= ifyh\; kfsph; fy;Y}hp

jkpo;j;Jiw
,sq;fiy ,uz;lkhz;L - %d;whk; gUtk;
jhs; -3> rhh;Gg; ghlk-; jkpo; nkhop tuyhW
FwpaPL : 23UTAA03
ODD SEM 2024 -2025

1
 rhh;Gg; ghlk;-jhs; 3
jkpo; nkhop tuyhW
ghlNehf;fk;:
goq;fhyk; Kjy; ,f;fhyk; tiu jkpo; xyp tbt> thp tbt
nrhw;nghUS; khw;wq;fs; mwptpj;jy;.
myF – 1
nkhop mikg;Gk; tuyhWk; - tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; - njhy; jpuhtpl
nkhopAk; jkpOk;.
myF – 2
jkpo;g; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; nkhop – njhy;fhg;gpaj; jkpo; -
rq;f fhyj; jkpo; - rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj; jkpo;.
myF – 3
gy;yth; fhyj; jkpo; - Nrhoh; fhyj; jkpo;- ehaf;fh; fhyj; jkpo; -
kuhl;bah; fhyj; jkpo;.
myF – 4
gj;njhd;gJ ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L jkpo; - fy;ntl;Lj; jkpo;.
myF – 5
jkpopy; gpwnkhop fyg;G – jkpopd; fpisnkhopfs; - jkpo;r;
nrhw;nwhlh; mikg;G tuyhW – jkpo; thptbt tuyhW.
ghlE}y;:
lhf;lh;.R.rf;jpNty; - ‘jkpo; nkhop tuyhW’
kzpthrfh; gjpg;gfk;
31>rpq;fh; njU>
ghhpKid>
nrd;id - 108
ghh;it E}y;fs;
1.lhf;lh;.nj.ngh.kP - jkpo; nkhop tuyhW
rh;Nthja ,yf;fpag; gz;iz
kJiu.
2.lhf;lh;.K.tujuhrd; - ‘nkhop tuyhW’
fof ntspaPL>
154 b.b.ntspaPL>
nrd;id – 108

2
 myF 1

1.nkhop mikg;Gk; tuyhWk;;

mikg;Gk; tuyhWk; - tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; - njhy; jpuhtpl
nkhopAk; jkpOk;.
Kd;Diu

Ngr;rhYk; vOj;jhYk; kdpjd; jdJ fUj;ijg; gpwUf;Fj; njhptpf;Fk; fUtp

nkhopahFk;. kf;fs; tho;tpy; gpwe;J kf;fshy; tsh;f;fg;gl;L kf;fspd; tho;it
ehfhpfKilajhf cah;j;jp tUk; mhpa fiyNa nkhopahFk;. nkhop ,y;yhtpl;lhy;
kdpj ehfhpfNk ,y;iy vdyhk;. NkYk; nkhop ,y;yhj kdpj rKjhaj;ijNah>
rKjhak; ,y;yhj nkhopiaNah fhz;gJ mhpJ vDkstpw;F nkhopahdJ kpfTk;
,d;wpaikahj xd;whf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mj;jF nkhopapd; mikg;igAk; mjd;
tuyhw;iwAk; gw;wpf; fhz;Nghk;.

nkhopapd; mikg;G

xU nkhopapd; mikg;ig tpsf;FtJ mk;nkhopapd; ,yf;fzk; MFk;. nkhop

nkhopahy; tpsf;fg;gLtij ,yf;fzk; vd;gh;. ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;Lfl;F Kd;dNu
jkpo; nkhopf;Fj; njhy;fhg;gpah; ey;yNjhh; ,yf;fzk; gilj;Js;shh; vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. NkYk; nkhopapd; mikg;ig xypadpay;> cUgdpay;> njhlhpay;
vd;w mikg;gpd; fPo; mwpQh; Muha;th;.

xypadpay;

nrhy; NtWghl;bw;F fhuzkha; mike;j kpff; Fiwe;j xyp NtWghl;ilNa

xypad; vd;fpNwhk;. kf;fs; jq;fs; fUj;ij irif %yKk; FwpaPL %yKk;
njhptpf;fyhk;. Mdhy; ,tw;wpd; %yk; Ez;zpa fUj;Jf;fis czh;j;j KbahJ.
Ngr;nrhypfs; %yNk ve;j fUj;ijAk; czh;j;j KbAk;. vdNt fUj;J
ghpkhw;wj;jpy; nkhopAk; nkhopapy; xypAk; rpwg;ghf fUjg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jifa
Xypf;$Wfis xd;wpizj;J mjd;top nkhopapd; Njhw;wj;ij Muha;tNj
xypadpayhFk;.

Xypia MuhAk; Kiwapy; %d;W Kiwfs; cs;sd. mit

 ngsjPf xypapay; - ,t;tpaypy; Ngr;nrhypapd; ngsjPfj; jd;ikia

Muha;jy;. ,jpy; xyp miyfis mse;J fzf;fpLth;.

 Nfl;nghypapay; - kdpjd; Nfl;Fk; jd;ikia mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L Muha;e;J fzf;fpLtNj Nfl;nghypapay; MFk;. Mdhy; ,J
rpwg;ghdjhff; fUjg;gLtjpy;iy.
 cr;rhpg;nghypapay; - xypAWg;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
xypapd;gpwg;ig Muha;tjhFk;. ,k;KiwapNyNa ek; ,yf;fz
Mrphpah;fs;
jkpo; xypfspd; gpwg;ig tpsf;fpAs;sdh;.

3
Xypg;G Kiwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jkpo;nkhopapy; xypfis capnuhypfs;>
nka;nahypfs; vd ,uz;lhfg; gphpg;gh;.

capnuhypfs;

NgRk;NghJ Ngr;nrhypf;Fhpa fhw;W thaiwapy; jLf;fg;glhky; tUk;NghJ

gpwf;Fk; xypfs; capnuhypfs; MFk;. caph; xypfspd; gpwg;ig tpsf;Ftjw;F %d;W
Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

1. ,aq;Fk; xypg;ghdhfr; nray;gLk; ehf;fpd; gFjp

2. ehf;F mz;zj;jpid Nehf;fp vOfpd;w cauj;jpd; msT

3. ,jo; mikg;G .

mz;zj;ij Nehf;fp vOfpw ehf;fpd; gFjpianahl;b capnuhypfis Kd;Daph;fs;>

eLTaph;fs;> gpd;Daph;fs; vd tifg;gLj;Jth;. ehf;F mz;zj;jpid Nehf;fp caUfpw
cauj;ijnahl;b Nky;> ,il> fPo; vd;W %d;W ngUk; gphpthfTk; Nkiy Nky;> fPo;
Nky; vdTk; ,ilia Nkypil> eLapil> fPopil vdTk; fPio Nky; fPo;> fPo; vdTk;
gphpg;gh;. ,jo;fspd; mikg;ignahl;b ,jo;Ftp caph;fs;> ,jo;Ftpah caph;fs; vdg;
gphpg;gh;.

nka;nahypfs;

xypAWg;Gfs; mjph;e;Njh> fhw;iwailj;Njh> ntsptUk; fhw;iw mjpur; nra;Njh

gpwf;Fk; xypfs; nka;nahypfshFk;. nka;nahypfspd; gpwg;G Kaw;rpiaAk;
gpwg;gplj;ijAk; xypg;G KiwiaAk; nfhz;L gythW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

 milg;nghypfs;(m)ntbg;nghypfs; -
thaiwapd; Xhplj;jpy; %r;Rf; fhw;W xypg;ghdhy;
KOJk; jilnra;ag;gl;L jpBnud;W ntbg;NghL ntspNaWjy;.
 cunrhypfs; -
thaiwapy; %r;Rf;fhw;W tUk;NghJ KOJk; jLf;fhky;
%r;R ntspNaWk; ghijia xypg;ghdhy; FWf;fp me;j ,Lf;fpd;
topNa nrYj;jpdhy; cuha;Tj; jd;ik Vw;gl;L xyp gpwf;Fk;.
 %f;nfhypfs; -
milg;nghyp NghyNt mike;J %f;fiw topNa %r;Rf;
fhw;W ntspNa nry;Yk;NghJ gpwf;Fk; xypfs;.
 kUq;nfhypfs; -
%r;Rf;fhw;W thaiwapy; Xh; ,lj;ij milj;J ehf;fpd;
,U kUq;fpYk; ntsptUjy;.
 Mnlhypfs; -
%r;Rf;fhw;W ntspNaWk; NghJ ,jo;fNsh Edp ehf;Nfh
cs; ehf;Nfh Ntfkhf mjph;e;J MLk;gb mikAk;.
fPo;fz;l nrhw;fspd; NtWghl;bw;F xyp NtWghNl fhuzkhFk;.
mL – rik
ML – eldk; nra;

4
cUgdpay;

xU nkhopapy; fhzg;gLk; nghUisf; fhl;Lk; rpd;dQ; rpW $WfNs cUgd;

vdg;gLk;. nkhopfspy; gy;NtW thf;fpaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thf;fpaq;fs;
midj;Jk; gy nrhw;fshy; cUthdit. ,r;nrhw;fs; xd;W my;yJ xd;Wf;F
Nkw;gl;l cUgd;fshy; MditahFk;. ,t;TUgd;fisg; gphpj;jwpe;J mtw;wpd;
nghUs;fisj; njhpe;J nfhs;shtpbd; thf;fpaq;fspd; nghUs;fis mwpe;J nfhs;s
KbahJ. xU nkhopapd; mikg;ig Ghpe;J nfhs;tjw;F cUgd;fisg; gphpj;jwpjy;
Ntz;Lk;. ielh mth;fs; khh;ghy[p vd;Dk; E}ypy; cUgd;fis gphpj;jwptjw;fhd
gy;NtW Kiwfisf; $wpAs;shh;.

xU nkhopapy; fhzg;gLk; nrhw;fs; nghUs; jUtd MFk;. nghUisr;

nrhw;nghUs; vd;Wk; ,yf;fzg; nghUs; vd;Wk; gphpf;fyhk;. jkpopy; -j;-l;-w;-,d;-
Mfpait ,we;j fhyk; fhl;Lk; cUGfs;. ,it gy;NtW tbtq;fshf ,Ue;j NghJk;
,we;jfhyk; vd;Dk; xw;iw $Wf;Fs; mlf;fp ,tw;iw ,we;j fhy cUgd;fs; vd;W
miof;fpd;Nwhk;. ,jid khw;WUG vdTk; miog;gh;. vdNt mikg;gpay; tuyhw;py;
,k;KiwahdJ ed;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

njhlhpay;

xU nkhopapy; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW thf;fpaq;fspd; mikg;gpid Muha;tJ

njhlhpayhFk;. thf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW cWg;Gf;fspd; Mf;fk;>
mtw;wpilNa fhzg;gLk; njhlh;G> mtw;wpdhy; czug;gLk; nghUs;> mg;nghUs;
jUtjw;Fhpa mbg;gil fhuzq;fs;> thf;fpaq;fspd; Gijepiy mikg;G> Gwepiy
mikg;G Nghd;wtw;iw Muha;tNj njhlhpayhFk;.

njhluikg;G Kiw

‘mtd; Ntfkhf Xbdhd;’

vd;fpw thf;fpaj;ij ngah;j;njhlh;> tpidj;njhlh; vd ,uz;lhfg; gphpf;fpNwhk;. ngah;j;

njhlhpy; ’mtd;’ vd;w vOtha;j; njhlUk; tpidj;;njhlhpy; ‘Ntfkhf Xbdhd;’ vd;w
gadpiyj; njhlUk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; ‘mtd;’ vd;gjw;Fk; ‘Xbdhd;’ vd;gjw;Fk;
vOtha;-gadpiy cwT cz;L.

ngah;r;nrhy; njhlh;> tpidr;nrhy; njhlh;> ngauilj; njhlh;> tpidailj; njhlh;

vd;Wk; njhlh;fisg; ghFghL nra;J nkhopapy; toq;Fk; gy;NtW thf;fpaq;fis
tpsf;fyhk;. jkpopy; ngauil ngah;f;F Kd;Dk; tpidail tpidf;F Kd;Dk;
mikAk;.
ey;y igad; - ngauil
Ntfkhf te;jhd; - tpidail
jkpopy; xNu thf;fpaj;jpy; ,uz;L ngah;r; nrhy; tUjYk; cz;L.

‘mtd; ,uhkd;’

jkpopy; jdp thf;fpaq;fis ,izf;f vr;rq;fs; gad;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wd. vr;rq;fisg;

gad;gLj;jp jdp thf;fpaq;fisj; njhlh; thf;fpaq;fshf mikf;fyhk;.

5
 ‘,uhkd; ghlk; gbj;jhd;’

nkhopapd; tuyhW

nkhop Muha;rr
; papy; ,e;jpa ehLk; gz;il fpNuf;fKk; Kjd;ik ngw;W epd;wd
vdf; $wyhk;. njhy;fhg;gpKk; ghzPzpaKk; tpsf;f nkhopapay; mbg;gilapy;
mike;j goikahd ,yf;fzq;fshFk;. ,f;fhy tpsf;f nkhopapaypd; je;ij
G@k;/gPy;L mth;fs; ghzPdpaj;ij fw;Nw nkhopapaiy mwpe;jhh; vd;W $WtjpypUe;J
nkhop tuyhw;wpid mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F ,yf;fz E}y;fspd; mtrpak; Njit vd;gJ
Ghpfpd;wJ.

th;Nu> n`uhfpspl;l];> Nyfh~;> mhp];lhl;by; Nghd;w mwpQh;fspd; E}y;fSk; nkhop

tuyhw;wpidg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fg; gad;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; jkpo; nkhopapd;
tuyhw;iwg; gy gphpTfshfg; gphpj;J Muha;fpd;wd.
1. goe;jkpo;
m) Kd; goe;jkpo; (m) njhy; goe;jkpo;
(jkpo; gpuhkpf; fy;nyntl;Lf;fSk; njhy;fhg;gpaKk;)
M) kj;jpa goe;jkpo; (vl;Lj;njhifAk; gj;Jg;ghl;Lk;)

,) gpd; goe;jkpo; (jpUf;Fws;> rpyg;gjpfhuk; Kjypad)

2. ,ilf;fhyj;jkpo;

m) Kd; ,ilf;fhyj;jkpo;

M) kj;jpa ,ilf;fhyj;jkpo;

,) gpd; ,ilf;fhyj;jkpo; (,ilf;fhyj;jkpio gy;yth;> ehaf;fh;> Nrhoh; fhyj;

jkpo; vd;Wk; gphpg;gh;)

3. jw;fhyj; jkpo;
m) Kd; jw;fhyj; jkpo; (rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; Kjypad)
M) gpd; jw;fhyj; jkpo; (20 k; E}w;whz;L E}y;fs;)

KbTiu

nkhopahdJ xyp> cUG ,tw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; njhluhf khWk; jd;ik Fwpj;Jk;

mjd; mikg;G Kiwg; gw;wpAk; tpsf;fKw $wg;gl;lJ. NkYk; nkhopapd; tuyhW
Fwpj;Jk; ,f;fl;Liuapd; top mwpe;J nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

2. nkhop tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs;

Kd;Diu

nkhop tuyhW vd;gJ nkhopapy; fhye;NjhWk; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fshFk;.

mt;tifapy; jkpo; nkhop tuyhw;iw mwpa ,yf;fpaq;fs;>
,yf;fzq;fs;>mfuhjpfs;> fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> gpwnkhop fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> may;ehl;lhh;
Fwpg;Gf;fs;> fpisnkhopfs; Nghd;wtw;iw mbg;gilr; rhd;Wfshff; nfhs;syhk;.
,t;tbg;gilr; rhd;Wfs; jkpo;nkhop tuyhw;wpw;F cjTk; tifia Muha;Nthk;.

