International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)

Volume 4, Issue 9 Sep. 2022, pp: 1421-1427 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

Design and Development of Solar Electric

Vehicle with four different Charging
System
Mohnish S, Swikriti Gupta, Nagarjun B M, Harsha R, Ramya
BS
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Bengaluru, India
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Bengaluru, India
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Bengaluru, India
Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of
Technology, Bengaluru, India
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Bengaluru, India

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Date of Submission: 20-09-2022 Date of Acceptance: 30-09-2022
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ABSTRACT— All the global import and export Keywords—3D design, Simulink model, BMS,
from basic to complex commodities after reaching the Arduino UNO, Regenerative braking, Electric
economic port zone should be distributed throughout vehicle, Solar EV
the country. The world logistics and freight sectors
are mainly dependent on fossil fuels to operate. Given I. INTRODUCTION
the world scenarios and monopoly of oil supply may Fossil fuels as we know are non-renewable
affect the overall budget allocated to logistic sector. resources. They might get exhausted anytime in the
Shifting from non-renewable sources to renewable future. As an alternative to vehicles that use fossil
sources of energy is the best choice given the option fuels, we aim at designing an Electric Vehicle (EV)
as the extent of distance travelled in transportation is which is eco-friendly. Gasoline and diesel operated
huge. Developing a vehicle that fulfills the vehicles can be replaced by electric vehicles in order
requirement is the need of the hour, not just at the to reduce pollution. The main aim of this project is to
point charging, also requires on the go charging. The reduce the usage of organic fuel powered vehicles by
primary purpose of this project is to develop solar designing a vehicle which works efficiently in the
powered electric vehicle with multiple charging emerging electric vehicle sector. Electric vehicles are
options. Solar E-Freight is designed with an aim to gaining more attention from citizens due to reduction
carry goods and provide on the go charging utilizing in greenhouse gas emission in the atmosphere. EVs
solar panel and reverse charging, with an efficient can reduce gasoline consumption up to 75%. Electric
battery management system. The vehicle is designed vehicles can be powered through the use of renewable
and developed with a 3D diagram and assisted from energy resources such as solar and wind energies. In
Simulink model simulations. The battery this project we use solar energy to power up the
management system is developed with Arduino uno electric vehicle. It is also ensured that the electric
board that monitors the battery conditions. Solar E- vehicle is designed with a battery management
Freight consists of all the features of a traditional system. The battery management system is designed
internal combustion engines and much more, while by using Simulink in MATLAB. In tropical countries
being less harm to environment compared to where there is high temperature during summer, the
emissions from combustion of fuels. renewable resource i.e., solar energy can be made use
to run the electric vehicle. This helps in reducing the
use of fossil fuels along with reduction in the

DOI: 10.35629/5252-040914211427 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1421
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 4, Issue 9 Sep. 2022, pp: 1421-1427 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

