the homogenous dx
function of degree n, if (1 − y 2 ) + yx = ay
dy
F (l x, l y ) = l n F(x, y ) for any non-zero constant (l ). dx yx ay
⇒ + =
Consider the equation given in alternative D : dy 1 − y 2 1 − y 2
y 2 dx + ( x 2 − xy − y 2 ) dy = 0 This is a linear differential equation of the form :
dy − y2 y2 dx y ay
⇒ = 2 = 2 + py = Q (where p = and Q = )
dx x − xy − y 2
y + xy − x 2 dy 1 − y2 1 − y2
The integrating factor (IF) is given by relation,
y2
Let F ( x, y ) = ∫ pdy
y 2 + xy − x 2 e

(l y ) 2  1
log 


⇒ F (l x, l y ) = y
∫ 1− y 2 dy 1
1
∴ IF = e ∫
pdy − log(1− y 2 )  1− y 2 
(l y ) + (l x)(l y ) − (l x) 2
2
=e =e 2
=e  
=
1 − y2
l 2 y2
=
l ( y + xy − x 2 )
2 2 Q. 54. The general solution of the differential equation
y dx − x dy
 y2
 = 0 is
= l0 2 2 
 y + xy − x  y
= l 0 .F ( x, y ) (a) xy = C (b) x = Cy 2
(c) y = Cx (d) y = Cx 2
Q. 52. The Integrating Factor of the differential equation  [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 16, Page 421]
dy Ans. Correct option : (c)
x − y = 2 x 2 is
dx Explanation :
(a) e − x (b) e − y The given differential equation is :
1 ydx − xdy
(c) (d) x =0
x y
 [NCERT Ex. 9.6, Q. 18, Page 414] ydx − xdy
⇒ =0
Ans. Correct option : (c) xy
Explanation : 1 1
⇒ dx − dy = 0
x y
The given differential equation is :
dy Integrating both sides, we get :
x − y = 2x2
dx
dy y
⇒ − = 2x
dx x
406 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

log | x | − log | y |= log k x(IF) = ∫ (Q × IF)dy + C

x
⇒ log = log k ⇒ x ⋅ e∫ = ∫  Q1e ∫ dy + C
P1 dy P1 dy
y  
x Q. 56. The general solution of the differential equation
⇒ =k
y e x dy + ( y e x + 2 x ) dx = 0 is

1
⇒ y= x (a) x e y + x 2 = C (b) x e y + y 2 = C
k
1 (c) y e x + x 2 = C (d) y e y + x 2 = C
⇒ y = Cx where C =  [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 18, Page 421]
k
Ans. Correct option : (c)
Q. 55. The general solution of a differential equation of
Explanation :
the type
The given differential equation is :
dx
dy
+ P1 x = Q1 is e x dy + ( ye x + 2 x ) dx = 0

dy
(a) y e ∫ P1 dy =  Q1e ∫ P1 dy   Q1e ∫ P1 dy  dy + C ⇒ ex + ye x + 2 x = 0
∫ ∫   dx
dy
⇒ + y = −2 xe − x
(b) y ⋅ e ∫ = ∫  Q1e ∫  dx + C
P1 dx P1 dx
 dx
  This is a linear differential equation of the form
= ∫  Q1e ∫  dy + C dy
(c) x ⋅ e ∫
P1 dy P1 dy
 + Py = Q, where P = 1 and Q = −2 xe − x
  dx
Now, IF = e ∫ = e ∫ = e x
Pdx dx
(d) xe ∫ = ∫  Q1e ∫ 1  dx + C
P1 dx P dx

  The general solution of the given differential

 [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 17, Page 421] equation is given by,
Ans. Correct option : (c) y (IF) = ∫ (Q × IF)dx + C
Explanation :
⇒ ye x = ∫ (−2 xe − x ⋅ e x )dx + C
The integrating factor of the given differential
dx
+ P1 x = Q1 is e ∫
P1 dy ⇒ ye x = − ∫ 2 xdx + C
equation
dy
⇒ ye x = − x 2 + C
The general solution of the differential equation is
given by, ⇒ ye + x 2 = C
x

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 or 2 marks each)

Q. 1. Find the solution of Ans. Since, the family of all non-vertical line is y = mx
dy p
= 2 y − x  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 1, Page 193] +C, where m ≠ tan .
dx 2
Ans. On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy
Given that, = 2y−x dy
dx =m
dx
dy 2 y  m−n am 
⇒ = x  a = n Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dx 2  a 
d2y
dy dx =0
⇒ = dx 2 [2]
2 y 2x
On integrating both sides, we get Q. 3. Determine order and degree (if defined) of
differential equation
∫ 2 dy = ∫ 2 dx
−y −x

−2− y −2− x d4y

⇒ = +C + sin( y′′′ ) = 0 [NCERT Ex. 9.1, Q. 1, Page 382]
log 2 log 2 dx 4

⇒ −2− y + 2− x = + Clog 2 d4y

Ans. + sin( y′′′) = 0
⇒ 2− x − 2− y = −Clog 2 dx 4
⇒ y′′′ + sin( y′′′) = 0
⇒ 2− x − 2− y = k [where, k = + Clog 2] [2]
Q. 2. Find the differential equation of all non-vertical The highest order derivative present in the
lines in a plane. differential equation is y′′′ . Therefore, its order is
four.
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 2, Page 193]
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | 407
The given differential equation is not a polynomial Hence, its degree is one. [2]
equation in its derivatives. Hence, its degree is not Q. 8. Determine order and degree (if defined) of
defined. [2] differential equation
Q. 4. Determine order and degree (if defined) of ( y′′′ ) + ( y′′)3 + ( y′)4 + y 5 =
2
0

differential equation
 [NCERT Ex. 9.1, Q. 6, Page 382]
y′ + 5 y =
0 [NCERT Ex. 9.1, Q. 2, Page 382]
( y′′′)
2
Ans. The given differential equation is : Ans. + ( y′′)3 + ( y′) + y 5 =
0
y′ + 5 y =
0 The highest-order derivative present in the
The highest-order derivative present in the differential equation is y′′′ . Therefore, its order is
differential equation is y’. Therefore, its degree is three.
one. [2] The given differential equation is a polynomial
Q. 5. Determine order and degree (if defined) of equation in y′′′, y′′, and y′.
differential equation The highest power raised to y′′′ is two. Hence, its
 ds 
4
d 2s degree is two. [2]
 dt  + 3 s dt 2 =
0  [NCERT Ex. 9.1, Q. 3, Page 382] Q. 9. Determine order and degree (if defined) of
 
4 2
differential equation y′′′ + 2 y′′ + y′ = 0
 ds  d s  [NCERT Ex. 9.1, Q. 7, Page 382]
Ans.   +3 2 = 0
 dt  dt Ans. y′′′ + 2 y′′ + y′ = 0
The highest order derivative present in the given The highest-order derivative present in the
d 2s differential equation is y′′′ . Therefore, its order is
differential equation is . Therefore, its order is
dt 2 three.
two. It is polynomial equation in y′′′, y′′, and y′ . The
d 2s ds highest power raised to y′′′ is one. Hence, its
It is a polynomial equation in and . The
dt 2
dt degree is one. [2]
2
d s Q. 10. Determine order and degree (if defined) of
power raised to 2 is one.
dt differential equation y′ + y = ex
Hence, its degree is one. [2]  [NCERT Ex. 9.1, Q. 8, Page 383]
Q. 6. Determine order and degree (if defined) of Ans. y′ + y = ex
differential equation ⇒ y′ + y − e x = 0
2
 d2y   dy  The highest order derivative present in the
 2  + cos   = 0 differential equation in y′ . Therefore, its order is
 dx   dx 
one.
 [NCERT Ex. 9.1, Q. 4, Page 382]
2
The given differential equation is a polynomial
 d2y   dy  equation in y′ and the highest power is raised to
Ans.  2  + cos   = 0
 dx   dx  one. He y′ is one. Hence, its degree is one. [2]
The highest-order derivative present in the given Q. 11. Determine order and degree (if defined) of
d2y differential equation y′′ + ( y′ )2 + 2 y = 0
differential equation is . Therefore, its order is
dx 2  [NCERT Ex. 9.1, Q. 9, Page 383]
two. Ans. y′′ + ( y′) 2 + 2 y = 0
The given differential equation is not polynomial The highest-order derivative present in the
equation in its derivatives. Hence, its degree is not differential equation is y′′ . Therefore, its order is
defined. [2] two.
Q. 7. Determine order and degree (if defined) of The given differential equation is a polynomial
differential equation equation in y′′ and y′ , and the highest power
d2y raised to y′′ is one.
= cos 3 x + sin 3 x
dx 2 Hence, its degree is one. [2]
 [NCERT Ex. 9.1, Q. 5, Page 382] Q. 12. Determine order and degree (if defined) of
differential equation y′′ + 2 y′ + sin y = 0
d2y  [NCERT Ex. 9.1, Q. 10, Page 383]
Ans. = cos3 x + sin 3 x
dx 2 Ans. y′′ + 2 y′ + sin y = 0
d2y The highest order derivative present in the
⇒ − cos3 x − sin 3 x =
0
dx 2 differential equation is y′′ . Therefore, its order is
The highest order derivative present in the given two.
d2y This is a polynomial equation in y′′ and y′′ , and
differential equation is . Therefore, its order is
dx 2 the highest power raised to y′′ is one. Hence, its
two. degree is one. [2]
d2y Q. 13. Verify that the given function (explicit or implicit)
It is a polynomial equation in and the power
dx 2 is a solution of the corresponding differential
d2y
raised to is one. equation :
dx 2
408 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

y = ex + 1 : y′′ − y′ = 0 Differentiating both sides of the equation with

respect to x, we get :
 [NCERT Ex. 9.2, Q. 1, Page 385]
Ans. = y ex + 1 = y′
d
dx
( 1 + x2 )
Differentiating both sides of this equation with
respect to x, we get : 1 d
= y′ ⋅ (1 + x 2 )
dy d x 2 1 + x dx 2

= (e + 1)
dx dx 2x
y′ =
⇒ y′ = e x
…(1) 2 1 + x2
Now, differentiating EQ. (1) with respect to x, we x
y′ =
get : 1 + x2
d d
( y′) = (e x ) x
dx dx ⇒ y′ = × 1 + x2
1 + x2
⇒ y′′ = e x
x
Substituting the values of y′ and y′′ in the given ⇒ y′ = ⋅y
1 + x2
differential equation, we get the LHS as :
xy
y′′ − y′ =e x − e x =0 =RHS ⇒ y′ =
1 + x2
Thus, the given function is the solution of the
∴ LHS= RHS
corresponding differential equation. [2]
Q. 14. Verify that the given function (explicit or implicit) Hence, the given function is the solution of the
is a solution of the corresponding differential corresponding differential equation. [2]
equation : Q. 17. Verify that the given function (explicit or implicit)
is a solution of the corresponding differential
y = x2 + 2x + C : y′ − 2 x − 2 = 0
equation :
 [NCERT Ex. 9.2, Q. 2, Page 385] = y Ax : =xy′ y( x ≠ 0)
2

Ans. y = x + 2 x + C  [NCERT Ex. 9.2, Q. 5, Page 385]
Differentiating both sides of this equation with Ans. y = Ax
respect to x, we get :
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
d 2 :
y′
= ( x + 2 x + C)
dx d
⇒ y′ = 2 x + 2 y′ = ( Ax)
dx
Substituting the value of y′ in the given differential ⇒ y′ = A
equation, we get : Substituting the value of y′ in the given differential
LHS = y′ − 2 x − 2 = 2 x + 2 − 2 x − 2 = 0 = RHS equation, we get :
Hence, the given function is the solution of the LHS = xy′ = x ⋅ A = Ax = y = RHS
corresponding differential equation. [2] Hence, the given function is the solution of the
Q. 15. Verify that the given function (explicit or implicit) corresponding differential equation. [2]
is a solution of the corresponding differential Q. 18. Find the general solution :
equation :
dy
y= cos x + C : y′ +sin x = 0 =+ (1 x 2 )(1 + y 2 )
dx
 [NCERT Ex. 9.2, Q. 3, Page 385]
 [NCERT Ex. 9.4, Q. 6, Page 396]
Ans. = y cos x + C
Ans. The given differential equation is :
Differentiating both sides of this equation with
dy
respect to x, we get : =+ (1 x 2 )(1 + y 2 )
dx
d
= y′ (cos x + C) dy
dx ⇒ 2
= (1 + x 2 )dx
1 + y
⇒ y′ = − sin x
Integrating both sides of this equation, we get :
Substituting the value of y′ in the given differential
dy
equation, we get :
∫ 1 + y
= 2 ∫ (1 + x 2 )dx
LHS = y′ + sin x = − sin x + sin x = 0= RHS
Hence, the given function is the solution of the ⇒ tan −1 y = ∫ dx + ∫ x dx
2

corresponding differential equation. [2]

Q. 16. Verify that the given function (explicit or implicit) x3
⇒ tan −1 y =x + + C
is a solution of the corresponding differential 3
equation : This is the required general solution of the given
xy differential equation. [2]
y= 1 + x2 : y′ = 2 Q. 19. Find the general solution of the differential
1+ x
 [NCERT Ex. 9.2, Q. 4, Page 385] dy 1 − y2
equation + =0
Ans. = y 1 + x2 dx 1 − x2
 [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 6, Page 420]
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | 409
Ans. Q. 21. Solve the differential equation
dy 1 − y2 dy
+ 0
= +1= e x+ y
dx 1 − x2 dx
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 7, Page 193]
dy 1 − y2
⇒ = − dy
dx 1 − x2 Ans. Given differential equation is +1 =e x + y ...(i)
dx
dy −dx On substituting x + y = t, we get
⇒ =
1 − y2 1 − x2 dy dt
1+ =
Integrating both sides, we get : dx dx
−1
sin
= y sin −1 x + C dt
EQ. (i) becomes = et
⇒ sin −1 x + sin −1 y =
C dx
[2]
Q. 20. For each of the differential equations given below, ⇒ e − t dt =
dx
indicate its order and degree (if defined). ⇒ −e − t =x + C
2 2
d y  dy  −1
(i) + 5x  − 6 y =
log x ⇒ =x+C
dx 2  dx  ex+ y
 dy 
3
 dy 
2 ⇒ −1 = ( x + C)e x + y
(ii)   − 4   + 7 y =
sin x
 dx   dx  ⇒ ( x + C)e x + y + 1 =0 [2]
4
d y 3 Q. 22. Find the differential equation of system of
d y
(iii) − sin  3  =0 concentric circles with centre (1, 2).
dx 4  dx   [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 24, Page 194]
 [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 1, Page 419] Ans. The family of concentric circles with centre (1, 2)
Ans. (i) The differential equation is given as : and radius a is given by,
2
d2y  dy  ( x − 1) 2 + ( y − 2) 2 =
a2
+ 5x   − 6 y =
log x
dx 2  dx  ⇒ x 2 + 1 − 2 x + y 2 + 4 − 4 y =a 2
2 2
d y  dy  ⇒ x2 + y 2 − 2x − 4 y + 5 =a 2 ...(i)
⇒ 2
+ 5 x   − 6 y − log x =
0
dx  dx  On differentiating EQ. (i) w.r.t. x, we get
The highest-order derivative present in the dy dy
2x + 2 y − 2 − 4 = 0
d2y dx dx
differential equation is . Thus, its order is two.
dx 2 dy
⇒ (2 y − 4) + 2 x − 2 = 0
d2y dx
The highest power raised to is one. Hence, its dy
dx 2 ⇒ ( y − 2) + ( x − 1) = 0
degree is one. [1] dx [2]
(ii) The differential equation is given as : Q. 23. (i) The degree of the differential equation
dy
d2y
 dy 
3
 dy 
2
2
+ e dx = 0 is .......
dx
  − 4  + 7 y =
sin x
 dx   dx  (ii) The degree of the differential equation
3 2
 dy   dy  2
⇒   − 4   + 7 y − sin x =
0  dy 
 dx   dx  1+   = x is .......
 dx 
The highest-order derivative present in the
(iii) The number of arbitrary constants in the general
dy
differential equation is . Thus, its order is one. solution of a differential equation of order three is
dx ……
dy dx y 1
The highest power raised to is three. Hence, its + =
dx (iv) is an equation of the type …..
dx x log x x
degree is three. [1]
(v) General solution of the differential equation of
(iii) The differential equation is given as :
dx
the type + P1 x = Q1 is given by ……
d4y  d3y  dy
− sin  3  = 0
dx 4
 dx  (vi) The solution of the differential equation
xdy
The highest-order derivative present in the + 2y = x 2 is ……
dx
d4y
differential equation is . Thus, its order is four.
dy
dx 4
(
(vii) The solution of 1 + x 2 ) dx + 2 xy − 4 x 2
0 is ……..
=
However, the given differential equation is not
a polynomial equation. Hence, its degree is not (viii) The solution of the differential equation
defined. [1] ydx + ( x + xy )dy =
0 is …….
 dy 2x 4 x 22
⇒ + 2
y= 2
dx 1 + x 2 1 + x2
410 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII 2 xx dx
2

e ∫ 11++ xx2
2 dx
∴IF =
2
dy Put 1 + x 2 =t ⇒ 2 xdx =dt
(ix) General solution of + y= sin x is ……
dx dt
∫ dttt log t log(1+ x 22 ) 2
(x) The solution of differential equation cot y dx = ∴ IF = e = elog t = elog(1+ x ) = 1 + x2
xdy is …… The general solution is
dy 1+ y 4x2
(xi) The integrating factor of + y= is ……. y ⋅ (1 + x 2 ) = ∫ (1 + x 2 ) dx + C
dx x (1 + x 2 )
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 76, Page 201]
2 dy
⇒ (1 + x 2 ) y= ∫ 4 x 2 dx + C
Ans. (i) Given differential equation is d y
+ e dx = 0 x3
dx 2 ⇒ (1 + x 2 ) y =4 + C
Degree of this equation is not defined. 3
2 4 x3
 dy  ⇒ = y + C(1 + x 2 ) −1
(ii) Given differential equation is 1 +   = x 3(1 + x 2 )
 dx 
So, degree of this equation is two. (viii) Given differential equation is
(iii) There are three arbitrary constants. ⇒ ydx + ( x + xy )dy = 0
dy y 1 ⇒ ydx + x(1 + y )dy = 0
(iv) Given differential equation is + =
dx x log x x dx  1 + y 
⇒ =   dy
dy − x  y 
The equation is of the type + Py = Q
dx 1 1 
(v) Given differential equation is ⇒ ∫ 2 dx = − ∫  + 1dy
y 
[On integrating]
dx
+ P1 x =
Q1 ⇒ log( x) =− log( y ) − y + log A
dy
log( x) + log( y ) + y = log A
The general solution is log( xy ) + y = log A
x ⋅ IF= Q(IF)dy + C, That is, xe ∫ = Q{e ∫ }dy + C
y
pdy pdy
⇒ log xy + log e = log A
∫ ∫
⇒ xye y =
A
(vi) Given differential equation is
⇒ Ae − y
xy =
dy dy 2 y
x + 2 y = x2 ⇒ + =x (ix) Given differential equation is
dx dx x
dy
dy +y= sin x
This equation of the form + Py =
Q. dx
dx
IF= e ∫ = e x
1. dx
2
∫ dx
∴ IF=e x = e 2 log x =
x2
The general solution is
The general solution is x
...(i)
yx =∫ x ⋅ x dx + C
2 2 y ⋅ ex
= ∫e sin x dx + C

x4 Let I = ∫e x
sin x dx
⇒ yx 2 = +C
4 =I sin xe x − ∫ cos xe x dx
x2
⇒ y= + Cx −2 = sin xe x − cos xe x + ∫ (− sin x)e x dx
4
(vii) Given differential equation is =2 I e x (sin x − cos x)
dy 1 x
(1 + x 2 ) + 2 xy − 4 x 2 =
0 = I e (sin x − cos x)
dx 2
dy 2 xy 4x2 Form Eq. (i).
⇒ + − 0
=
dx 1 + x 1 + x 2
2
ex
⋅ ex
y= (sin x − cos x) + C
dy 2x 4x2 2
⇒ + 2
y= 2 1
dx 1 + x 1+ x ⇒ = y (sin x − cos x) + C ⋅ e − x
2x 2
∫ 2 dx
∴ IF e 1+ x
= (x) Given differential equation is
Put 1 + x 2 =t ⇒ 2 xdx =dt cot ydx = xdy
dt
∫ 2 1
∴ IF = e = elog t =
elog(1+ x ) =
t
1 + x2 ⇒ dx = tan ydy
The general solution is x
On integrating both sides, we get
dy 2x 4x2
⇒ + y= 2 1
dx 1 + x 2
1+ x ⇒ ∫ x dx =
∫ tan ydy
2x
∫ 2 dx ⇒ log( x) =log(sec y ) + log C
∴IF e 1+ x
=
Put 2
1 + x =t ⇒ 2 xdx =dt  x 
⇒ log  =log C
∫
dt
2  sec y 
∴IF elog t =
e t =
= elog(1+ x ) =
1 + x2 x
 1
⇒
⇒ ∫∫ 1x dx = ∫ tan
dx = ∫ tan ydy
ydy
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | 411
x
⇒
⇒ log( = log(sec
log( xx)) = + log
log(sec yy )) + log C
C
 xx  Ans. (i) True
⇒
⇒ log   = log C Given differential equation,
log sec yy  = log C
 sec  dx
xx = C + P1 x = Q1
⇒
⇒ =C dy
sec
sec yy
IF = e ∫
p1 dy
⇒
⇒ xx =
= Csec
Csec yy
(ii) True
(xi) Given differential equation is (iii) True
dy 1+ y (iv) True
+y=
dx x (v) False
dy 1 y There is no arbitrary constant in the particular
+y= +
dx x x solution of a differential equation.
dy  1 1 (vi) False
⇒ + y 1 −  =
dx  x x We know that, order of the differential equation =
Number of arbitrary constant
 1
∫ 1− x dx Here, number of arbitrary constant = 1.
∴ IF = e
So, order is one.
= e x − log x (vii) True
ex
− log x Given differential equation,
= e ⋅e x
=
x dy  y 
1/3

Q. 24. State True or False for the following : = 

dx  x 
(i) Integrating factor of the differential of the form
dx dy y1/3
+ P1 x = Q1 is given by e ∫ . ⇒ =
P1 dy

dy dx x1/3
(ii) Solution of the differential equation of the type ⇒ y −1/3dy = x −1/3dx
dx On integrating both sides, we get.
+ P1 x = Q1 is given by x ⋅ IF = ∫ (IF) × Q1 dy.
dy
∫y dy = ∫ x −1 / 3 dx
−1 / 3

(iii) Correct substitution for the solution of the

dy y −1 / 3+1 x −1+ 3+1
differential equation of the type = f ( x , y ), ⇒ = + C'
dx −1 −1
where f ( x , y ) is a homogeneous function of zero
+1 +1
3 3
degree is y = vx . 3 2/3 3 2/3
(iv) Correct substitution for the solution of the
⇒ y = x + C'
2 2
dy
differential equation of the type = g ( x , y ),  2 
dx ⇒ y2 /3 − x2 /3 = C'  Where, 3 C ' = C 
where g ( x , y ) is a homogeneous function of the  
degree zero is x = vy . (viii) True
(v) Number of arbitrary constants in the particular Given that, y = e x ( A cos x + B sin x)
solution of a differential equation of order two is On differentiating w.r.t x, we get
two.
dy
(vi) The differential equation representing the family = e x (− A sin x + B cos x) + e x ( A cos x + B sin x)
dx
of circles x 2 + ( y − a )2 = a 2 will be of order two. dy
1/ 3 ⇒ − y = e x (− A sin x + B cos x)
dy  y  dx
(vii) The solution of = is y 2/ 3 − x 2/ 3 = C
dx  x  Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
(viii) Differential equation representing the d 2 y dy
− = e x (− A cos x − B sin x)
family of curves y = e x ( A cos x + B sin x ) is dx 2 dx
d2y dy + e x (− A sin x + B cos x)
2
− 2 + 2 y = 0.
dx dx d 2 y dy dy
⇒ 2
− +y= −y
(ix) The Solution of the differential equation dx dx dx
dy x + 2 y d2y dy
is x + y = kx .
2
= ⇒ 2 − 2 + 2y = 0
dx x dx dx
xdy y  y (ix) True
(x) Solution of = y + x tan is sin   = Cx
dx x  x Given that,
(xi) The differential equation of all non-horizontal dy x + 2 y dy 2
= ⇒ =1+ ⋅ y
d2x dx x dx x
lines in a plane is = 0.
dy 2 dy 2
⇒ − y =1
dx x
−2
dx
IF = e x = e −2 log x = x −2
 1 1
∫ x dx = ∫ tan v dx
⇒ log(sin v) + log C′
log( x) =
412 | OSWAALdyNCERT
x + SOLUTIONS
2y dy – Textbook
2 + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS  x 
: Class-XII
= ⇒ =1 + ⋅ y ⇒ log  =log C′
dx x dx x  sin v 
dy 2 x
⇒ − y= 1 ⇒ C'
=
dx x sin v
−2
dx  1
= IF e= x log x
e −2= x −2 ⇒ =sin v Cx  Where,C C′ 
=
 