6
,yf;fpaq;fs;

xU ehl;bd; tuyhw;wpw;Fk; nkhopapd; tuyhw;wpw;Fk; ,d;wpaikahj rhd;W

,yf;fpakhFk;. me;je;j fhyj;jpy; vOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fis itj;J me;je;jf; fhy
nkhopiag; gw;wp mwpfpNwhk;. ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfis ,Utifahfg; gFf;fyhk;.
,yf;fpa eilapy; mike;j nra;As; E}y;fs; xU tif. ,tw;iw voj;jpyf;fpak;
vd;W $Wth;. ,t;tpyf;fpaq;fs; kuGfshYk; kuGj; njhlh;fshYk; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
Ngr;R tof;if mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l tha;nkhop ,yf;fpaq;fs; kw;nwhU
tifahFk;.

njhy;fhg;gpak; jkpopy; Njhd;wpa kpfg; goikahd ,yf;fzkhFk;. rpyg;gjpfhuk;

njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fg; gpd; Njhd;wpa E}yhFk;. ,t;tpU E}y;fisAk; xg;gpl;L
Nehf;fpd; nkhop tsh;rr ; p njs;sj; njspthf njhpAk;. njhy;fhg;gpak; vjph;fhy
jd;ik xUik tpFjpahf ‘my;’ vd;gijf; $Wfpd;wJ. ,J rpyg;gjpfhu fhyj;jpy;
‘my;’ <W ‘md;’ <whf khwpa epiyiaf; fhz;fpNwhk;.

NkYk; fp.gp 7 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;j jpUehTf;furh; Njthuk; jkpo;

tlnkhopNahL ,ay;Gf;Fj; jf toq;fpaikAk; fhz;fpNwhk;.

gpusa – gpusak;

~kp – rkp

18 Mk; E}w;whz;by; khfGuhz mk;khid xyp tifapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisf;

$Wfpd;wJ. Fw;wpaYfuk; rpyNghJ Fw;wpaypfukhf xypf;fpwJ.

Gf;F – Gf;fp

,Ugj;J - ,Ugj;jp

jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gioa kugpd; top te;j vOj;Jf;fshy; vOjg;ngw;W

te;jhYk; thptbtk; gioa vOj;J Kiwia fhl;lty;yjhf ,y;iy. vdpDk;
,yf;fpaq;fs; nkhop tuyhw;wpw;Fj; jf;fr; rhd;whf mikfpd;wd.

,yf;fzq;fs;

,yf;fpaj;ijg; NghyNt ,yf;fzq;fSk; nkhop Muha;rr ; pf;F NgUjtp

mspf;Fk; rhd;Wfshf mikfpd;wd. ,yf;fpak; nkhop ,ay;ig Muha;tjw;F
mbg;gilahdjhFk;. ,yf;fzk; Neubahf nkhop ,ay;igg; $WtjhFk;.
,yf;fpak; xypad;fisAk; cUgd;fisAk; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;lJ. ,yf;fzk;
xypad;fisAk; cUgd;fisAk; nrhw;fspd; mikg;igAk; Neubahf
vLj;jpak;GfpwJ. vdNt ,yf;fzq;fs; tpsf;f nkhopapay; mbg;gilapy;
mike;jitahFk;. njhy;fhg;gpah; gpwg;gpaypy; xypfis cr;rhpg;nghypapay;
Nehf;fpy; ciuj;Js;shh;.

‘mz;zQ; Nrh;e;j kplw;nwO tspapir

fz;Zw;W mila afhuk; gpwf;Fk;’

7
vd;W afuj;jpd; gpwg;gpid tpsf;fpdhh;. afuk; xypg;Gil xyp vd;gjid
‘kplw;nwO tspapir’ vd;w njhluhy; Rl;Lfpwhh;. NkYk; njhy;fhg;gpah; nkhop
Kjy;> ,il> fil Mfpa ,lq;fspy; tUk; xypfisf; $Wfpwhh;. ,jdhy;
mth;jk; fhyj;jpy; nkhopapaypy; xypadpd; mikg;Gf; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ffpd;whh;.
njhy;fhg;gpak;> ed;D}y;> tPuNrhopak;> ,yf;fz tpsf;fk;> njhd;D}y;> Kj;J
tPhpak; vdg; gy E}y;fs; gy;NtW fhyf; fl;lj;jpy; Njhd;wpd. ,itaidj;Jk;
me;je;jf; fhy fl;lj;jpy; Njhd;wpa nkhopapd; tsh;rr ; papid ntspg;gLj;Jk;
fUtpfshf miktjhy; nkhop tuyhw;wpw;Fg; nghpJk; rhd;whfpd;wd.

ciuahrphpah;fs;

jkpo; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fSf;Fg; gyUk; ciu vOjpAs;sdh;. ,yf;fz

Mrphpah;fs; E}w;gh fUj;Jf;fis tpsf;fpaNjhL md;wp mth;fs; mf;fhyj;J
tof;fpidAk; $wpr; nrd;wd. ciuahrphpah;fs; ‘ciuapw; Nfhly;’ vd;Dk; cj;jp
tifia Nkw;nfhz;L jq;fs; fUj;Jf;fisAk; $wpr; nrd;wdh;.

njhy;fhg;gpah; tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;iw <W $whky; ,lq;$wp tpsf;Ffpwhh;.

ciuahrphpah;fs; tpaq;Nfhs; tpFjpfisf; $wpAs;sdh;.
,sk;G+uzh;> nja;tr;rpiyahh; - f
Nrdhtiuah; - f> ah> my;
er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;> fy;yhlh; - f> ah> my;> My;> Mh;> khh;> ck;> I
,q;qdk; nkhop tuyhw;wpy; ciuahrphpah;fspd; ciufSk; ngUQ; rhd;Wfshf
tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

ntspehl;lhh; vOjpa ,yf;fzq;fs;

ntspehl;lth; gyh; jkpo;nkhopf;F ,yf;fzk; vOjpAs;sdh;. ngUk;ghNyhh;

Ngr;Rj; jkpOf;Nf ,yf;fzk; fz;ldh;. fp;.gp 1672 ,y; lr;Rf;fhuh; ghy;Ba];
vd;ghh; ,e;jpah gw;wpa E}ypy; jkpo; nkhopapd; cr;rhpg;Gf;fs;> Ntw;Wikg;
ghFghLfs;>tpid tpfw;g tha;g;ghL Kjypatw;iwf; Fwpg;gplLr; nrd;Ws;shh;. fp.gp
1680 ,y; Nfh];lh gy;j;ruh vd;gth; ,yj;jpd; nkhopapy; jkpo; ,yf;fzk; xd;iw
vOjpdhh;.

fp.gp 1786 ,y; rPfd;ghy;F jkpo; ,yf;fz E}y; vOjpdhh;. 19> 20

Mk;E}w;whz;Lfisr; rhh;e;j vy;yP]>; Nghg;> fpuhyPd;> fhy;Lnty; Nghd;Nwhh; vojpa
,yf;fzq;fs; jkpo; nkhop tuyhw;wpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fitahFk;. kuGj; jkpo;
,yf;fzq;fs; %tplg; ngah;fisg; gw;wpj; jdpahf $wtpy;iy. mtw;iwg; gw;wp
ngah;r; nrhy;ypNy $wptpl;ldh;. Mdhy; Nkiyehl;lhhpd; jkpo; ,yf;fzq;fspy;
jhk; %tplg;ngah; ngah;r; nrhy;ypy; jdp cl;gphpthff; nfhz;bUg;gijf;
fhz;fpNwhk;.

mfuhjpfs;

xU nkhopapYs;s nrhw;fs; midj;Jk; mfu vOj;J thpirapy; mikAk;gb

xU Nruj; njhFj;J mtw;wpd; nghUs;fis mk;nkhopapNyDk; gpwnkhopapNyDk;
tpsf;Fk; E}y; mfuhjpahFk;. ,jid ‘chpr;nrhy; gDty;’ vd;W $WtJ gioa
kughFk;. rkzj; jkpo;r; rhd;Nwhh;fs; ,j;jifa E}y;fis ,aw;wp ‘epfz;L’ vd;W
toq;fpdh;. 17 Mk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;gpag; ghjphpkhh;fs; ntspapl;l mfuhjpfs;

8
nkhop tuyhw;wpw;Fg; nghpJk; cjTfpd;wd. ghjphpkhh;fs; mfuhjpia mikf;Fk;
NghJ gpwnkhopfspYs;s nrg;gkhd Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wpdh;. tPukhKdpth; VO
mfuhjpfis ntspapl;lhh;. mit 1. jkpo;-,yj;jPd; mfuhjp 2. ,yj;jPd;-jkpo;
mfuhjp 3. jkpo;-gpnuQ;R mfuhjp 4. jkpo;-Mq;fpy mfuhjp 5. Nghh;rR ; f;fPrpak;-
,yj;jPd;-jkpo; mfuhjp 6. tl;lhu tof;Fj; jkpo; mfuhjp 7. rJufuhjp. jkpo;
mfuhjp tuyhw;wpy; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf; fofk; ntspapl;Ls;s ‘jkpo;g; Ngufuhjp’
kpfr; rpwe;j rhjidaahFk;. jpuhtpl nkhopapaay; NguwpQh;fs; gh;NuhTk;
vkNdhTk; ntspapl;l ‘jpuhtpl nrhw;g;gpwg;gpay; mfuhjp’ rpwg;ghdjhFk;.

jkpo; mfuhjpfshy; nghUs; khw;wj;ij mwpfpNwhk;. mfuhjpfs; nrhw;

nghUspay; Ma;Tf;Fg; gad;gLfpd;wd. vdNt jkpo;nkhop tuyhw;Wf;fhd
rhd;WfSs; xd;whf mfuhjpiaAk; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

fy;ntl;Lfs;

jkpo;nkhop tuyhw;wpw;F cjTk; mbg;gilr; rhd;WfSs; fy;ntl;Lk; xd;whFk;.

fy;ntl;Lf;fs; mopahg; nghUs;fs; kPJ vOjg;gl;Ls;sikahy; gy E}w;whz;Lfs;
fle;Jk; ekf;Ff; fpilf;fpd;wd. fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ,ilr;nrUfy; ,y;iy.
jkpofj;jpy; 3 Mk; E}w;whz;LfspypUe;J fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,tw;Ws;
ngUk;ghyhdit Ngr;Rj; jkpio mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;litahFk;.
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; midj;Jk; gok;ngUk; tuyhWfs; gytw;iwg; giwrhw;wp epw;gNjhL
mit vOjg;gl;bUf;Fk; nkhopfspd; jd;ikiaAk; fhl;b epw;Fk;.

fy;ntl;Lf;fshy; xypkhw;wj;ij mwpayhk;. fhyj;ij eph;zapf;f Kbahj

fy;ntl;il nkhopapay; khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;L XusT fzpf;fyhk;.
6 Mk; E}w;whz;L w;w;-j;j; - Vw;wk;-Vj;jk;
7 Mk; E}w;whz;L m-v – murh;-munrh;
8 Mk; E}w;whz;L f-a – jpUg;gjpfk;-jpUg;gjpak;
9 Mk; E}w;whz;L ,-m – QhapW-QhaW
gpwnkhopf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;

jkpo;nkhopapy; fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;Lf;fNsad;wpg; gpw nkhopfspy; mike;j

fy;ntl;Lf;fSk; nkhop tuyhw;wpw;F cjTfpd;wd. ,yq;ifapy; fpilj;j rpq;fs
nkhopf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; kpfg; gythf cs;sd. mtw;wpy; jkpo;g; ngah;fSk; jkpo;r;
nrhw;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jkpo;ehl;by; gpwnkhopf; fy;ntl;Lfs; epiwa cs.
mhpf;fNkl;by; fpilj;Js;s kl;fyNthl;by; gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
kl;fyNthLfs; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspd; thptbt Ma;Tf;F kpf
,d;wpaikahjdthFk;. ,t;thW gpwnkhopf; fy;ntl;Lf;fSk; jkpo;nkhop
tuyhw;wpw;Fr; rhd;whf mikfpd;wd.

may;ehl;lhh; Fwpg;Gf;fs;

Ntw;W nkhopfspy; vOjg;gl;Ls;s jkpo;g; ngah;fSk; jkpo;r; nrhw;fSk;

jkpo;nkhop tuyhw;iw cUthf;fg; gad;gLfpd;wd. fp.K 2 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr;
rhh;e;j gjQ;rypAk; fp.K 4 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;j tuUrpAk; njd;dpe;jpah
gw;wpAk; njd;dpe;jpar; nrhw;fisg; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. ek;ehl;bw;F te;j
may;ehl;lhh;fs; jq;fSila Fwpg;Gfspy; efuq;fs;> JiwKfq;fs;> Vw;Wkjpg;

9
 nghUl;fs; Mfpad gw;wpAk; vOjpAs;sdh;. jhykp nrd;idf;fUfpypUe;j
JiwKfj;ij ‘ky;ypah;gh’ vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. ,J kapyhg;G+h; vd;gjd; fpNuf;f
cr;rhpg;ghfj; Njhd;WfpwJ. ,t;thW jkpo; xypapay; Muha;r;rpapy; mayhh;
Fwpg;Gf;fs; kpfkpf ,d;wpaikahr; rhd;Wfshf kpsph;fpd;wd.

fpisnkhopfs;

nkhopf; FLk;g tuyhw;wpw;F nkhopAk; nkhop tuyhw;wpw;Ff; fpisnkhopfSk;

kpf Kf;fpakhditahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd. fpisnkhop Ma;thy; Ngr;R tof;fpd;
rpwg;gpay;GfisAk; gioa tof;FfisAk; mwpayhk;. fpisnkhop Ma;thdJ
jkpo;nkhop tuyhw;wpw;F mbg;gilr; rhd;whf mikfpd;wJ. fpisnkhopahsh;
jhq;fs; Nrfhpj;j nkhopr; nra;jpfis tuyhw;W mbg;gilapy; ve;jr; nrhy; ahuhy;
vq;F ve;jg; nghUspy; toq;fg;gl;lJ vd;Wk; gpwnkhopf; $whdhy; m/J ve;j
nkhopapd; FWf;fPl;lhy; te;jJ vd;Wk; tpsf;fk; fhz;fpd;wdh;. vdNt fpisnkhop
Ma;thdJ jkpo;nkhop tuyhw;wpw;F mbg;gilr; rhd;whf mikfpd;wJ.

