Ref.

Calculations Output

DESIGN STANDARDS

Design requirements for the structures shall be in accordance with the following
standards and code of practice :

1.0 MS EN 1990 Eurocode- Basis of structural design

2.0 MS EN 1991-1-1 Eurocode 1 : Action on structures
Part 1-1 General actions-densities, selfweight, imposed loads for
buildings
3.0 EN 1991-2 Eurocode 1 : Action on structures
Part 2 : Traffic loads on bridges
4.0 MS EN 1992-2 Eurocode 2 : Design of concrete structures Part 1-1
General rules and rules for buildings
5.0 EN 1992-2 Eurocode Design of concrete structures
Part 2 Concrete bridges - design and detailing rules
6.0 BD 52/93 : Design of highway parapets
7.0 BD 33/94 : Expansion joints for use in highway bridges decks
8.0 EN 1991-1-4 Eurocode 1 : Action on structures
Part 1-4 General actions- wind actions
9.0 EN 1991-1-5 Eerocode 1: Actions on structures Part 1-5
Part 1-5 : General actions- Thermalactions
10.0 EN 1998-2 : Design of structures for earthquake resistance
Part 2 : Bridges
11.0 EN 206-1 : Concrete
Part 1 : Specification, performance, production and conformity

DESIGN
γ BASIS
G
​
Equation 6.10 in MS EN 1990 (Basis of Structural Design) provides a fundamental
⋅G
approach for combining loads in the ultimate limit state (ULS) for the design of
k
structures. The equation is part of the set of rules that ensure structures have
​
adequate reliability under various loading conditions throughout their design life.
+γ
Here's an explanation and application of Equation 6.10:
Q
​
Equation
⋅Q 6.10 (Ultimate Limit State) MS EN 1990, Equation 6.10:
k
​

Where:
​
​ = Partial safety factor for permanent loads (self-weight, superimposed dead loads).
= Characteristic value of the permanent load.
γQ​= Partial safety factor for variable loads (live loads, wind loads, etc.).
Qk​= Characteristic value of the variable load.
Ref. Calculations Output

):

These factors account for uncertainties in load effects, material properties, and
analysis methods. They provide a margin of safety:

​ range from 1.35 to 1.50.

range from 1.50 to 1.60.

γG​=1.35 for permanent loads.

γQ​=1.50 for variable loads.

FACTORS FOR COMBINATION VALUES

Factor for combinations values of action are given by NA to MS EN 1990

Ѱ0 Ѱ1 Ѱ2
LM1-TS 0.75 0.75 0
LM1-UDL 0.4 0.4 0
Footway loads with LM1 0.4 0.4 0
LM2 single axle 0 0.75 0
Horizontal force 0 0 0
LM3- SV vehicle 0 0 0
Wind-persistent situation 0.6 0.2 0
Wind during execution 0.8 0
Thermal action 0.6 0.6 0.5

FACTOR ON STRENGTH

The values of partial factors for strength of materials are given in the NA to MS EN 1992-1-1

Concrete ϒc 1.5
Steel reinforcement ϒs 1.15
Prestressing steel ϒs 1.15

DESIGN LIFE

The design life of bridge structure are given by NA to MS EN 1990

Replaceable part 30 years

Permanent parts 120 years

Ref. Calculations Output

EXPOSURE CLASS

The exposure class related to environmental condition are given by MS EN 1992-1-1

Bridge superstructure exposed to spray containing chlorides XD3

Bridge substructure subjected to water contact (cyclic wet and dry) XC4

MATERIAL STRENGTH & PROPERTIES

Nominal Crack
Elements Grade Cover Width
(mm) (mm)
Piles C30/37 60 0.2
Pile Caps C30/37 50 0.3
Columns / Piers / Abutments C30/37 50 0.3
Prestressed Concrete C35/45 70 0.2
RC Superstructure C35/45 65 0.3
Bridge Parapets C30/37 65 0.3
Wing Wall C30/37 50 0.3
Approach Slab C30/37 50 0.3
Blinding Concrete C20/25 50 0.3
Characteristic Yield Strength (
𝑓
𝑦
Steel Reinforcement
𝑘
f
Hot Rolled Reinforcement Conforming to EN 10080 and BS 4449
yk
​
): 500 N/mm².