The differential solution,
y
⇒ sin = Cx
y ⋅ x −2 = ∫x
−2
⋅ 1dx + k
 x
y x −2 +1 (xi) True
⇒ 2
= +k
x −2 + 1 Let any non-horizontal line in a plane is given by
y −1 =y mx + C
⇒ = +k
x2 x
dy
⇒ y =− x + kx 2 On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dx
⇒ x+ y= kx 2
d2y
(x) True Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get =0
Given differential equation dx 2
xdy  y Q. 25. Find the differential equation representing the
= y + x tan   family of curves y = ae bx + 5 where a and b are
dx x
arbitrary constants.
dy y  y
⇒ = + tan    [CBSE Board, Delhi Region, 2018]
dx x x
bx + 5
y Ans. Given y = ae
Put = v= , That is, y vx
x y
⇒ = ebx + 5
dy sdv a
⇒ v+
=
dx dx ,...(i) Differentiate y = aebx + 5 with respect of x
On substituting these values in equation (i), we get dy
= aeb x + 5 (b)
xdv dx
+ v = v + tan v
dx dy aby  y 
⇒ =  a =eb x + 5 
dx dv dx a  
⇒ =
x tan v dy
⇒ = by
On integrating both sides, we get dx
2
1 1 d 2 y 1  dy   1 dy 
∫ x dx = ∫ tan v dx ⇒ =
dx 2  =
y  dx 
∴ b 
y dx 

⇒ log( x) = log(sin v) + log C′ 2 2
d y  dy  2
 x  ⇒ ye xx =  2 yy dy
sec
∫∫ e xxe−dx22dx = dxsec
⇒ log  =log C′  dx = ∫∫ tan  dy
y [2]
 sin v  e −2 tan y

x dt ds
⇒
sin v
C'
= ⇒
⇒ ∫∫ dtt =
= ∫∫ dss
t s
⇒ Short
= sin vAnswer
Cx Type
 Questions
 Where,C
=
1

 Let e xx=
 Let e(3 =
2 t and
−and
−2 t 4
=
=
y s each)
marks
and y s


 C′  =⇒ e xx dx dt and= sec 22 ydy dx 
= ⇒ e dx dt and= sec ydy dx 
Q. 1. ⇒ y
Find the particular ⇒ In t = Ins + InC
sin = Cx solution of the differential ⇒ In t = Ins + InC
x ydx + (2 − e x )sec 2 ydy =
equation e x tan 0 , given ⇒ t= sC
π ⇒ t= sC
that y = when x = 0 Substituting t = x
e x − 2 and s = tan y, we get
4 Substituting t = e − 2 and s = tan y, we get
 [CBSE Board, Delhi Region, 2018] e xx − 2 = C tan y
Ans. Given that : e x tan ydx + (2 − e x )sec 2 ydy =
0 e −2= C tan y
π
= Now, y π= when x 0
⇒ e x tan ydx =
(e x − 2)sec 2 ydy = Now, y 4= when x 0
4
ex sec 2 y  π
⇒ dx = dy e00 − 2 = C  tan π 
x
e −2 tan y e −2= C  tan 4 
 4
Integrating both sides, we get ⇒ −1 =C
⇒ −1 =C
ex sec 2 y ⇒ C= −1
⇒ C= −1
∫ e − 2 ∫ tan y dy
x
dx =
∴ e xx − 2 =− tan y
∴ e − 2 =− tan y
dt ds ⇒ tan y = 2 − e xx
⇒ ∫t = ∫s ⇒
⇒
tan y =
y=
2−e
tan −−11 (2 − e xx )
⇒ y= tan (2 − e )
 Let e x=− 2 t and
= y s  [4]
 x 2 
=
 ⇒ e dx dt and=sec ydy dx 
⇒ In t = Ins + InC
⇒ t= sC
e x − 2 and s =
Substituting t = tan y, we get
ex − 2 =C tan y
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | 413
Q. 2. Find the particular solution of the differential ( x + a ) 2 + ( y − a )=
2
a2 , a ∈ R
dy
equation + 2 y tan x = sin x given that y = 0 ⇒ x 2 + y 2 + 2ax − 2ay + a 2 =
0
dx
x Differentiate w.r.t.
when x =
3 x + yy ′
 [CBSE Board, Delhi Region, 2018] 2 x + 2 yy ′ + 2a − 2ay ′ = 0 ⇒ a =
Ans. y′ − 1
dy ∴ The differential equation is :
Given that : + 2 y tan x =sin x
dx
x + yy′   x + yy′  
2 2
 x + yy′  
dy x+ ′  +  y − ′=   ′  
Comparing + 2 tan x = sin x with general linear  y −1   y −1   y −1  
dx 2 2 2 
dy  xy′ + yy′   x + y   x + yy′  
equation + Py = Q , we get ⇒  +  =  
dx  y′ − 1   y′ − 1   y′ − 1  
[4]
P = 2 tan x and Q = sin x Q. 5. Find the particular solution of the differential
Now, integrating factor equation 0 given
(1 − y 2 )(1 + log x )dx + 2 xy dy =
∫
2 tan xdx
e= 2 log sec x
e= log sec x
e=
2
sec 2 x that y = 0 when x = 1
The differential equation is given by  [CBSE Board, Delhi Region, 2016]

y sec 2 x = ∫ sin x sec 2 xdx + C Ans. Given differential equation can be written as
(1 + log x) 2y
sin x dx + dy =
0
⇒ y sec 2 x = ∫ sec xdx + C x 1 − y2
cos x 1 2 2
Integrating to get, (1 + log x ) − log |1 − y | =
C
⇒ y sec 2 = ∫ tan x sec xdx + C 2
1
⇒ y sec 2 x =
sec x + C x =1, y =0 ⇒ C =
2
π
Now, y 0=
= when x ⇒ (1 + log x) 2 − 2log |1 − y 2 |=
1
3
Q. 6. Find the general solution of the following
2 π  π 
(0)sec=
  sec   + C differential equation :
 3  3
⇒ C=−2 dy
(1 + y 2 ) + ( x − e tan −1 y ) = 0
dx
∴ y sec 2 =
x sec x − 2 ⇒ =
y sec x – 2 cos x
Q. 3. Solve the differential equation :  [CBSE Board, Delhi Region, 2016]
dy dy Ans. Given differential equation can be written as
y+ x = x− y
dx dx dx 1 e tan −1 y
+ 2
x=
 [CBSE Board, All India Region, 2016] dy 1 + y 1 + y2
Ans. The differential equation can be re-written as :
dy x − y dy dv Integrating factor is e tan −1y
= , put y= vx, = v + x
dx x + y dx dx 1
∫ e 1 + y 2 dy
2tan −1 y
∴ Solution is x. e tan −1 y =
dv 1 − v 1+ v 1
⇒v+x = ⇒ dv
= dx
dx 1 + v 1 − 2v − v 2 x −1 1 −1
∴ x e tan y = e 2 tan y + C
Integrating we get 2 [4]
1 2V + 2 1 1 Q. 7. Solve the following differential equation :
⇒ ∫ 2 dv = − ∫ dx =log | V 2 + 2V − 1|
2 V + 2V − 1 x 2

y 2dx + ( x 2 − xy + y 2 )dy =
0
− log x + log C
 [CBSE Board, Foreign Scheme, 2016]
∴ Solution of the differential equation is :
Ans.
1 y2 2 y y 2 dx + ( x 2 − xy + y 2 )dy =
0
log 2 + 1 log C − log x or, y 2 + 2 xy − x=
−= 2
C2
2 x x dx ( x 2 − xy + y 2 )
[4] ⇒ =
−
dy y2
Q. 4. Form the differential equation of the family of
circles in the second quadrant and touching the dx dv
Put x = vy ⇒ =v + y
coordinate axes. dy dy
 [CBSE Board, All India Region, 2016] dv –( v 2 y 2 − y 2 v + y 2 )
v+ y =
Ans. Let radius of any of the circle touching co-ordinate dy y2
axes in the second quadrant be “a” then centre is dv dy
(−a, a). ⇒ =
−
v2 + 1 y
∴ Equation of the family of circles is :
 Given that, x 2 ydx
ydx − xdy =
1 1 dy
⇒ − ⋅ = 1
414 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII x 2 xy dx
[Dividing throughout by x 2 ydx]
Integrating both sides 1 dy 1
⇒ − ⋅ + 2 − 1 =0
tan −1 v = − log y + C xy dx x
−1 x dy xy
⇒ tan = − log y + C ⇒ − + xy = 0
y dx x 2
[4]
dy y
Q. 8. Solve the following differential equation : ⇒ − + xy = 0
−1 2 dx x
(cot y + x )dy =+(1 y )dx
dy  1
 [CBSE Board, Foreign Scheme, 2016] ⇒ +x− y = 0
dx  x
Ans.
Which is a linear differential equation. [1½]
dx x cot −1 y
− = dy
dy Py = Q, we get
dy 1 + y 2
1 + y2 On
On comparing
comparing it
it with
with dx +
+ Py = Q, we get
1 dx
∫ dy
−
e 1+ y
2
 11 
 =0
−1
IF = = ecot y
P
P==  xx − − x  ,, Q Q=0
 x
Integrating, we get
∫ ppdx
IF = ee ∫
IF =
−1 dx
y
cot −1 y ecot
∫ 1 + y2
−1
y
x ⋅ ecot = dy  1
∫∫  xx −− 1x dx
= e
= e  x
dx

Put cot −1 y = t
x2
− log x
= − ∫ tet dt =e2
2
=(1 − t )e1 + C 1 x
= e2
⇒ (1 − cot −1 y) + Ce − cot
x=
−1
y x [1½]
[4]
Q. 9. Solve the differential equation (tan x – y) dx = –1 The general solution is
2
(1 + x2) dy. 1 2 1 x2
 [CBSE Board, All India Region, 2017] x ∫ x e dx + C
y ⋅ e x /2 =⋅
0

Ans. (tan–1 x – y) dx =(1 + x2) dy 1 2

y ⋅ e x /2 =
C
dy y tan −1 x x
⇒ + 2
=
1 + x2
2
dx 1 + x y = Cxe − x /2

dy dy
On comparing it with + Py = Q Q. 11. Solve the differential equation =1 + x + y 2 + xy 2 ,
dx dx
when y = 0 and x = 0.
1 tan −1 x  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 9, Page 193]
P= 2
,Q=
1+ x 1 + x2 Ans. dy
dx Given that, =1 + x + y 2 + xy 2
∫ dx
I.F = e 1+ x 2 = etan
–1x
dy
⇒ = (1 + x) + y 2 (1 + x)
The General Soln. in dx
−1 x dy
tan −1 x . tan ⇒ = (1 + y 2 )(1 + x)
= ∫e
–1
y.etan x dx + C
1 + x2 dx

dy
Put tan–1x =t ⇒ = (1 + x)dx
1 + y2
1 On integrating both sides, we get
dx =dt
1 + x2 x2
tan −1 y =x + + K
2 …(i)
y.etan x = ∫ te t dt + C
–1

 [1½]
=(t – 1) et + C When y = 0 and x = 0, then substituting these
=(tan–1 x – 1) etan x + C
–1 values in EQ. (i), we get
−1
∴ y =(tan–1 x – 1) + C e–tan x
–1 tan
tan −1 (0) = 00 +
(0) = + kk
+ 00 +
[4] ⇒
⇒ kk == 00
Q. 10. Solve ydx − xdy = x 2 ydx x 22
⇒
⇒ tan −−11 yy =
tan = +x
xx +
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 8, Page 193] 22
Ans.
 xx 2 
2

Given that, ydx − xdy = x 2 ydx ⇒

⇒ yy =+
=+ tan  xx
tan 
 22 
[1½] 
1 1 dy
⇒ 2
− ⋅ = 1 dy
x xy dx Q. 12. Find the general solution of ( x + 2 y ) y
= 3

dx
[Dividing throughout by x 2 ydx]  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 10, Page 193]
1 dy 1
⇒ − ⋅ + 2 − 1 =0
xy dx x
dy xy
⇒ − 2 + xy =0
 C
⇒ y= −1  (i)
2 + sin x
When
= x 0=
and y 1, then
C
1
= −1
2 EQUATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL | 415
⇒ C= 4
Ans. dy On putting C = 4 in Eq. (i), we get
Given that, ( x + 2 y3 ) = y
dx 4
dx = y −1
⇒ y ⋅ =x + 2 y 3 2 + sin x
dy π  4 4
∴ y =  −=1 −1
dx x  2  2 + sin π 2 +1
⇒ = + 2 y2
dy y 2
[Dividing throughout by y ) 4 1
= −1 =
dx x [1½] 3 3
⇒ − = 2 y2
dy y dy
Q. 14. If y(t) is a solution of (1 + t ) − ty = 1
Which is a linear differential equation. [1½] dt
1
dx and y (0) = −1, then show that y(1) = −
.
On comparing it with + Px = Q, we get 2
dy  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 12, Page 193]
1 Ans.
P = − , Q = 2 y2 dy
y Given that, (1 + t )− ty =
1
1 1 dt
∫ − y dy − ∫ y dy dy  t  1
IF = e =e ⇒ − y=
− log y 1 dt  1 + t  1+ t
∴ =e =
y Which is a linear differential equation.

1 dy
2 1 On comparing it with + Py =
Q, we get
The general solution is x⋅ =
y ∫ 2 y ⋅ y dx + C dt

x 2 y2  t  1
⇒ = +C P= −  ,Q =
y 2  1 + t  1 + t
t  1 
− ∫  1−
x −∫ dt  dt
1+ t ) 
⇒ = y2 + C = IF e= 1+ t
e = e −[ t + log(1+ t )]
y
= e − t ⋅ elog(1+ t )
⇒ x= y 3 + Cy [1½]
= e − t (1 + t ) [1½]
 2 + sin x  dy
Q. 13. If y(x) is a solution of   = − cos x The general solution is
 1 + y  dx
π  (1 + t ) (1 + t ) ⋅ e − t
and y (0) = 1, then find the value of y   . y (t ) ⋅ =
e t ∫ (1 + t )
dt + C
2
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 11, Page 193] e−t et
⇒ y (t ) = ⋅ + C',
Ans. (−1) 1 + t
 2 + sin x  dy  Ce t 
Given that,   = − cos x  where C' = 
 1 + y  dx  1+ t 
dy cos x 1
⇒ = − dx ⇒ y (t ) =
− + C'
1+ y 2 + sin x 1+ t
On integrating both sides, we get When t = 0 and y = −1, then
1 cos x −1 =−1 + C' ⇒ C' =0
∫ 1 + y dy = − ∫ 2 + sin x dx y (t ) =
−
1
⇒ y (1) =
−
1
⇒ log(1 + y ) = − log(2 + sin x) + log C [1½] 1+ t 2
[1½]
⇒ log(1 + y ) + log(2 + sin x) = log C
Q. 15. Form the differential equation having
⇒ log(1 + y )(2 + sin x) = log C
y = (sin −1 x )2 + A cos −1 x + B , where A and B are
⇒ (1 + y )(2 + sin x) =C
arbitrary constants, as its general solution.
C  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 13, Page 194]
⇒ 1+ y =
2 + sin x Ans. Given that, y = (sin −1 x) 2 + A cos −1 x + B
C Given that, y = (sin −1 x) 2 + A cos −1 x + B
⇒ y= −1  (i) On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
2 + sin x On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
When
= x 0= and y 1, then dy 2sin −1 x (− A)
= dy 2sin −1 2x + (− A)2
= dx 1 − x + 1− x
C dx 1 − x2 1 − x2
1
= −1
2 2 dy −1
⇒ 1 − x 2 dy = 2sin −1 x − A
⇒ C= 4 ⇒ 1 − x dx = 2sin x − A
dx
On putting C = 4 in Eq. (i), we get Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
Again, differentiating
2
w.r.t. x, we get
4 2 d2y dy −2 x 2
= y −1 1 − x 2 d 2y + dy ⋅ −2 x = 2
2 + sin x 1 − x dx 2 + dx ⋅ 2 1 + x 2 = 1 − x 22
dx dx 2 1 + x 2 1− x
π  4 4 2
d y x dy
∴ y = −=1 −1 ⇒(1 − x 2 ) 2 − ⋅ 1 − x2 = 2
 On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy 2sin −1 x (− A)
= +
dx 1− x 2
1 − x2
416 | dy
OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS
⇒
– Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII
1 − x 2 = 2sin −1 x − A
dx
Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get Which is a linear differential equation.
d 2 y dy −2 x 2 dy
1 − x2 + ⋅ = On comparing it with + Py =Q, we get
dx 2 dx 2 1 + x 2 1 − x2 dx
d2y x dy 2x 4x2
⇒(1 − x 2 ) 2 − ⋅ 1 − x2 2
= = P = 2
,Q
dx dx 1+ x 1 + x2
1 − x2 2x
∫ 2 dx
IF=e ∫
Pdx
2 d2y dy ∴ e 1+ x
=
⇒ (1 − x ) 2 − x = 2
dx dx Put 1+x 2 =
t ⇒ 2 xdx =
dt
d2y dy dt
⇒ (1 − x 2 ) 2 − x − 2 = 0 ∫ 2

dx dx IF= e t = elog t = elog(1+ x ) = 1 + x 2

[1½]
which is the required differential equation. [3] 4x2
+ x2 ) ∫
y ⋅ (1= (1 + x 2 )dx + C
Q. 16. Form the differential equation of all circles which 1 + x2
x2 ) ∫ 4 x dx + C
2
pass through origin and whose centres lie on ⇒ y ⋅ (1 +=
y-axis. [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 14, Page 194] x3
⇒ y ⋅ (1 + x 2 =
) 4 +C
Ans. It is given that, circles pass through origin and their 3
…(i)
centres lie on V-axis. Let (0, k) be the centre of the Since, the curve passes through origin, then
circle and radius is k. substituting
So, the equation of circle is = x 0= and y 0 in Eq. (i), we get
2 2
( x − 0) + ( y − k ) =
k 2
     C = 0
⇒ x 2 + ( y − k )2 =
k2 The required equation of curve is
⇒ 2 2
x + y − 2ky =
0 4 x3
y (1 + x 2 ) =
3
x2 + y 2
⇒ k
= 4 x3
2y ⇒ y=
…(i) 3(1 + x 2 ) [1½]
On differentiating EQ. (i) w.r.t. x, we get Q. 18. Solve
 dy  2dy dy
2 y  2x + 2 y  − ( x2 + y 2 ) x2 = x 2 + xy + y 2
 dx  dx dx
2
=0
4y  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 16, Page 194]
 dy  dy Ans.
⇒ 4 y  x + y  − 2( x 2 + y 2 ) = 0 dy
 dx  dx Given that, x2 = x 2 + xy + y 2
dx
dy dy
⇒ 4 xy + 4 y 2 − 2( x 2 + y 2 ) = 0 dy y y2
dx dx ⇒ =1 + + 2
dx x x …(i)
dy
⇒ [4 y 2 − 2( x 2 + y 2 )] + 4 xy = 0 y y2
dx [1½] Let f ( x, y ) =1 + + 2
x x
dy λ y λ 2 y2
(4 y 2 − 2 x 2 − 2 y 2 ) + 4 xy =
0 f (λ x, λ y ) = 1+ +
dx λ x λ 2 x2
dy 
(2 y 2 − 2 x 2 ) + 4 xy = 0 y y2 
dx f (λ x, λ y= ) λ 0 1 + + 2 
 x x 
dy
( y 2 − x 2 ) + 2 xy = 0 = λ 0 f ( x, y )
dx [1½]
dy Which is homogenous expression of degree zero.
( x 2 − y 2 ) − 2 xy = 0
dx dy dv
        [1½] Put y= vx ⇒ = v+x
dx dx
Q. 17. Find the equation of a curve passing through
origin and satisfying the differential equation On substituting these values in EQ. (i), we get
dy  dv  2
(1 + x 2 ) + 2 xy = 4x2  v + x  =1 + v + v
dx  dx 

 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 15, Page 194] dv
⇒ x =1 + v + v 2 − v
dx
Ans.
2 dy dv
Given that, (1 + xdy ) + 2 xy =4x2 ⇒ x = 1 + v2
Given that, (1 + x 2 ) dx 4x2
+ 2 xy = dx
dx
dy 2x 4x2 dv dx
⇒ dy +2 x 2 ⋅ y = 4x2 2 ⇒ =
⇒ + 1 + ⋅xy = 1 +2 x
dx 1 + v2 x
dx 1 + x 2 1+ x
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | 417
On integrating both sides, we get. x
−1 Put = v=Or x vy
tan
= v log x + C y
 y dx dv
⇒ tan −1   =log x + C ⇒ v+ y
=
x [1½] dy dy [1½]
Q. 19. Find the general solution of the differential On substituting these values in EQ. (i), we get
equation dv
dy v + y =−[v 2 − v + 1]
−1
(1 + y 2 ) + ( x − e tan y ) 0
= dy
dx dv
⇒ y =−v 2 + v − 1 − v
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 17, Page 194] dy
Ans. Given, differential equation is dv dv dy
−1
−1 dy ⇒ y =−v 2 − 1 ⇒ 2 =−
(1 + y 2 ) + ( x − e tan y
) 0
= dy v +1 y
dx
−1
−1 dy On integrating both sides, we get
⇒ (1 + y 2 ) =− ( x − e tan y
)
dx tan −1 (v) =
− log y + C
dx −1
−1
(1 + y 2 ) =− x + e tan y x  x
dy ⇒ tan −1   + log=
y C v
=
 y  y 
dx −1
−1 [1½]
⇒ (1 + y 2 ) +x=e tan y
dy Q. 21. Solve ( x + y )(dx − dy ) =dx + dy
dx x e tan y
−1
−1
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 19, Page 194]
⇒ + =
dy 1 + y 2
1+ y2 Ans. Given differential equation is
[Dividing throughout by (1 + y 2 )] ( x + y )(dx − dy ) =dx + dy
 dy  dy
Which is a linear differential equation. [1½] ⇒ ( x + y ) 1 −  =
1+
 dx  dx …(i)
dx
On comparing it with + Px = Q, we get Put x+ y=z
dy
dy dz
1 e tan y
−1
⇒ 1+ =
=P = , Q dx dx
1+ y2 1+ y2
1
On substituting these values in EQ. (i), we get
∫ pdy e ∫ 1+=
dy
IF e=
= y2 −1
e tan y  dz  dz
z  1 − + 1 =
−1  dx  dx
e tan y tan −1 y
∫ 1 + y 2 ⋅ e dy + C
−1
y
The general solution is x ⋅ e tan =  dz  dz
⇒ z2 −  =
−1  dx  dx
(e tan y ) 2
∫ 1 + y 2 ⋅ dy + C
−1
⇒ e tan y
x ⋅= dz dz
⇒ 2z − z − =0
dx dx [1½]
1
Put tan −1 y =
t⇒ dy =dt dz
1 + y2 ⇒ 2 z − ( z + 1) = 0
dx
∴ x⋅e tan −1 y
= ∫ e dt + C
2t
dz 2z
⇒ =
1 2 tan −1 y dx z + 1
tan −1 y
⇒ x⋅e = e +C  z +1
2 ⇒   dz =
2dx
⇒ 2 xe tan
−1
y −1
e 2 tan y + 2C
=  z 
tan −1 y −1
y
On integrating both sides, we get
⇒ 2 xe e 2 tan
= +k [ k =
2C]
[1½]  1
Q. 20. Find the general solution of ∫ 1 + z dz =2 ∫ dx

y 2dx + ( x 2 − xy + y 2 )dy =
0 ⇒ z + log z = 2 x − log C
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 18, Page 194] ⇒ ( x + y ) + log( x + y ) = 2 x − log C
Ans. Given, differential equation is [ z= x + y ]
y 2 dx + ( x 2 − xy + y 2 )dy =
0 ⇒ 2 x − x −=y log C + log( x + y )
⇒ y 2 dx =
−( x 2 − xy + y 2 )dy ⇒ x − y log | C( x + y ) |
=
dx ⇒ e x− y =
C( x + y )
⇒ y2 −( x 2 − xy + y 2 )
=
dy 1
⇒ ( x + y ) =e x − y
dx  x2 x  C
⇒ =−  2 − + 1
dy y y   1
…(i) ⇒ = x + y ke x −=y
 k C 
Which is a homogeneous differential equation. [1½]
418 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