KbTiu

Nkw; $wpa Kiwfs; kl;Lkpd;wp mf kPl;LUthf;fk; %yKk; Gw kPl;LUthf;fk;

%yKk; xg;gpay; Kiwapd; thapyhfTk; xU nkhopapd; tuyhw;wpidg; gw;wp
mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.

3.njhy;jpuhtpl nkhopAk; jkpOk;

Kd;Diu

jpuhtpl nkhopfs; midj;Jk; xU %ynkhopapypUe;J gpwe;J

tsh;e;jitfshFk;. nkhopf; FLk;gk; vd;gJ njhy;nkhop xd;wpypUe;J gphpe;J
fhyj;jhYk; ,lj;jhYk; ntt;NtW khw;wkile;J xU gphpT nkhopAk; kw;nwhU
gphpT nkhopAk; ntt;NtW nkhopnadf; fUJk; gy nkhopfspd; njhFjpahFk;.
,k;nkhopfis ,d nkhopfs; vd;gh;.

jpuhtpl nkhopfs;

vy;yhj; jpuhtpl nkhopfSf;Fk; %ykhf ,Ue;j nkhopapid %yj;jpuhtpl nkhop

my;yJ njhy; jpuhtpl nkhop vd toq;fpdh;.

fp.gp 1856 ,y; fhy;Lnty; ‘jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk;’ vd;w E}iy

ntspapl;lhh;. vdNt ,th; ‘jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; je;ij’ vdr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpd;whh;.
cyfpd;fz; fhzg;gLk; nkhopfisg; gy epiyfspy; xg;gpl;L Muha;th;. mt;tifapy;
jpuhtpl nkhopfisj; njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfs;> eLj; jpuhtpl nkhopfs;> tl jpuhtpl
nkhopfs; vd %d;W ngUk; gphpthfg; gphpg;gh;.
1. njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfs;
jkpo;> kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;> FlF> JS> Njhlh> Nfhj;jh Mfpa nkhopfs; ,g;gphptpy;
mlq;Fk;. ,tw;Ws; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; kpfg; goikahd ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F
Kd;dNu ,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fisf; nfhz;l jkpo;nkhop jkpo; ehl;by; kl;Lkpd;wpg;
gh;kh> kNyrpah> rpq;fg;G+h;> gP[j
P ;jPT> ,yq;if> njd; Mg;gphpf;fh> klfh~;fh;> jphpdplhy;
Nghd;w ehLfspy; Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ. kiyahsk; Nfusj;jpy; kl;Lkpd;wp ,yl;rj;jPtpYk;

10
Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ. fd;dlnkhop fh;ehlfj;jpy; Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ. JS nkhop fh;ehlf
khepyj;jpy; cs;s kq;f@h;g; gFjpapy; Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ. Njhlh nkhop ePyfphp
khtl;lj;jpy; Njhlh goq;Fb kf;fshy; Ngrg;gLtjhFk;. ,J jpuhtpl nkhopfspNyNa
mjpf xypfisf; nfhz;l nkhopahFk;. Nfhj;jh nkhopAk; ePyfphp khtl;lj;jpy;
thOk; Nfhj;jh goq;Fbapduhy; Ngrg;gLtjhFk;.

2. eLj; jpuhtpl nkhopfs;

njYq;F> Nfhz;b> $ap> $tp> Nfhyhkp> gh;[p> fjgh> nfhz;lh> ehaf;fp>

ngq;Nfh> kz;lh Nghd;w nkhopfs; eLj; jpuhtpl nkhopfshFk;. njYq;F nkhop
Me;jpu khepyj;jpYk; njd;dhg;gphpf;fh Nghd;w ,lq;fspYk; Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ. eLj;
jpuhtpl nkhopfSs; ,yf;fpa tsKs;s nkhop ,/njhd;NwahFk;. Nfhz;b nkhop
Me;jpuh> kj;jpa gpuNjrk;> xhp];]h> kfhuh\;buk; Nghd;w ehd;F khepyq;fspy;
Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ. $ap nkhop xhp];]h khepyj;jpy; Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ. $tp nkhop
xhp];]h> Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy; Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ. gh;[h]; goq;Fbapd kf;fshy;
gh;[p vd;w nkhop Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ. ,k;nkhop NgRk; kf;fs; kj;jpa gpuNjrj;jpy;
cs;s g];jhh; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sdh;. kz;lh nkhop xhp];]htpy;; cs;s NfhuGl;
khtl;lj;jpy; thOk; goq;Fb kf;fshy;; Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ.
3. tlj;jpuhtpl nkhopfs;
FUf;> khy;Njh> gpuh$a; Nghd;w nkhopfs; ,g;gphptpy; mlq;Fk;. FUf; nkhopia
xNuhtd; vd;w goq;Fb kf;fshy; gP`hh;> kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;> xhp];]h Mfpa
khepyq;fspy; Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ. khyh; vd;W toq;fg;gLfpd;w goq;Fb kf;fshy;
khy;Njh nkhop Nkw;F tq;fj;jpYs;s ,uh[;k`hy; Fd;Wg; gFjpapYk; gP`hhpYs;s
re;jy; gh;`zh gFjpapYk; Ngrg;gLfpwJ. ,th;fs; thOkplj;ijf; nfhz;L lhf;lh;
fhy;Lnty; mth;fs; ,k;nkhopia ‘,uh[;k`hy;’ vd toq;fpdhh;. tljpuhtpl
nkhopfspy; xd;whd gpuh$a; ,e;jpahtpw;F ntspNa Nkw;Fg; ghfp];jhdpYs;s
gYrp];jhd; gFjpapy; Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ.

jkpOk; kiyahsKk;

njd;jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; jkpOk; kiyahsKk; kpfg; gpw;fhyj;Nj gphpe;jjhy;

jkpOf;Fk; kiyahsj;jpw;Fk; kpf neUq;fpa njhlh;Gz;L vd vkNdh $Wfpwhh;.

fd;dlKk; jkpOk;

njhy;jpuhtplj;jpy; kfu <w;W m/wpizr; nrhw;fspd; mj;Jr; rhhpia Mwhk;

Ntw;Wikf;F Kd;dh; Nrh;f;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; fd;dl nkhopapy; Vohk;
Ntw;Wikf;F Kd;dUk; mj;Jr; rhhpiag; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

njhy;jpuhtpl xypadikg;G

jpuhtpl nkhopapay; NguwpQh; vkNdh mth;fs; kPl;LUthf;f Kiw %yk;;

njhy;jpuhtpl xypadikg;Gg; gw;wp Muha;e;Js;shh;;. njhy;jpuhtpl nkhopapy;
fhzg;gLk; caph; xypad;fisf; fhz;Nghk;. njhy;jpuhtpl nkhopapYs;s ‘m’
vy;yh nkhopapYk; ‘m’ vd;Nw cs;sJ. Njhlh nkhopapy; rpy nrhw;fspy; ‘X’ Tk;
rpy nrhw;fspy; ‘m’ Tk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gh;[p nkhopapy; rpy nrhw;fspy; ‘v’ Tk;
rpy nrhw;fspy; ‘m’ Tk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rpy ,dnkhopfspy; cs;s xypad;fs;
njhy; jpuhtpl nkhopapy; ,y;iy.

11
njd;jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; rpwg;gpy;Gfs;

1. njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; m/wpiz xd;wd; ghypypUe;J NtWgl;l

cah;jpizg; ngz;ghy; xUik tpFjpiag; ngw;wpUg;gJ njd;jpuhtpl
nkhopfspd; rpwg;gpay;ghFk;. njYq;F> $ap> $tp Nghd;w nkhopfspy; epfo;tJ
Nghd;w nka; ,lk; ngauy; njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ,y;iy.
2. ,fu vfu cfu khw;wq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wkhFk;. ,t;nthyp khw;wq;fs;
jkpo;> kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;> JS> njYq;F Mfpa nkhopfspilNa kl;Lkpd;wp
jkpo; nkhopapd; thp tbtj;jpw;Fk; Ngr;R tof;fpw;FkpilNa epfo;tijf;
fhzyhk;.
3. jkpo;> kiyahs nkhopfspy; tUk; ‘,’ ‘c’ KiwNa njYq;F> fd;dl
nkhopfspy; ‘v’ ‘x’ thf khWfpwJ.
4. njhy; jpuhtplj;jpy; vjph;kiw tpFjpahf ‘M’ ,Ue;jJ. gpd;dh; njd;
jpuhtplj;jpy; jfuKk; ,ize;jJ.
5. njhy;jpuhtpl fhyq;fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyfshd –j;- -e;j;- -j;j;- -,- Nghd;wit
njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; gapd;W tUtijf;; fhzyhk;.
6. vr;r tbtq;fNshL Ntz;L –‘ck;’ tpFjp Nrh;j;J cld;ghl;Lg; nghUisAk;
‘M’ tpFjpNrh;j;J vjph;kiwg; nghUisAk; $Wjy; njd;jpuhtpl nkhopfspd;
rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.
7. Vida njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfNshL xg;gpLkplj;J tlnkhopj; jhf;Fjy; kpff;
Fiwe;j nkhop jkpohFk;. tlnkhopia Nkw;nfhz;lhYk; mjidj; jkpo;
xypaikg;Gf;Nfw;g khw;wp mikj;Jf;; nfhz;ldh;.
8. fhy;Lnty; mth;fs; jkJ jpuhtpl nkhop xg;gpyf;fz E}ypy; jkpo; nkhopf;Fr;
rpwg;ghd ,lj;ij mspj;Js;shh;.
9. njhy;jpuhtplj;jpy; Qfu Kjd;nkhopr; nrhw;fs; jkpopy; efu nka;ahf cs;sd.
,jdhy; jhd; goe;jkpopy; Quy;-euy;> Qhy;-ehy;> nQfpo;-nefpo; Nghd;w Qfu-
efu cwo;rr ; p fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
10. njhy;jpuhtplj;jpy; Mz;ghYf;Fhpa ‘fd;’ gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
‘KJf;fd;’ vd;w nrhy; kiyahsj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. goe;jkpopy; ‘Kjpad;’
vd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

jpuhtpl nrhw; gpwg;gpay; mfuhjpapy; njhy; jpuhtpl nkhopf;Fk; kw;w jpuhtpl

nkhopfSf;FkpilNaAs;s ,d xypfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. njhy; jpuhtpl
nkhopf;Fk; jkpOf;FkpilNaAs;s ,d xypfisf; fhz;Nghk;.
njhy;jpuhtpl nkhop jkpo;
* m m
* M M
* , <
* c c
* C C
* v v
* V V
* x x
* X X
* f;- f;>r;
* -f; f;

12
* f;f; f;f;
* -l;l;- l;l;
* s;s; s;s;

KbTiu

njhy;jpuhtplk; vd;gJ gue;Jg;gl;l Xh; mikg;G Kiwahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,jpy; Fwpg;gpl;lNjhh; ,lj;jpid tfpg;gJ njd; jpuhtpl nkhopahFk;. ,j;jpuhtpl
nkhopfspy; jhd; gy;NtW tifahd ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa E}y;fs; Njhd;wp
nkhopapid tsh;j;Jf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,jw;F jf;fNjhh; rhd;whf miktJ njd;
jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; Kjd;ikahf toq;fg;gLk; jkpo; nkhopahFk;.
myF – 1 tpdh tq;fp
2 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.nkhop vd;why; vd;d?
2.xypadpay; vd;why; vd;d?
3.cUgdpay; vd;why; vd;d?
4.nkhop tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfshf rpytw;iwf; $Wf.
5.ciuahrphpah;fs; ,Utiuf; $Wf.
6.jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; je;ij ahh;?
7.jpuhtpl nkhopfs; vj;jid? mit ahit?
8.njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfs; vit?
9.tl jpuhtpl nkhopfs; vit?
10.eLj; jpuhtpl nkhopfs; vit?
11.njd; jpuhtpl nkhopapd; rpwg;gpay;fs; ,uz;L $Wf.
5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.nkhopapd; mikg;G Fwpj;J $Wf.
2.xypadpay;> cUgdpay; gw;wp vOJf.
3.nkhop tuyhw;wpd; gphpTfisf; $Wf.
4.nkhop tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfshf ,yf;fpaq;fs; kw;Wk; ,yf;fzq;fs;
miktijf; $Wf;
5.fy;ntl;Lf;fs; nkhoptuyhw;wpw;F gad;gLtij tpsf;Ff.
6.njd; jpuhtpl nkhopapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; $Wf.
10 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.nkhopapd; mikg;Gk; tuyhWk; gw;wp fl;Liu tiuf.
2.nkhop tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; Fwpj;J Muha;f.
3.njhy; jpuhtpl nkhopAk; mjpy; jkpo; ngWk; ,lk; Fwpj;Jk; fl;Liuf;f

13
 myF 2
1.jkpo;g; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; nkhop
jkpo;g; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; nkhop – njhy;fhg;gpaj; jkpo; -
rq;f fhyj; jkpo; - rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj; jkpo;.
Kd;Diu
xU ehl;bd; tuyhw;wpy; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ,lk; ngWtijg; Nghy xU
nkhopapd; tuyhw;wpYk; mit ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gok; ngUk;
tuyhWfs; gytw;iwg; giw rhw;wp epw;gJld; mit vOjg;gl;bUf;Fk;
nkhopapd; jd;ikiaAk; fhl;b epw;fpd;wd. jkpo;nkhopapy; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; cs;sd. ,tw;Ws; kpfg; goikahdit gpuhkpf;;
fy;ntl;Lf;fshFk;. ,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fp.K %d;whk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;jit
vd;gh;.
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fhZkplq;fs;
fPo tisT> kWfhy;jiy> Midkiy> mofh;kiy> Nkl;Lg;gl;b>
Kj;Jg;gl;b> rpj;jd;dthry;> jpUthjT+h;> tpf;fpukq;fyk;> jpUg;guq;Fd;wk;>
khq;Fsk;> fUq;fhyf; Fb> Gf*h;> murY}h;> khkz;^h; Nghd;w gy ,lq;fspy;
,f;fy;ntl;Lfisf; fhzyhk;. khq;Fsk; fy;ntl;L Kd;ida vOj;J
tbtpw;Fk;> Gf*h;f; fy;ntl;L gpd;ida vOj;J tbtpw;Fk; rhd;whFk;.
jkpo; ehl;bYs;s kpfg; goikahd Fiff; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gpuhkp vOj;jpy;
vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. 20 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ghz;b ehl;by; gy Fiff;
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld. ,f;Fiff; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ,yq;ifapy;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;Lf;fSld; xj;Js;sd. ,U ehLfspYk; fhzg;gLk;
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gpuhkp vOj;jpy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. Ntq;Nfhguht; mth;fs; fp.gp
1903 ,y; fPo tistpy; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;ilf; fz;Lgpbj;jhh;. fp.gp 1906 ,y;
nfikL vd;Dk; Mq;fpNyah; kUfhy;jiyapYs;s fy;ntl;ilf; fz;Lgpbj;jhh;.
Nf.tp Rg;gpukzpa ma;ah; gd;dpuz;L ,lq;fspypUe;J Kg;gJ fy;ntl;Lf;fis
Muha;e;jhh;. ,Ugj;njhU ,lq;fspypUe;J vOgj;njhU gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld.
mhpl;lhgl;b fy;ntl;L
‘fzp, ejh ]PhpaFt
nts; miwa; epfkJ
fhtp jp ,a; fhop jpf me;ij m
]jd; gpzhC nfhLgp Njhd;’

,Nj fy;ntl;il kapiy rPdp Ntq;flrhkp mth;fs; fPo;fz;lthW gphpj;Jg; nghUs;

nfhs;fpwhh;.