pollution caused by these fuels. Electric vehicles can circuit in addition to the suspension system of the
be used for various applications once they are made vehicle. The design proposed in this paper can be
ready to use products. Electric vehicles already in use applied to investigate the performance of solar
are replacing traditional fuel-based vehicles slowly. powered tadpole vehicles. The design of the
In this project we aim at designing an electric vehicle suspension system can be validated using Lotus Shark
which works by making use of solar energy as its software. They have used PROTEUS software in
primary source of energy. When solar energy can‟t be order to perform the simulation of the motor control
afforded, the Electric Vehicle can run by the means of circuit. The current, voltage and power related data of
battery which can be charged through a plugin of the vehicle can be read successfully.
cable.\
B. Pranesh Dewangan, N Chandrasekaran,
II. BACKGROUND Sumn Basu [2]
A. Rationality behind choosing the project The authors have worked on the paper “Methodology
All vehicles that are being used today cause pollution development to study the effect of solar load on an
at least in minimal amounts. The fuel cost is also electric vehicle battery pack” in the year 2019 in
increasing day by day. In order to compensate the which they develop a methodology to model the solar
fluctuating fuel cost and the pollution, a good remedy heating on electric vehicles. Keeping in mind the high
is needed i.e., our transport system. Due to ignition of temperatures in tropical countries during summer,
the hydrocarbon fuels in the vehicle, sometimes they came up with this methodology to reduce the
difficulties such as wear and tear may be high, and heat load on the electric vehicles especially on their
more attention is needed for proper maintenance. battery packs. The model can be used to study the
Electric vehicle can solve the above-mentioned effect of solar load on battery packs with similar
problems as it is easy to handle, and no fuel cost is vehicular conditions, irrespective of the cell type and
required. According to a survey in the year 2020, 62% arrangement inside the battery pack.
of fuel, more specifically petrol is used by two
wheelers and 27% by four wheelers. A total of 70% of C. Christen Rogerand, Hamid El Omari [3]
diesel and 99.6% of petrol was consumed by transport These researchers worked on a project called "Solar-
sector. The amount of pollution caused by these E-Cycles, Empowering People Project 2014-2019" in
vehicles is enormous. This is also reducing the the year 2019. The paper mainly focuses on the
availability of fossil fuels day by day as they are non- progress made in the Solar-E-Cycle Empowering
renewable resources. To overcome all this, the society People project since 2014. It covers design evolution
is making a transition from fuel-based vehicles to of a solar-powered LEV on a mountain bike chassis
electric vehicles. The electric vehicle does not make powered by solar PV, intended for individuals in
use of fossil fuels, instead it is operated by battery. regions with high levels of solar radiation. They have
The battery obtains energy from the vast renewable mentioned that the future work underway for their
energy resource, the sun. The solar energy is project includes team member and driver training.
converted to electrical energy and stored in the
battery. In order to efficiently use the energy that is D. Chia-Chen Lin, Ying-Chuan Lai, Chih-
stored, we design a battery management system. In Chiang Wang, Liren Tsai, Jing-Wein Wang [4]
port areas like sea-shores, they use vehicles in order to The authors conducted research on “Development
transport goods, but the use of electric vehicles for the and Implementation of Solar-Assisted Electric
same is seen very rarely. The solar electric vehicle can Bicycle with GPS Tracking Service over Cloud” in
be used in such supply and logistic applications to the year 2019 where they emphasize on the necessity
improve the efficiency of transportation in such of reduction in vehicular emissions in order to reduce
routes. air pollution caused by the same. They propose a
design of solar-assisted electric bicycle with GPS
III. LITERATURE SURVEY tracking service over cloud in this paper. The
A. Alam Tahjib, Humaiya Tanzin, S M Imrat prototype of their work adopts a solar assisted battery
Rahman, Bhuiyan Shariful Islam, Hasan Azim [1] design, which serves as an inexpensive, eco-friendly
The abovementioned authors have proposed a new alternative to gasoline-powered two-wheeler motor
simulation-based design in their paper "Development vehicles. Enhancement of the battery‟s power supply
of a Solar Powered Electric Vehicle based on Tadpole is one of the future scopes of their work.
Design" in the year 2021. A simulation-based design
of a solar powered 3-wheel tadpole vehicle has been
presented in this research paper. The paper focuses on
the motor control circuit and the battery charging

DOI: 10.35629/5252-040914211427 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1422
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 4, Issue 9 Sep. 2022, pp: 1421-1427 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

E. L. Zhao, S. Prousch, M. Hübner, A. Moser

[5]
These researchers studied "Simulation Methods for
Assessing Electric Vehicle Impact on Distribution
Grids” in the year 2010 where they discuss about the
drawbacks of the present transport system especially
about the road transport and fuel types. The EVs
enhance the ecological condition in the world because
they neither contain tailpipe nor produce noise like
traditional vehicles. A simulation method based on a
comprehensive model of the distribution grid is
proposed by them in their paper. They explain about Fig. 1. Block Diagram
how existing distribution grids cope with the novel
technical challenges due to EV integration.