Q. 22. Solve : π
dy =
When x = and y 2, then
2( y + 3) − xy =0, given that y (1) =−2 2
dx
 π
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 20, Page 194] cos  2 × 
π  2
Ans. dy 2 ⋅ sin = − +C
Given that, 2( y + 3) − xy = 0 2 2
dx 1
dy ⇒ 2 ⋅ 1 =+ + C
⇒ 2( y + 3) =
xy 2
dx 1 4 −1
⇒ 2− =C⇒ =C
dx  y  2 2
⇒ 2 =   dy
x  y + 3 3
⇒ C=
dx  y + 3 − 3  2
⇒ 2⋅ =   dy On substituting the value of C in EQ. (i), we get
x  y+3 
1 3
dx  3  y sin x =− cos 2 x + [1½]
⇒ 2 ⋅ =1 −  dy 2 2
x  y + 3
Q. 24. Form the differential equation by eliminating A
On integrating both sides, we get and B in Ax2 + By2 = 1.
2log x = y − 3log( y + 3) + C …(i)  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 22, Page 194]
When x = 1 and y = −2, then Ans. Given differential equation is Ax 2 + By 2 = 1
2log1 =−2 − 3log(−2 + 3) + C On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
⇒ 2 ⋅ 0 =−2 − 3 ⋅ 0 + C dy
2 Ax + 2 By =0
⇒ C= 2 [1½] dx
On substituting the value of C in EQ. (i), we get dy
⇒ 2 By = −2 Ax
2log x = y − 3log( y + 3) + 2 dx
⇒ 2log x + 3log( y + 3) = y + 2 dy y dy A
⇒ By − Ax ⇒ , =
= −
⇒ 2 3
log x + log( y + 3) =( y + 2) dx x dx B [1½]
⇒ log x 2 ( y + 3)3 =y + 2 Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get,
⇒ e y +2
x 2 ( y + 3)3 =  dy 
[1½] x − y
y d 2 y dy  dx
Q. 23. Solve the differential equation ⋅ + ⋅ = 0
x dx 2 dx  x 2 
= dy cos x (2 − y cosec x )dx given that y = 2, when  
 
π
x= .  dy 
2
 dy 
2 x  − y 
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 21, Page 194] y d y 2
dx dx
Ans. Given differential equation, ⋅ +   2  = 0
x dx 2 x
= dy cos x(2 − y cosec x)dx 2
d2y  dy   dy 
dy xy + x  − y  = 0
⇒ cos x(2 − y cosec x)
= dx 2  dx   dx 
dx
dy xy y′′ + x( y′) 2 − y y′ =0 [1½]
⇒ 2cos x − y cosec x ⋅ cos x
=
dx Q. 25. Solve the differential equation
dy (1 + y 2 )tan −1 x dx + 2 y(1 + x 2 )dy = 0
⇒ 2cos x − y cot x
=
dx  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 23, Page 194]
dy Ans. Given differential equation is
⇒ + y cot x =2cos x
dx (1 + y 2 ) tan −1 xdx + 2 y (1 + x 2 )dy =
0
Which is a linear differential equation.
⇒ (1 + y 2 ) tan −1 xdx =
−2 y (1 + x 2 )dy
dy
On comparing it with + Py =Q, we get tan −1 xdx 2y
dx ⇒ =
− dy
2
=P cot
= x, Q 2cos x 1+ x 1 + y2
∫ pdx e ∫ cot=
xdx sin x On integrating both sides, we get
=IF e= elog= sin x
The general solution is tan −1 x 2y
∫ 1 + x 2 dx = −∫ 1 + y 2 dy
y ⋅ sin =
x ∫ 2cos x ⋅ sin xdx + C
and put 1 + y2 = u in RHS, we get
⇒ y ⋅ sin
= x ∫ sin 2 xdx + C 2 y dy = du
[ sin 2 x = 2sin x cos x] 1 t2
cos 2 x
⇒ ∫ t dt =
− ∫ du ⇒ =
u 2
− log u + C
⇒ y ⋅ sin x =− +C …(i)
2  1
⇒ (tan −1 x) 2 =
− log(1 + y 2 ) + C
 [1½] 2
1
⇒ (tan −1 x) 2 + log(1 + y 2 ) =
C
2
 2 y dy = du
1 t2
⇒ ∫ t dt =
− ∫ du ⇒ =
u 2
− log u + C

1 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | 419

⇒ (tan −1 x) 2 =
− log(1 + y 2 ) + C
2
1 dy
⇒ (tan −1 x) 2 + log(1 + y 2 ) =
C [3] Given that, + 2 xy =
y
2 dx
dy
Q. 26. If dy = e −2 y and y = 0 when x = 5, then find the ⇒ + 2 xy − y = 0
dx dx
value of x when y = 3. dy
⇒ + (2 x − 1) y = 0
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 3, Page 193] dx
dy dy Which is a linear differential equation.
Ans. Given that, = e −2 y ⇒ −2 y = dx
dx e dy
On comparing it with + Py =Q, we get
e2 y dx
∫e ∫ dx ⇒
2y
⇒ dy = x C
=+ P =(2 x − 1), Q =0
2 …(i)
When x = 5 and y = 0, then substituting these ∫
IF e=
= e∫
Pdx (2 x −1) dx

values in EQ. (i), we get  2 x2



− x 
 2
2
0
ee0 = 5 + C = e= e x  −x

22 = 5 + C The complete solution is

11 =5 + C ⇒ C =11 − 5 =− 99 ∫0⋅e
2 2

⇒ y ⋅ ex −x
= x −x
dx + C
⇒ 22 =5 + C ⇒ C =22 − 5 =− 22 2

Eq. 2y
ee 2= 22 xx − ⇒ y ⋅ ex −x
0+C
=
Eq. (i)
(i) becomes
becomes = y
− 99 2

ee66 == 22 xx − 6 ⇒ Ce x − x
y=
When yy == 3,
When 3, then
then ⇒ 22 xx == ee6 +
− 99 ⇒ + 99 [3]
6
((ee6 + 9) dy
∴ xx = + 9) Q. 29. Find the general solution of + ay =e mx
∴ = dx
22  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 6, Page 193]
 [3] Ans. Given differential equation
Q. 27. Solve the differential equation dy
+ ay =e mx
dy 1 dx
( x 2 − 1) + 2 xy =
dx x2 − 1 Which is a liner differential equation.
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 4, Page 193]
dy
Ans. Given differential equation is On comparing it with + Py = Q, we get
dx
dy 1
( x 2 − 1) + 2 xy = = P a= , Q e mx
dx x2 − 1
dy  2 x  1 ∫
IF e=
= ∫
e= e ax
Pdx adx

⇒ + y =
dx  x 2 − 1  ( x 2 − 1) 2 The general solution is
Which is a linear differential equation. y ⋅ e ax = ∫e
mx
⋅ e ax dx + C
dy
On comparing it with + Py = Q, we get . ⋅ e ax ∫e
(m+a) x
dx ⇒ y= dx + C
2x 1 (m+a) x
e
= P = ,Q ⇒ e ax
y ⋅= +C
x2 − 1 ( x 2 − 1) 2 (m + a)
 2x 
∫ Pdx ∫  x2 −1  dx e( m + a ) x (m + a )C
IF e=
= e ⇒ (m + a ) y= +
e ax e ax
Put x 2 − 1 = t ⇒ 2 xdx = dt [1½] ⇒ mx
(m + a ) y =e + ke − ax

dt
∫ [=k (m + a )C]
∴ e =
IF = elog t =
t
( x 2 − 1)
t= [3]
The complete solution is Q. 30. Verify that the given function (explicit or implicit)
is a solution of the corresponding differential
y ⋅ IF = ∫ Q ⋅ IF+K equation :
1 ′ 2 2
y= x sin x : xy = y + x x − y ( x ≠ 0 and x > y or x < − y )
∫ (x
2
⇒ y ⋅ ( x= − 1) ⋅ ( x 2 − 1)dx + K
2
− 1) 2
 [NCERT Ex. 9.2, Q. 6, Page 385]
dx Ans. y = x sin x
⇒ 2
y ⋅ ( x= − 1) ∫ 2 +K
( x − 1) Differentiating both sides of this equation with
1  x −1 respect to x, we get :
⇒ y=⋅ ( x 2 − 1) log  +K
[1½] 2  x +1 d
y′ = ( x sin x)
dy dx
Q. 28. Solve the differential equation + 2 xy =
y. d d
dx ⇒ y=′ sin x ⋅ ( x) + x ⋅ (sin x)
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 5, Page 193] dx dx
dy ⇒ y′= sin x + x cos x
Ans. Given that, + 2 xy = y
dx
dy
⇒ + 2 xy − y = 0
dx
dy
⇒ + (2 x − 1) y = 0
 LHS= ( y sin y + cos y + x) y′
420 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII
= ( y sin y + cos y + y − cos y ) ×
1
1 + sin y
Substituting the value of y’ in the given differential 1
equation, we get : =y (1 + sin y ) ⋅
1 + sin y
= xy
LHS =′ x(sin x + x cos x)
=y
= x sin x + x 2 cos x
= RHS
= y + x 2 ⋅ 1 − sin 2 x Hence, the given function is the solution of the
2 corresponding differential equation. [3]
 y
y + x2 1 −  
= Q. 33. Verify that the given function (explicit or implicit)
x is a solution of the corresponding differential
y + x y 2 − x2
= equation :
= x + y tan −1 y : y 2 y= ′ + y2 + 1 0
= RHS
 [NCERT Ex. 9.2, Q. 9, Page 385]
Hence, the given function is the solution of the Ans. x + y = tan −1 y
corresponding differential equation. [3]
Differentiating both sides of this equation with
Q. 31. Verify that the given function (explicit or implicit) respect to x, we get :
is a solution of the corresponding differential
equation : dd dd −1
(( xx ++ yy )) = = (tan −1 yy ))
(tan
y2 dx
dx dx
dx
xy = log y + C : y′ = ( xy ≠ 1)  11 
1 − xy ⇒
⇒ 11 ++ yy′′ = =  y′
2  y′

 [NCERT Ex. 9.2, Q. 7, Page 385] + yy 2 
11 +
Ans. = xy log y + C  1 
⇒ yy′′  1 2 − 1 = 11
Differentiating both sides of this equation with ⇒ 1 + y 2 − 1 =
respect to x, we get :  1 + y 
d d 11 − − (1
(1 +
+ yy 22 )) 
⇒ yy′′  =11
dx
( xy ) = (log y )
dx
⇒  1 + y 22  =
 1+ y 
d dy 1 dy  − y 22 
⇒ y ⋅ ( x) + x ⋅ = ⇒ yy′′  − y 2  = 11
dx dx y dx ⇒ =
11 + + yy 2 
1 2
⇒ y + xy ′ =y ′ ⇒ yy′′ = −(1
− (1 ++ yy 2 ))
y ⇒ = 2
yy 2
⇒ y 2 + xy y ′ =
y′
Substituting the value of y’ in the given differential
⇒ ( xy − 1) y ′ =
− y2 equation, we get :
y2  −(1 + y 2 ) 
⇒ y′ = LHS= y 2 y′ + y 2 + 1= y 2  2
 + y +1
1 − xy  y 2

∴ LHS = RHS =−1 − y 2 + y 2 + 1
Hence, the given function is the solution of the =0
corresponding differential equation. [3]
= RHS
Q. 32. Verify that the given function (explicit or implicit)
is a solution of the corresponding differential Hence, the given function is the solution of the
equation : corresponding differential equation. [3]
y − cos
= y x : ( y sin y + cos y + x=) y′ y Q. 34. Verify that the given function (explicit or implicit)
 [NCERT Ex. 9.2, Q. 8, Page 385] is a solution of the corresponding differential
Ans. y − cos y = x …(i) equation :
Differentiating both sides of the equation with dy
=y a 2 − x 2 x ∈ ( − a , a ) : x + y = 0 ( y ≠ 0)
respect to x, we get : dx
dy d d  [NCERT Ex. 9.2, Q. 10, Page 385]
− (cos y ) = ( x)
dx dx dx Ans. =y 2
a −x 2

⇒ y′ + sin y ⋅ y′ =
1
Differentiating both sides of this equation with
⇒ y′(1 + sin y ) =
1 respect for x, we get :
⇒ y′ =
1
1 + sin y
=
dy d
dx dx
a2 − x2 ( )
Substituting the value of y’ in equation (i), we get : dy 1 d
⇒= ⋅ (a 2 − x 2 )
LHS= ( y sin y + cos y + x) y′ dx 2 a 2 − x 2 dx
1 1
= ( y sin y + cos y + y − cos y ) × = (−2 x)
1 + sin y 2 a − x2
2

1 −x
= y (1 + sin y ) ⋅ =
1 + sin y
a − x2
2

=y
= RHS
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | 421
dy Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get :
Substituting the value of in the given differential
dx =y′ 3ae3 x − 2be −2 x …(2)
equation, we get :
dy −x Again, differentiating both sides with respect to x,
LHS =x + y =x + a 2 − x 2 × we get :
dx a − x2
2

=y′′ 9ae3 x + 4be −2 x …(3)

= x−x
=0 Multiplying equation (1) with (2) and then adding
it to equation (2), we get :
= RHS
(2ae3 x + 2be −2 x ) + (3ae3 x − 2bc −2 x ) =
2y + y'
Hence, the given function is the solution of the
corresponding differential equation. [3] ⇒ 2 y + y′
5ae3 x =
Q. 35. Form a differential equation representing the given 2 y + y′
curve by eliminating arbitrary constants a and b. ⇒ ae3 x =
5
x y
+ = 1 Now, multiplying equation (1) with 3 and
b a  [NCERT Ex. 9.3, Q. 1, Page 391] subtracting equation (2) from it, we get :
Ans. x y 3x −2 x 3x −2 x
+ = 1 (3ae3 x + 3be −2 x ) − (3ae3 x − 2be −2 x ) =−3 y y′
a b
3 y − y′
−22 xx
−
Differentiating both sides of the given equation ⇒ 5be =
with respect to x, we get : 3 y − y′
⇒ be −−22 xx =
1 1 dy 5
+ =0 [1½]
a b dx
Substituting the values of ae3x and be −2 x in equation
1 1
⇒ + y′ = 0 (3), we get :
a b
(2 y + y′) (3 y − y′)
Again, differentiating both sides with respect to x, y′′ =9⋅ +4
we get : 5 5
18 y + 9 y′ 12 y − 4 y′
1 ⇒ y′′ = +
0 + y′′ = 0 5 5
b
30 y + 5 y′
1 ⇒ y′′ =
⇒ y′′ =0 5
b
⇒ y′′ =6 y + y′
⇒ y′′ =0
⇒ y′′ − y′ − 6 y =
0
Hence, the required differential equation of the
given curve is y”=0. [3] This is the required differential equation of the
Q. 36. Form a differential equation representing the given given curve. [1½]
curve by eliminating arbitrary constants a and b. Q. 38. Form a differential equation representing the
y 2 a(b 2 − x 2 ) 
= given curve by eliminating arbitrary constants a
[NCERT Ex. 9.3, Q. 2, Page 391]
and b.
Ans. =
y 2 a(b 2 − x 2 )
=
y e 2 x (a + bx )  [NCERT Ex. 9.3, Q. 4, Page 391]
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get :
Ans.=y e 2 x (a + bx) …(1)
dy
2 y = a (−2 x) Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get :
dx
⇒ 2 yy′ = −2ax y ′ 2e 2 x (a + bx) + e 2 x ⋅ b
=
⇒ yy′ = − ax ⇒ y=′ e 2 x (2a + 2bx + b)
…(1) …(2)
Again, differentiating both sides with respect to x, Multiplying equation (1) with 2 and then
we get : subtracting it from equation (2), we get :
y′ ⋅ y′ + yy′′ =−a
y ′ − 2=
y e 2 x (2a + 2bx + b) − e 2 x (2a + 2bx)
⇒ ( y′) + yy′′ =
2
−a
(2) ⇒ y′ − 2 y =
be 2 x
…(3)
Dividing equation (2) by equation (1), we get :
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get :
( y′) 2 + yy′′ −a
= y′′ − 2 y′ =
2be 2 x ….(4)
yy′ −ax
⇒ xyy′′ + x( y′) − yy′′ =
2
0 Dividing equation (4) by equation (3), we get :
y′′ − 2 y′
This is the required differential equation of the =2
given curve. [3] y′ − 2 y
Q. 37. Form a differential equation representing the given ⇒ y′′ − 2 y′ = 2 y′ − 4 y
curve by eliminating arbitrary constants a and b. ⇒ y′′ − 4 y′ + 4 y =
0
= y a e 3 x + b e −2 x  [NCERT Ex. 9.3, Q. 3, Page 391] This is the required differential equation of the
Ans. =y ae3 x + be −2 x …(1) given curve. [3]
422 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

Q. 39. Form a differential equation representing the x 2 + y 2 = 2( x + yy′) x

given curve by eliminating arbitrary constants a
and b. ⇒ x 2 + y 2 = 2 x 2 + 2 xyy′
= y e x (a cos x + b sin x ) ⇒ 2 xyy′ + x 2 =
y2

 [NCERT Ex. 9.3, Q. 5, Page 391] This is the required differential equation. [1½]
Ans.
= y e x (a cos x + b sin x) …(1) Q. 41. Form the differential equation of the family of
parabolas having vertex at origin and axis along
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get : positive y-axis.
=y′ e x (a cos x + b sin x) + e x (−a sin x + b cos x)  [NCERT Ex. 9.3, Q. 7, Page 391]
Ans. The equation of the parabola having the vertex at
⇒ y=′ e x [(a + b)cos x − (a − b)sin x ] origin and the axis along the positive y-axis is :
…(2)
Again, differentiating with respect to x, we get : Y

′′′′ ee x [[((a )sin xx ]] +

x
yy=
= a++b cos xx −
b)) cos − ((a
a−−b
b)sin +
ee xx [[ −
−((a
a++b )sin xx −
b)sin − ((a
a−−b cos xx ]]
b)) cos
yy ′′′′ ee [2
x
=
= x
[2b b cos
cos xx − −2 2aa sin
sin xx]]
=
= y ′′ 2 e x
x (b cos x − a sin x )
y ′′ 2e (b cos x − a sin x) X’ X
yy ′′′′
⇒
=
⇒
= ee xx ((b cos xx −
b cos −a sin xx))
a sin
2
2 …(3)
Adding equations (1) and (3), we get : Y’ [1½]
y ′′ Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, we get :
y + = e x [(a + b)cos x − (a − b)sin x ]
2 2 x = 4ay′ …(2)
y ′′ Dividing equation (2) by equation (1), we get :
⇒ y+ y′
=
2 2 x 4ay ′
=
⇒ 2 y + y ′′ =2 y′        x 2 4ay
⇒ y ′′ − 2 y ′ + 2 y =0 2 y′
⇒ =
This is the required differential equation of the x y
given curve. [3] ⇒ xy′ =
2y
Q. 40. Form the differential equation of the family of ⇒ xy′ − 2 y =
0
circles touching the y-axis at origin.
This is the required differential equation. [1½]
 [NCERT Ex. 9.3, Q. 6, Page 391]
Q. 42. Form the differential equation of the family of
Ans. The centre of the circle touching the y-axis at origin
ellipses having foci on y-axis and centre at origin.
lies on the x-axis.
 [NCERT Ex. 9.3, Q. 8, Page 391]
Let (a, 0) be the centre of the circle.
Ans. The equation of the family of ellipses having foci
Since it touches the y-axis at origin, its radius is a.
on the y-axis and the centre at origin is as follows :
Now, the equation of the circle with centre (a, 0)
and radius (a) is x2 y 2
+ =1
( x − a)2 + y 2 =
a2 b2 a 2 …(1)
⇒ x2 + y 2 =
2ax Y
…(1)
Y

X’ X
O b
X’ X
(a, 0)

Y’ [1½] Y’
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, we Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, we get :
get :
2 x 2 yy′
+ 2 = 0
2 x + 2 yy′ =
2a b2 b
⇒ x + yy′ = a x yy′
⇒ + 0
= …(2)
b2 a 2 
Now, on substituting the value of a in equation (1),  [1½]
we get :
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | 423
Again, differentiating with respect to x, we get : x 2 + ( y − b )2 =
32
1 y′ ⋅ y′ + y ⋅ y′′
+ 0
= ⇒ x 2 + ( y − b )2 =
9
b2 a2 ...(1)
1 1 Y
⇒ 2 + 2 ( y′2 + yy′′) =0
b a
1 1
⇒ − 2 ( y′2 + yy′′)
= (0, b) O’
b2 a 3
Substituting this value in equation (2), we get :
 1  yy ′
x  − 2 ( ( y ′) 2 + yy ′′ ) + 2 =0
 a  a X’ X
O
⇒ − x( y ′) 2 − xyy ′′ + yy ′ =
0
⇒ xyy ′′ + x( y ′) 2 − yy ′ =
0
Y’
This is the required differential equation. [1½] Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, we get.
Q. 43. Form the differential equation of the family of
hyperbolas having foci on x-axis and centre at 2x + 2( y − b) ⋅ y ' =
0
origin. [NCERT Ex. 9.3, Q. 9, Page 391] ⇒ ( y − b) ⋅ y ' =−x
Ans. The equation of the family of hyperbolas with the −x
centre at origin and foci along the x-axis is : ⇒ y −b =
y'
x2 y2
− = 1 Substituting the value of (y − b) in equation (1), we
a2 b2 …(1) get.
Y 2
 −x 
x2 +   = 9
 y' 
 1 
X’ X ⇒ x 2 1 + 2 
9
=
O  ( y ') 
⇒ x 2 ( ( y ') 2 + 1) =
9( y ') 2
⇒ ( x 2 − 9)( y ') 2 + x 2 =
0 [1½]
Y’ This is the required differential equation.
Differentiating both sides of equation (1) with Q. 45. Find the general solution :
respect to x, we get :
dy 1 − cos x
2x 2 yy ' =
− 2 = 0 dx 1 + cos x 
[NCERT Ex. 9.4, Q. 1, Page 395]
a2 b
x yy ' Ans. The given differential equation is :
⇒ 2− 2 = 0
a b ...(2) dy 1 − cos x
=
Again, differentiating both sides with respect to x, dx 1 + cos x
  
we get.
1 y '.y '+ yy '' x
− =0 2sin 2
dy 2 x
a2 b2 ⇒= = tan 2
1 1 dx 2cos 2 x 2
⇒=
a2 b2
( )
( y ')2 + yy ''
[1½]
2
dy  2 x 
1 ⇒ =  sec − 1
Substituting the values of 2 in equation (2), we get. dx  2 
a
x yy ' Separating the variables, we get
b 2 ( )
( y ')2 + yy '' − 2 =
b
0
 x 
⇒ x( y ')2 + xyy ''− yy ' =
0 =dy  sec 2 − 1 dx
 2 
⇒ xyy ''+ x( y ')2 − yy ' =
0 [1½] Now, integrating both sides of this equation, we
This is the required differential equation. get :
Q. 44. Form the differential equation of the family of
circles having centre on y-axis and radius 3 units.  x  x
∫=
dy ∫  sec ∫ sec dx − ∫ dx
2 2
dx
− 1=
 [NCERT Ex. 9.3, Q. 10, Page 391]  2  2
Ans. Let the centre of the circle on y-axis be ( 0, b ) . x
⇒
= y 2 tan −x+C
2 [3]
The differential equation of the family of circles
This is the required general solution of the given
with centre at ( 0, b ) and radius 3 is as follows : differential equation
424 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