Elastic Modulus: 200 kN/mm².

Prestressing Tendons

Prestressing tendon shall be 7-wire super strand conforming to EN 10138 Part 2 and
BS 5896: 1980

Nominal Diameter: 15.7 mm.

Nominal Steel Area: 150 mm².
Minimum Breaking Load : 265 kN.
Elastic Modulus: 195 kN/mm².
Load at 1% Elongation: 233 kN.
Tensile Strength: 1770 N/mm².
Friction Coefficient / Radian: 0.2.
Wobble Coefficient / Radian: 3.0 x 10⁻³.
Average Relaxation Losses: 2.5% at 0.7 Pa
Ref. Calculations

BRIDGE ACTIONS BD 37/01

National Lane

Parapet = 450 mm
Setback = 600 mm
NJB = 600 mm
Width = 22400 mm
Length = 40000 mm

Carriageway 1 = 12450 mm
Clear carriageway 1 = 10500 mm
No of national lane = 3 lanes
Width of national lane = 3.5 m

Carriageway 2 = 9950 mm
Clear carriageway 1 = 8000 mm
No of national lane = 3 lanes
Width of national lane = 2.67 m
Ref Calculations

A. DEAD LOADS (DL)

(i) Deck Slab

Thickness = 180 mm
Density = 25 kN/m3
Self-weight = 4.5 kN/m2 x 22.4 m
= 100.8 kN/m

(ii) Parapet
Area = 0.4 m2
Density = 25 kN/m3
Self-weight = 10 kN/m x 2 parapet
= 20 kN/m

(iii) Railing
100 OD x 4mm Thk x 9.38kg/m CHS = 0.1 kN/m
Galvanised cast MS post @ 2m spacing = 0.05 kN/m
Total weight = 2 railing x 0.15 = 0.3 kN/m

(iv) Beam
Area = 0.88 m2
Density = 25 kN/m3
Self-weight = 22 kN/m x 10 beams
= 220 kN/m

t3
No. of beam = 10 t1 t2 t1
t1 = 620 mm h1
t2 = 660 mm h2
t3 = 1900 mm h3

t4 = 220 mm
t5 = 660 mm
t4
h4
h1 = 75 mm
h2 = 75 mm
h3 = 150 mm
h4 = 1390 mm
h5 = 160 mm h5

h6 = 300 mm h6
h = 2150 mm
t5
Ref Calculations

B. SUPERIMPOSED DEAD LOADS (SDL)

(i) Premix
Thickness = 50 mm
Density = 23 kN/m3
Self-weight = 1.15 kN/m2 x 22.4 m
= 25.76 kN/m

C. LIVE LOADINGS (LL)

(i) HA-UDL & HA-KEL

Carriageway 1 = 10500 mm

Load of 1-lane carriageway, W

Loaded Length, L (m) Load Type
Lane 1 Lane 2 lane 3
UDL (kN/m) 28.38 28.38 17.03
UDL (kN/m )
2
8.11 8.11 4.87
40
KEL (kN) 120 120 120
KEL (kN/m) 34.29 34.29 20.58

Carriageway 2 = 8000 mm

Load of 1-lane carriageway, W

Loaded Length, L (m) Load Type
Lane 1 Lane 2 lane 3
UDL (kN/m) 28.38 28.38 17.03

40
 UDL (kN/m2) 10.63 10.63 6.38
40
KEL (kN) 120 120 120
KEL (kN/m) 44.94 44.94 26.96

Ref Calculations

(ii) HB

Use HB 30 = 120 tan

1 axle = 30 tan / 300 kN

1-lane Carriageway
RA = (4 x 300) (20 - 1.5) / 8
= 2775 kN

2-lane Carriageway
RA = (4 x 300) (20 - 1.5) / 10.5
= 2114 kN
Output
Output
Output
Output