IV. OBJECTIVES
• To design and develop an Electric Vehicle to
run on battery.
• To Develop a Simulink model of hybrid
electric vehicle.
• To implement the battery system into an
Electric Vehicle to suit motor requirements and
successfully run the vehicle.
• To provide an interface to access the battery
conditions and vehicle performance.
Fig. 2. Battery System
V. METHODOLOGY
A. Block diagram These are the earliest available rechargeable
The block diagram of Electric Vehicle is as shown in battery types. The cells' capacity to supply strong
Fig. 1. The block diagram consists of the following: surge currents allows them to maintain a very high
1) Battery management system: The battery power-to-weight ratio despite having very low
management system includes the main battery made energy-to-weight and energy-to-volume ratios.
up of Lead Acid batteries. The Solar E-Kart utilizes 4 Batteries are appealing for use in motor vehicles
batteries of 12 Volts. The battery system used is more because of all these qualities and their inexpensive
green than any other battery in the market. It has price, which enables them to supply the high current
higher life and more efficient than any other battery needed by the motors.
to use and run for a higher time period. The battery is
sufficient to drive at rpm of 2000 for half hour , with 2) Camera Modules: The Electric Vehicle
help of regenerative braking it can recharge the employs one camera module for the live display. The
battery in turn. The transformation of mechanical Quantum QHM495LM 6 Light Webcam and the
energy into electrical energy takes place through the ESP32 CAM are the two. For efficient display, the
help of a DC generator. The principle of induced camera interpolates images up to 25 megapixels,
EMF is used by the generator in order to function providing a good depiction of all boundaries and
properly. Hence magnetic field and conductors are pixels. The ESP32 CAM module is used to broadcast
two important parts of DC generator. live video collected with the help of a mobile hotspot
to an IP address preset. The ESP Cam is a low-cost IP
address video telecasting Wifi enabled module that is
very similar to Arduino coded in the Arduino IDE
and may be quickly implemented.

3) Solar Panel: A solar cell operates on the

photovoltaic principle, and solar energy conversion
using photovoltaic technology is one of the most
alluring non-conventional energy sources with a track
record of dependability from microwatt to megawatt

DOI: 10.35629/5252-040914211427 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1423
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 4, Issue 9 Sep. 2022, pp: 1421-1427 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