Q. 46. Find the general solution : ⇒ y log ydx = xdy

dy dy dx
= 4 − y 2 ( −2 < y < 2) ⇒ =
dx y log y x
 [NCERT Ex. 9.4, Q. 2, Page 395]
Integrating both sides, we get :
Ans. The given differential equation is :
dy dy dx
= 4 − y2 ∫∫ y log
dy = ∫ dx
y log y ∫ x
dx y= x
Separating the variables, we get : Let log y=t.
Let log y=t.
dy d dt
⇒ = dx ∴ d ( log y ) =dt
4 − y2 ∴ dy ( log y ) =
dy
dy dy
1 dt
Now, integrating both sides of the equation, we ⇒ 1= dt
⇒ y= dy
get. y dy ...(1)
dy 1
⇒ 1 dy =dt
∫ 4 − y 2 = ∫ dx ⇒ y dy =dt
y
[1½]
y
−1
⇒ sin = x+C Substituting this value in equation (1), we get :
2
y dt dx
⇒ = sin( x + C) ∫ t =∫ x
2
⇒
= y 2sin ( x + C ) ⇒ log t =+
log x log C
[3] ⇒ log ( log y ) =
log Cx
This is the required general solution of the given
differential equation. ⇒ log y =
Cx
Q. 47. Find the general solution : ⇒ e Cx
y=
[1½]
dy
+ y= 1( y ≠ 1) [NCERT Ex. 9.4, Q. 3, Page 396] This is the required general solution of the given
dx  differential equation.
Ans. The given differential equation is : Q. 49. Find the general solution :
dy dy
+y= 1 x5 = − y5
dx
dx  [NCERT Ex. 9.4, Q. 8, Page 396]
⇒ dy + ydx =
dx Ans. The given differential equation is :
⇒ dy =(1 − y ) dx dy
x5 = −y5
Separating the variables, we get : dx
dy dy dx
⇒ =dx ⇒ =
− 5
1− y y5 x
Now, integrating both sides, we get : dx dy
0
⇒ 5+ 5 =
dy x y
⇒∫
(1 − y ) ∫
= dx
Integrating both sides, we get :
⇒ log(1 − y ) =x + log C dx dy
⇒ − log C − log(1 − y ) = x ∫x +∫y
5 5
=
k (Where k is any constant)
⇒ log C(1 − y ) = −x
⇒ ∫ x −5 dx + ∫ y −5 dy =
k
e− x
⇒ C(1 − y ) =
x −4 y −4
1 ⇒ + =
k
⇒ 1 − y = e− x −4 −4
C
⇒ x −4 + y −4 =
−4k
1
⇒ y =1 − e − x ⇒ x −4 + y −4 =
C −4k )
(C =
C [3]
 1 This is the required solution of the given differential
⇒ y =1 + Ae − x  Where A= − C 
  equation.
[3]
Q. 50. Find a particular solution satisfying the given
This is the required general solution of the given
condition :
differential equation.
Q. 48. Find the general solution :  dy 
cos   =a ( a ∈ R ); y =2 when x =0
y log ydx − xdy = 0 [NCERT Ex. 9.4, Q. 7, Page 396]  dx 
Ans. The given differential equation is :  [NCERT Ex. 9.4, Q. 13, Page 396]
y log ydx − xdy =0 Ans.  dy 
cos   = a
⇒ y log ydx =
xdy  dx 
dy
⇒ cos−1 a
=
dx
⇒ dy =cos−1 adx
  dy  DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | 425
cos   = a
 dx 
Integrating on both sides, we get :
dy
⇒ cos−1 a
=  2   2
dx ∫ 1 − y + 2  dy =
∫ 1 + x  dx
⇒ dy =cos−1 adx
1 1
Integrating both sides, we get : ⇒ ∫ dy − 2∫ y + 2 =∫ dx + 2∫ x dx
∫ dy = cos a ∫ dx
−1
⇒ y − 2log( y + 2) = x + 2log x + C
⇒
= y cos−1 a ⋅ x + C ⇒ C log x 2 + log( y + 2) 2
y − x −=
−1
=
⇒ y x cos a + C ⇒ x − C log  x 2 ( y + 2) 2 
y −= ...(1)
Now, y=2 when x = 0.
Now, the curve passes through point (1, −1)
⇒= 2 0.cos−1 a + C
1 − C log (1) 2 (−1 + 2) 2 
⇒ −1 −=
⇒C = 2 ...(2)
Substituting C=1 in equation (1), we get : ⇒ − 2 − C= log1
= 0
−1 ⇒ C= −2
y=x cos a + 2
y−2 Substituting C = −2 in equation (1), we get :
⇒ cos−1 a
= x + 2 log  x 2 ( y + 2) 2 
y −=
x
 y−2 This is the required solution of the given curve.
⇒ cos  =
a
 x  Q. 53. In a bank, principal increases continuously at
[3]
Q. 51. Find a particular solution satisfying the given the rate of 5% per year. An amount of Rs. 1000 is
condition : deposited with this bank, how much will it worth
dy after 10 years (e0.5 = 1.648).
= y= tan x ; y 1=when x 0  [NCERT Ex. 9.4, Q. 21, Page 397]
dx
Ans. Let p and t be the principal and time respectively.
 [NCERT Ex. 9.4, Q. 14, Page 396] It is given that the principal increases continuously
Ans. dy at the rate of 5% per year.
= y tan x
dx dp  5 
dy ⇒ =  p
⇒ = tan xdx dt  100 
y dp p
Integrating both sides, we get : ⇒ =
dt 20
dy
∫ y = −∫ tan xdx ⇒
dp dt
=
p 20
⇒ log y = log ( sec x ) + log C
Integrating both sides, we get :
⇒ log y = log ( C sec x ) dp 1
⇒ y= Csec x
∫ p = 20 ∫ dt
     
Now, y =1 when x = 0 t
⇒ log p = + C
⇒ 1 =× C sec0 20
t
⇒ 1=C × 1 ⇒ p=
e 20
+C

⇒ C=1 ...(1)
...(1) [3]
Substituting C = 1 in equation (1), we get Now, when t=0, p=1000.
y = sec x [3] Hence, after 10 years the amount will worth
Q. 52. For the differential equation Rs 1648.
dy Q. 54. For the differential equation find the general
xy = ( x + 2)( y + 2)
dx solution :
dy
Find the solution of curve passing through the + 3y = e −2 x
dx  [NCERT Ex. 9.6, Q. 2, Page 413]
point (1, –1).
Ans. The given differential equation is
 [NCERT Ex. 9.4, Q. 16, Page 396]
dy
Ans. The differential equation of the given curve is : =
+ py Q (where = p 3 and
= Q e −2 x ) Now,
dx
dy ∫ pdx e=∫ 3dx e.3 x .
xy =( x + 2)( y + 2) IF =e=
dx The solution of the given differential equation is
 y   x+2 given by the relation,
⇒   dy =  dx
 y + 2   x  ∫ pdx e=∫ 3dx e3 x .
y (IF)
= e=
 2   2
⇒ 1 −  dy = 1 +  dx The solution of the given differential equation is
 y + 2   x given by the relation,
426 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

y (IF)= ∫ (Q x IF)dx + C Ans. y dx + ( x − y 2 )dy =

0

⇒ ye3 x= ∫ (e × e
−2 x 3x
)+C ⇒ ⇒ ydxydx
= = ( ( ) )
y 2 y−2x− dy
x dy
dx dx y 2 y−2x− x x x
⇒ ye3 x = ∫ e dx + C
x
⇒⇒ = == −y −
y=
dy dy y y y y
⇒ ye3 x =ex + C
dx dxx x
⇒ y= e −2 x + Ce −3 x ⇒ ⇒ + += y= y
[3] dy dyy y
This is required general solution of the given This is a linear differential equation of the form :
differential equation. dy 1
+ px = Q (where p= and Q=y )
Q. 55. For the differential equation find the general dx 2
1
solution : ∫ pdy e ∫=
y log y
dy

dy y Now, IF = e= e= y.
+ = x2
dx x  [NCERT Ex. 9.6, Q. 3, Page 413] The general solution of the given differential
Ans. The given differential equation is : equation is given by the relation.
dy 1 x(IF)=∫ (Q × IF)dy+C
+ py = Q (where p = and Q = x 2 )
dx x
1
⇒
= xy ∫ ( y.y )dy + C
∫ x dx
Now, IF=e ∫= e =
pdx log x
e= x.
∫ y dy + C
2
⇒ xy
=
The solution of the given differential equation is y3
given by the relation. ⇒ xy = +C
3
y ( IF ) =∫ (Q × IF)dx + C
y2 C
⇒ x= + [3]
∫ ( x .x)dx + C
2
⇒ y=
( x) 3 y

Q. 58. For the differential equation find the general
∫ x dx + C
3
⇒ xy =
solution :
x4 dy
⇒ xy = + C
4 (x + 3y 2 )
dx
= y( y > 0)

This is the required general solution of the given  [NCERT Ex. 9.6, Q. 12, Page 414]
differential equation. Ans. Given that,
y (sec x + tan x) = ∫ tan x(sec x + tan x ) dx + C dy
(
x + 3y 2
dx
= )y ( y > 0)
= ∫ (sec x tan x + tan 2 x ) dx + C dy y
⇒ =
dx x + 3y 2
= ∫ sec x tan x dx + ∫ (sec 2 x − 1)dx + C
dx x + 3y 2 x
y(secx + tanx) =sec x + tanx – x + C [3] ⇒ = = + 3y
dy y y
Q. 56. For the differential equation find the general dx x
solution : ⇒ − = 3y
dy y
dy  π
+ ( sec=
x ) y tan x  0 ≤ x <  This is a linear differential equation of the form :
dx  2
 [NCERT Ex. 9.6, Q. 4, Page 413] dx  1 
+ px =
Q  Where p = 3y 
− and Q =
Ans. The given differential equation is : dy  y 
dy dy 1
+ py =Q (where p = sec x and Q = tan x) Now,=
−∫
∫ pdy e =
log  
y 1
dx IF e= y
e −=
log y
e = .
y
∫ pdx e ∫ sec=
Now, IF=e=
xdx
elog(sec x +=
tan x )
sec x + tan x.
The general solution of the given differential
The general solution of the given differential equation is given by the relation,
equation is given by the relation, x ( IF ) =∫ ( Q × IF )dy + C
y(sec x + tan x) = ∫ tan x(sec x + tan x)dx + C
1  1
= ∫ (sec x tan x + tan2x)dx + C ⇒ x ×=
y ∫  3y × y  dy + C
= ∫ sec x . tan x dx + ∫ (sec2x–1)dx + C x
y(sec x + tan x) = sec x + tan x – x + C [3] ⇒ 3y + C
=
y
Q. 57. For the differential equation find the general ⇒ x=3 y 2 + Cy
solution : [3]
y dx + ( x − y 2 )dy =0 Q. 59. For each of the exercises given below, verify that
the given function (implicit or explicit) is a solution
 [NCERT Ex. 9.6, Q. 11, Page 414] of the corresponding differential equation.
 dx
 e x sin x + e x cos x 
d2y
⇒ = e x ( a + b )( cos x − sin x ) + ( b − a )( sin x + cos x )
dx 2
d2y  a cos x −DIFFERENTIAL − b sin x + | 427
a sin x + b cos xEQUATIONS
⇒ ex 
= 
dx  b sin x − a sin x − a cos x 
2
d2y
(i) y= a e x + b e − x + x 2 : x d y + 2 dy − xy + x 2 − 2= 0 =  2e x ( b cos x − a sin x )
⇒
dx 2 dx dx [3]
d2 y dy d2y dy
(ii)
= y e ( a cos x + b sin x ) :
x
−2 = + 2y 0 Now, on substituting the values of and in
dx 2 dx dx 2 dx
d2 y the LHS of the given differential equation, We get :
= (iii) y x sin 3 x : +9= y − 6cos3 x 0
dx 2 d2y dy
+ 2 + 2y
2 dy
( )
2
= (iv) x 2 2 y 2 log y : x 2 + y= − xy 0 dx dx
dx = 2e x ( b cos x − a sin x ) − 2e x ( a + b ) cos x + ( b − a ) sin x 
 [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 2, Page 420]
Ans. (i) y =ae x + be − x + x 2 + 2e x ( a cos x + b sin x )
( 2b cos x − 2a sin x ) − ( 2a cos x + 2b cos x ) 
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get : = ex  
 − ( 2b sin x − 2a sin x ) + ( 2a cos x + 2b sin x )
dy d x d −x d 2
dx
=a
dx
e +b
dx
( )
e +
dx
x ( ) ( ) = e x ( 2b − 2a − 2b + 2a ) cos x 

⇒
dy
= ae x − be − x + 2x + e x ( −2a − 2b + 2a + 2b ) sin x 
dx =0
Again, differentiating both sides with respect to x,
Hence, the given function is a solution of the
we get : corresponding differential equation. [3]
d2y
=ae x + be − x + 2 (iii) y = x sin 3x
dx 2
dy d2y Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get :
Now, on substituting the values of and in
the differential equation, we get : dx dx 2 dy d
= ( x sin 3=
x ) sin 3x + x ⋅ cos 3x ⋅ 3
LHS dx dx
d2y dy dy
x 2 + 2 − xy + x 2 − 2 ⇒ = sin 3x + 3x cos 3x
dx dx dx
( ) (
= x ae x + be − x + 2 + 2 ae x − be − x + 2x − ) Again, differentiating both sides with respect to x,
we get :
(
x ae + be x −x
+x 2
)+x 2
−2
d2y d d
= ( x
axe + bxe −x
) (
+ 2x + 2ae − 2be x −x
+ 4x − ) = ( sin 3x ) + 3 ( x cos 3x )
dx 2 dx dx
( axe x
+ bxe −x
)
+ x3 + x 2 − 2 ⇒ =
d2y
3 cos 3x + 3 cos 3x + x ( − sin 3x ) ⋅ 3
−x 2
dx 2
= 2ae − 2be + x + 6x − 2
x
d2y
≠0 ⇒ = 6 cos 3x − 9x sin 3x
dx 2
⇒ LHS ≠ RHS 2
Substituting the value of d y in the LHS of the
Hence, the given function is not a solution of the dx 2
corresponding differential equation. [3] given differential equation, we get :
(ii)       y = e ( a cos x + b sin x ) = ae cos x + be sin x d2y
x x x
+ 9 y − 6 cos 3x
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get : dx 2
dy d x d x =( 6 ⋅ cos 3x − 9x sin 3x ) + 9x sin 3x − 6 cos x
dx
= a⋅
dx
(
e cos x + b ⋅
dx
)
e sin x ( ) =0
dy Hence, the given function is a solution of the
=⇒
dx
( )
a e x cos x − e x sin x + b ⋅ e x sin x + e x cos x ( ) corresponding differential equation. [3]
2 2
dy (iv)     x = 2y log y
⇒ = ( a + b ) e x cos x + ( b − a ) e x sin x
dx Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get :
Again, differentiating both sides with respect to x, d
we get : 2x⋅ = 2  y 2 log y 
dx
d2y d x d x
dx 2
= (a + b) ⋅
dx
(
e cos x + ( b − a ) )
dx
e sin x ( ) 
⇒ x=  2 y ⋅ log y ⋅
dy 1 dy 
+ y2 ⋅ ⋅ 
 dx y dx 
d2y
⇒ 2 = ( a + b ) ⋅  e x cos x − e x sin x  + ( b − a ) dy
dx =
⇒ x ( 2 y log y + y )
dx
 e sin x + e cos x 
x x

dy x
d2y ⇒ =
⇒ = e x ( a + b )( cos x − sin x ) + ( b − a )( sin x + cos x ) dx y (1 + 2 log y )
dx 2
d2y  a cos x − a sin x + b cos x − b sin x +  dy
⇒ ex 
=  Substituting the value of in the LHS of the
dx  b sin x − a sin x − a cos x  dx
d2y given differential equation, we get :
=  2e x ( b cos x − a sin x )
⇒
dx
428 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

Ans. (x − a)
) dy
2
(x 2
+ y2
dx
− xy + 2y 2 =
a2
⇒ x 2 + a 2 − 2ax + 2 y 2 =
a2
x
= ( 2
2 y log y + y ⋅ 2
)
y (1 + 2 log y )
− xy ⇒ 2y =2
2ax − x 2
 ...(1)
Differentiating with respect to x, we get :
x
y 2 (1 + 2 log y ) ⋅
= − xy dy 2a − 2x
y (1 + 2 log y ) 2y =
= xy − xy dx 2
dy a − x
=0 ⇒ =
dx 2y
Hence, the given function is a solution of the
corresponding differential equation. [3] dy 2ax − 2x 2
⇒ =
Q. 60. Find the general solution of the differential dx 4xy
 ...(2)
equation
From equation (1), we get :
y dx – (x + 2y2) dy = 0.
ax 2 y 2 + x 2
2=
 [CBSE Board, All India Region, 2017]
On substituting this value in equation (3), we get :
Ans. Given differential equation can be written as
dy 2 y 2 + x 2 − 2x 2
dx dx 1 =
y= − x 2 y 2 or = − ⋅ x 2y dx 4xy
dy dy y
dy 2 y 2 − x 2
− log y 1 ⇒ =
Integrating factor is e = dx 4xy
y
1 Hence, the differential equation of the family of
∴ Solution is x ⋅
y
= ∫ 2dy = 2y + C
curves is given as
dy 2 y 2 − x 2
= . [3]
dx 4xy
or=x 2 y 2 + Cy . [4] Q. 64. Show that the general solution of the differential
Q. 61. Find the general solution of the differential dy y 2 + y + 1
equation dy/dx – y = sin x. equation + = 0 is given by
dx x 2 + x + 1
 [CBSE Board, All India Region, 2017] ( x + y + 1) = A ( 1 – x – y – 2 xy ) , where A is
dy parameter.
Ans. Given differential equation is −y= sin x
dx  [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 7, Page 420]
⇒ Integrating factor = e–x
Ans. 2
dy y + y + 1
1 + = 0
∴ Solution is ye − x = ( − sin x − cos x ) e − x + C dx x 2 + x + 1
2
1 dy ( )
y2 + y +1
or y = − ( sin x + cos x ) + Ce x [4] ⇒ = − 2
2 dx x + x +1
Q. 62. Solve the differential equation x dy/dx + y = x cos dy −dx
⇒ =
p y2 + y +1 x2 + x +1
x + sin x, given that y = 1 when x =
2 dy dx
⇒ 2 + = 0
y + y +1 x2 + x +1
 [CBSE Board, Delhi Region, 2017]
Integrating both sides, we get :
Ans. The given equation can be written as
dy dx
dy y
+ = cos x +
sin x ∫ y2 + y +1 +∫ x2 + x +1 = C
dx x x
dy dx
1
⇒∫ +∫ =
C
IF = e ∫=
dx 2 2
log x
x
e= x 
2
1  3 
2
1  3
∴ Solution is  y + 2  +  2   x + 2  +  2 
       
=
y⋅x ∫ ( x cos x + sin x ) dx + C 
y +  2
1 
x + 
1
⇒ y=⋅ x x sin x + C 2 2+ 2 =
⇒ tan −1  tan −1  C
3  3  3  3 
C  2   2 
=
or y sin x +
x
π  2y + 1 −1  2 x + 1  3C
when = x = , y 1, we get C = 0 ⇒ tan −1   + tan  =
 3   3  2 [1½]
2
Required solution is y = sin x [4]  2 y + 1 2x + 1 
Q. 63. Form the differential equation representing the  + 
3 3 3C
family of curves given by (x – a)2 + 2y2 = a2, where ⇒ tan −1  =
 ( 2 y + 1) ( 2x + 1)  2
a is an arbitrary constant. 1 − ⋅ 
 [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 3, Page 420]  3 3 
 2x + 2 y + 2 
 
3 3C
⇒ tan −1  =
  4xy + 2x + 2 y + 1   2
1 −  3 
  2 y + 1 2x + 1 
 + 
3 3 3C
⇒ tan −1  =
 ( 2 y + 1) ( 2x + 1)  2 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | 429
1 − ⋅ 
 3 3 


2x + 2 y + 2 

(
Ans. 1 + e 2 x dy + 1 + y 2 e x dx =0 ) ( )
−1  3 = 3C dy x
e dx
⇒ tan ⇒ + 0
=
  4xy + 2x + 2 y + 1   2 2
1
  −   1 + y 1 + e 2x
  3  Integrating both sides, we get :
⇒ tan  −1
 2 3 ( x + y + 1)  3C e x dx
 =tan −1 y + ∫ = C
 3 − 4xy − 2x − 2 y − 1  2 1 + e 2x  ...(1)

⇒ tan −1 
 3 ( x + y + 1) =  3C Let e x
=⇒ t e 2x
= t 2
.