‘fzp ee;jh]phpaw;F
nts;siw epfkj;J
fhtpjp fhopjp Me;ija
]Pjd; gpzhT nfhLgpj;jhd;’

14
,jd;nghUshdJ> fzpejp Mrphpah; ngauhFk;. nts;siw vd;gJld; afu nka;
Nrh;j;J vOJjy; mf;fhy KiwahFk;. epfkk; vd;gJ epakkhFk;. epakk; vd;gJ
njUthFk;.

‘fUq;fl; Nfhrh; epak khapDk;’

fhtpjp vd;gJ murdhy; mspf;fg;gLk; gl;lkhFk;. fhopjp vd;gJ Me;ij ngauhFk;.

gpzhT vd;gjw;F gpd;dg;gl;lJ vd;gJ nghUshFk;. ‘nts;siw mq;fhbj; njUtpy;
trpf;fpw fhopjp me;jDila kfd; fzp ee;jhrphpaw;F gpzhT nfhLg;gpj;jhd;’ vd;gNj
,f;fy;ntl;bd; nghUshFk;.

mhpl;lhgl;b fy;ntl;L
‘nts; mil
epfkNjhh;
nfhb Xh;’
nts;sil Chpd; ngah; vd;Wk; epfkNjhh; filj;njUtpy; ,Ug;Nghh; vd;Wk; nfhb Xh;
vd;gijf; nfhl;bNahh; vd;Wk; nghUs; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.

kUfhe;jiyf; fy;ntl;L

‘Ntz; fh]pgd;

FLgpj

fy; fhQ;rzk;’

Ntz; fh]pgd; vd;gij ngauhff; nfhs;syhk;. FLgpj vd;gJ Fl;Lg;gpj;j vd;whFk;.

fhQ;rzk; vd;gJ ,Ug;gplk; vd;w nghUisj; jUk; gpuhfpUjr; nrhy;yhFk;. Ntz;
tFg;igr; rhh;e;j fh]pgd; vd;gtdhy; nfhl;Ltpf;fg;gl;l fy;yhfpa fhQ;rzk; vd;gNj
,jd; nghUshFk;.

mhpf;fNkL gpuhkp vOj;J

‘KjpFOu md; mfy;’

KJF*ud; vd;gtUila mfy; vd;gJ ,jd; nghUshFk;. KJF*uhd; vd;gJ

‘KjpF*u md;’ vd vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. mfy; vd;gJ mfy; tpsf;F MFk;.

jpUg;guq;Fd;wf; fy;ntl;L

‘vU Nfh ^h; <o FLk;gpfd; Nghyhyad;

Nra;jh Ma;ra
; d;

neL rhj;jd;’

,yq;if(<oj;jpypUe;J) te;J vU Nfhl;^hpy; cs;s FLk;gpfdhd Nghyhiyad;>

cwq;Ftjw;Fk; Mo;e;j jpahdk; nra;tjw;Fk; mikj;jhd; vd;gJ ,jd; fUj;jhFk;.

15
fOFkiyf; fy;ntl;L
‘fhzpa ehe;jh ]php aF md; jkhk;
,jh neLQ;rhopahd; ]hyhfhd;
,shQ; rhbfhd; jhe;ija; rhbfhd; nrapghghspa;’
,f;fy;ntl;ilf; fPo;f;fz;lthW gphpj;Jg; nghUs; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
‘fzpa ee;j(M) ]phpa;r ctd; j(k;)kk;
,j(c) m nebQ;ropad; ]hyfd;
,sQ;rbfd; re;ija; rbfd; nr,a gspa;’

mq;F thOk; fzpad; ee;jd; vd;Dk; Jwtpf;Fg; gilf;fg;gl;lJ. neLQ;nropadpd;

ikj;JdDk; (]hyfd;) ,sQ;rbfspd; je;ijAkhd rbfdhy; ,e;jg; gs;sp
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

Gf*h;f; fy;ntl;L

‘es;spa Ch; m gple;ij kfs; fPud; nrhw;w...’

Gf*h;g; gpuhkp vOj;Jf; fy;ntl;L ,yhfhtpd; 1928 Mk; Mz;Lj; njhFg;gpy;

ntspahfpAs;sJ. ,f;fy;ntl;il Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd; mth;fs; gphpj;Jg; nghUs;
nfhs;fpwhh;.

,Nj fy;ntl;il kapiy rPdp Ntq;flrhkp mth;fs; fPo;fz;lthW gphpj;Jg; nghUs;

nfhs;fpwhh;.

‘es;spt; Ch;g; gple;ij kfd; fPud; nfhw;wd;’. gple;ij vd;gJ Misf; Fwpf;Fk;
ngauhFk;. kfhNjtd; mth;fs; kfs; vd;gjw;F kf;fs; vdg; nghUs; nfhs;fpwhh;.
fPud; nfhw;wd; vd;gij ,uz;L ngauhff; nfhs;fpwhh;. es;spA+hpy; tho;e;j gple;ij
vd;gtUila kfdhd fPud; nfhw;wd; fw;gLifia mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jhd; vd;gJ
,jd; nghUshFk;.

rpj;jd;d thry; fy;ntl;L

‘ghfD}h; Nghjhjd;

gpld; ,jhjhnt Nyd;’

ghfD}h; vd;gJ ,uhkehjGuj;jpYs;s CuhFk;. gpld; vd;gJ gpl;ld; vdr; rq;f

,yf;fpaq;fspy; gapd;W tUfpd;wJ. Nyd; vd;Dk; gpuhfpUjr; nrhy;Yf;F Fif
vd;gJ nghUshFk;. ,jhjhnt vd;gijr; rpwg;Gg; ngauhfr; rpyh; nfhs;th;.

Mz;bg;gl;b gpuhkp vOj;J

tl Mh;f;fhL khtl;l nra;ahW jhYf;fhtpYs;s Mz;bg;gl;bapy; fpilj;j

ehzaq;fspy; gpuhkp vOj;J fhzg;gLfpdwJ. ,e;j ehzaq;fs; filr;rq;f fhyj;jpy;
ntspaplg; ngw;wpUf;fyhk; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

‘Nrh;jd; Mjp

vjpuhd; Nr
16
 vjpuh

Vjpdd;’

Nrj;jd;> vjpuhd; vd;w nrhw;fs; njspthfj; njhpfpd;wd. vfu vOj;jpy; eLtpy; Gs;sp
cs;sJ. Vfu xfu nka; Gs;sp ngWk; vd;fpwJ njhy;fhg;gpak;. GjopA+h; fy;ntl;bYk;
vfuj;jpy; Gs;sp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

mjpakhd; fy;ntl;L

njd;dhh;fhL khtl;lj;jpy; jpUf;NfhtpY}h;f;F mUfpYs;s [k;ig vd;Dkplj;jpy;

,f; fy;ntl;L fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ.

‘]jpaGNjh mjpae; neLkhQ; mQ;rp <j;j ghsp’

mjpaid ]jpaGNjh mjpaQ; neLkhQ;; mQ;rp vd;W toq;FfpwJ. mNrhfuJ

fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; Nrhoh;> ghz;bah;> NfusGj;uh;> ]j;jpaGj;uh; MfpNahiug; gw;wpf;
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ]jpaGNjh vd;gth; mjpakhd;fshf ,Uf;ff; $Lk; vdf;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,f;fy;ntl;L %yk; mNrhfh; $Wk; ]j;a Gj;uh;fs; mjpakhd;fs;
vdj; jpl;ltl;lkhfj; njhpfpwJ. mjpaidg; ngha;ah vopdp(rj;aGj;uh) vdg; GwehD}W
$WtJ ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,f;fy;ntl;L fp.gp Kjy; E}w;whz;L vd lhf;lh; ,uh.
ehfrhkp mth;fs; $Wfpd;whh;fs;.

fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; vOj;J khw;wq;fs;

njhy; jpuhtpl xypad; mikg;Ng Fiff; fy;ntl;L fhyj;jpYk; tpsq;fpaJ.

m> ,> c> v> x vd;fpw Ie;J caph;fSk; mtw;wpd; neby; caph;fSk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Ifhuk; ngUk;ghYk; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; te;Js;sJ. Mdhy; Iad;>
Ik;gJ Nghd;w nrhw;fspy; nkhop Kjypy; te;Js;sJ. Ifhu <whf ,yf;fpaj;jpy;
tUgit mfu <whff; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; te;Js;sd. Xsfhuk; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy;
fhzg;gltpy;iy. caph; vOj;Jf;fspy; Fwpy;> neby; NtWghL xypad; ,ay;GilaJ.

Vfhu> Xfhu neby; caph;fSf;Fj; jdpNa thp tbtk; ,y;iy. Mdhy; nghUs;
NtWghL cz;L. vy;yh caph; vOj;Jf;fSk; nrhy;ypd; KjypYk; ,ilapYk;
tUfpd;wd. Mdhy; <> v> x vd;w %d;Wk; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; thuh. gpwnty;yhk;
tUfpd;wd. ,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; nka; kaf;fq;fistpl caph; kaf;fq;fNs mjpfk;.
Mdhy; afuKk; tfuKk; clk;gL nka;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; nka;kaf;fk; mike;Js;sJ NghyNt Fiff;

fy;ntl;Lf;fspYk; nka;kaf;fq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. f;>r;>e;>g;>k;>t;>a; vd;w vl;Lk; nrhy;
Kjypy; tUfpd;wd. z;>k;>a;>h;>y;>o;>s;>d; vd;w vl;Lk; nrhy; ,Wjpapy; tUfpd;wd. afuk;
Mfhuj;NjhL nkhop KjyhtJ Gf*h;f; fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLk;.

nkhop ,Wjpapy; tUk; %f;nfhypfs; xypf;fg;glhky; Kd;Ds;s caph;fs;

%f;nfhypr; rhay; ngWfpd;wd.

17
 Nra;jhd; - nra;jh

te;jhd; - te;jh

%f;nfhyp kUq;nfhypahjy; gpw;fhyj;jpa khw;wkhFk;. fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; %f;nfhypNa

tpsq;FfpwJ. fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; rpwg;G ofuk; lfukhfp cs;sJ.

fO – fL

,d;W tfuk; toq;fpa ,lq;fspy; md;W gfuk; toq;fpaJ.

nfhl;Ltpj;j – Fl;Lgpj;j

xypg;gpyh ntbg;nghypfs; fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rpq;fs nkhopj; njhlh;ghy;

,ul;il nka;fs; xw;iw nka;fshfNt vOjg;gl;ld.

FLgpj – Fl;Lg;gpj;j

VUNfh^h; - VUf;Nfhl;^h;

nkhop <w;W kfuk; tUnkhop rfuk; tUk;NghJ Qfukhfj; jphpfpd;wJ.

neLk; rhhpad; - neLQ;rhhpad;

,sk; rhhpfs; - ,sQ;rhhpfs;

caphPw;Wg; gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fs; kfu <w;iwg; ngw;Wj; jkpohapd.

fhQ;rz – fhQ;rzk;

kfuk; kiwjYk; cz;L

neLrhj;jd;

jkpo;g; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; nrhw;nwhlh; mikg;Gj; jkpo; Kiwg;gb

mike;Js;sJ.

‘Ntz;Nfhrpgd; nfhl;btpj;j fy;Fif’

jw;fhyj; jkpo; NghyNt rpwg;Gg; ngaUk; ,aw;ngaUk; ,Unganuhl;Lf;fshf mike;J

mt;tikg;gpdhNyNa tpNrbf;Fk; jd;ik Rl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. fhtpjp> Mrhd;> mwptd;
Kjypad rhjp my;yJ njhopiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;like;j ngah;fshFk;.
njhy;fhg;gpag;gb rpwg;Gg;ngah; ,aw;ngaUf;F Kd;dh; tuNtz;Lk;. jkpo;g; gpuhkpf;
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; mt;thNw te;Js;sJ.

Ntz; Nfhrpgd;

fzpad; ,af;Ftd;

cghrd; Nghj;jd;

18
ngah;fs; ehL> Ch;g;ngah; Fwpj;j nrhw;fs; gpd;dh;f; $wg;gl;ld.

VWNfhl;^h; <of;FLk;gpfd; Nghyhyad;

neLk;> ,sk; vd;w gz;GfSf;Fg; gpd; ,aw;ngah; toq;fg;gl;ld.

neL rhj;jd;

,sQ; rhhpfd;

,d;W tof;fpoe;j goe;jkpo;r; nrhy;tbtq;fs; gy fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

mit>

ghop

Nts;

rhj;jd;

Nra;apa

KbTiu

filr;rq;f fhyj;jpy; gpuhfpUj nkhopr; nrhw;fs; jkpo; ehl;by; toq;fp te;jijg;

gw;wp gpuhkp vOj;Jf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; cs;sq;;if ney;ypf;fdpg; Nghy tpsf;Ffpd;wd.
gpuhfpUjr; nrhw;fs; jkpopy; fye;jikf;Fg; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; rhd;W gfh;fpd;wd.
NkYk; jkpo; nkhopapd; tuyhw;iw mwpa jkpo;g; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ngUe;Jizg;
Ghpfpd;wd.

2. njhy;fhg;gpaj; jkpo;

Kd;Diu

jkpopy; fhzg;gLk; kpfg; goikahd ,yf;fz E}y; njhy;fhg;gpak; MFk;.