levels. Solar cells are really joined to one another in motor. Based on the idea that a current-carrying
certain series and parallel configurations to form conductor receives a magnetic force whose direction
modules. If the orientation of the array is changed to is determined by Fleming's left hand rule when it is
face the sun's rays at any time, the production can rise exposed to a magnetic field, this device works. A
by 30%. A solar PV system can only create energy if motor produces torque when it is running.
there is sunshine. On a typical bright day, a square Mechanical rotation may be produced by this torque.
metre of fixed array facing south yields about 0.5 Similar to generators, DC motors are divided into
kWh of electrical energy. It will need an appropriate shunt wound, series wound, and compound wound
system of storage batteries if it to be operated outside motors. A soft iron core is wrapped with the
of daylight hours. Modules, tracking arrays, and fixed conductors. The field poles get a DC supply to
arrays are all possibilities. A tracking array is one that generate flux. Brushes are used to connect the
is perpetually maintained mechanically perpendicular conductors to the DC supply. A soft iron core is
to the solar array line in order to intercept the most wrapped with the conductors. The field poles are
insulation possible at all times. These arrays are provided with a DC supply for generating flux.
typically much more sophisticated than fixed arrays Brushes are used to connect the conductors to the DC
and must be physically moved by a suitable primary supply. Let's begin by taking a look at the general
mover. layout of a straightforward 2-pole DC electric motor.
An armature or rotor is one of the simple motor's six
4) Sensor Modules: In EV, two sensors are components. a DC power source of some kind,
used. Ultrasonic Sensor (HCSR-04) and Temperature brushes, an axle, a field magnet, and a commutator. A
and Humidity Sensor are the two sensors (DHT11). motor employs magnets to produce motion, therefore
The ultrasonic sensor is mounted on EV-back. It is in an electric motor is all about magnets and magnetism.
charge of identifying any obstacles, such as large If you've ever played with magnets, you're aware of
plants, animals, rocks, or anything else that could the universal magnetic law, which states: Similarities
injure EV and directing it away. The ultrasonic sensor repel and opposites attract. The north end of one
operates similarly to a radar system. It sends a trigger magnet will therefore pull on the south end of the
signal to the sensor, which emits an acoustic wave other if you have two bar magnets with their ends
that bounces back if it hits an obstruction. designated north and south. On the other side, a
Meanwhile, the ultrasonic sensor runs a clock cycle magnet's north pole will push away a magnet's north
to determine the time it takes for the wave to reflect pole (and similarly south will repel south). These
and be sensed by the echo pin. The DHT11 sensor is attracting and repelling forces produce rotational
used in EV to monitor the temperature and humidity motion inside an electric motor.
of the battery, which is then relayed through
Bluetooth to the user's phone. The humidity sensing 7) Arduino: The Microcontroller used is
component, which consists of two electrodes Arduino Uno R3. The main reason behind the use of
separated by a moisture-holding substrate, is used to Arduino UNO are: Efficient communication with
measure humidity. When a result, the conductivity of motor drivers and several components without
the substrate or the resistance between these internet. Aids in regulating pump and trimmer motor
electrodes changes as the humidity changes. The IC with a simple code. Receives inputs from Raspberry
measures and processes the change in resistance, Pi regarding Object Detected.. Provides an excellent
preparing it for reading by a microcontroller. These transmission and Receiving of Data through
sensors, on the other hand, use an NTC temperature Bluetooth. Can easily start the Electric Vehicle with
sensor or a thermistor to measure temperature. just a simple command through a Bluetooth terminal.
As the Atmel AVR family runs on RISC commands,
5) Bluetooth Module (HC-05): The Electric Arduino can control basic motion. be effectively used
Vehicle communicates wirelessly with the help of the to Considering all the above-mentioned
HC-05 module, which may be configured as a master specifications, Arduino is useful compared to other
or slave. Through serial communication, the controllers.
Bluetooth both broadcasts and receives orders and
data. Bluetooth sends data from dht11 and ultrasonic B. Software analysis
sensors, and Arduino and the user's phone receive The Arduino is programmed in C language to control
movement commands such as forward, backward, the sensors of Electric vehicle. To begin, initialize all
right, and left. of the libraries and then set a few test conditions to
ensure that the various components are functioning
6) BLDC Motor: A device that transforms properly. Then, after initializing the motor and sensor
electrical energy into mechanical energy is an electric pins and taking inputs from them, as well as the

DOI: 10.35629/5252-040914211427 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1424
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 4, Issue 9 Sep. 2022, pp: 1421-1427 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

Bluetooth module for receiving commands and

relaying data to Bluetooth, you'll be ready to go. The
code then exits the loop after specifying the H-bridge
switches for motor rotation and the trimmer delays.
The ESP32 CAM is programmed in the Arduino IDE
in a similar way, by supplying the mobile hotspot's
name and password so that it may get an IP address.
The Simulink model is shown in the Figure 3.