 2 (1 − x − y − 2xy )  2 d dt
⇒ (ex ) =
dx dx
3 ( x + y + 1)  3C  dt
⇒ = tan   =B, ⇒ ex =
2 (1 − x − y − 2xy )  dx
 2 
⇒ e x dx = dt
 3C 
where B = tan 
 2  Substituting these values in equation (1), we get :
  dt
2B tan −1 y + ∫ = C
⇒x+y+ = 1 (1 − xy − 2xy ) 1 + t2
3 ⇒ tan −1 y + tan −1 t = C
2B
⇒ x + y += 1 A (1 − x − y − 2xy ) , where A=
3 ⇒ tan −1 y + tan −1 e x = ( ) C
 ...(2)
Hence, the given result is proved. [1½] Now, y = 1 at x = 0.
Q. 65. Find the equation of the curve passing through Therefore, equation (2) becomes : [1½]
 π −1 −1
the point  0 ,  whose differential equation is tan 1 + tan 1 = C
 4
π π
sin x cosydx + cosxsinydy = 0. ⇒ + = C
4 4
 [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 8, Page 420] π
⇒ C=
Ans. The differential equation of the given curve is : 2
sin x cos ydx + cos x sin ydy = 0 π
Substituting C = in equation (2), we get :
sin x cos ydx + cos x sin ydy 2
⇒ = 0 π
cos x cos y tan −1 y + tan −1 e x = ( ) 2
⇒ tan xdx + tan ydy = 0
This is the required particular solution of the given
Integrating both sides, we get : differential equation. [1½]
Q. 67. Solve the differential equation
log ( sec x ) + log ( sec y ) = log C
log ( sec x ⋅ sec y ) = log C
x
 yx 
ye y dx =  xe + y 2  dy ( y ≠ 0 )
 
 
⇒ sec x ⋅ sec y = C ...(1)
 π  [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 10, Page 420]
The curve passes through point  0,  . Ans.
 4 x
 xxy 
+ yy 22  dy
x

dx  xe
y
∴1 × 2 =C ye
ye= =
y dx
xe y +
  dy
 
⇒ C= 2 x x
x dx x
y dx
On substituting C = 2 in equation (1), we get : ⇒ y 2
⇒ ye y dy =
ye = xe y +
xe + yy 2
dy
sec x ⋅ sec y = 2 x
x  
dx
1 ⇒ ee yy  yy ⋅⋅ dx −
⇒ − xx  = = yy 22
⇒ sec x ⋅ = 2 
 dy dy 

cos y
sec x  dx 
⇒ cos y =
2  y ⋅ dy − x 
x

⇒e  y
=1
Hence, the required equation of the curve is  y2 
sec x  
cos y =    ...(1)
2 . [3] x
y
Q. 66. Find the particular solution of the differential Let e = z .
(
2x
) 2
(
x
equation 1 + e dy + 1 + y e dx = )
0 , given that Differentiating it with respect to y, we get :
y = 1 when x = 0.[NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 9, Page 420]
430 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

d  y  dz
x
y ( IF ) =∫ ( Q × IF )dx + C
e  =
dy   dy  e −2 x 
⇒ ye 2 x = ∫  x × e
2 x
x
dx + C
y d  x  dz  
⇒ e ⋅  =
dy  y  dy 1
⇒ ye 2 x = ∫ dx + C
x
 dx 
x  y ⋅ dy − x  dz ⇒ ye 2 x
=2 x + C
⇒ e ⋅
y
= [3]
 y2  dy Q. 70. Find a particular solution of the differential
  dy
   ...(2) equation + y cot x =4 xcosec x
From equations (1) and (2), we get : dx
π
dz ( x ≠ 0 ) , given that y =0 when x =
2
dy  [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 13, Page 421]
⇒ dz = dy Ans. The given differential equation is :
Integrating both sides, we get : dy
+ y cot x = 4xcosec x
z= y + C dx
x
This equation is a liner differential equation of the
⇒ e y =y + C form
[3]
Q. 68. Find the particular solution of the differential dy
= + py Q , when
= p cot x =and Q 4xcosec x.
(
equation 2 ye x / y dx + y – 2 xe x / y dy = )
0 , given that
dx
x = 0 when y = 1. Now,= IF e= ∫ pdx e ∫ cot=
xdx log sin x
e = sin x
 [CBSE Board, Delhi Region/Foreign scheme, 2017] The general solution of the given differential
Ans. Given differential equation can be written as equation is given by,
dx x 1
         = − y ( IF ) =∫ ( Q × IF ) dx + C
dy y 2e x / y

      Put x =vy ⇒
dx
=v + y
dv ⇒ y sin
= x ∫ ( 4xcosec x ⋅ sin x ) dx + C
dy dy ⇒ y sin x = 4 ∫ xdx + C
dv 1
∴v + y = v− v x2
dy 2e ⇒ y sin x =4 ⋅ +C
2
dy
⇒ ∫y= −2 ∫ e v dv 2x 2 + C
⇒ y sin x =
...(1)
⇒ log y =−2e + C =−2e v x/y
+C  [1½]
Now, π
= y 0= at x .
when x =0, y =1 ⇒ C =2 2
Therefore, equation (1) becomes :
∴ log y = (
2 1 − ex / y ) [4]
π2
Q. 69. Solve the differential equation 0 =2 × +C
4
 e −2 x y  dx
 −  =1( x ≠ 0 ) π2
x  dy ⇒C=−
 x 2

 [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 12, Page 421] Substituting C = − π in equation (1), we get :
2

Ans.  −2 x 2
e y  dx
 −  =1 π2
 x x  dy x 2x −
y sin= 2

2
dy e −2 x y
⇒ = − This is the required particular solution of the given
dx x x differential equation. [1½]
dy y e −2 x Q. 71. Find a particular solution of the differential
⇒ + = equation (x + 1)dy/dx = 2 e–y – 1, given that y = 0
dx x x
when x = 0.
This equation is a liner differential equation of the
 [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 14, Page 421]
form
Ans. dy
dy
= + Py Q , where
= P
1
=
and Q
e −2 x
.
( x + 1) =2e − y − 1
dx
dx x x dy dx
1 ⇒ −y =
Now,= ∫ pdx e ∫ =
IF e= x
dx
e2 x 2e − 1 x + 1
e y dy dx
The general solution of the given differential ⇒ =
equation is given by, 2 − ey x + 1
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | 431
Integrating both sides, we get : Which is a homogeneous equation.
y
e y dy Put
= v= or y vx
∫2−= ey
log x + 1 + log C x
 ...(1) dy dv
∴ = v+x [1½]
y
Let 2 − e = t. dx dx
d dt On substituting these values in equation (i), we get
∴
dy
(2 − ey = )dy
dv
v + x = v ( log v + 1)
dx
dt dv
⇒ − ey = ⇒ =x v ( log v + 1 − 1)
dy dx
⇒ e y dt =
−dt dv
⇒ x =v ( log v )
dx
Substituting this value in equation (1), we get : [1½]
dv dx
−dt ⇒ =
∫ =t
log x + 1 + log C v log v x
⇒ − log= t log C ( x + 1) On integrating both sides, we get
dv dx
2 − e y log C ( x + 1)
⇒ − log= ∫ v log v = ∫ x
1 On putting log v = u in LHS integral, we get
⇒ = C ( x + 1)
2 − ey 1
⋅ dv =
du
1 v
⇒ 2 − ey =
C ( x + 1)  du dx
...(2)
∫ u =∫ x
Now, at x = 0 and y = 0, equation (2) becomes :
1 ⇒ log u =log x + log C
⇒ 2 −1 =
C ⇒ log u =log Cx
⇒ C= 1 ⇒ u=Cx
Substituting C = 1 in equation (2), we get : ⇒ log v =Cx
1
2 − ey = y
x +1 ⇒ log   =
Cx
1 x [1½]
⇒ ey = 2−
x +1 Q. 73. Find the general solution of the differential
2x + 2 − 1 equation
⇒ ey =
x +1  y  dy  y
x cos=
 x  dx y cos  x  + x.
y 2x + 1    
⇒ e =
x +1
 [CBSE Board, Foreign Scheme, 2017]
2x + 1
=⇒ y log , ( x ≠ −1) Ans. Given differential equation can be written as
x +1 dy y 1
= +
This is the required particular solution of the given dx x y
differential equation. [1½] cos  
x
dy
Q. 72. Solve x = y ( log y − log x + 1) dy dv
dx Put y =vx ⇒ =v + x
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 33, Page 195] dx dx
dv 1
Ans. Given, x dy= y ( log y − log x + 1) ∴ v+x = v+
dx dx cos v
dy y  dx
⇒ x =y log  + 1 ⇒ ∫ cos v dv = ∫x
dx x 
⇒ sin v =+
log x C
dy y  y 
⇒ = log + 1
dx x  x   ...(i) ⇒
y
sin   =+
log x C
x [4]

Long Answer Type Questions (5 and 6 marks each)

Q. 1. Find the particular solution of the differential equation dx x

−1
e tan y
dy + =
( ) ( )
1 + y 2 + x − e tan − 1 y
dx
=
0, given that y = 0 when dy 1 + y 2
1 + y2
dy
x = 1. [CBSE Board, Foreign Scheme, 2017] ∫ 1+ y 2 −1
=
IF e= e tan y
Ans. Given differential equation can be written as
Solution is given by
432 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

−1
e tan y tan −1 y e 2 tan y
−1
dy
On comparing it with + Py =
Q , we get
=∫ dy =∫
−1
xe tan y
2
×e dy dx
1+ y 1 + y2
2
e 2 tan
−1
y P= =, Q sin x + log x
⇒ xe tan
−1
y
= +C x
2 ∫x
2
dx
=
IF e= log x
e 2= x2
when x =1, y =0 ⇒ C = 1
2 The general solution is
∴ Solution is given by x 2 ∫ ( sin x + log x ) x 2dx + C
y ⋅=
1 2 tan −1 1 1 tan −1 y
( ) y ⋅ x2 ∫ ( x sin x + x log x ) dx + C
2 2
xe tan
−1
e y
=
+ or x = e
−1
+ e − tan y ⇒ =
2 2 2 [6]
y ⋅ x2 ∫ x sin xdx + ∫ x log xdx + C
2 2
⇒=
Q. 2. Find the particular solution of the differential
equation (x – y) dy/dx = (x + 2y), given that y = 0 ⇒ y ⋅ x 2 = I1 + I 2 + C  ...(i)
when x = 1.[CBSE Board, All India Region, 2017] Now, I1 = x 2 sin x dx
∫
Ans. 2y
1+ =x 2 ( − cos x ) + ∫ 2x cos xdx
dy x + 2 y x
= =
dx x − y y − x 2 cos x +  2x ( sin x ) − ∫ 2 sin xdx 
=
1−          
x
y I1 =− x 2 cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x ...(ii)
=v
x and I 2 = ∫ x 2 log xdx
dy dv
⇒ =v+x x3 1 x3
dx dx = log x ⋅ − ∫ ⋅ dx
           3 x 3
dv 1 + 2v
∴v + x =
dx 1 − v x3 1 2
3 3∫
= log x ⋅− x dx
dv 1 + 2v − v + v 2
⇒ x =− x 1 x3
3
dx v −1 = log x ⋅ − ⋅
v −1 dx            3 3 3  ...(iii)
⇒∫ 2 dv = −
v + v +1 x On substituting the value of I1 and I2 in equation
2v + 1 − 3 2 2v + 1 (i), we get
⇒∫ 2 dv = ∫ − dx ⇒ ∫ 2 dv − 3
v + v +1 x v + v +1 x3 1
y ⋅ x2 =
− x 2 cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x +
log x − x 3 + C
1 2 3 9
∫ 2 2
dv = − ∫ dx
x 2 sin x 2 cos x x x
 1  3 ∴ y=− cos x + + + log x − + Cx −2
 v + 2  +  2  [2½] x x2 3 9
   
Q. 4. Find the general solution of (1 + tany) (dx − dy)
2  2v + 1  2
2 −1 +2xdy =0.
⇒ log v + v + 1 − 3 ⋅ tan   =− log x + C
3  3   [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 26, Page 194]
 2y + x  Ans. Given differential equation is
⇒ log y 2 + xy + x 2 − 2 3 tan −1  = C
 3x  (1 + tan y )( dx − dy ) + 2x dy =
0
3 π On dividing throughout by dy, we get
x= 1, y =⇒0 C= −2 3 ⋅ = − π
6 3
 dx 
 2y + x  3 (1 + tan y )  − 1 + 2x =0
∴ log y 2 + xy + x 2 − 2 3 tan −1  + π=
0  dy 
 3x  3
[6] dx
⇒ (1 + tan y ) − (1 + tan y ) + 2x =
0
dy
Q. 3. Solve y + d ( xy ) = x ( sin x + log x ) . dx
dx ⇒ (1 + tan y ) + 2x =(1 + tan y )
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 25, Page 194] dy
dx 2x
Ans. Given differential equation is ⇒ + 1
=
dy 1 + tan y
d
y + ( xy ) = x ( sin x + log x )
dx Which is a linear differential equation [2½]
dy
⇒ y+x = + y x ( sin x + log x ) On comparing it with
dx
+ Px =
Q , we get
dx dy
dy
⇒ x + 2= y x ( sin x + log x ) 2
dx =P = ,Q 1
dy 2 1 + tan y
⇒ + y = sin x + log x [2½] 2 cos y
dx x ∫ 1+ tany dy ∫
2
dy
Which is a linear differential equation. =IF e= e cos y + siny
cos y + sin y + cosy − siny
∫ cos y + sin y
dy
=e
 cos y − sin y 
∫ 1+ cos y + sin y dy
= e= e y + log(cos y + sin y )
y log x
 2
=P = ,Q 1
1 + tan y
∫ 1+ tany dy ∫
2
dy
2 cos y DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | 433
=IF e= e cos y + siny
∫
cos y + sin y + cosy − siny
dy
Ans. Here, IF= e ∫
−3 cot x dx 1
=e cos y + sin y =
sin 3 x
 cos y − sin y 
∫ 1+ cos y + sin y dy Solution is given by,
= e= e y + log(cos y + sin y )
 1  sin 2x cos x
e y .(cos y + sin y )
=  e log x =
x  y=
 3  ∫= 3
dx 2 ∫ 2
dx
 sin x  sin x sin x
The general solution is y −2
⇒ = +C
= ∫1.e y (cos y + sin y )dy + C
x.e y (cos y + siny) sin 3 x sin x
π
x.e y (cosy + siny) ∫e
y
⇒ = (sin y + cos y )dy + C When x= , y =2 ⇒ C =4
2
⇒ x.e y (cos y + sin y ) = e y sin y + C y −2
∴ 3 = + 4 or y = − 2 sin 2 x + 4 sin 3 x
 e x { f ( x ) + f '( x )}dx =
e x f ( x )
 ∫
sin x sin x [6]

Q. 7. Find the particular solution of the differential
⇒ x(sin y + cos y ) =sin y + Ce − y
 [2½] equation tan x dy/dx= 2x tan x + x2 – y; (tan x ≠ 0)
dy given that y = 0 when x =П/2.
Q. 5. Solve = cos( x + y ) + sin( x + y)
dx  [CBSE Board, Delhi Region, 2017]
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 27, Page 194] Ans. Given equation can be written as
dy
Ans. Given,         dy
= cos( x + y ) + sin( x + y ). ...(i) ⇒ + (cot x ) y = 2x + x 2 cot x
dx dx
x+y= z = IF e= ∫ cot xdx e=log sin x
sin x
dy dz
Put ⇒1 + =
∫ (2x sin x + x
2
dx dx
=
Solution is, y sin x cos x )dx

On substituting these values in Eq. (i), we get ⇒ y sin x =x 2 sin x + C

     
 dz 
 dx − 1= cos z + sin z when we get C =
−π 2
 
4
dz
⇒ = (cos z + sin z + 1) ∴ Required solution is, 4 y= sin x 4x 2 sin x − π 2
dx
dz or, =y x 2 − π 2 / 4 cos ec x [6]
⇒ = dx
cos z + sin z + 1 [2½] Q. 8. Find the particular solution of the differential
On integrating both sides, we get equation
dz dy = cos x (2 – y cosec x) dx, given that y = 2 when
∫ cos z + sin z + 1 = ∫1dx p
x = 2 . [CBSE Board, Foreign Scheme, 2017]
dz Ans. Given differential equation can be written as
⇒ ∫ 1 − tan 2 z / 2 2 tan z / 2 = ∫ dx
dy
2
+ 2
+1 + y cot x = 2 cos x
1 + tan z / 2 1 + tan z / 2 dx
dz
∫ 1 − tan 2 z / 2 + 2 tan z / 2 + 1 + tan 2 z / 2 = ∫ dx I F e ∫= e=
cot x dx
⇒ = log sin x
sin x
2
(1 + tan z / 2) Solution is given by
= y sin x ∫= 2 sin x cos x dx ∫ sin 2x dx
(1 + tan 2 z / 2)dz
⇒ ∫ z
= ∫ dx
− cos 2x
2 + 2 tan = +C
2 2
sec 2 z / 2dz When
⇒ ∫ 2 (1 + tan z / 2 ) = ∫ dx = x =
π
,y 2
2
1 2  3
Put1 + tan z / 2 = t⇒  2 sec z / 2  dz = dt
  ⇒C=
2
dt Solution is given by
∫ t = ∫ dx 1 3
y sin x = − cos 2x + or y=cosec x+sin x [6]
⇒ log t = x+c 2 2
⇒ log 1 + tan z / 2 = x+c dy
Q. 9. Find the general solution of − 3 y=sin2x.
dx
(x + y)  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 28, Page 194]
⇒ log 1 + tan =
x+c
2
 [2½] Ans. Given, dy − 3y = sin 2x
Q. 6. Find the particular solution of the differential dx
equation dx/dy – 3y cot x = sin 2x, given that y = 2 Which is a linear differential equation.
p dy
when x = 2 . [CBSE Board, Foreign Scheme, 2017] On comparing it with + Py = Q , we get
 dx
 434 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

−3,Q =
P= sin 2x dy x2 + y2
=
= ∫
IF e=
−3 dx
e −3x dx 2 xy
The general solution is
Which is homogeneous differential equation.
y.e −3x = ∫ sin
I
2x e −3 x
II dx Put y = vx
−3 x dy dv
Let y.e =I ⇒ = v+x
dx dx
∫ II I
−3 x
e sin 2 x
∴ I=
On substituting these values in Eq. (i), we get
 e −3x   e −3x 
⇒ = I sin 2x   − ∫ 2 cos 2x   dx + c1 dv 1  1 
 −3   −3  v+x = + v
dx 2  v 
1 2 −3 x 2 x
⇒ I= − e −3x sin 2x + ∫ eII cos I dx + c1 dv 1  1 + v 2 
3 3 v+x =  
1 2 dx 2  v 
⇒ I= − e −3x sin 2x +
3 3 dv 1 + v 2
⇒ x = −v
 e −3x e −3x  dx 2v
 cos 2x − ∫ ( −2 sin 2x ) dx  + c1 + c 2
 −3 −3x  dv 1 + v 2 − 2v 2
⇒ x =
1 2 4 dx 2v
⇒ − e −3x sin 2x − cos 2xe −3x − I + c '
I=
3 9 9 dv 1 − v 2
⇒ x =
[Where, c=' c1 + c 2 ] dx 2v
4l  1 2  2v dx
⇒I+ 2 =+ e −3x  − sin 2x − cos 2x  + c ' ⇒ dv =
9 1 − v2 x [2½]
 3 9 
 [2½] On integrating both sides, we get

13  1 2  2v dx
⇒
9
I =e −3x  − sin 2x − cos 2x  + C'
 3 9 
∫1− v 2
dv=∫
x
9 −3x  1 2  Put 1 – v2 = t in LHS, we get
⇒ I= e  − sin 2x − cos 2x  + C
13  3 9  −2vdv =
dt
 9c ' 
 Where C= 13  −∫
dt dx
t ∫ x
  ⇒ =
3 −3x  2  ⇒ − log t = log x + log C
⇒ I= e  − sin 2x − cos 2x  + C
13  3 
⇒ − log(1 − v 2 =
) log x + log C
3 −3x ( −3 sin 2x − cos 2x )
=⇒ e +C  y2 
13 3 ⇒ − log 1 − 2=  log x + log C
e −3x  x 
⇒ = ( −3 sin 2x − 2 cos 2x ) + C
13  x2 − y2 
−3 x
⇒ log  2 = log x + log C
e  x 
⇒ I= − ( 2 cos 2x + 3 sin 2x ) + C
13  x2 
⇒ log  2 2 
=
log x + log C
On substituting the value of I in Eq. (i), we get x −y 
x2
e −3x ⇒ =
Cx ...(ii)
y.e −3x =
− ( 2 cos 2x + 3 sin 2x ) + C x2 − y2
13
1 Since, the curve passes through the point (2, 1).
⇒ y=− ( 2 cos 2x + 3 sin 2x ) + Ce 3x
13 [2½] ( 2 )2
∴ C( 2)
=
Q. 10. Find the equation of a curve passing through ( 2)2 − (1)2
(2, 1), if the slope of the tangent to the curve at 2
any point ⇒C=
3
x2 + y2 So, the required solution is 2(x 2 − y 2 ) = [2½]
( x , y ) is . 3x.
2 xy
Q. 11. Find the equation of the curve through the point
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 29, Page 194] (1, 0), if the slope of the tangent to the curve at any
point (x, y) is
Ans. It is given that, the slope of tangent to the curve at
x2 + y2 y−1
point (x, y) is i.e. [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 30, Page 195]
2xy x2 + x 

 dz
∫ dx = ∫ 1 − z 2

⇒=x
1
log
1 + DIFFERENTIAL
z
+C EQUATIONS | 435
2 1− z
Ans. It is given that, slope of tangent to the curve at any 1 1+ x − y
y −1 =
⇒ x log +C
point (x, y) is 2 2 1− x + y…(ii)
x +x
Since, the curve passes through the origin.
 dy  y −1
∴  = 2 1 1+ 0 − 0
 dx ( x , y ) x + x =
∴ 0 log +C
2 1− 0 + 0
dy y −1
⇒ = ⇒C= 0 [2½]
dx x 2 + x
dy dx On substituting the value of C in EQ. (ii), we get
⇒ = 2 1 1+ x − y
y −1 x + x x = log
2 1− x + y
On integrating both sides, we get
dy dx 1+ x − y
⇒ 2x =
log
∫ y − 1 =∫ x 2 + x 1− x + y
dy dx 1+ x − y
⇒ ∫ y −1 = ∫ x( x + 1) ⇒ e 2x =
1− x + y
dy 1 1  ⇒ (1 − x + y )e 2 x =1 + x − y
⇒ ∫ y −1 =
∫  x − x + 1  dx [2½]
Q. 13. Find the equation of a curve passing through
⇒ log( y − 1=
) log x − log( x + 1) + log C
the point (1, 1), if the tangent drawn at any point
 xC  P(x, y) on the curve meets the coordinate axes at A
⇒ log( y − 1) =
log  
 x +1 [2½] and B such that P is the mid-point of AB.
Since, the given curve passes through point (1, 0).  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 32, Page 195]
1⋅ C Ans. The below figure obtained by the given information
∴ 0 −1 =
1+1
⇒C= −2
−2x (0, 2y) B
The particular solution is y − 1 =
x +1
⇒ ( y − 1)( x + 1) =−2x P
[2½]
⇒ ( y − 1)( x + 1) + 2x = 0 (x, y)
A
(2x, 0)
Q. 12. Find the equation of a curve passing through O
origin if the slope of the tangent to the curve at any
point (x, y) is equal to the square of the difference Let the coordinate of the point P is (x,y). It is given
of the abscissa and ordinate of the point. that, P is mid-point of AB
 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 9.3, Q. 31, Page 195] So, the coordinates of points A and B are (2x, 0) and
dy (0, 2y), respectively.
Ans. Slope of tangent to the curve= and difference 0 − 2y y
of abscissa and ordinate = x – y dx ∴ Slope of AB= =
−
2x − 0 x
dy
According to the question, = ( x − y )2 …(i) Since, the segment AB is a tangent to the curve at P.
dx dy y
Put x − y =z ∴ = −
dx x
dy dz dy dx
⇒ 1− = ⇒ = −
dx dx y x
dy dz On integrating both sides, we get
⇒ =1−
dx dx log y = − log x + log C
On substituting these values in Eq. (i), we get C
log y = log
dz x
1− = z2
dx Since, the given curve passes through (1, 1).
dz C
⇒ 1 − z2 = ∴ log1 = log
dx 1
dz ⇒ 0= log C
⇒ dx =
1 − z2 ⇒ c= 1
On integrating both sides, we get 1
∴ log y = log
dz x
∫ dx = ∫ 1 − z 2
1
⇒ y=
1 1+ z x
⇒=x log +C
2 1− z ⇒ xy = 1 [5]
1 1+ x − y
=
⇒ x log +C
2 1− x + y
436 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

Q. 14. The population of a village increases continuously dy

Substituting the values of x − y and in equation
at the rate proportional to the number of its dx
(1), we get :
inhabitants present at any time. If the population
of the village was 20,000 in 1999 and 25,000 in the dt 1 − t
1− =
year 2004, what will be the population of the village dx 1 + t
in 2009? [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 15, Page 421] dt 1− t 
⇒ 1− 
= 
Ans. Let the population at any instant (t) be y. dx 1+ t 
It is given that the rate of increase of population is dt (1 + t ) − (1 − t )
proportional to the number of inhabitants at any ⇒ =
dx 1+ t
instant. dt 2t
dy ⇒ =
∴ αy dx 1 + t
dt 1+ t 
dy ⇒ 2dx
 dt =
⇒ = ky ( k is a constant)  t 
dt
dy  1 …(2)
⇒ 1 +  dt =2dx
⇒ = kdt
y   t [2½]
Integrating both sides, we get :
Integrating both sides, we get :
log y=kt+ C … (1) t 2x + C
t+log =
In the year 1999, t=0 and y=20,000 ⇒ ( x − y ) + log x − y = 2x + C
Therefore, we get : ⇒ log x − y = x + y + C
log 20,000=C …(2)
Now, y= −1 at x =0. …(3)
In the year 2004, t = 5 and y = 25,000.
Therefore, equation (3) becomes :
Therefore, we get :
log 1=0 − 1+C
 25, 000  5
log 25,000 = k.5+C⇒ 5k =log  =log   [2½] ⇒ C= 1
 20, 000  4
Substituting C = 1 in equation (3) we get :
1 5
⇒ k =log   log x − y = x + y + 1
5 4 …(3)
This is the required particular solution of the given
In the year 2009, t =10 years.
differential equation. [2½]
Now, on substituting the values of t, k, and C in
Q. 16. Find the general solution :
equation (1), we get :
sec 2 x tan y dx + sec 2 y tan x dy = 0
 5 
2