,e;E}y; Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;dNu jkpopy; tphpe;j ,yf;fzg; gug;G ,Ue;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa #oypy; jhd; njhy;fhg;gpak; Nghd;w E}y;fs; cUthapUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. jpuhtpl nkhopfspNy ,e;E}y; kpfg; goikahd E}yhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyk;

njhy;fhg;gpahpd; fhyj;ijg; gw;wpg; gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fs; epyTfpd;wd.

kiwkiyabfs;> nts;isthuzh;> Nghd;Nwhh; ,iwadhh; fstpay; top epd;Wk;
mfr;rhd;W> Gwr;rhd;W top epd;Wk; njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyk; fp.K 5000 Mz;Lfl;F
Kw;gl;lJ vdf; $Wfpd;wdh;. tlnkhopapy; ,yf;fzk; tFj;j ghzpdpf;Fk; Kw;gl;lth;
njhy;fhg;gpah; vd lhf;lh; NrhkRe;ju ghujp $Wfpd;whh;. ,uhfitaq;fhh; fp.K 3 Mk;
E}w;whz;L vd;fpwhh;. lhf;lh; rg;gpukzpa rh];jphpahh; fp.K 200 – 100 vd;W
$Wfpd;whh;. v];.itahGhpg;gps;is fp.gp 5 Mk; E}w;whz;L vd;fpwhh;. njhy;fhg;gpaj;
jkpopd; ,ay;Gfs;> rq;f ,yf;fpa nkhop mikg;G Mfpatw;iw MuhAk; NghJ
njhy;fhg;gpak; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F Kw;gl;ljhf cs;sJ vd;gij mwpfpNwhk;.

19
njhy;fhg;gpa gFg;G Kiw

njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; gFg;G Kiw ,d;iwa nkhopapayhhpd; gFg;G Kiwiag;

nghpJk; xj;Js;sJ. nkhopapayhh; Kjypy; xypad;fisAk; xypad;fs; Gzh;r;rpapy;
milAk; khw;wq;fisAk; cUgd;fisAk; njhluikg;G gw;wpAk; thpirahf tpsf;Fth;.
,tw;iw vOj;jpay;> Gzhpay;> cUgdpay;> njhlhpay; vd;Wk; $wyhk;.

jkpo; xypfspd; gpwg;Gg; gww;wpj; njhy;fhg;gpaah; gpwg;gpaypy; njspthf

tpsf;fpAs;shh;.

capnuhypfspd; gpwg;G

njhy;fhg;gpah; gd;dpU caph;fspd; gpwg;Gg; gw;wpg; NgRifapy; ‘kplw;Wg;

gpwe;jtsp’ vd;W $Wfpd;whh;.

‘mtw;Ws;

m M Mapuz;L mq;fhe;J ,aYk;’

mfuKk; MfhuKk; thiaj; jpwj;jyhNy gpwf;fpd;wd. ,tw;iw fPo; eL caph; vd;gh;.

‘, < vV Ivd ,irf;Fk;

mg;ghy; Ie;Jk; mtw;Nwh ud;d

mitjhk;

mz;gy; Kjy;eh tpspk;Gwy; cila’

‘c C x X xsvd ,irf;Fk;

mg;ghy; Ie;Jk; ,jo;Ftpe;J ,aYk;’

vd caph; vOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;G Fwpj;J tpsf;Ffpd;whh;.

fileh xypg;ghdhf mikjy;

fileh filaz;zj;Jld; nghUe;Jk; NghJ filaz;z ntbg;nghypahd ffu

nka;Ak; mjw;F ,izahd %f;nfhypahd qfu nka;Ak; gpwf;fpd;wd.

‘ffhu qfhuk; Kjy;eh mz;zk;’

,ileh xypg;ghdhf mikjy;

,ilehthdJ mz;z cr;rpf;F mUfpYs;s ,ilaz;zj;NjhL nghUe;Jtjhy;

,ilaz;z xypfs; gpwf;fpd;wd.

‘rfhu Qfhuk; ,ileh mz;zk;’

Edpeh Edpaz;z xyp

20
 ehthdJ mz;zj;ijj; njhLtjhy; xypad; ,ay;G khWgLfpwJ.

‘lfhu zfhuk; Edpeh mz;zk;’

cunrhypfs;

Edpeh mz;zj;jhy; gpwf;Fk; ,uz;lhtJ tif xypfs; mz;gy; cunrhypAk;

Edpeh cunrhypAk; MFk;. mit KiwNa ufuKk; ofuKk; MFk;.

‘Edpeh mzhp mz;zk; tUl

ufhu ofhuk; Mapuz;Lk; gpwf;Fk;’

kUq;nfhyp

Edpeh mz;zj;jhy; gpwf;fk; %d;whtJ xypfs; yfhuKk; sfhuKk; MFk;.

‘ehtpspk;G tPq;fp mz;gy;KjYw

Mtapd; mz;zk; xw;wTk; tUlTk;

yfhuk; sfhuk; Mapuz;Lk; gpwf;Fk;’

<hpjo; xyp

gfu nka;Ak; kfu nka;Ak; <hpjo; xypfshFk;.

‘,jopiae;j gpwf;Fk; gfhu kfhuk;’

gy;ypjnohyp

Nkw; gy;Yk; fPo; cjLk; $l tfuk; gpwf;Fk;.

‘gy;,jo; ,iaa tfhuk; gpwf;Fk;’

rhh;G vOj;Jf;fs;

njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wk; Fw;wpaYfuk;> Fw;wpaypfuk;> Ma;jk; vd;w rhh;ngOj;Jf;fs;

jj;jkf;F chpa rhh;ghf nka;fs; gpwg;gplj;jpy; gpwf;Fk;. ,it rhh;e;J tUk; kugpid
cilad.

‘mitjhk;

Fw;wpa ypfuk; Fw;wpa Yfuk;

Ma;jk; vd;w

Kg;ghw; Gs;spAk; vOj;Njhud;d’

Fw;wpaYfuk;

21
 cfuk;; jdf;Fhpa khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;J xypg;gJ Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;.

ghf;F-fbJ – ghf;Ff;fbJ

Fw;wpaypfuk;

,fuk;; jdf;Fhpa khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;J xypg;gJ Fw;wpaypfuk; MFk;.

Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; jphpG Fw;wpaypfukhFk;. Fw;wpaYfuj;ij <whfTila nrhy;iy afu
nkhop Kjy; nrhy; njhlh;e;jhy; cfuk; ,fukhFk;.

ghf;F-ahJ – ghf;fpahJ

xU nrhy;ypy; kfuj;ijj; njhlh;e;J ah thpd; kfuk; ,fuj;ijg; ngWk;.

Nfz;k;-ah – Nfz;kpah

Ma;jk;

sfuj;jpid ,Wjpahf cila nrhy;NyhL jfuk; NrUk;NghJ Ma;jk; Njhd;Wk;

Ks;-jPJ – K/BJ

nkhop Kjyhjy;

gd;dpuz;L caph; vOj;Jf;fSk; nkhop Kjypy; tUk;.

mk;kh> ML> ,iy> <l;b> ciy> Cjh> vyp> Vzp> Ith;> xl;lfk;> Xlk;>
xsit

rpy nka;naOj;Jf;fs; rpy caph;fNshL Nrh;e;J jhd; nkhop Kjypy; tUk;. f>r>j>k>g
Kjypad

fiy> fpsp

re;jpud;> nre;eha;

jq;fk;> njha;ay;

nkhop ,Wjpahjy;

xs ePq;fyhf Vida gjpndhU vOj;Jf;fSk; nkhopf;F ,Wjpahf tUk;. ffu

tfuq;fNshL ,iae;j xsfhuk; nkhop ,Wjpapy; tUk;. vfuk; ve;j nka;AlDk;
<whfhJ. Fw;wpaYfuk; <whFk;. efuj;Jld; kl;Lk; xfuk; <whFk;. nky;nyhypfspy; q
jtpu Vida Ie;Jk; <whFk;. ,ilnaOj;Jf;fs; MWNk <whFk;. tfu nka; ehd;F
nrhw;fspy; <whFk;.

mt;>,t;> ct;> njt;

22
vz;Zg;ngah;fs;

njhy;fhg;gpah; vz;Zg; ngah;fisg; ngah;fshff; nfhz;L ngahpaypy;

$wpAs;shh;. vz;Zg; ngah;fSf;Fg; ngah; tbtk;> ngauil tbtk; vd ,U tiffs;
cz;L. ngah; tbtk; jdpj;jpaq;FtJ. ngauil tbtk; fl;LUgdhf ,aq;FtJ.

xd;W

,jd; khw;WUGfshf njhy;fhg;gpah; Xh;> xU> xd;W> Mfpa tbtq;fisf;

$Wfpd;whh;.

,J nka; Kjy; nrhw;fspd; Kd;Dk; nka;k; KjyhfTila tpFjpfspd; Kd;Dk;

tUfpd;wJ.
xU – ngah;
xU - nkhop
,uz;L
,jd; khw;WUGfs; ,U> <h;> ,h;> ,uz;L
,U vd;gJ nka; Kjy; nrhw;fspd; Kd; tUfpd;wd.
,U – ngah;
%d;W
,jd; khw;WUGfshf K> %> %d;W cs;sd.
nka; Kjw; nrhw;fspd; Kd; K tUfpd;wJ.
K-gJ – Kg;gJ
K-ngah; - Kg;ngah;
ehd;F
,jd; khw;WUGfs; ehy;> ehd;F
ehy; ngah;fSf;F Kd; tUfpd;wJ.
ehy;-nrhy; - ehw;nrhy;
Ie;J
,jd; khw;WUGfs; I> Ie;> Ik;> Ie;J
I miu caph; nrhw;fSf;F Kd; tUfpd;wJ.
I tif
nka;k; Kjy; nrhw;fSf;F Kd;Dk; tUfpd;wJ.
Ie;E}W

MW
,jd; khw;WUGfs; mW> MW
mW nka;k; Kjy; nrhw;fSf;F Kd; tUfpd;wJ.
mWnghUs;
mWehs;
VO
,jd; khw;WUGfs; vO> Vo;
vO kw;w ngah;fSf;F Kd; tUfpd;wJ.
vl;L
,jd; khw;WUGfs; vz;> vl;L
vz; rPh;
xd;gJ

23
 ,jd; khw;WUGfs; xd;gjpd;> xd;gjpw;W> njhz;L> xd;g/J
xd;gjpd; Jiwj;J
gj;J
,jd; khw;WUGfs; gJ> g/J> gd;> gjpd;> ghd;> gj;J
,U-gJ
,U-g/J
Ntw;Wik
Ntw;Wikapd; tiffshf njhy;fhg;gpah; vl;bidf; $Wfpd;whh;.
‘Ntw;Wik jhNk Vnod nkhopg’
‘tpsp nfhs; tjd;fz; tpspnah nll;Nl’
Ntw;Wik cUGfisAk; njhy;fhg;gpah; $wpr; nry;fpd;whh;.
‘mitjhk;
ngah; I xL F
,d; mJ fz; tpsp nad;Dk; <w;w’
Kjy; Ntw;Wik

‘vOtha; Ntw;Wik ngah;Njhd;W epiyNa’

vdf; $Wtjhy; Kjy; Ntw;Wikiag; ngah; vd;Wk; vOtha; vd;Wk; nghUspd;

ngauhy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik

,jd; cUG I MFk;. ,jd; nghJj; jd;ikia vt;top thpDk; tpidNa>

tpidf;Fwpg;G mt;tpU Kjypy; Njhd;Wk; vd;W njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wfpd;whh;.

fht Nyhdf; fspwQ; Rk;Nk

%d;whk; Ntw;Wik

njhy;fhg;gpah; %d;whk; Ntw;Wikapd; cUghf xL vd;Wk; mJ tpid Kjy;>

fUtp vd;w mbg;gilapy; Njhd;Wk; vd;Wk; $Wfpwhh;.

Gj;jfj;NjhL te;jhd;

ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik

ehd;fhk; Ntw;wik cUG F vd;Wk; mJ vg;nghUshapDk; nfhs;Sk; vd;Wk;

njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wfpd;whh;.

,t;Ntw;Wik Nehf;F> nfhil> vy;iy> Kiw Mfpa nghUl;fspy; tUtijf;

fhzyhk;.

rhj;jDf;Ff; nfhL

Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik

24
 Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUG ,d; MFk;. ,J ,jdpd; ,w;W ,J vd;w
tha;g;ghl;by; tUk;. njhy;fhg;gpah; xg;Gg; nghUs;> ePq;fw; nghUs;> mr;rg; nghUs;
Mfpatw;wpYk; tUk; vd;fpwhh;.

kuj;jpd; epoy;

Mwhk; Ntw;Wik

Mwhk; Ntw;Wikapd; cUG mJ vd;gjhFk;. ,t;TUG jd;dpYk; gpwpjpDk;

,jdJ ,J vd;Dk; fpoikapy; Njhd;Wk; vdTk; njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wfpd;whh;.

kuj;jpdJ epoy;

Vohk; Ntw;Wik

Vohk; Ntw;Wikapd; cUG fz; vd;gjhFk;. mJ tpid nra;Akplk;> epyk;>

fhyk; Mfpa %d;W nghUspy; tUk; vd;W njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wfpd;whh;.

vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik

,t;tpsp Ntw;Wikf;Fj; jdp cUG fpilahJ. ngah;r; nrhy;ypd; <W nfl;Lk;

jphpe;Jk; gpw xypfs; <w;wpy; ,ize;Jk; tpsp Ntw;Wik tbtq;fs; mikfpd;wd.

%tif fhyk;

‘fhye; jhNk %d;nwd nkhopg’

vd;W $wp %tiff; fhyj;ijg; gw;wpj; njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

‘,wg;gpd; epfo;tpd; vjph;tpd; vd;wh’

vd;W $wp ,wg;G> epfo;T> vjph;T vd;w %d;W fhyj;ijr; Rl;Lfpd;whh;.

nganur;rk;

nra;Ak;> nra;j> nra;ah Mfpa tha;g;ghl;Lf; fpstpfis ,q;F nganur;rk;

vd;w nrhy;yhy; Fwpf;fpd;wij njhy;fhg;gpahh; nganuQ;R fpstp vd;w njhluhy;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

tpidnar;rk;

njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; tpidapaypy; tpidnar;rk; gw;wpg; NgRtdthfg; gj;J

E}w;ghf;fs; cs;sd.

‘nra;J nra;A+r; nra;G nra;njdr;

nra;apah; nra;apa nrapd; nrar; nraw;nfd

mt;tif xd;gJk; tpidnaQ;R fpstp’

25
vd tUk; ,e;E}w;ghtpYs;s tha;g;ghLfspd; mikg;ig cila vy;yhf; fpstpfSk;
tpidnaQ;R fpstpfNs vd;gJ njhy;fhg;gpah; Nfhl;ghL.

Xlhf; Fjpiu

tpaq;Nfhs; tpid

f> ,a> ,ah; Mfpa %d;wpidAk; tpaq;Nfhs; tpid Kw;Wf;fshf $Wth;

tho;f> thopa> thopah;

‘Vty; fz;zpa tpaq;Nfhl; fpstp’

vdf; $Wtjhy; tpaq;Nfhs; Vty; fz;zpa tpidahfTk; tUk;.