Fig. 4. EV Final Model

Fig. 3. Simulink Model of EV

VI. OUTCOME OF PROPOSED

RESEARCH
Figure 4 depicts the finished Electric
Vehicle model. The way solar energy works In
essence, an electric car has two processes: the first is
when a solar panel is used to charge the battery
during the day, and the second is when an electric
motor drives the car while draining power from the
battery that has already been charged. A motor is
used to move the vehicle. The battery, which has Fig. 5. Simulink model output
already been charged by the solar panel power, is
used to power the motor. The speed of the car will be The Arduino with several sensors such as
lower during this process, and no pollutants that Temperature sensor, Ultrasonic sensor, Gas sensor is
cause smog will be created as the vehicle runs. The
displaying the sensory values in the Bluetooth app
car is propelled by a solar-powered electric motor. indicating the battery system conditions. The electric
The time it takes to charge the battery and its capacity vehicle was successfully implemented and the various
both have an impact on how far a vehicle will go sensory values are displayed in the app. The sensor
when powered by an electric motor. When a battery is values are shown in Figure 6. Electric vehicles can be
used to power the vehicle, the vehicle acts as a motor. used in various applications such as public transport,
In Figure 5, the Simulink model is displayed. An military vehicles, vehicles for individuals. They
ARDUINO microcontroller equipped with a reduce the pollution and cost required for the fuel.
Bluetooth HC05, an ultrasonic sensor, a DHT11, and Battery management system (BMS) ensures that the
an ESP32 camera module was used to create the battery is in good working order. An explosion is
BMS. When a battery is used to power the vehicle, prevented by constant monitoring of battery health.
the vehicle acts as a motor. BMS increases the battery's lifespan, shows the
battery level and the location of the closest charging
station. The use of solar energy benefits society
financially, minimizes environmental pollution
because it is a green energy source, and is accessible.

DOI: 10.35629/5252-040914211427 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1425
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 4, Issue 9 Sep. 2022, pp: 1421-1427 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

implemented which records various values regarding

the battery conditions and send it over the Bluetooth
app. The rear camera was implemented using ESP32
cam which displays live video with the help of an IP
address. The solar panel and a reverse braking
provide a minimal amount of charge to the battery.
The EV can be charged by four means, firstly through
the solar panel, second by plug-in of charger, third by
reverse braking and forward braking, fourth by on the
go charge system which is still under development.

REFERENCES
[1] “Development of a Solar Powered Electric
Vehicle based on Tadpole Design”, Alam
Tahjib, Humaiya Tanzin, S M Imrat Rahman,
Bhuiyan Shariful Islam, Hasan Azim
[2] “Methodology development to study the effect
of solar load on an electric vehicle battery
pack”, Pranesh Dewangan, N Chandrasekaran,
Fig. 6. Battery conditions being displayed in Sumn Basu
Bluetooth App [3] “Solar-E-Cycles, Empowering People Project
2014-2019”, Christen Rogerand, Hamid El
VII.DRAWBACKS AND FUTURE SCOPE Omari
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from the solar and reverse braking will not sufficient. Assisted Electric Bicycle with GPS Tracking
As the size of the electric vehicle increases, the Service over Cloud”, Chia-Chen Lin, Ying-
battery capacity and size also must be increased. Chuan Lai, Chih-Chiang Wang, Liren Tsai,
Electric fueling stations are still under development. Jing-Wein Wang
They might not be present in all the places. This [5] “Simulation Methods for Assessing Electric
makes the recharging of battery difficult. Not suitable Vehicle Impact on Distribution Grids”, L.
for areas with no electricity or minimal electricity. Zhao, S. Prousch, M. Hübner, A. Moser
The vehicle dynamics is an issue depending on the [6] “Design and control of a narrow electric
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inside. As the battery isn‟t designed and developed by Khajepour, Avesta Goodarzi, Ebrahim
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regenerative braking and solar panel would generate a [8] “Design and Development of a Low-Cost
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charged. The battery management system with a Vehicle”, Adil Farooq, Muhammad Irfan,
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battery management system was successfully
DOI: 10.35629/5252-040914211427 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1426
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 4, Issue 9 Sep. 2022, pp: 1421-1427 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

R. Madanda, P. I. Musasizi, A. T. Asiimwe, F.

Matovu, J. Africa, S. S. Tickodri-Togboa
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in Tunisia”, R. Rejeb
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[17] “Designing of Battery Thermal Management
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Nishant Kumar
[18] “A Novel Energy Management Algorithm for
Solar Based Electric Vehicle”, Rishav Das,
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[19] “Comparative Study between Cell Balancing
Methods in Electric Vehicle”, Surendra Kumar
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[20] “Solar/battery electric auto rickshaw three-
wheeler”, Priscilla Mulhall, Srdjan M. Lukic,
Sanjaka G. Wirasingha, Young-Joo Lee, Ali
Emadi

DOI: 10.35629/5252-040914211427 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1427