⇒ log y =log  20, 000 ×     [NCERT Ex. 9.4, Q. 4, Page 396]
  4  
Ans. The given differential equation is :
5 5
⇒ = y 20, 000 × × sec 2 x tan y dx + sec 2 y tan x dy =
0
4 4
⇒ y= 31, 250 sec 2 x tan y dx + sec 2 y tan x dy
⇒ =
0
Hence, the population of the village in 2009 will be tan x tan y
31,250. [2½] sec 2 x sec 2 y
Q. 15. Find a particular solution of the differential ⇒ dx + 0
dy =
tan x tan y
equation (x – y) (dx + dy) = dx – dy, given that
y = –1, when x = 0. (Hint : put x – y = t) sec 2 x sec 2 y
⇒ dx =
− dy
 [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 11, Page 420] tan x tan y
Ans. Integrating both sides of this equation, we get :
( x − y )( dx + dy ) =dx − dy
sec 2 x sec 2 y
⇒ ( x − y + 1)dy = (1 − x + y )dx ∫ tan x dx = −∫ tan y dy
dy 1 − x + y Let tan x = t.
⇒ =
dx x − y + 1 d dt
dy 1 − ( x − y ) ∴ ( tan x ) =
⇒ = …(1) dx dx
dx 1 + ( x − y ) dt
⇒ sec 2 x =
Let x − y = t. dx
d dt ⇒ sec 2 xdx =dt
⇒ (x − y) =
dx dx
sec 2 x 1
⇒ 1−
dy dt
=
Now, ∫ tan x dx = ∫ t dt.
dx dx
= log t
dt dy
⇒ 1− = = log(tan x )
dx dx
 ∫ dy = ∫ sin
−1
x dx
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | 437
∫ (sin
−1
⇒ y= x.1)dx
sec 2 y  d 
Similarly, ∫ tan y dy = log(tan y ). [2½] ⇒ y sin −1x.∫ (1)dx − ∫  (sin −1 x ).∫ (1)dx  dx
=
 dx 
Substituting these values in equation (1), we get :  1 
⇒=y sin −1x.x − ∫  .x dx
log(tan x ) =
− log(tan y ) + log C 2
 1− x 
 C  − x
⇒ log(tan x ) =
log   ⇒=y x sin −1 x + ∫ dx
 tan y  1 − x2
...(1)
C
⇒ tan x = Let
tan y
⇒ tan x tan y =
C 1 − x2 =t
[2½]
d dt
This is the required general solution of the given ⇒ (1 − x 2 ) =
differential equation. dx dx
dt
Q. 17. Find the general solution : ⇒ −2x =
dx

( )
e x + e -x dy − ( e x − e -x )dx = 0 .
1
⇒ xdx = − dt
 [NCERT Ex. 9.4, Q. 5, Page 396] 2 [2½]
Ans. The given differential equation is : Substituting this value in equation (1), we get :
(e x
)
+ e − x dy − ( e x − e − x )dx =
0
=y x sin −1 x + ∫
1
dt
2 t
x −x x −x
⇒ ( e + e )dy =
( e − e )dx 1 −
1
⇒
= y x sin −1 x + .∫ (t ) 2 dt
 ex − e−x  2
⇒ dy =
 x −x 
dx
e + e 
1
1 t2
−1
Integrating both sides of this equation, we get : ⇒
= y x sin x + . + C
2 1
 ex − e−x  2
=∫ dy ∫  e
x  dx + C
+ e−x  ⇒
= y x sin −1 x + t + C
 ex − e−x  ⇒
= y x sin −1 x + 1 − x 2 + C
=⇒y ∫  ex dx + C
+ e−x 
[2½]
This is the required general solution of the given
Let ( e x + e − x ) =
t. [2½] differential equation.
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get : Q. 19. Find the general solution :
d x dt e x tan y dx + (1 − e x )sec 2 y dy =
0
(e + e−x ) =
dx dx
 [NCERT Ex. 9.4, Q. 10, Page 396]
dt
⇒ ex − e−x = Ans. The given differential equation is :
dt
⇒ ( e x − e − x )dx =
dt e x tan y dx + (1 − e x )sec 2 y dy=0
Substituting this value in equation (1), we get : (1 − e x )sec 2 y dy= − e x tan ydx
1
=y ∫ dt + C Separating the variables, we get :
t
⇒= y log(t ) + C sec 2 y −e x
dy= dx
y log( e x + e − x ) + C
⇒= tan y 1 − ex
[2½]
This is the required general solution of the given Integrating both sides, we get :
differential equation.
sec 2 y −e x
Q. 18. Find the general solution : ∫ tan y dy = ∫ 1 − e x
dx …(1)
dy
= sin −1 x Let
dx  [NCERT Ex. 9.4, Q. 9, Page 396]
tan y = u.
Ans. The given differential equation
d du
dy ⇒ (tan y ) =
= sin −1 x dy dy
dx
du
⇒ dy = sin −1 x dx ⇒ sec 2 y =
dy
Integrating both sides, we get : ⇒ sec 2 ydy =
du
∫ dy = ∫ sin
−1
x dx sec 2 y du
∴ ∫ tan y dy =
∫u=
log u =
log(tan y )
∫ (sin
−1
⇒ y= x.1)dx  [2½]
 d 
⇒ y sin x.∫ (1)dx − ∫  (sin −1 x ).∫ (1)dx  dx
= −1

  dx 
 1 
⇒=y sin −1x.x − ∫  .x dx
438 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

Now,
Now, Let 1 1 11 33xx − − 11 dx
Let = dy 1 ∫ 1 dx
∫∫ dy dx + + 2 ∫∫ x 22 + 1 dx
11 − x = 2 ∫ x + 1
− ee x = tt..
= 2 x +1 2 x +1
dd dt 1 1 33 xx dx − 11 11 dx
dt ⇒
⇒=
= yy 2 log( log( xx + + 2 ∫∫ x 22 + 1 dx
+ 11)) + − 2 ∫∫ x 22 + 1 dx
∴ dx ((11 −
x
∴ − ee x )) =
=dx 2 2 x +1 2 x +1
dx dx 1 3 2xx
dt 1 3 2 11 tan −−11 x + C
⇒ − x dt ⇒
⇒=
= yy 2 log( log( xx + + 4 ..∫∫ x 22 + 1 dx
+ 11)) + dx − − 2 tan x+C
⇒ − ee x = =dx 2 4 x +1 2
dx 1 3 1
yy 1 log( x + 1) + 3 log( x 22 + 1) − 1 tan −−11 x + C
x
⇒
⇒ − dx =
− ee x dx dt ⇒=
x
= dt ⇒= 22 log( x + 1) + 44 log( x + 1) − 22 tan x + C
−
−ee x dt 11 11
⇒ ∫∫ 1 − e xx dx ∫∫ dtt ==− log(11 ee x ))
x
⇒ dx = log tt log(
log
⇒ yy 4  22 log( + 11)) −
2 −1
= ==− =
=⇒ log( xx ++ 11)) +
+ 33 log(
log( xx 2 + − 2 tantan −1 xx +
+CC
1− e t 4 2
1 1
yy 1 (( xx + 1)2 x 22 + 1 3  − 1 tan −−11 x + C
2 3

Substituting the values of ∫

sec 2 y
dy and ∫
−e x
dx
⇒
⇒= = ( )
44  + 1) x + 1  − 22 tan x + C ...(33))
...(
tan y 1 − ee
in equation (1), we get : =
=Now, yy 11=
Now, =when xx 00..
when
⇒ log(tan y )= log(1 − e x ) + log C 11 1
⇒
⇒=
= II 4 log( log(11)) −− 1 tantan −−11 00 +
+C C
log C(1 − e x )
⇒ log(tan y ) = 4 22
1 1
⇒ II =
⇒ = 1× × 0 − 1 × 0+C
⇒ C(1 − e x )
tan y =
[2½] 44 0 − 22 × 0+C
This is the required general solution of the given ⇒
⇒ C=1
C=1
differential equation.  [2½]
Q. 20. Find a particular solution satisfying the given Substituting C = 1 in equation (3), we get :
condition : 1 1
dy =y  log( x + 1)2 ( x 2 + 1)3  − tan −1 x + 1
( x 3 + x 2 + x + 1) = 2 x 2 + x ; y= 1when x= 0 4 2
dx
Q. 21. Find a particular solution satisfying the given
 [NCERT Ex. 9.4, Q. 11, Page 396] condition :
Ans. The given differential equation is : dy
dy x( x 2 − 1) =1; y =0 when x =2
(x 3 + x 2 + x + 1) = 2x 2 + x dx
dx
 [NCERT Ex. 9.4, Q. 12, Page 396]
dy 2x 2 + x Ans.
⇒ =
dx ( x + x 2 + x + 1)
3
dy
x( x 2 − 1) 1
=
2x 2 + x dx
⇒ dy = dx dx
( x + 1)( x 2 + 1) ⇒ dy =
Integrating both sides, we get : (
x x2 − 1 )
2x 2 + x …(1) 1
⇒ dy = dx
∫ dy = ∫ ( x +21x)(2 x+2x+ 1) dx x ( x − 1)( x + 1)
∫ dy = ∫2( x 2++1)(x x 2 + 1) dx
A Bx + C Integrating both sides, we get :
Let 2 2
= + 2 .
( x +21x)( x+ x+ 1) x A + 1 Bxx +C 1 1
Let 2 2
( x +21x)(
= +
x+ x+ 1) xAx+21+ Ax+2 (+Bx
.
1 + C )( x + 1)
…(2) ∫ dy = ∫ x( x − 1)( x + 1) dx …(1)
⇒ 2 2
=2 1 A B C
( x +21x)( x+ x+ 1) Ax 2 +(A x + 1()(
Bxx ++C1)(
) x + 1) Let =+ + . …(2)
⇒ 22
= 22 x( x − 1)( x + 1) x x − 1 x + 1
⇒ ( x + 1)(2xx ++1x)= Ax + (A 2
x + 1Bx 1) + Cx + C
)( x ++Bx
1 A( x − 1)( x + 1) + Bx( x + 1) + Cx( x − 1)
⇒ 2x 22 + x== (Ax 2
A + +B)Ax 2++Bx
2
(B++CBx
)x ++Cx
( A ++ C
C) ⇒ =
x( x − 1)( x + 1) x( x − 1)( x + 1)
2 2
⇒ 2x + x = ( A + B)x + (B+ C )x + ( A + C ) ( A + B + C )x 2 + ( B − C )x − A
 [2½] =
x( x − 1)( x + 1)
Comparing the coefficients of x2 and x, we get :
A+B=2 Comparing the coefficients of x2, x, and constant,
B+C = 1 we get :
A= − 1
A+C = 0
Solving these equations, we get : B−C = 0
1 3 −1 A+B+C = 0 [2½]
=A = ,B , and C=
2 2 2 1 1
Solving these equations, we get B = and C=
Substituting the values of A, B, and C in equation 2 2
(2), we get : Substituting the values of A, B, and C in equation
2x 2 + x 1 1 1 (3x − 1) (2), we get :
= . + 1 −1 1 1
( x + 1)( x 2 + 1) 2 ( x + 1) 2 ( x 2 + 1) =+ +
x( x − 1)( x + 1) x 2( x − 1) 2( x + 1)
Therefore, equation (1) becomes :
 ∴ 0=
e 0 (sin 0 − cos 0)
DIFFERENTIAL
+C
EQUATIONS | 439
2
Therefore, equation (1) becomes : 1( 0 − 1)
11 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 ⇒= 0 +C
2
∫∫dy
dy==−−∫ ∫ dxdx+ + ∫ ∫ dxdx
xx
+ +∫ ∫ dx dx
2 2 x −x 1− 1 2 2x +x1+ 1 1
11 1 1 ⇒ C=
⇒
⇒ y − +
y= − log x + log(
= log x log( x −x1−) 1
+) +log( x +x1)++1log
log( k k
) + log 2
22 2 2
1
11  k 2k(2x( x− 1−)(1x)(+x1+) 1)  Substituting C= in equation (2), we get :
⇒
⇒ yy== log    2
22 log  x 2x 2  
 e x (sin x − cos x ) 1
=
Now, y 0=
when x 2. =y +
=
Now, y 0=
when x 2. 2 2
1  k 2 ( 2 − 1)( 2 + 1) 
⇒ 0= 1log   k 2 ( 2 − 1)( 2 + 1)  ⇒ 2 y= e x (sin x − cos x ) + 1
⇒ 0=
2 log  4  
2  4  ⇒ 2= y − 1 e x (sin x − cos x )
 3k 
2
0
⇒ log  3k 2= Hence, the required equation of the curve is
⇒ log 4  = 0
2=
y − 1 e x (sin x − cos x )
 34k 2  [2½]
⇒ 34k 2 =1 Q. 23. Find the equation of a curve passing through the
⇒ =1 point (0, –2) given that at any point (x, y) on the
⇒ 3k4 =
2
4
⇒ 3k22 = curve, the product of the slope of its tangent and y
44
⇒ k = coordinate of the point is equal to the x coordinate
2 34 of the point. [NCERT Ex. 9.4, Q. 17, Page 396]
⇒ k =
3 Ans. Let x and y be the x-coordinate and y- coordinate of
Substituting the value of k2 in equation (3), we get : the curve respectively.
1  4( x − 1)( x + 1)  We know that the slope of a tangent to the curve in
y = log   dy
2  3x 2  the coordinate axis is given by the relation,
1  4( x 2 − 1)  According to the given information, we get dx :
y = log  2  dy
2  3x  y. =x
[2½] dx
Q. 22. Find the equation of a curve passing through the ⇒ ydy =xdx
point (0, 0) and whose differential equation is y’ =
Integrating both sides, we get :
ex sin x. [NCERT Ex. 9.4, Q. 15, Page 396]
Ans. The differential equation of the curve is : ∫ y dy = ∫ xdx
y ' = e x sin x y2 x2
⇒ = +C
dy 2 2
⇒ = e x sin x 2 2
dx ⇒ y −x =2C
⇒ dy = e x sin x dx Now, the curve passes through point (0, − 2).
Integrating both sides, we get : ∴ ( − 2 )2 − 0 2 =2C
∫ dy = ∫ e sin xdx ⇒ 2C=4
x

Let Substituting 2C = 4 in equation (1), we get :

I = ∫ e x sin xdx. y2 − x2 =4
       
 d  This is the required equation of the curve. [5]
⇒ I sin x ∫ e x dx − ∫  (sin x ).∫ e x dx  dx
=
 dx  Q. 24. At any point (x, y) of a curve, the slope of the
⇒=I sin x.e x − ∫ cos x.e x dx tangent is twice the slope of the line segment
  d   joining the point of contact to the point (–4, –3).
⇒=I sin x.e x − cos x.∫ e x dx − ∫  (cos x ).∫ e x dx  dx  Find the equation of the curve given that it passes
  dx  
through (–2, 1). [NCERT Ex. 9.4, Q. 18, Page 396]
⇒= x 
I sin x.e − cos x.e − ∫ ( − sin x ).e dx
x x 
  Ans. It is given that (x, y) is the point of contact of the
⇒=I e x sin x − e x cos x − I curve and its tangent.
e x (sin x − cos x )
⇒ 2I =
The slope ( m1 ) of the line segment joining (x, y)
e x (sin x − cos x ) y+3
⇒ I= and (−4, −3) is .
[2½] 2 x+4
Substituting this value in equation (1), we get : We know that the slope of the tangent to the curve
e x (sin x − cos x ) dy
=y +C …(2) is given by the relation,
2 dx
Now, the curve passes through point (0, 0) dy
∴ Slope (m2 ) of the tangent=
e 0 (sin 0 − cos 0) dx
∴ 0= +C
2 According to the given information,
1( 0 − 1)
⇒= 0 +C
2
1
⇒ C=
2
440 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

m2 = 2m1 4π r 3 3[84π t + 36π ]

=
dy 2( y + 3) ⇒ 4π r 3 = 4π ( 63t + 27 )
⇒ =
dx x+4 ⇒ r3 =63t + 27
dy 2dx
⇒ = 1
y+3 x+4 [2½] ⇒ r =( 63t + 27 ) 3
[2½]
Integrating both sides, we get : Thus, the radius of the balloon after t seconds is
dy dx 1

∫ y + 3 = 2∫ x + 4 (63t+27) 3
⇒ 3) 2 log( x + 4) + log C
log( y += Q. 26. In a bank, principal increases continuously at the
⇒ log( y + 3)log C( x + 4) 2 rate of r% per year. Find the value of r if Rs 100
double itself in 10 years (loge2 = 0.6931).
⇒ y + 3= C( x + 4)2 …(1)  [NCERT Ex. 9.4, Q. 20, Page 397]
This is the general equation of the curve. Ans. Let p, t, and r represent the principal, time, and rate
It is given that it passes through point ( − 2, 1) of interest, respectively.
It is given that the principal increases continuously
⇒ 1+3=C( −2 + 4)2
at the rate of r% per year.
⇒ 4= 4C
dp  r 
⇒ C= 1 ⇒ = p
dt  100 
Substituting C=1 in equation (1), we get :
dp  r 
⇒ = dt
y + 3 = ( x + 4 )2 [2½] p  100 
This is the required equation of the curve.
Integrating both sides, we get :
Q. 25. The volume of spherical balloon being inflated dp r
changes at a constant rate. If initially its radius is ∫ p = 100 ∫ dt
3 units and after 3 seconds it is 6 units. Find the
radius of balloon after t seconds. rt
⇒ log p = + k
 [NCERT Ex. 9.4, Q. 19, Page 396] 100
rt
+k
Ans. Let the rate of change of the volume of the balloon ⇒ p=
e 100 …(1)
be k (where k is a constant).
 [2½]
dv It is given that when t=0, p=100.
⇒ =
k
dt ⇒ 100=e k …(2)
d 4 3  4 3
⇒ πr  =
k  Volume of sphere= 3 π r  Now, if t=10, then p= 2 × 100=200
dt  3    Therefore, equation (1) becomes :
4 2 dr r
⇒ π .3r . = k +k
3 dt 200=e 10
r
⇒ 4π r 2dr =
kdt ⇒ 200 =
e 10 .e k
r
Integrating both sides, we get : ⇒ 200 =
e 10 .100
4π ∫ r 2dr = k ∫ dt r
⇒ e 10 =
2
r3
⇒ 4π .=
kt + C r
3 ⇒ =
log e 2
10
⇒ 4π r 3 =
3( kt + C ) …(1) r
Now, at=t 0=
,r 3: ⇒ =
0.6931
10
⇒ 4π × 33 = 3( k × 0+C) ⇒ r= 6.931
⇒ 108π =3C Hence, the value of r is 6.39% [2½]
⇒ C=36π Q. 27. In a culture, the bacteria count is 1,00,000. The
At=t 3= ,r 6 : number is increased by 10% in 2 hours. In how
⇒ 4π × 6 3= 3( k × 3 + C ) many hours will the count reach 2,00,000, if the rate
⇒ 864π = 3(3k + 36π ) of growth of bacteria is proportional to the number
⇒ 3k = −288π − 36π = 252π present? [NCERT Ex. 9.4, Q. 22, Page 397]
⇒ k =84 π Ans. Let y be the number of bacteria at any instant t.
 [2½]
It is given that the rate of growth of the bacteria is
Substituting the values of k and C in equation (1),
we get : proportional to the number present.
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | 441
dy Q. 28. Show that the given differential equation is
∴ ∝y homogeneous and solve
dt
dy ( x 2 + xy )dy = ( x 2 + y 2 )dx
⇒ =ky (Where k is a constant)
dt  [NCERT Ex. 9.5, Q. 1, Page 406]
dy Ans. The given differential equation, i.e.,
⇒ =kdt
y ( x 2 + xy )dy =
( x 2 + y 2 )dx can be w∝ritten as :
Integrating both sides, we get : dy x 22 + y 22
dy dy = x 2 + y
dx = x 2 + xy
∫ y = k ∫ dt dx x 2 + xy2
x +y
⇒ log y =+
kt C …(1) Let F( x , y ) = x 22 + y 2 .
Let F( x , y ) = x 2 + xy .
Let y0 be the number of bacteria at t=0 x + xy2
( λ x ) + ( λ y )2
⇒ log y0 = C Now, F(λ x , λ y ) = ( λ x2 )2 + ( λ y )2
Now, F(λ x , λ y ) = ( λ x )2 + ( λ x )( λ y )
Substituting the value of C in equation (1), we get : ( λ x ) + ( λ x )( λ y )
x 22 + y 22
log =
y kt + log y0 = x= 2 + y
λ 00 .F(x , y ) …(1)
= x= 2
+ xy λ .F(x , y )
⇒ log y − log y0 = kt x + xy
 [2½]
 y This shows that equation (1) is a homogeneous
⇒ log   = kt
equation.
 y0 
To solve it, we make the substitution as :
 y
⇒ kt =
log   …(2) y=vx
 y0  Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get :
Also, it is given that the number of bacteria dy dv
= v+x
increases by 10% in 2 hours. dx dx
110 dy
⇒ y = y0 Substituting the values of V and in equation in
100 dx
equation (1), we get :
y 11
⇒ =
y0 10 dv x 2 + ( vx )2
v+x =
dx x 2 + x( vx )
Substituting this value in equation (2), we get :
 11  dv 1 + v 2
k .2 = log   ⇒ v+x =
dx 1 + v
 10 
dv 1 + v 2
1  11  ⇒ x =− v
⇒ k = log   dx 1 + v
2  10 
(1 + v 2 ) − v(1 + v )
=
Therefore, equation (2) becomes : 1+ v
dv 1 − v
1  11   y ⇒ x =
log   .t = log   dx 1 + v
2  10   y0  1+ v  dx
 y ⇒ 1− v  = dv =
2 log     x
⇒ t=  y0   2 −1+ v  dx
 11  ⇒  dv =
log    1 − v  x
[2½]
 10   2  dx
⇒  − 1 dv =
Now, let the time when the number of bacteria 1− v  x
increases from 1,00,000 to 2,00,000 be t1. Integrating both sides, we get :
⇒
= y 2 y0=
at t t1 −2log(1 − v ) −=
v log x − log k
⇒ v=−2 log(1 − v ) − log x + log k
From equation (4), we get :
 k 
 y  ⇒ v=log  2
2 log    x (1 − v ) 
=t1 =  y0  2 log 2
 