KbTiu

njhy;fhg;gpa fUj;Jf;fs; midj;Jk; jkpo; nkhopapd; jd;ikapid mwptjw;F

rpwe;j rhd;whf mike;Js;sd. vf;fhyf; fl;lj;jpw;Fk; nkhopapay; Ma;tpid
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Ma;thsUf;F rpwe;j rhjdkhf tpsq;FtJ njhy;fhg;gpj;jpd; jdpr;
rpwg;ghFk;. Nkw;$wpa nra;jpfs; kl;Lkpd;wp njhy;fhg;gpak; ngah;> tpid Kjyhd
nrhw;fspd; tiffisAk;> kf;fspd; mfg; Gw tho;tpid vLj;jpak;Gk;
fUj;Jf;fisAk; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;L kpspUk; rpwj;j gilg;ghfTk; kpsph;fpd;wJ.

3.rq;ffhyj; jkpo;

Kd;Diu

rq;f ,yf;fpak; vd;W rpwg;ghff; Fwpf;fg; ngWtd vl;Lj;njhifAk;

gj;Jg;ghl;Lk; MFk;. nkhop tuyhw;wpy; ,f;fhyg; gFjpiag; goe;jkpo;f; fhyk; vd;gh;.
goe;jkpo; E}y;fspy; gjpw;Wg;gj;J> Iq;FWE}W> mfehD}W> ew;wpiz> FWe;njhif>
GwehD}W> gj;Jg;ghl;L Nghd;w E}y;fSf;Fk; ghpghly;> fypj;njhif> rpyg;gjpfhuk;>
kzpNkfiy> jpUf;Fws; Mfpa E}y;fSf;FkpilNa nkhop epiyapy; gy
NtWghLfisf; fhzyhk;.

rq;f fhyk;

rq;f fhyj;jpidg; gw;wpAk; rq;f fhyj; jkpo;; gw;wpAk; mfj;jpa ypq;fk;>

nj.ngh.kP> itahGhpg;gps;is> t.Rg. khzpf;fk;> jp.eluhrd; Nghd;Nwhh; Muha;e;J
gy;NtW E}y;fis vOjpAs;sdh;. ,itaidj;jk; rq;f ,yf;fpa nkhopaikg;ig
tpsf;Fk; tifapy; mike;Js;sd. rq;fk; vd;w nrhy; kzpNkfiyapy; jhd;
Kjd;Kjypy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,yf;fpak; vd;w nrhy;Yk; gpw;fhyj;jpNy jhd;
gapyg;gl;L te;jJ. vdNt rq;f ,yf;fpak; vd;w njhlh; gpw;fhyj;jtuhy; Gidag;
ngw;wjhFk;.

njhy;fhg;gpaj;jkpo; - rq;f fhyj; jkpo;

njhy;fhg;gpaj; jkpopy; fhzg;gl;l $Wfs; rq;f fhyj; jkpopYk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rpy khw;wq;fisj; jtpu rq;ffhyj; jkpo; KOf;f KOf;f

26
njhy;fhg;gpaj; jkpohFk;. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; gd;dpuz;L caph; vOj;Jf;fSk; nkhop
Kjypy; te;Js;sd. f>j>g>k>r vd;Dk; Ie;J nka;naOj;Jf;fSk; vy;;yh
capnuOj;Jf;fNshLk; Nrh;e;J nkhopf;F Kjypy; te;Js;sd. rfuk; m>I>xs
ePq;fyhf xd;gJ capnuOj;Jf;fNshL ,ize;J nkhop Kjypy; tUk;. rq;f
,yf;fpaj;jpy; xd;gJ caph;fNshL kl;Lkpd;wp m> I Ald; ,ize;J nkhop Kjypy;
rfuk; te;Js;sJ. tfuk; c>C>x>X vd;Dk; caph;fs; xope;j Vida vl;L
caph;fNshL ,ize;J nkhop Kjypy; tUk; vd;W njhy;fhg;gpak; $WtJ Nghd;W
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpYk; tUfpd;wd.

tLfh;- ew;wpiz 212

thil- ew;wpiz 5

ntFsp- nghUe 172

Nte;jd;- mfk; 24

rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Qfuk; m>v>x NthL ,ize;J nkhop Kjypy; tUtJld; m>,
NahL ,ize;Ek; nkhop KjyhfpwJ.

Quy;- gjpw; 30

QpkpW- Gwk; 93

afuk; MNthL kl;Lky;yhJ mfuj;NjhLk; Cfhuj;NjhLk; ,ize;J nkhop Kjypy;

te;Js;sJ.

atdh;- mfk; 149

A+gk;- gjpw; 67

gjpndhU caph; vOj;Jf;fSk; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; nkhop ,Wjpapy; tUfpd;wd.

Q>z>e>k>d>a>u>y>t>o>s vd;Dk; gjpndhU nka;fSs; Qfuk; jtpu Vida gj;Jk;
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; nkhopf;F ,Wjpahf te;Js;sd.

nka;k;kaf;fk;

njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLk; nka;k;kaf;fq;fs; rpytw;iwj; jtpu midj;J

nka;k;kaf;fq;fSk; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. clk;gL nka;ahd afu
tfuq;fspd; tUif rq;ffhyj;jpy; kpFjpahFk;. ,jdhy; caph; kaf;fq;fs;
jtph;f;fg;gl;ld.

‘nra;A spWjpg; Nghyp nkhoptapd;

dfhu kfhuk; <nuhw; whFk;’

27
NghYk; vd;w nrhy; Nghd;k; vd;whFk; vd;gh;. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; NtW rpy
nrhw;fisAk; fhzyhk;.

rhd;k;- ew; 381

jpd;k;- Gwk; 150

v-m khw;wk;

Fwpyhfpa vfuk; nkhopapWjpapy; thuh. nrhy;ypd; ,ilapYk; tUtjpy;iy.

NkYk; m/J mfukhfp jd;ikia czh;j;Jk;.

vd;-md; Mapw;W. ,k;khw;wj;ij njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpNyNa fhzyhk;.

jd;ikg; gd;ik

‘nrwpTk; Nrzpfe; jd;Nw awpNt

Mq;fl; nry;fk;’ – FWe; 219

,jpy; nry;Fk; vd;gJ nry;fk; vd;whdJ.

C-M khw;wk;

nra;A+ vd;w tbtk; ,we;j fhyk; fhl;LtjhFk;. Cfhuj;ij nrhy;ypWjpahfg;

ngw;w mhpar; nrhy;yhFk;. nra;A+ vd;gJ nra;ah vd khwpaJ.

‘epyq;fpisah.........epd;Nwhs;’ – mfk; 16

%f;nfhyp kiwT

%f;nfhypia ,Wjpahf cila nrhw;fspy; %f;nfhyp kUq;nfhypahapw;W.

d-Q – md;id-mQ;iQ

M-X – nrd;whh;-nrd;Nwhh;

m-x – fpotd;-fpoNthd;

afu xyp kiwjy;

Mfhuj;jpw;F Kd; tUk; afu nka; nfl;Ls;sJ Xh; xyp khw;wkhFk;.

ahL-ML

ahik-Mik

,jid Nekpehjk;

28
 ‘ah Kjw; Ngh; M KjyhFk;’

vdf; $Wfpd;wJ.

cwo;rr
; p

goe;jkpopy; cwo;r;rp rw;W mjpfkhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

mfy;G- gjpw; 43

mfy;T- ew; 388

mirG- mfk; 106

mirT- mfk; 29

gjpypL ngah;fs;

jkpo; nkhopapy; fhzg;gLk; jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk; Mfpatw;wpw;F

mbg;gilahf miktJ gjpypL ngah;fshFk;. ,jid njhy;fhg;gpah;

‘jd;ik Kd;dpiy glh;f;if nad;Dk;

mk;% tplj;jk; chpa vd;g’

vdf; $Wfpwhh;.

gz;ilj; jkpopy; ,U tpjkhd gjpypL ngah;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Rl;Lg;

ngah;fshf cs;s mtd;> mts;> mth;> mJ> mit Nghd;wit xU tifahFk;.
Rl;Lg; ngauy;yhj jhk;> jhd; Nghd;wit kw;nwhU tifahFk;.

ePaph;-ePh;

Ek;-ck;>ckf;F

jhd;> jhk; rpy ,lq;fspy; mOj;j mir epiyahfTk; jw;Rl;Lg; ngauhfTk;

gad;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wd.

‘mspNjh jhNd Njhop’ – ew;wp114

‘md;id jhd; mwpe;jd;W’ – ew;wp175

gyh;ghy; tpFjpahfg; ngahpy; khh; tpFjp gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Njhopkhh;

Iad;khh;

fhy NtWghL

29
 njhy;fhg;gpah; %d;W fhyj;ijg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;lhYk; fhy ,ilepiyfisg;
gw;wpj; njspthf Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. rq;ffhyj; jkpopy; ,we;j fhyk;> ,wg;gpy;yhf;
fhyk; vd;w NtWghNl fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,we;j fhyk;

-j;->-e;j;->-j;j;->-l;->-w;->-f;->-mf-,d;-,-,a;-a;->-d;- Nghd;wit ,we;j fhy

,ilepiyfshf rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

nra;jdk;- FWe; 304

nra;J- mf 32

mwpe;jndd;- mfk; 172

nfhLj;j- ew;wp 110

fz;lzd;- FWe; 311

,wg;gpy;yhf; fhyk;

-t;->-g;->-g;g;->-k;->-e;- Nghd;wit ,wg;gpyhf; fhy ,ilepiyfshf cs;sd.

,Lntd;- Gwk; 178

-f;-j;-l;-w;- Nghd;w fhy ,ilepiy jd;ikapYk; Kd;dpiyapYk; tUfpd;wd.

mwpif- Gwk; 186

-d;wp- mfk; 81

,wg;gpy;yh fhyk; fhl;l ce;>j;>ck;>f; Mfpa gy tpFjpfs; cs;sd.

mwpeh;

nghOeh;

mwpjp

vjph;fhy tpFjpahf ffuKk; tfuKk; Nrh;j;Jg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

Nra;FNtd;

ngUFtph;

njhopw;ngah;

njhopw;ngah; my;>jy;>G>T>,ah;>r;rp>mk;>F Nghd;w tpFjpfisg; ngw;Wr; rq;f

,yf;fpaj;jpy; gapd;w tUfpd;wd.

30
 voy;- FWe; 325

fbjy;- mfk; 28

#o;rr
; p- FWe; 73

jpirg;ngah;

fpof;F> Nkw;F vd;w ,U nrhw;fSk; KiwNa fPo;> Nky; vd;w ,lg;nghUspy;

te;Js;sdNt jtpu jpirg; nghUspy; tutpy;iy. mt;tpU jpirfSk; KiwNa

Fzf;F- gjpw; 50

Flf;F- Gwk; 64

vd;W te;Js;sd.

,lg;ngah;fs;

jd;ik xUik

goe;jkpopy; jd;ik xUik tpFjpfshf Vd;> vd;> md;> my; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

te;Njd;

cilNad;

vd; ngUk;ghYk; md; rhhpiaf;Fg; gpd;dNu tUfpd;wJ.

te;jndd;

my; ,wg;gpy; fhy ,ilepiyf;Fg; gpd;dNu tUfpd;wJ.

mQ;Rty;

jd;ikg; gd;ik

jd;ikg; gd;ik tpFjpfshf Vk;> vk;. Fk;> ,Fk;. Wk;> Xk; Nghd;wit rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

tpl;Nlk;

fz;lndk;

cz;Fk;

Kd;dpiy xUik

I>Ma; Mfpa tpFjpfs; Kd;dpiy xUikiaf; fhl;LtdthFk;.

31
 ,ioj;jid

gpioj;jha;

Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik

Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik tpFjpahf ,h;> <h; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

vd;wdph;

fhzPh;

glh;f;if

Mz;ghy;

md;> Md;> xd; Nghd;wit Mz;ghy; glh;f;if tpFjpfshFk;. Md; tpFjp rq;f
fhyj; jkpopy; vjph;kiwapy; tu rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;jkpopy; fhy ,ilepiyf;Fg;
gpd;dh; tUtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

vd;wdd;

nfhz;lhd;

ngz;ghy;

rq;f ,tf;fpaq;fspy; ms;. Ms;> xs; tpFjpfs; ngz;ghiyf; fhl;LtdthFk;.

te;jds;

nry;thspa

gyh;ghy;

gyh;ghy; fhl;Lk; mh;. Mh; Nghd;w tpFjpfspy; Mh; tpFjpiaf; fhl;bYk; Xh;
tpFjpNa mjpfk; rq;fj; jkpopy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

myh;e;jdh;

nfhz;lhh;

xd;wd;ghy;

goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; mJ>J>j;J>W>L Mfpa tpFjpfs; xd;wd; ghiyf;

fhl;Ltdthf cs;sd.

nrd;wJ

cjthJ

te;jd;W

32
gytpd;ghy;

m>I gytpd;ghy; tpFjpfshf cs;sd.

,Ue;jd

nghope;jit

tpaq;Nfhs; tpid

tpaq;Nfhs; tbtq;fshd thopa> thop vd;w tof;fhWfSf;Fg; gjpyhf tho;f

vd;gJ tof;Fg; ngWfpwJ.

‘tUe;j Ntz;lh tho;f mtd; jhNs’

rq;ffhyj; njhlhpay;

rq;f fhyj; jkpopd; njhlhpayhdJ kpf ePz;l fyg;G thf;fpaq;fshf cs;sd.

vspikahd thf;fpaq;fs; kpf mUfpNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

vOtha;-gadpiy

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; cs;> ,y;> my; Mfpa tpidabfSk; vOtha;-gadpiy ,iaG

gpwohj epiyapNy tuf; fhz;fpNwhk;.

Nfl;Feh; csh;nfhy;

vOtha;-nrag;gLg;nghUs;-,y; vd;w rq;f ,yf;fpa mikg;ghdJ vOtha;-F Ntw;Wik-

,y; vd;w mikg;ghf khwp tUtijf; fhzyhk;.

mtd; mr;rk; ,yd;(rq;f ,yf;fpak;)

mtDf;F mr;rk; ,y;iy(,d;iwa jkpo;)

thf;fpa tiffs;

rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; thf;fpa tiffs; gythf cs;sd.

nra;jp thf;fpaq;fs;

nra;jp thf;fpaq;fis 1.cld;ghl;L thf;fpaq;fs; 2.vjph;kiw thf;fpaq;fs; vd

,uz;lhfg; gphpf;fyhk;.