 11   11   
log   log   y k
10
   10  ⇒ log 
= 
x   y 2 
2 log 2  x 1 −  
Hence, in hours the number of bacteria   x  
 11 
log   y  kx 
 10  ⇒ =
log  2
increases from 1,00,000 to 2,00,000. [2½]
x  (x − y) 
y
kx
⇒ =
ex
( x − y )2
y
−
(x − y)
2
⇒ =
kxe x
  
y k
⇒ = log  
x   y 2 
 x 1 −  
  x  

442 | ⇒
OSWAAL NCERT
 kx – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII
y SOLUTIONS
= log  2
x  (x − y) 
kx
y This is the required solution of the given differential
⇒ =e x
equation. [2½]
( x − y )2
y
Q. 30. Show that the given differential equation is
−
homogeneous and solve
(x − y)
2
⇒ = kxe x
[2½] ( x − y )dy − ( x + y )dx = 0
This is the required solution of the given differential  [NCERT Ex. 9.5, Q. 3, Page 406]
equation.
Ans. The given differential equation is :
Q. 29. Show that the given differential equation is
( x − y )dy − ( x + y )dx = 0
homogeneous and solve y'= x + y .
x dy xx +
dy + yy
⇒
⇒ =
=
 [NCERT Ex. 9.5, Q. 2, Page 406] dx xx −
dx − yy
Ans. The given differential equation is : x+
x + yy
Let
Let F F(( xx ,, yy )) == ..
xx ++ yy xx −
− yy
yy '' =
= x
x
∴ ll xx + + ll yy
dy
dy = xx + + yy ∴FF(( ll xx ,, ll yy )) =
=
⇒ ll xx −− ll yy
⇒ dx = x
dx x xx + y …(1)
xx ++ yy = +y
=
Let
Let F( x , y ) = x ..
F ( x , y ) = …(1) − yy
xx −
x
lx + ly = ll 00 ..F
= F(( xx ,, yy ))
Now,
Now, F = lx + ly
F(( ll xx ,, ll yy )) =
ll xx Thus, the given differential equation is a
x+
x + yy homogeneous equation.
=
=
xx To solve it, we make the substitution as :
= l 0 F( x , y )
0
y = vx
= l F( x , y )
d d
The given differential equation is : ⇒ ( y ) = ( vx )
dx dx
x+y dy dv
y' = ⇒ =v+x
x dx dx
dy x + y
⇒ = …(1) dy
dx x Substituting the values of y and in equation (1),
we get : dx
x+y
Let F( x , y ) = . dv x + vx 1 + v
x v+x = =
lx + ly dx x − vx 1 − v
Now, F( l x , l y ) = dv 1 + v
lx x = −v
x+y dx 1 − v
= = l 0 F( x , y ) dv 1 + v − v(1 − v )
 x [2½] x =
Thus, the given equation is a homogeneous dx 1− v
equation. dv 1 + v 2
⇒ x =
To solve it, we make the substitution as : dx 1 − v
y = vx 1− v dx
⇒ dv =
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get 1 + v2 ( x )
:
 1 v  dx
dy dv ⇒ − dv =
=v+x  1 + v 2 1 − v 2  x
dx dx [2½]
dy
Substituting the values of y and in equation (1), Integrating both sides, we get :
we get : dx
1
dv x + vx tan −1v − log(1 + v 2 ) = log x + C
v+x = 2
dx x
y 1   y 2 
dv ⇒ tan −1   − log 1 +    = log x + C
⇒ v+x =1+ v
dx x 2   x  
dv y 1  x2 + y2 
x =1 ⇒ tan −1   − log   = log x + C
dx x 2  x
2

dx
⇒ dv = y 1
x ⇒tan −1   −  log( x 2 + y 2 ) − log x 2  = log x + C
Integrating both sides, we get : x 2
v = log x + C y 1
⇒ tan −1   = log( x 2 + y 2 ) + C
y x 2
⇒ = log x + C
x This is the required solution of the given differential
⇒ y = x log x + Cx equation. [2½]
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | 443
Q. 31. Show that the given differential equation is dy
2 2 x 22 =x 22 − 2 y 22 + xy
homogeneous and solve ( x − y )dx + 2 xy dy = 0 dx
 [NCERT Ex. 9.5, Q. 4, Page 406] dy x 22 − 2 y + xy
Ans. The given differential equation is = …(1)
dx x 22
(x 2 − y 2 )dx + 2xy dy = 0 x 2
2 y 22 xy
Let F( x , y ) = − 2 2 +
dy −( x 2 − y 2 ) …(1) x2
⇒ =
dx 2xy ( λ x ) − 2( λ y )22 + ( λ x )( λ y )
2
2
∴ F( λ x , λ y ) =
−( x 2 − y 2 ) ( λ x )22
Let F( x , y ) = . 22 2
2xy = x= − 2 y 2 + xy λ 00 .F( x , y )
22
 ( λ x )2 − ( λ y )2  x [2½]
∴ F( λ x , λ y ) =
  Therefore, the given differential equation is a
 2( λ x )( λ y)  homogeneous equation.
−( x 2 − y 2 ) To solve it, we make the substitution as :
= = λ 0 .F( x , y )
2xy                  y=vx
[2½]
Therefore, the given differential equation is a dy dv
⇒ =v + x
homogeneous equation. dx dx
To solve it, we make the substitutions as : dy
y = vx Substituting the values of y and in equation (1),
dx
d d we get :
⇒ ( y) = ( vx )
dx dx dv x − 2( vx ) + x. ( vx )
2 2

dy dv v+x =
⇒ = v+x dx x2
dx dx dv
dy ⇒ v+x 1 − 2v 2 + v
=
Substituting the values of y and in equation (1), dx
we get : dx
dv
⇒ x 1 − 2v 2
=
dv  x 2 − ( vx )  2
dx
v+x = − 
dx  2x. ( vx )  ⇒
dv
=
dx
1 − 2v 2 x
dv v 2 − 1 1 dv dx
v+x = ⇒ . =
dx 2v 2 1 − v2 x
dv v 2 − 1 2
⇒ x = −v
dx 2v  
v 2 − 1 − 2v 2  
= 1 dv dx
2v ⇒ . =
2   1 2  x
⇒ x
dv
= −
(
1 + v2 )   −v 
  2 
2


dx 2v
2v dx Integrating both sides, we get :
⇒ dv = −
1 + v2 x 1
+v
Integrating both sides, we get : 1 1
. log 2= log x + C
log (1+v 2 ) =
− log x + log C =
log
C 2 2x 1 1
−v
x 2 2
2 C 1 y
⇒ 1+ v = +
x 1 2 x
⇒ log =
log x + C
 y2  C 2 2 1 y
⇒ 1 + 2  = −
 x  x 2 x
⇒ x2 + y2 =
Cx 1 x+ 2y
⇒ log =
log x + C
This is the required solution of the differential 2 2 x− 2 y
equation. [2½]
Q. 32. Show that the given differential equation is This is the required solution for the given
homogeneous and solve differential equation. [2½]
dy Q. 33. Show that the given differential equation is
x2 =x 2 − 2 y 2 + xy .
dx homogeneous and solve x dy − y dx = x 2 + y 2 dx
 [NCERT Ex. 9.5, Q. 5, Page 406]
 [NCERT Ex. 9.5, Q. 6, Page 406]
Ans. The given differential equation is
dy Ans. x dy − y dx = x 2 + y 2 dx
x2 =x 2 − 2 y 2 + xy
       dx
 444 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

⇒ xdy = y + x 2 + y 2  dx  y  y 

  x cos   + y sin    y
dy  x  x 
2
dy y + x + y
2 =
= …(1) dx  y  y 
dx x  y sin   − x cos    x
 x
   x 
y + x2 + y2
Let F( x , y ) =  y  y 
x x cos   + y sin    y
x  x 
λ x + ( λ x )2 + ( λ y )2 Let F(x , y ) =  .
∴ F( λ x , λ y ) =  y  y 
λx  y sin x − x cos  x  x
    
y + x2 + y2
= = λ 0 .F( x , y )   λy   λ y 
x λ x cos   + λ y sin  λ x   λ y
  λ x   
 [2½] ∴F ( λ x , λ y ) = .
  λy   λ y 
Therefore, the given differential equation is a λ y sin   − λ x sin  λx   λ x
homogeneous equation.   λx   
To solve it, we make the substitution as  y  y 
x cos   + y sin    y
 x   x 
         y=vx =
 y
   y 
⇒
d d
( y) = ( vx )  y sin   − x cos    x
 x  x 
dx dx
dy dv = λ 0 .F( x , y )
⇒ =
v+x
dx dx
Therefore, the given differential equation is a
dy homogeneous equation.
Substituting the values of v and in equation (1),
we get : dx To solve it, we make the substitution as :
               y = vx
dv vx + x 2 + ( vx )2 dy dv
v+x = ⇒ =v + x
dx x dx dx
dv
⇒ v+x = v + 1 + v2 dy
dx Substituting the values of y and in equation (1),
we get : dx
dv dx
⇒ =
1+ v 2 x dv ( x cos v + vx sin v ).vx
v+x =
dx ( vx sin v − x cos v ).x
Integrating both sides, we get :
dv v cos v + v 2 sin v
⇒ v+x =
2
log v + 1 + v = log x + log C dx v sin v − cos v
dv v cos v + v 2 sin v
y y2 ⇒ =
x −v
⇒ log + 1+ 2 =
log Cx dx v sin v − cos v
x x dv v cos v + v 2 sin v − v 2 sin v + v cos v
⇒ x =
y + x2 + y2 dx v sin v − cos v
⇒ log =
log Cx dv 2v cos v
x ⇒ x =
dx v sin v − cos v
⇒ y + x2 + y2 =
Cx 2  v sin v − cos v  2dx
⇒  dv =
 v cos v  x
This is the required solution of the given differential
equation. [2½]  1 2dx
⇒  tan v − v  dv =
Q. 34. Show that the given differential equation is   x
homogeneous and solve Integrating both sides, we get :
  y  y  log(sec v ) − log v = 2 log x + log C
 x cos   + y sin    ydx
  x   x   sec v 
  y  y 
⇒ log 
 v 
=log Cx 2 ( )
=  y sin   − x cos    xdy
  x   x   sec v 
⇒  v = Cx 2
 [NCERT Ex. 9.5, Q. 7, Page 406]  
Ans. The given differential equation is ⇒ Cx 2 v
sec v =
 y  y   y  y  y y
x cos   + y sin    ydx =
 y sin   − x cos    xdy ⇒ C.x 2 .
sec   =
  x   x     x   x  x x
y
 y  y   y  y  ⇒ sec   =
Cxy
x cos   + y sin    ydx =
 y sin   − x cos    xdy x
  x         
 x   x  x 
y 1 1 1
⇒ cos   = = .
 x  Cxy C xy
y  1
⇒ xy cos =
k k=
 ⇒ Cx 2 v
sec v =
y y C
⇒ C.x 2 .
sec   = log cosecv − cot v =− log x + log C =
log
x x x
⇒
y
sec   =
Cxy
y y C
DIFFERENTIAL
⇒ cosec   − cot   = EQUATIONS | 445
x x x x
y 1 1 1 y
⇒ cos   = = . cos  
 x  Cxy C xy 1 x = C
⇒ −
y y x
y  1 sin   sin  
⇒ xy cos   =
k k = x x
x  C  [2½]   y  y
This is the required solution of the given differential ⇒ x 1 − cos    = C sin  
  x   x
equation. [2½] [2½]
Q. 35. Show that the given differential equation is This is the required solution of the given differential
homogeneous and solve equation.
dy  y Q. 36. Show that the given differential equation is
x − y + x sin   = 0
dx  x homogeneous and solve
 [NCERT Ex. 9.5, Q. 8, Page 406]  y
ydx + x log   dy − 2 xdy = 0.
Ans.  x
dy  yy   [NCERT Ex. 9.5, Q. 9, Page 406]
xx dy −
− yy +
+ xx sin  x  = 00
dx
dx
sin  x  = y
Ans. ydx + x log   dy − 2xdy = 0
dy  yy  x
⇒ xx dy = yy − − xx sin
sin  x  
⇒ dx =  y 
dx x ⇒ ydx =  2x − x log  xy   dy
y ⇒ ydx =  2x − x log    dy
− xx sin  y 
dy
yy − sin  x  dy  y  x 
⇒ dy = x ⇒ dy = y y
⇒ dx = xx ⇒ dx =
dx dx 2 x − x log  y 
Let
Let 2x − x log  x 
…(1)
y y x
yy − sin  y  Let F( x , y ) = y  y .
− xx sin  xx  Let F( x , y ) = 2x − x log . …(1)
F(( xx ,, yy )) =
F =   ..  y 
xx 2x − x log  x 
 λy  λyx 
λ
λ yy −−λ sin  λ y 
λ xx sin
∴ F( λ x , λ y ) = λy
 λ  λy 
λ xx  ∴ F( λ x , λ y ) = 2( λ x ) − ( λ x )log  λ y 
∴
∴ F(( λ
F λ xx ,, λ λ yy )) =
= λ 2( λ x ) − ( λ x )log  λ x 
λ xx
 yy  y  λx 
y  y  λ 0 .F( x , y )
0
yy − sin  
− xx sin =
= =  xx  λ 00 .F( x , y ) = 2x − log λ .F( x , y )
= = λ .F( x , y )  y 
xx 2x − log  x 
 [2½] x
Therefore, the given differential equation is a Therefore, the given differential equation is a
homogeneous equation. homogeneous equation.
To solve it, we make the substitution as : To solve it, we make the substitution as :
                                        y = vx                y = vx
d d dy
⇒ ( y) = ( vx ) ⇒ =( vx )
dx dx dx dx
dy dv dy dv
⇒ =
v+x ⇒ =v + x
dx dx dx dx
dy dy
Substituting the values of y and in equation (1) Substituting the values of y and in equation (1),
dx we get : dx
we get;
dv vx
dv vx − x sin v v+x =
v+x = dx 2x − x log v
dx x
dv v
dv ⇒ v+x =
⇒ v+x =v − sin v dx 2 − log v
dx
dv v
dv dx ⇒ x = −v
⇒ − = dx 2 − log v
sin v x
dv v − 2v + v log v
dx ⇒ x =
⇒ cosec vdv =− dx 2 − log v
x dv v log v − v
Integrating both sides, we get : ⇒ x =
dx 2 − log v
C 2 − log v dx
log cosecv − cot v =
− log x + log C =
log ⇒ dv =
x v(log v − 1) x
y y C 1 + (1 − log v )  dx
⇒ cosec   − cot   = ⇒
x x x   dv =
 v(log v − 1)  x
y  1 1 dx
cos   ⇒ −  dv =
1 C
x = 
⇒ −  v(log v − 1) v  x
y y x
sin   sin  
x x
 dv v log v − v  x
⇒ =⇒ x 1 + e y  dx = − e y 1 −  dy
dx 2 − log v    y
 
2 − log v dx x
⇒ dv =  x
v(log v − 1) x −e y 1 − 
dx  y
446 | ⇒OSWAAL1 + NCERT v) 
(1 − log SOLUTIONS
dv
⇒ – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII
dx – Textbook + Exemplar
= dy
= x
...(1)
 
 v(log v − 1)  x y
1+ e
 1 1 dx
x
 x
⇒  −  dv = −e y 1 − 
 v(log v − 1) v  x  y .
Let F(x , y ) = x
Integrating both sides, we get : 1+ ey
1 1 1 λx
 λx 
x
y  x
∫ v(log v − 1) dv − ∫ v dv =
∫ x dx −e λ y 1 −  −e 1 − 
∴ F( λ x , λ y ) =  λy  =  y = λ 0 .F( x , y )
dv λx x
⇒∫ − log v = log x + log C …(2)
v(log v − 1) 1 + e λy 1+ ey

Let Therefore, the given differential equation is a
log v − 1 =t homogeneous equation.
d dt To solve it, we make the substitution as :
⇒ (log v − 1) =                            x = vy
dv dv
1 dt d d
⇒ = ⇒ (x) = ( vy )
v dv dy dy
dv dx dv
⇒ =dt ⇒ =v+y
 v [2½] dy dy
Therefore, equation (1) becomes : dx
Substituting the values of x and in equation (1),
we get : dy
dt
⇒ ∫
dt − log v = log x + log C dv − e vv (1 − v )
⇒ ∫ t t− log v = log x + log C v+y = vv
y dy 1+ e
⇒ log t − log
y = log(Cx )
⇒ log t − log  x=log(Cx ) dv − e vv + ve vv
x
  ⇒ y = v
−v
   y    y dy 1 + ev
loglog
⇒ log log y  −1 − log y = log(C
x) x)
   x − 1 − log  x=
v v v
⇒ log(C
y dv = − e v + ve v − v − ve v
 x  x  ⇒ vv
dy 1+ e
  log y y   
   x−1− 1 
v
 log dv  v + ev 
⇒ y =−
⇒
⇒ log   x    = log
= ( Cx()Cx )
log dy vv 
log
 y y   1+ e 
 x x    1 + e vv  dy
   ⇒ vv 
dv =−
x x   y y    v + e  y [2½]
⇒
⇒  log    −1− 1=C=x Cx
y y  log
 x x   Integrating both sides, we get :
   
y C
⇒ log   y−1 = Cy ⇒ log(v + e v ) =
− log y + log C =
log  
⇒  x   − 1 =
log Cy
x y
This is the required solution of the given differential x x
 C
⇒  + ey  =
equation. [2½]  y  y
Q. 37. Show that the given differential equation is x

homogeneous and solve ⇒ x + ye y = C

This is the required solution of the given differential
 x
 x
 x
 1 + e y  dx + e y  1 −  dy =
0 equation. [2½]
   y Q. 38. Find the particular solution satisfying the given


condition :
 [NCERT Ex. 9.5, Q. 10, Page 406] ( x + y )dy + ( x − y )dx = 0; y = 1when x = 1

Ans.
 [NCERT Ex. 9.5, Q. 11, Page 406]
 x
 x
 x
1 + e y  dx + e y 1 −  dy =
0 Ans. 0
( x + y )dy + ( x − y )dx =
   y
    ⇒ ( x + y )dy = −( x − y )dx
 x
 x
 x dy −( x − y )
⇒ 1 + e y y
 dx + e 1 −  dy = 0 ⇒ = …(1)
  dx x+y
   y
−( x − y )
 x
 x
 x Let F(x , y )=
⇒ 1 + e y  dx =
− e y 1 −  dy x+y
   y
  −( λ x − λ y )
∴ F( λ x , λ y ) =
x
 x λx − λ y
−e y 1 − 
dx  y −( x − y )
⇒ = …(1)
...(1) = = λ 0 ⋅ F( x , y )
dy x
x+y
1+ ey Therefore, the given differential equation is a
x
 x homogeneous equation.
−e y 1 − 
Let F(x , y ) =  y .
x

1+ ey
λx x
 −( xy + y 2 )
Let F( x , y ) =
x2
l x.DIFFERENTIAL
l y + ( l y )2  EQUATIONS | 447
∴ F( l x , l y ) =
( l x )2
To solve it, we make the substitution as : −( xy + y 2 )
= = l 0 .F( x , y )
                          y = vx x2
d d Therefore, the given differential equation is a
⇒ ( y ) = ( vx )
dx dx homogeneous equation
dy dv To solve it, we make the substitution as :
⇒ =v+x y = vx
dx dx
d d d
Substituting the values of y and in equation (1), ⇒ ( y ) = ( vx )
we get : dx dx dx
dy dv
dv −( x − vx ) ⇒ =v+x
v+x= dx dx
dx x + vx dy
dv v − 1 Substituting the values of y and in equation (1),
⇒ v+x = we get : dx
dx v + 1
dv v − 1 v − 1 − v( v + 1) dv −  x.vx + ( vx ) 
2
⇒ x = −v= v+x = = −v − v 2
dx v + 1 v +1 dx x2
⇒ x
dv v − 1 − v 2 − v − 1 + v
= =
2
( ) ⇒ x
dv
= −v 2 − 2v = −v( v + 2)
dx v +1 v +1 dx
( v + 1) dx dv dx
⇒ dv = − ⇒ =−
1 + v2 x v( v + 2) x
 v 1  dx
1  ( v + 2) − v  dx
⇒ 1 + v 2 + 1 + v 2  dv = − x
  ⇒   dv = −
2  v( v + 2)  x
Integrating both sides, we get : 1 1 1  dx
⇒ − dv = −
1
log (1 + v 2 ) + tan −1 v = − log x + k 2  v v + 2  x [2½]
2
Integrating both sides, we get :
⇒ log (1 + v 2 ) + 2 tan −1 v = −2 log x + 2k
1
[ log v − log( v + 2)] = − log x + log C
( )
⇒ log  1 + v 2 .x 2  + 2 tan −1 v = 2k 2
1  v  C
 y2   y ⇒ log   = log x
⇒ log 1 + 2  .x 2  + 2 tan −1 = 2k 2 v+2
 x   x
v C
2

y ⇒ = 
⇒ ( )
log x 2 + y 2 + 2 tan −1 = 2k
x
…(2) v+2  x 
y
 [2½] 2
x C
Now y=1 at x=1 ⇒ = 
y
+2  x 
⇒ log 2 + 2 tan −1 1 = 2k x
p y C2
⇒ log 2 + 2 × = 2k ⇒ = 2
4 y + 2x x
p x2y
⇒ + log 2 = 2k ⇒ = C2 …(2)
2 y + 2x
Substituting the value of 2k in equation (2), we Now, y=1 at x=1.
get : 1
⇒ = C2
y p 1+ 2
( )
log x 2 + y 2 + 2 tan −1   = + log 2
x 2 ⇒ C2 =
1
3
This is the required solution of the given differential
equation. [2½] 1
Substituting C 2 = in equation (2), we get :
Q. 39. Find the particular solution satisfying the given 3
condition : x2y 1
=
( )
x 2 dy + xy + y 2 dx = 0; y = 1 when x = 1 y + 2x 3
⇒ y + 2x = 3x 2 y
 [NCERT Ex. 9.5, Q. 12, Page 406]
Ans. 2
(
x dy + xy + y dx = 0
2
) This is the required solution of the given differential
equation. [2½]
⇒ (
x dy = − xy + y dx
2 2
) Q. 40. Find the particular solution satisfying the given
dy −( xy + y 2 ) condition :
⇒ =
dx x2 …(1)  2 y  p
 x sin   − y  dx + xdy = 0 ; y = when x = 1
−( xy + y ) 2  x  4
Let F( x , y ) =  [NCERT Ex. 9.5, Q. 13, Page 406]
x2
l x.l y + ( l y )2   y 
∴ F( l x , l y ) = Ans.  x sin 2   − y  dx + xdy = 0
( l x )2  x 
−( xy + y 2 )
= = l 0 .F( x , y )
x2
448 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

  Ans.
y
−  x sin 2   − y  dy y y
dy  x  − + cosec   = 0
⇒ = dx x x
dx x
 y  dy y y
−  x sin 2   − y  ⇒ = − cosec   …(1)
x
  dx x x
Let F(x , y )=  
x y y
Let F(x , y ) = − cosec   .
  lx   x x
− l x.sin 2   − l y
l y ly  ly 
∴ F (l x, l y ) =
   
 ∴ F (l x, l y ) = − cosec  
lx lx  lx 
 y  y y
−  x sin 2   − y  ⇒ F( l x , l y ) = − cosec  
 x  = l 0 .F x , y x x
= ( ) = F ( x , y ) = l 0 .F ( x , y )
x
 [2½]
Therefore, the given differential equation is a Therefore, the given differential equation is a
homogeneous equation. homogeneous equation
To solve this differential equation, we make the To solve it, we make the substitution as :
substitution as :
                          y = vx
                          y = vx
d d
d d ⇒ ( y ) = ( vx )
⇒ ( y ) = ( vx ) dx dx
dx dx
dy dv
dy dv ⇒ =v+x
⇒ =v+x= dx dx
dx dx
dy
dy Substituting the values of y and in equation (1),
Substituting the values of y and in equation (1), dx
dx we get :
we get :
dv
dv −  x sin 2 v − vx  v+x = v − cosec v
v+x = dx
dx x dv dx
dv ⇒− =−
⇒ v+x = − sin 2 v − v  = v − sin 2 v cosec v x
dx
dv dx
⇒ x = − sin 2 v ⇒ − sin vdv =
dx x
dv dx
⇒ =− Integrating both sides, we get :
sin 2 v dx cos v = log x + log C = log Cx
dx
⇒ cos ec vdv = −
2

x [2½] y
⇒ cos   = log Cx
Integrating both sides, we get : x …(2)
− cot v = − log x − C This is the required solution of the given differential
⇒ cot v = log x + C equation.
y Now, y=0 at x=1.
⇒ cot   = log x + log C ⇒ cos(0) = logC
x
y ⇒ 1 = log C
⇒ cot   = log Cx
x …(2)
⇒ C = e1 = e
p Substituting C=e in equation (2), we get :
Now, y= at x = 1.
4
y
p  cos   = log ( ex )
⇒ cot   = log C x
4
⇒ 1 = log C This is the required solution of the given differential
equation. [2½]
⇒ C = e1 = e
Substituting C=e in equation (2), we get : Q. 42. Find the particular solution satisfying the given
condition :
y dy
cot   = log ex
x 2 xy + y 2 − 2 x 2 = 0 ; y = 2 when x = 1
dx
This is the required solution of the given differential  [NCERT Ex. 9.5, Q. 15, Page 406]
equation. [2½] Ans.
Q. 41. Find the particular solution satisfying the given
condition : dy
2xy + y 2 − 2x 2 =0
dy y dx
y
− + cos ec   = 0 ; y = 0 when x = 1 dy
dx x x ⇒ 2x 2 = 2xy + y 2
 [NCERT Ex. 9.5, Q. 14, Page 406] dx
dy 2xy + y 2
⇒ =
dx 2x 2
2xy + y 2
Let F(x , y )=
 dy
2xy + y 2 − 2x 2 0
=
dx

⇒ 2x 2
dy
2xy + y 2
= DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | 449
dx
dy 2xy + y 2 This is in the form of
⇒ = …(1)
dy
dx 2x 2 += py Q (where = p 2 and
= Q sin x )
dx
2xy + y 2
Let F(x , y )= ∫ ∫ pdx 2 dx
2x 2 Now, IF= e= e= e 2x .
2( λ x )( λ y ) + ( λ y )2 The solution of the given differential equation is
∴ F( λ x , λ y ) =
2( λ x )2 given by the relation.

=
2xy + y 2
= λ 0 .F( x , y )
y(IF) =∫ (Q × IF)dx + C
2x 2 ye 2 x ∫ sin x.e
2x
⇒
= dx + C
Therefore, the given differential equation is a
homogeneous equation. Let I = ∫ sin x.e 2x

To solve it, we make the substitution as :  d 

⇒
= I sin x.∫ e 2 x dx − ∫  (sin x ).∫ e 2 x dx dx
                           y = vx  dx 
d d 
⇒ ( y) = ( vx ) e 2x e 2x 
2 ∫
dx dx ⇒ =I sin x. −  cos x.  dx
2 
dy dv ...(1)
⇒ = v+x
dx dx ee 22 xx sin sin xx − 11
⇒
⇒ = = I
I −2
dy 22 2
Substituting the value of y and in equation (1),
  d 
 dx 
we get : dx
cos xx..∫∫ ee 2 x − − ∫  d (cos ∫
2x
cos xx ). ee 22 xx dx
dv 2x( vx ) + ( vx )2  2 x
∫  dx
dx
(cos ). ∫ dx  
 
dx
v+x = 2
dx 2x ee 2 x sin sin x
x 1
1
⇒ =
⇒ = II −
−
dv 2v + v 2
⇒ v+x = 22 22
dx 2  2x
e 2x  2x
 
cos ( − sin x ) . ee 2 x dx 
⇒ v+x
dv
=v+
v2

cos xx.. e −
2 − ∫
∫ (
 − sin x ) 2 dx 
.
dx 2  2  2  
2 dx ee 22 xx sin sin xx ee 22 xx cos
cos xx 11
⇒ dv = ⇒ = = II − − ∫ (sin(sin xx..ee 22 xx ))dx
dx
v2 x [2½] ⇒
2 2 − 4
4
− 4
4 ∫
2x
ee 2 x ( 2 sin x − cos x ) − 11 I
Integrating both sides, we get :
⇒=
⇒= II ( 2 sin x − cos x ) − 4 I
v −2 +1
2⋅ = log x +C 442 x 4
−2 + 1 5 e
5 I e 2 x ( 2 sin x − cos x )
⇒=
⇒= I ( 2 sin x − cos x )
⇒
2
−= log x +C 44 442 x
v ⇒=
= ee 2 x ( 2 sin x − cos x )
2 ⇒ II ( 2 sin x − cos x )
⇒ − = log x +C 55 [3]
y
Therefore, equation (1) becomes :
x
2x 2x e 2x
⇒ − = log x +C ye= ( 2 sin x − cos x ) + C
y 5
1
Now y = 2 and x = 1 =⇒y ( 2 sin x − cos x ) + Ce −2 x
5
⇒ =− 1 log(1) + C
This is the required general solution of the given
⇒ C= −1 differential equation. [2]
Substituting C=−1 in equation (2) we get  : Q. 44. For the differential equation find the general
2x solution :
− = log x − 1
y dy  π
2x cos2 x = + y tan x  0 ≤ x < 
⇒ = 1 − log x dx  2
y
 [NCERT Ex. 9.6, Q. 5, Page 413]
2x
=
⇒ y ,( x ≠ 0, x ≠ e ) Ans. The given differential equation is :
1 − log x
dy
This is the required solution of the given differential cos2 x +y=
tan x
dx
equation. [2½] dy
Q. 43. For the differential equation find the general ⇒ + sec 2 x.y =
sec 2 x tan x
dx
solution :
dy This equation is in the form of :
+ 2 y = sin x
 dx [NCERT Ex. 9.6, Q. 1, Page 413] dy
= + py Q (where= p sec 2 x= and Q sec 2 x tan x )
dy dx
Ans. The given differential equation is + 2y =
sin x.
e∫ ∫ sec
2 xdx
pdx
dx Now, IF= = e= e tan x .
 x 4 log x 1 3
2
⇒ x= y − ∫ x dx + C
4 4
2 x 4 log x 1 x 4
⇒ x= y − . +C
4 4 4
450 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS = ⇒x y
1 4
2 : Class-XII
x ( 4 log x − 1) + C
16
The general solution of the given differential 1 2
equation is given by the relation. ⇒ y= x ( 4 log x − 1) + Cx −2 [2½]
16 
y(IF) = ∫ (Q × IF)dx + C Q. 46. For the differential equation find the general
solution :
∫
tan x tan x 2
⇒ = y.e e .sec x tan xdx + C
dy 2
Let tan x = t xlogx + y = logx
dx x
d dt  [NCERT Ex. 9.6, Q. 7, Page 413]
⇒ (tan x ) =
dx dx Ans. The given differential equation is :
dt dy 2
⇒ sec 2 x = x log x + y = log x
dx dx x
⇒ sec 2 xdx = dt [2½] dy y 2
Therefore, equation (1) becomes : ⇒ + =
dx x log x x 2
= ( )
y.e tan x ∫ e t .t dt + C This equation is the form of a linear differential
( )
⇒ y.e tan x = ∫ t.e t dt + C equation as :
dy 1 2
d  = + py Q (where = p =and Q )
⇒ y.e tan x = t.∫ e t dt − ∫  (t ).∫ e t dt  dt + C dx x log x x2
 dt  1
∫ pdx e ∫ x log
dx
⇒ y.e tan x = t.e t − ∫ e t dt + C Now,= IF e= = e log(log= x)
log x
⇒ ye tan x
= (t − 1) e + Ct The general solution of the given differential
equation is given by the relation.
⇒ ye tan x
= (tan x − 1)e tan x
+C
y(IF) =∫ (Q × IF)dx + C
⇒ = y (tan x − 1) + Ce − tan x
[2½]
 2 
Q. 45. For the differential equation find the general ⇒ y= log x ∫  2 log x dx + C
 x 
solution :
dy Now,
x + 2y = x 2 log x
dx  2   1 
 [NCERT Ex. 9.6, Q. 6, Page 413] ∫  x 2 log x dx = 2∫  log x. x 2  dx
Ans. The given differential equation is :  1 d 1  
= 2  log x.∫ 2 dx − ∫  (log x ).∫ 2 dx  dx 
dy 2  x  dx x  
x + 2y = x log x
dx   1   1  1  
dy 2 = 2  log x  −  − ∫  .  −   dx 
⇒ + y= x log x   x   x  x  
dx x
 log x 1 
This equation is in the form of a linear differential =− 2 + ∫ 2 dx 
equation as :  x x 
dy 2  log x 1 
=
+ py Q (where = p and= Q x log x ) =− 2 − 
dx x  x x
∫ pdx ∫x
2
dx 2
= − (1 + log x )
2

Now, IF=e= e= e 2=log x log x

e= x2 [2½] x [2½]
The general solution of the given differential
 2 
equation is given by the relation. Substituting the value of ∫  2 log x  dx in equation,
we get : x 
y(IF)=∫ (Q × IF)dx + C
2
=⇒ y.x 2 ∫ ( x log x.x 2 )dx + C y log x = − (1 + log x ) + C
x
⇒ x 2 y ∫ ( x 3 log x )dx +C
= This is the required general solution of the given
differential equation. [2½]
d 
⇒= x 2 y log x.∫ x 3dx − ∫  (log x ).∫ x 3dx dx + C Q. 47. For the differential equation find the general
 dx  solution :
x 4
 1 x 4
 (1 + x 2 )dy + 2 xy dx = cot x dx( x ≠ 0)
⇒ x= 2
y log x. − ∫  . dx + C
4 x 4   [NCERT Ex. 9.6, Q. 8, Page 413]
x 4 log x 1 3 Ans.
⇒ x= 2
y − ∫ x dx + C
4 4
(1 + x 2 )dy + 2xy dx = cot x dx
2 x 4 log x 1 x 4
⇒ x= y − . +C dy 2xy cot x
4 4 4 ⇒ + =
dx 1 + x 2 1 + x 2
1 4
= ⇒ x2y x ( 4 log x − 1) + C This equation is a linear differential equation of the
16
form :
1 2
⇒ y= x ( 4 log x − 1) + Cx −2
16
 dy
(x + y) 1
=
dx
dy 1 | 451
⇒ =DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
dx x + y
dy 2x cot x dx
= + py Q (where
= p = and Q ) ⇒ =
x+y
dx 1+ x 2
1 + x2 dy
2x
∫ 2 dx dx
Now, IF = e ∫ = e 1+ x = e log(1+ x ) = 1 + x 2
pdx
⇒ −x =
2
y
dy
The general solution of the given differential
equation is given by the relation. This is a linear differential equation of the form :
dy
y(IF) =∫ (Q × IF)dx + C dx
+ px = Q (Where p = −1 and Q =
y)
 cot x  ∫ pdy e=
∫ − dy e − y
y(1+x 2 )
⇒= ∫ 1 + x 2
x(1+x 2 )dx + C

Now,= IF e= [2½]
The general solution of the given differential
⇒ y(1+x 2 ) = ∫ cot xdx + C equation is given by the relation.
⇒ y(1+x 2 ) = log sin x + C x(IF) =∫ (Q× IF)dy + C
[5]
xe − y= ∫ ( y.e
−y
Q. 48. For the differential equation find the general ⇒ )dy + C
solution :
d 
dy ⇒ xe − y = y.∫ e − y dy − ∫  ( y )∫ e − y dy  dy + C
x + y − x + xycotx = 0(x ¹ 0 )  dy 
dx
 [NCERT Ex. 9.6, Q. 9, Page 414] ⇒ xe − y = y( − e − y ) − ∫ ( − e − y )dy + C
Ans. ⇒ xe − y =
− ye − y − e − y + C
dy ⇒ x =− y − 1 + Ce y
x + y − x + xy cot x =0
dx
⇒ x + y +1 =Ce y [2½]
dy
⇒x + y(1 + x cot x ) =
x Q. 50. For the differential equation, find a particular
dx
solution satisfying the given condition :
dy  1 
⇒ + 1
+ cot x  y = dy π
dx  x  + 2 y tan x =sin x ; y =0 when x=
dx 3
This equation is a linear differential equation of the
 [NCERT Ex. 9.6, Q. 13, Page 414]
form :
Ans. The given differential equation is
dy 1 dy
+ py =Q (where p = + cot x and Q =1) + 2 y tan x = sin x
dx x dx .
1 
∫ pdx ∫  x + cot x dx This is a linear equation of the form :
Now,=
IF e= e = e log x + log(sin x )
dy
log( x sin x )
= e= x sin x. = + py Q (Where = p 2 tan x= and Q sin x )
dx
The general solution of the given differential log ( sec 2 x )
e∫ ∫ 2 tan xdx e=
pdx 2 log sec x
Now, IF= = e= e = sec 2 x
equation is given by the relation.
y(IF) =∫ (Q × IF)dx + C The general solution of the given differential
equation is given by the relation
∫ (1 × x sin x )dx + C
⇒ y( x sin x ) =
y(IF) =∫ (Q × IF)dx + C
⇒ y( x sin x )= ∫ ( x sin x )dx + C ⇒ y(sec
= 2
x) ∫ (sin x.sec x )dx + C
2

d 
⇒ y( x sin x ) = x ∫ sin xdx − ∫  ( x ).∫ sin xdx  + C ⇒ y sec
= 2
x ∫ (sec x.tan x )dx + C
 dx 
⇒ y sec 2 x =
sec x + C …(1)
⇒ y ( x sin x ) =x( − cos x ) − ∫1.( − cos x )dx + C
π
⇒ y ( x sin x ) =
− x cos x + sin x + C =
Now, y 0=
at x
3
− x cos x sin x C Therefore,
⇒ y= + +
x sin x x sin x x sin x π π
1 C 0 × sec 2=sec + C
⇒ y=
− cot .x + + 3 3
x x sin x [5] ⇒ 0= 2+C
Q. 49. For the differential equation find the general ⇒ C= −2
solution :
Substituting C= − 2 in equation (1), we get:
dy
( x + y) =
1 =
ysec 2
x sec x − 2
dx
 [NCERT Ex. 9.6, Q. 10, Page 414]
⇒ y= cos x − 2 cos2 x
Ans.  [2½]
dy Hence, the required solution of the given
(x + y) = 1 2
dx differential equation= is y cos x − 2 cos x [2½]
dy 1 Q. 51. For the differential equation, find a particular
⇒ = solution satisfying the given condition :
dx x + y
dx
⇒ =
x+y
dy
dx
⇒ −x =y
 y(IF) =∫ (Q × IF)dx + C

452 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS

⇒ y:=
1
. Class-XII
 1 
3 sin 2x. sin x ∫ sin 3 x 
dx + C

(1 + x 2 )
dy
+ 2=
xy
1
=
; y 0 when x=1 ⇒ ycosec
= 3
x 2 ∫ (cot xcosecx )dx + C …(1)
dx 1 + x2 3
⇒ ycosec x =2cosec x + C
 [NCERT Ex. 9.6, Q. 14, Page 414] 2 3
Ans. ⇒ y=
− +
cosec 2 x cosec3x
dy 1
(1 + x 2 ) + 2xy = 2 ⇒ −2 sin 2 x + C sin 3 x
y=
dx 1+ x
π
dy 2xy 1 =
Now, y 2=
at x .
⇒ + = 2
dx 1 + x 2 (1 + x 2 )2
Therefore, we get:
This is a linear differential equation of the form : 2= − 2+C
dy  2x 1  ⇒ C=4
= + py Q  Where = p =2
and Q 2 2   [2½]
dx  1+ x (1 + x ) 
Substituting C = 4 in equation (1), we get :
2 xdx
∫ pdx ∫ 1+ x 2 2
y= −2 sin 2 x + 4 sin 3 x
Now, IF=e = e = e log(1+ x ) = 1 + x 2 [2½]
The general solution of the given differential ⇒
= y 4 sin 3 x − 2 sin 2 x
equation is given by the relation. This is the required particular solution of the given
y(IF) =∫ (Q × IF)dx + C differential equation. [2½]
 1  Q. 53. Find the equation of a curve passing through the
⇒ y(1+
=x2 ) ∫  (1 + x 2 2
)
.(1 + x 2 )dx + C

origin given that the slope of the tangent to the
curve at any point (x, y) is equal to the sum of the
(x2
⇒ y 1 += ) ∫ 1 +1x 2
dx + C coordinates of the point.
 [NCERT Ex. 9.6, Q. 16, Page 414]
⇒ y(1+x 2 ) = tan −1 x + C Ans.
=
Now, y 0= at x 1. Let F(x, y) be the curve passing through the origin.
Therefore, dy
At point (x, y), the slope of the curve will be .
0=tan −11 + C According to the given information, dx
π dy
⇒ C=
−
4 = x+y
dx
dy
π ⇒ −y=x
Substituting C= − in equation (1), we get : dx
4
This is a linear differential equation of the form :
2 −1 π
=
y(1+x ) tan x − dy
4 + py = Q ( where p = −1 and Q =
x)
dx
This is the required solution of the given differential
e∫ ∫ ( −1)dx e − x .
pdx
equation. [2½] Now, IF== e=
Q. 52. For the differential equation, find a particular The general solution of the given differential
solution satisfying the given condition : equation is given by the relation.
dy π y(IF) =∫ (Q× IF)dx + C
− 3 ycotx = sin 2 x ; y = 2 when x =
dx 2 ⇒ ye − x= ∫ xe
−x
dx + C …(1)
 [NCERT Ex. 9.6, Q. 15, Page 414] Now,
Ans. The given differential equation is d 
∫=
xe dx x ∫ e dx − ∫  ( x ).∫ e − x dx dx.
−x −x

dy  dx 
− 3y cot x =
sin 2x.
dx =− xe − x − ∫ − e − x dx
This is a linear differential equation of the form : (
=− xe − x + − e − x )
dy  = −x
− e ( x + 1) [2½]
+ py =
Q (where p = −3 cot x and Q = sin 2x )
dx Substituting in equation (1), we get :
e∫
pdx −3 ∫ cot xdx
=
Now, IF= e= e
−3 log sin x
ye − x = − e − x ( x + 1) + C
1log
1
3
⇒ y=− ( x + 1) + Ce x
= e=
sin x
.
sin 3 x ⇒ x + y +1 = Ce x …(2)
The general solution of the given differential The curve passes through the origin.
equation is given by the relation. Therefore, equation (2) becomes :
y(IF) =∫ (Q × IF)dx + C 1=C
1  1  ⇒C = 1
⇒ y=
. 3
sin x ∫ sin 2x. sin 3
x 
dx + C Substituting C = 1 in equation (2), we get :

⇒ ycosec
= 3
x 2 ∫ (cot xcosecx )dx + C
⇒ ycosec3x =2cosec x + C
2 3
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | 453
(x 3
)
− 3xy 2 dx = (
y 3 − 3x 2 y dy )
x + y +1 = ex dy x 3 − 3xy 2
⇒ = …(1)
Hence, the required equation of curve passing dx y 3 − 3x 2 y
through the origin is x + y + 1 = ex [2½] This is a homogeneous equation. To simplify it, we
Q. 54. Find the equation of a curve passing through the need to make the substitution as :
point (0, 2) given that the sum of the coordinates of y = vx
any point on the curve exceeds the magnitude of the d d
⇒ ( y) = ( vx )
slope of the tangent to the curve at that point by 5. dx dx
 [NCERT Ex. 9.6, Q. 17, Page 414] dy dv
⇒ = v+x
Ans. Let F(x, y) be the curve and let (x, y) be a point on dx dx
the curve. The slope of the tangent to the curve at
dv
dy Substituting the values of y and in equation (1),
(x, y) is . dx
dx
According to the given information, we get:
dy dv x 3 − 3x( vx )2
+5= x+ y v+x =3
dx dx ( vx ) − 3x 2 ( vx )
dy dv 1 − 3v 2
⇒ − y =x −5 ⇒ v+x =
dx dx v 3 − 3v
This is a linear differential equation of the form : dv 1 − 3v 2
dy ⇒ x = −v
+ py = Q (where p = −1 and Q =x − 5) dx v 3 − 3v
dx dv 1 − 3v 2 − v( v 3 − 3v )
∫ pdx e ∫ ( =
−1) dx ⇒ x =
Now,= IF e= e−x dx v 3 − 3v
The general equation of the curve is given by the dv 1 − v 4
relation, ⇒ x=
dx v 3 − 3v
y(IF)=∫ (Q × IF)dx + C  v 3 − 3v  dx
⇒ 4 
dv =
⇒ y.e − x =∫ ( x − 5)e − x dx + C …(1)  1− v  x
Integrating both sides, we get:
Now,
d  v 3 − 3v 
( x − 5)∫ e −− xx dx − ∫  ( x − 5).∫ e −− xx dx dx.
∫ ( x − 5)e − x dx =
−x
∫  1 − v =
4 

dv log x + log C ' …(2)
 dx 
= ( x − 5)( −e − x ) − ∫ ( − e − x )dx
−x −x  v 3 − 3v  v 3dv vdv
Now, ∫  =4  dv ∫ 4
− 3∫
−x −x  1− v  1− v 1 − v4
= ( 5 − x )e − x + ( − e − x )
Let
= ( 4 − x )e −− xx
1 − v4 = t.
Therefore, equation (1) becomes:
d 4 dt
ye −− xx =−
( 4 x )e −− xx + C ∴ (1 − v ) =
dv dv
⇒ y = 4 − x + Ce xx dt
⇒ −4v 3 =
⇒ x+y−4= Ce xx …(2) dv
 [2½] dt
The curve passes through point (0,2) ⇒ v 3dv = −
4
Therefore, equation (2) becomes : −dt 1 1
0+2−4= Ce0
Now, I1 == ∫ 4t − 4 log t = − log(1 − v 4 )
4
⇒ −2 =C vdv vdv
I 2 ∫=
1 − v 4 ∫ 1 − ( v 2 )2
And, =
⇒ C= −2
Let
Let
Substituting C = –2 in equation (2), we get :
x + y − 4 =−2e x vv 22 =
= pp..
dd 2 dp
dp
⇒ y = 4 − x − 2e x ∴
∴ dv (( vv 2 )) ==
dv dv
dv
This is the required equation of the curve. [2½] dp
dp
2 2
Q. 55. Prove that x – y = C (x + y ) is the general 2 2 2
⇒
⇒ 22vv = = dv
dv
solution of differential equation (x3 – 3xy2) dx = dp
dp
⇒
⇒ vdv =
vdv =
(y3 – 3x2y) dy, where C is a parameter. 22
 [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 4, Page 420] 1 dp 1 11 +
+ pp
⇒ II 2 == 1 ∫ dp 2 == 1 log
Ans.
⇒ 2 22 ∫ 11 −
− pp 2 22 × × 22 log 11 −
− pp
(x 3
)
− 3xy 2 dx = (
y 3 − 3x 2 y dy ) 1
= 1 log
11 +
+ vv 22

3 2
= 44 log 11 −− vv 22
dy x − 3xy
⇒ =
dx y 3 − 3x 2 y
454 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII

Substituting the values of I1 and I 2 in equation (3), Ans. The equation of a circle in the first quadrant with
centre (a, a) and radius (a) which touches the
we get: coordinate axes is :
 v 3 − 3v  1 3 1 − v2 ( x − a )2 + ( y − a )2 = a 2  ...(1)
∫  1 − v4  dv = − log( − v ) − log
4
  1 …(1)
4 4 1 + v2 Y
Therefore, equation (2) becomes:
1 3 1 + v2 (a, a)
log(1 − v 4 ) − log = log x + log C '
4 4 1 − v2 [2½]
1 
3
 1 + v2  X’ X
⇒ − (1 − v 4 )  2 
 = log C ' x O
4
 1− v   Y’

(1 + v ) = ( C ' x ) Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, we

4
2
−4
⇒ get :
(1 − v )
2
2
dy
4 2(x − a ) + 2( y − a ) =0
 y  2 dx
1 + 2  ⇒ ( x − a) + ( y − a)y ' = 0
 x  = 1
⇒ 2 ⇒ x − a + yy '− ay ' = 0
 y  2 C '4 x 4
1 − 2  ⇒ x + yy '− a(1 + y ') = 0
 x 
x + yy '
(x )
4
2
+ y2 1 ⇒ a=
⇒ = 1+ y' [2½]
x 4 ( x 2 − y 2 )2 C '4 x 4 Substituting the value of a in equation (1), we get :
(x − y ) = C ' (x + y )
2 4
⇒ 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2
  x + yy '     x + yy '    x + yy ' 
x −   +  y −   = 
(x − y ) = C ' (x + y ) 
2
⇒ 2 2 2 2 2
  1 + y '     1 + y '    1 + y ' 
x − y = C (x + y ) ,
2 2 2
⇒ 2 2 2 2
 ( x − y ) y '   y − x   x + yy ' 
⇒   +  = 
where C=C'2  (1 + y ')  1 + y '   1 + y ' 
Hence, the given result is proved. ( x − y )2 .y '2 + ( x − y )2 = ( x + yy ' )
2
[2½] ⇒
Q. 56. Form the differential equation of the family of circles ⇒ ( x − y )2 1 + ( y ')2  = ( x + yy ')2
in the first quadrant which touch the coordinate Hence, the required differential equation of the
axes. [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 5, Page 420]
family of circles is (x − y )2 1 + ( y ')2  = ( x + yy ')2 [2½]

Some Commonly Made Errors

™™ Arbitrary error is that error in which the subject behaved arbitrarily and failed to take into account the constraints
laid down in what was given.
™™ Usually student fails to carry out manipulations, though the principles involved may have been understood.
™™ They make computational and algebraic errors.
™™ Errors in transformation and process skill in solving the differential problems.

EXPERT ADVICE
☞☞ Try to learn the procedures involved in solving the differential equations.
☞☞ Learn formulae through practicing.
☞☞ A differential equation is an equation that relates a function with one or more of its derivatives.

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