Mlth; vah;epiy cyfk; va;jpdh;

ahk; mJ Ngzpd;Nwhk; ,yNk

tpdh thf;fpaq;fs;

rq;f ,yf;fpa tpdh thf;fpaq;fs; %d;W tif mikg;ig ciladthf

cs;sd. 1.tpdh tpFjp ,ilr;nrhy; Vw;w thf;fpaq;fs;

33
 myNu kiwj;jy; xy;YNkh

2.tpdhg;gjpypL Vw;w thf;fpaq;fs;

,dp ahh; csNuh

3.nra;jp thf;fpak;-my; tpdh thf;fpaq;fs;

Cud; vd;fz; mog;gphpe;jdd; my;yNdh

czh;T thf;fpaq;fs;

tpag;G> ,uf;fk;> Jauk;> kfpo;rr

; p Nghd;w czh;Tfis ntspg;gLj;Jgit.
MapDk; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Jau czh;it ntspg;gLj;Jk; thf;fpaq;fNs
kpFjpahf tuf; fhz;fpNwhk;.

me;Njh ve;ij milahg; Nghpy;

fyg;G thf;fpaq;fs;

jiyik thf;fpaj;jpDs; nganur;rj; njhlh;fs;> epug;gpaj; njhlh;fs;>

tpidnar;rj; njhlh;fs;> Fiwnar;rj; njhlh;fs;> epge;jidnar;rj; njhlh;fs;>
tpLg;Gj; njhlh;fs; ,ize;J fyg;G thf;fpaq;fs; mikfpd;wd.

ahd; vtd; csNd(j.thf;fpak;-Fiwnar;rj; njhlh;)

khhp ngha;Ft jhapDk;(j.th-tpLg;Gj; njhlh;)

$l;L thf;fpaq;fs;

$l;L thf;fpaq;fspy; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l ngah;j;njhlh;fs; my;yJ tpidj;

njhlh;fs; my;yJ gpw ,yf;fzf; $Wfs; $l;lhf ,ize;J tuf; fhzyhk;.

epyTk; ,USk; Nghyf; flYk;

KbTiu

rq;ffhyj; jkpo; njhy;fhg;gpaj; jkpiog; ngUk;ghYk; xj;Jk; rpWghd;ik

NtWgl;Lk; nry;tij ,jd; %yk; ek;khy; mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. NtWgLjy;
vd;gJ nkhop tsh;rr; piaf; fhl;Lk; vd;gjhy; jkpohdJ fhyj;jpw;F Vw;g NtWgl;Lk;
tsh;e;Jk; tUtij ehk; ghh;f;fpNwhk;.

4.rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj; jkpo;

Kd;Diu

goe;jkpio Kd; goe;jkpo;> gpd; goe;jkpo; vd ,uz;lhfg; gphpf;fpNwhk;. Kd;

goe;jkpior; rq;f fhyj; jkpo; vd;Wk; gpd; goe;jkpior; rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj; jkpo;
vd;Wk; toq;FfpNwhk;. gj;Jg;ghl;Lk; vl;Lj;njhifAk; rq;f fhy E}y;fshFk;.

34
jpUf;Fws;> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy rq;f fhyj;ij mLj;J Njhd;wpaitahjyhy;
mtw;iw rq;fk; kUtpa fhy E}y;fs; vd;fpNwhk;.

rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj; jkpo;

rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj; jkpo; rpy Gjpa $Wfisj; jtpu KOf;f KOf;fr;
rq;fj; jkpNoahFk;. rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy nkhopahYk; nghUshYk; KiwahYk;
rq;fr; rhaiy cilait vd;Wk; rq;f nkhopj;jlq;fNs gjpe;J fplf;fpd;wd vd;Wk;
Nguhrphpah; t.Rg.khzpf;fk; $WtJ ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,U fhg;gpaq;fspYk;
fhzg;gLk; nkhopf; $Wfs; jpUf;FwspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

afu nka; nfly;

nkhop Kjy; afu nka; nfly; ghpghlypYk; rpyk;gpYk; kzpNkfiyapYk;

fhz;fpNwhk;.

MW – ghpghly;11

Mw;Wtopg; gl;Nlhh; Mnud tpdt – rpyk;G 10

Midj; jPNeha; mUk;grp fisa – kzp 20

ahh;> ahz;L> ahid Mfpa nrhw;fs; gpd; goe;jkpopy; afu nka; nfl;L tuj;
Jtq;fpd vd Nrh.e.fe;jrhkp $Wfpd;whh;.

efu nka; nfly;

Kd; goe;jkpopy; epd;> Ek; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kzpNkfiyapy; ‘cd;’ Kg;gJ

,lq;fspYk; ‘ck;’ Xh; ,lj;jpYk; tUfpd;wd.

ahq;F vd;Dk; rq;ffhyr; nrhy; rq;f kUtpa fhyj; jkpopy; vq;F vd khwp
tUfpd;wd.

ahq;F – vq;F

Fwpy; nebyhjy;

rq;fj; jkpopy; fhzg;gLk; Fwpy; tbtq;fisAila tpid tpFjpfs;> rq;fk;

kUtpa fhyj; jkpopy; neby; tbtq;fisAila tpid tpFjpahf khWfpd;wd.

vd; - Vd;

vk; - Vk;

md; - Md;

mh; - Mh;

35
neby; Fwpyhjy;

Mq;F> <q;F Kjypa rq;f fhyr; nrhw;fs; kzpNkfiyapy; mq;F> ,q;F vd

tUtjhff; $Wfpd;wdh;.

Mq;F – mq;F

<q;F - ,q;F

jdpf;Fwpy; ufu ofuk;

ufuKk; ofuKk; Fwpy; fPo; xw;whf thuh vd;w tpjp rq;fk; kUtpa
fhyj;Jf;Fg; nghUe;Jk;. Mdhy; mt;thW ,U xw;W Nrh;e;J kzpNkfiyapy;
te;Js;sJ.

th;j;jid> th;j;jpj;jy;

rfu Kjd; nkhopr; nrhw;fs;

njhy;fhg;gpag;gb rfuk; nkhopKjy; thuhJ. Mdhy; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspYk;

rq;fk; kUtpa E}y;fspYk; rfu nkhopKjy;r; nrhw;fs; epiwa te;Js;sd.

rfL> rJf;fk;> re;jdk;> re;jp – rpyg;gjpfhuk;

rk;ghgjp> ruz;> ryk;> rgf;fk; - kzpNkfiy

ufuj;jpd; Kd; ,fuk; tuy;

ufur; nrhw;fspd; Kd; ,fuk; ,ize;J tUjiyf; fhz;fpNwhk;.

,uhkd;> ,uhtzd;

afu xw;W

afuk; XTld; ,ize;J tUjiy kzpNkfiyapy; fhz;fpNwhk;.

Nahfk;> Nahrid

yfuk; nkhop Kjyhjy;

yfuk; kzpNkfiyapy; nkhop Kjypy; te;Js;sJ.

Nyhfk;

ofu efug; Gzh;r;rp

‘jhijiaf; Nfl;fpy; jd;Fy thzh;’ – rpyk;G 75

‘kz;zhs; Nte;Nj epd; thzhl;fs;’ – rpyk;G 28

ofuKk; efuKk; Gzh;e;J zfukhfpwJ. tPuNrhopak; ,g;Gzh;r;rp Fwpj;Jf; $WfpwJ.

36
ghy; tpFjp

Msd; Mz;ghy; tpFjpahfTk; Ml;b ngz;ghy; tpFjpahfTk; Msh; gyh; ghy;

tpFjpahfTk; kzpNkfiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

cUtpyhsd;

tpiyahl;b

fhg;ghsh;

,ijj; jtpu rk];fpUj tpFjp ‘ahh;’ jkpo; tpFjpahd ‘mh;’ cld; ,ize;J
rpyk;gpYk; kzpNkfiyapYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

fQ;rf;fhuh;

m/wpizg; gd;ik

goe;jkpopy; fs; tpFjp ngUk;ghYk; m/wpizf; fhl;Lk; nrhw;fspNyNa

tUfpwJ. ,J rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;jpYk; njhlh;fpwJ.

epiufs;

muz;fs;

,ul;ilg; gd;ik

fhyg;Nghf;fpy; cah;jpizg; gd;ikg; ngah;fspYk; cah;jpizg; ngah;fspYk;

fs; tpFjp gut Muk;gpj;jJ. cah;T xUikapypUe;J gphpj;jwpaNt ,it gd;ikg;
ngah;fspy; te;jd. ,tw;iw ,ul;ilg; gd;ik vd toq;FfpNwhk;.

murh;fs;

vapdh;fs;

cah;T xUikg; ngah;fs;

ngah;r;nrhw;fs; Mh; rpwg;G tpFjp ngw;W tUtijr; rq;fk; kUtpa fhy

E}y;fspy; fhzyhk;.

rhkdhh;

ehujdhh;

vy;yhk;

goe;jkpopy; vy;yhk; vd;gJ cah;jpizg; ngahpy; thuh. Mdhy; kzpNkfiyapy;

cah;jpizg; ngaUld; tUfpd;wJ.

kf;fl;nfy;yhk;

37
 me;jzh; vy;yhk;

jd;ik xUik

jd;ik xUik ,lg;ngah; tbtkhd ‘ahd;’ ‘ehd;’ vdr; rq;fk; kUtpa

E}y;fspy; te;Js;sJ. ehd; vd;w nrhy; Kjd; Kjypy; ghpghlypy; jhd; te;Js;sJ.

ehd; - ghp 6

,J ehk; vd;w gd;ikr; nrhy;ypw;Nfw;g xg;Gtikahf;fj;jpdhy; cz;lhf;fg;gl;l

tbtkhFk;.

ePh; vd;w nrhy;Yk; ckf;F vd;w nrhy;Yk; ghpghlypy; tUfpd;wd.

ePh;> ckf;F

Rl;Lg; ngauilfs;

,e;j> me;j vd;gd rpyk;gpYk; kzpNkfiyapYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,fu mfur;

Rl;Nl rq;f tof;fkhFk;. ,e;j> me;j vd;gJ rq;fk; kUtpa fhy tof;fhFk;.
rpyk;gpy; me;j Rl;L tutpy;iy.

,e;j <kg;Gwq;fhL

gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;by; ,j> mj vd;w tbtq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Kd;dpiy ,lg;ngahpd; Ntw;Wik Vw;Fk; tbtj;jpy; nkhopKjy; efu nka;

nfl;L tpl;lJ. Ek; vd;gJ ck; vd;Wk; ckf;F vd;Wk; khwpAs;sJ.

jhd;>jhk;>jd;>jk; vd;w nrhy;yhl;rpfs;

jhd;> jhk; vd;w mirfSk; mtw;wpd; Ntw;Wik tbthd jd;>jk; vd;w

FWf;fq;fSk; ngaUf;Fk; Ntw;WikAUGf;FkpilNa tUfpd;wd. xUikg;ngaiu
mLj;Jj; ‘jhd;’ vd;w nrhy;Yk; gd;ikg; ngaiu mLj;J ‘jhk;’ vd;w nrhy;Yk;
tUtijf; fhzyhk;.

Nfhtyd; jhd; Nghd gpd;dh;

kJiuahh; vy;yhk;; jhk; kaq;fp

gjpypL ngah;fspy; ,ul;ilg; gd;ik

,ul;ilg; gd;ik tpFjpahf te;j fs; tpFjp gpd;dh;g; gjpypL ngah;fspYk;

Mz;> ngz;ghy; ngah;fspYk; tuj; njhlq;fpd.

vq;fs;

ahq;fs;

Eq;fs;

38
Ntw;Wik

fUtpg; nghUs; Ntw;Wik cUghd Md;> My;> Mf kzpNkfiyapy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

kadhy;

mUshy;

nfhz;L vd;w nrhy;YUGk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

‘iff;nfhz;L vLj;j flTl; fbiQNahL’

cld; vd;gj cldpfo;r;rp Ntw;Wikg; nghUspy; tUfpd;wJ.

‘Nghe;jUs; ePnad mtUld; Nghfp’

ePq;fw; nghUs; Ntw;Wik cUghd ,d;> ,y;> Mf khwpAs;sJ.

Mwhk; Ntw;Wikapd; cUghf MJ kzpNkfiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

‘ghd;ikapy; jdhJ ghz;L fk;gsk;

jhdLf; Fw;w jd;ik Nehf;fp’

cila vd;gJ Mwhk; Ntw;Wikapd; Ntw;Wikr; nrhy; gpd;ndhl;lhff;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

‘,uz;lDila Tz;ikiaf; fhl;Ljy;’

cld; vd;w nrhy;

rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; kpfTk; gapd;W tUk; nrhy; cld; vd;gjhFk;. gy ,lq;fspy;

xL cUgpw;F epfuhf Ntw;Wikg; nghUspy; tUfpd;wJ.

‘nghypaf; Nfhj;j Gyik NahDld;’

cld; Ntw;Wikg; nghUspy; kl;Lkpd;wp tpidnahL rhh;e;Jk; tUk;.

Ghpe;Jld; tFj;njd

vz;Zg;ngah;

njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLk; E}W Mapuk; vd;w nrhy; kzpNkfiyapy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy; xd;g/J> njhz;D}W> njhs;shapuk; Nghd;w vz;Zg;ngah;fs;
kzpNkfiyapy; fhzg;gltpy;iy. gpd;d vz;Zg; ngah;fs; kzpNkfiyapy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Kf;fhy;

39
 miu

Nfhb> fzpfk;> fw;gk; Nghd;w vz;Zg; ngah;fSk; kzpNkfiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Mk; nfhz;L KbAk; vz;Zg;; ngaiu kzpNkfiyapy; fhz;fpNwhk;.

,uz;lhk; fz;lk;

Rl;lirfs;

mJ> mts; Nghd;w Rl;Lfs; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; mirahf tUfpd;wd.

Gfo; kd;Dk; Gfhh; efuJ jd;dpy;

vq;F vd;w nrhy; rpyk;G> kzpNkfiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

mg;gb> ,g;gb vd;w nrhw;fs;

mg;gb> ,g;gb Mfpa nrhw;fSk; kzpNkfiyapy; jhd; Kjypy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;NghJ vd;w nrhy;Yk; kzpNkfiyapy; jhd; Kjd; Kjypy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.

,g;NghJ – kzp 27

fhyk;

epfo;fhyk;

njhy;fhg;gpah; ,we;jfhyk;> ,wg;gy;yhf; fhyk; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. Mdhy;

fpW> fpd;W Nghd;w fhy ,ilepiyfisf; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. kzpNkfiyapy; fpd;W>
fpW Mfpa ,uz;L fhy ,ilepiyfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Nrh;f;fpd;w

,wthepd;w

vjph;fhyk;

ffuk; vjph;fhy ,ilepiyahFk;.

Mw;WNfd;

glh;Nfd;

,we;jfhy ,ilepiy

rq;fj;jkpopy; ,we;j fhy ,ilepiyahf ,d; tu kzpNkfiyapy; ,fuk;

nfl;L dfuk; kl;Lk; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

NghdJ

40
 Nghdhh;

Vty; tpid

nra;tha;> tha;ghl;L tpidKw;Wf;fs; rq;fk; kUtpa E}y;fspy; kl;LNk Vty;

tpidfshf tUfpd;wd.

cOtha;

nra;ahjp tha;g;ghl;L Vty; tpidAk; rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj; jkpopd; $whFk;.

Mopahjp

vjph;kiw

vjph;kiwg; nghUisf; fhl;Lk; -,y;- ,ilepiyia ,we;jfhy

tpidnar;rj;jpd; gpd;dh; ,izj;J vjph;kiwahf fhl;Lk; epiy kzpNkfiy> Njthu
fhyj;jpy; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

mwpe;jpNyd;

tpidnar;rk;

nra;A+ tha;g;ghl;L tpidnar;rk; rq;fj; jkpopy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rq;fk;

kUtpa fhyj;jpy; ,t;tpidnar;rj;Jld; nra;ahky; vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L tpFjpAk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

nfhSj;jhky;

nra;ahNay; vd;gJk; ,f;fhyf; fl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Jwg;ghNay;

nganur;rk;

nra;ahj tha;g;ghl;Lg; nganur;rk; rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj; jkpopy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. GwehD}w;wpy; ,U ,lq;fspy; te;jpUg;gpDk; rq;fk; kUtpa fhy
E}y;fspy;jhd; mjpf msT tUfpd;wJ.

jhthj

mfyhj

epfo;fhyg; nganur;rk; rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj; jkpopy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Nrh;fpd;w

,wth epd;w

tpidahyizAk; ngah;

41
 rq;fj; jkpopy; ‘Mj;’ vjph;kiw xs;>Xs;>Xh; tpFjpfSld; tu rq;fk; kUtpa
fhyj; jkpopy; ,t;ntjph;kiw Md;>Ms;>Mh; tpFjpfSld; ngUfp tUjy; fhzyhk;.

cjthjhd;

thohjhd;

njhopw;ngah;

nra;jJ> nra;tJ> nra;ahjJ tha;ghl;Lj; njhopw; ngah;fs; rq;fk; kUtpa

fhyj; jkpopy; mjpfk; tuf; fhz;fpNwhk;.

khW nfhs;tJ NghYk;

fhthjJ

tpFjpfs;

jd;ik xUik tpFjpfspy; vd;> Vd; vd;gtw;wpy; rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj; jkpopy;
Vd; tpFjp jhd; mjpfkhf te;Js;sJ. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; Vd; tpFjp rfuj;Jld; tUjy;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

Mw;WNfd;

jd;ikg; gd;ikapy; vk; tpFjp ghpghlypy; jtpu kw;w E}y;fspy; fhzg;gltpy;iy.

Xk; tpFjp kzpNkfiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

MUkpNyhk;

KbTiu

rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj; jkpo; rq;fj; jkpopypUe;J rw;W khWgl;Lf;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rq;fj; jkpopy; Njhd;wpsaf; $Wfs; rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj; jkpopy;
mjpf mstpy; tUtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. fhyg; Nghf;fpy; rq;fj; jkpo; $Wfspy; rpy
rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj; jkpopy; kiwe;J tpl;lJk; cz;L.

myF – 2 tpdh tq;fp

2 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fhZkplq;fs; vit?
2.mhpl;lhgl;b fy;ntl;L Fwpj;J $Wf.
3.njhy;fhg;gpa gFg;G Kiw vt;thW mikfpd;wJ?
4.cunrhypfs; vd;why; vd;d?
5.kUq;nfhypfs; vd;why; vd;d?
6.<hpjo; xyp vit?
7.Ntw;Wik cUGfs; vit?
8.rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;; vit?
9.gjpypL ngah;fs; vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf.
10.thf;fpa tiffs; ,uz;L $Wf.

42
11.rq;fk; kUtpa E}y;fs; vit?
12.Rl;Lg; ngauilfs; vd;why; vd;d?
5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.Gf*h;> rpj;jd;d thry;> kUfhe;jiyf; fy;ntl;L Fwpj;J vOJf.
2.nkhop Kjy; ,Wjp vOj;Jf;fs; Fwpj;J njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wtdtw;iw vOJf.
3.nka;nahypfspd; gpwg;ig njhy;fhg;gpah; top epd;W tpsf;Ff.
4.vz;Zg;ngah;fs; FwpjJ njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wtdtw;iw vOJf.
5.Ntw;Wik gw;wp vOJf.
6.gjpypL ngah;fs; gw;wp vOJf.
7.rq;f fhyj;jpy; cs;s fhy ,ilepiyfis Muha;f.
8.rq;fk; kUtpa fhy nka; khw;wq;fs; gw;wp $Wf.
10 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.jkpo; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;lf;fspd; nkhop Fwpj;J Muha;f.
2.njhy;fhg;gpah; $wk; vOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;gpid Muha;f.
3.Ntw;Wik> vz;Zg;ngah;fis njhy;fhg;gpah; top epd;W Muha;f.
4.rq;f fhy jkpopd; tsh;r;rpapid fl;Liuf;f.
5.rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj; jkpio Muha;f.

43
 myF 3
1.gy;yth; fhyj; jkpo;
gy;yth; fhyj; jkpo; - Nrhoh; fhyj; jkpo;- ehaf;fh; fhyj; jkpo; -
kuhl;bah; fhyj; jkpo;.
Kd;Diu

jkpo; nkhopiag; gz;ilj;jkpo;> ,ilf;fhyj;jkpo;> jw;fhyj;jkpo; vd %d;W

ngUk; gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;. ,tw;iw KiwNa rq;fj;jkpo;> nja;tj;jkpo;> tsUk;
jkpo; vd Nguhrphpah; mfj;jpaypq;fk; gphpf;fpd;whh;. fp.gp Mwhk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J fp.gp
gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;L tiu cs;s fhyg;gFjpia ,ilf;fhyj;jkpo; vd;W toq;Fth;.
fhiuf;fhyk;ikahh; Guhzk;> Njthuk;> ehyhapu jpt;ag; gpuge;jk;> fk;guhkhazk;>
tpy;ypghujk; Nghd;w E}y;fspy; fhzg;gLk; nkhop epiyf;Fk; gz;ilj;jkpo; nkhop
epiyf;Fk; kpFe;j NtWghL cz;L. vdNt jhd; ,f;fhyj; jkpio ,ilf;fhyj; jkpo;
vd;fpNwhk;. gy;NtW tifahd gf;jp E}y;fs; ,f;fhyf; fl;lj;jpy; Njhd;wpajhy;
,f;fhyj;jkpio nja;tj;jkpo; vd;Wk; toq;FfpNwhk;.

gy;yth;fhyj; jkpo;

,ilf;fhyj;jkpiog; gy;yth; fhyj; jkpo;> Nrhoh; fhyj;jkpo;> ehaf;fh;

fhyj;jkpo; vd %d;W gphpthf gphpf;fyhk;.

gy;yth;fs; fp.gp Mwhk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; fp.gp xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L tiu jkpofj;ij
Mz;ldh;. ,th;fs; fhyj;jpy; jhd; Mo;thh;fSk; ehad;khh;fSk; gf;jp
,yf;fpaq;fisg; ghbdh;. ,t;tpyf;fpaq;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp ,f;fhyf; fy;ntl;Lf;fSk;
gy;yth; fhyj; jkpiog; gw;wp mwpag; nghpJk; Jiz nra;fpd;wd.

xypad;fs;

rq;f fhyk;> rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;ijg; NghyNt gy;yth; fhyj;jpYk;

,>v>c>x>m vd;w Ie;J caph;fSk; mtw;wpw;fpdkhd neby;fSk; xypad;fshf
,Ue;jikia mwpfpNwhk;. vfuKk; xfuKk; jtpu Vida caph;fs; nrhy;ypd; vy;yh
,lq;fspYk; tUk;. vfu xfuq;fs; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; thuh.

f;r;lw
; ;j;g;

Q;z;d;k;

44
 a;o;hy
; ;t;

s;

vd;gd nka;naOj;Jf;fspy; xypad;fshf tpsq;fpd. dfuj;jpw;F efuKk; kfuj;jpw;F

qfuKk; khw;nwhypad;fshFk;. nkhopapd; ,ilapYk; filapYk; tUtjid dfuk;
vd;Wk; nkhop Kjy; tUtjid efuk; vd;Wk; NtWgLj;jpapUg;gh;.

neby;-Fwpy; khw;wk;

neby; nka;fSf;F my;yJ nka;k; kaf;fq;fSf;F Kd;dh; neby; Fwpyhf

khWtJ vd;gJ gy;yth; fhyj;jpYk; gpd;dUk; ngUtof;fhapw;W.

ePf;fp-epf;fp

Mohf;F-Mof;F

m-, khw;wk;

gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; mfuk; ,fukhjiyf; fhz;fpNwhk;.

kq;fyk;-kq;fpyk;

flh-fplh

,-c khw;wk;

,fuk; cfukhjiyAk; ,f;fhyj;jpy; fhz;fpNwhk;.

tpopQk;-copQk;

NkYk; Ifhuk; mfukhfpd;wJ.

Ie;J-mQ;R

jiy-jy

afuk; nfljy;

afuk; nfLjy; rq;fj; jkpo;> rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj; jkpo; kw;Wk; gy;yth;
fhyj;jpYk; njhlh;fpd;wJ.

ahuhYk;-MuhYk;

ahf;if-Mf;if

f;-j; khw;wk;

f;j;-j;j; vdg; gy;yth; fhyj;jpYk; khWfpd;wJ.

Kf;jp-Kj;jp

45
 gw;NwJk;-gj;NjJk;

nka;nahypfs; l>w

lfuk; Edpeh md;dk; Nru gpwg;gjhFk;. wfuk; Edpeh mzhp mz;zj;ijj;

njhLtjhy; gpwg;gjhFk;. vdNt Nkw;Gw Edpeh xypNa lfukhFk;. tis eh xypNa
wfukhFk;. Mdhy; ,g;nghOJ tiseh xypahd lfuk; njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;J
tiseh xypahf ,y;iy.

NkYk; Edpaz;z xypahd wfuj;jpd; cr;rhpg;G khwp ,ul;il wfuk; ,ul;ilj;

jfukhf xypf;fpd;wJ.

Kw;W-Kj;J

nka;nahyp ,ilaz;zkhjy;

ife;epd;w-ifQ;Qpd;w

nka;e;epd;w-nka;Q;Qpd;w

fp.gp Vohk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;j mg;gh; Njthuj;jpy; e-Q fukhf khwpAs;sJ.

,ilaz;z xypNah Kd;DapNuh Kd;dhy; te;jhy; ,k;khw;wk; Vw;gLk;.

nefpo;j;jJ-nQfpo;j;jJ.

jilnahypfspd; xypg;Gilik

jilnahypfs; xypg;Giladthf tpsq;fpaijg; gy;yth; fhyf;

fy;ntl;Lf;fshy; mwpayhk;. jkpo; ,lg; ngah;fSk; rpwg;Gg; ngah;fSk;
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; rk];fpUjj;jpy; ntl;lg;gl;Ls;sikia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
vOjg;gl;lJ. rpy jkpo;f; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; rk];fpUj> fpue;j vOj;Jf;fspy;
vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. jilnahypfspd; xypg;Gilikia ,uz;L tifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;.

1.caphpilj; jilnahyp

2.,d %f;nfhyp Kd; jilnahyp

jilnahypfs; caph; xypfSf;fpilapy; tUfpd;wd. fp.gp vl;lhk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j

neLQ;rilad; guhe;jfdpd; Nts;tpf;Fbr; nrg;Ngl;by;

Paragon-parakan

vd;W rk];fpUjg; ngah; xd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;j

%d;whk; ee;jpth;kDila gh$h;r; nrg;NgLfspy;

epiyjhq;fp

46
vd;Wk; tUfpd;wJ. rk];fpUjr; nrhw;fsy;yhj jkpo;r; nrhw;fspy; tUk; caphpilj;
jilnahypfs; 11 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu xypg;gpy; xypahf tpsq;fpd. %d;whk;
ee;jpth;kDila Mtzq;fspy;

ee;jp(t)th;kd;

epiyjhq;fp(g)

Nghd;wtw;wpy; ee;jp th;kd; jtpu kw;wtw;wpy; xypg;Gil xypahf xypf;fpd;wd.

caphpilj; jilnahypfs; xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; jhd; xypg;Gil xypfshf

tpsq;fpd. mjw;F Kd; xypg;gpy; xypahfj; jhd; tpsq;fpd.

xUq;fpizT

efu dfuq;fs; xd;whjy;

gy;ypd %f;nfhypahd efuk; mz;gy; %f;nfhypahd dfuj;Jld; xd;whjy;

vd;gh;.

gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; e Tf;fg; gjpyhf dfuk; gj;J tpOf;fhL vOjg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

Mdhy; d Tf;Fg; gjpyhf efuk; ,uz;L tpOf;fhl;Lf;Fk; FiwthfNt
vOjg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

wfu ufu kaf;fk;

xypadpaypy; kw;nwhU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; wfu ufu kaf;fk; MFk;.

,k;kaf;fk; Kjw;fz; nka;k;kaf;fj;jpy; Vw;gl;bUf;ff; $Lk;.

sfu ofuq;fs; xd;whjy;

,t;tpuz;L xypfis xypf;Fk; NghJ mzh;jy; ,y;yhik Kf;fpa

NtWghlhFk;. ehl;lho;r;rp vd;w nrhy;ypy; Ms; vd;gJ Mo; vd;Nw vOjg;
ngw;wpUf;fpwJ.

Ms;-Mo;

itzt mbahiuf; Fwpf;fk; Mo;thh; vd;w nrhy; Ms;thh; vd;Nw ,Ue;jpUf;f

Ntz;Lk;. fy;ntl;Lf;fs; murh;fis Ms;thh; vd;W $WtJ ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

ofuk; sfukhjy;

rpwg;G ofuk; sfukhd khw;wk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f njhd;whFk;. fp.gp vl;lhk;

E}w;whz;by; ,k;khw;wj;ijf; fhzyhk;.

fpoik-fpsik

gfuk; tfukhjy;

47
 caphpilNa gfuk; tfukhfpwJ. rpy ,lq;fspy; gfuk; kfukhf khwpa khw;wk;
gy;yth; fhyj;Jf;F Kd;Ng Vw;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

epge;jk;-epke;jk;

nkhop Kjy; kfuk; tfukhtJk; cz;L

kpUf-tpUf

cfu Kbghjy;

gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; NtW nka;fSk; rpy caph;fSk; cfuj;jpy; Kbe;jd.

Mdhy; ,k;khw;wk; njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpNy Njhd;wp tpl;lJ vdyhk;. nrhy;ypd;
,Wjpapy; mikahj NghJk; Fw;wpaYfuk; KOikahf xypf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ.
nra;Aspy; Fw;wpaYfuk; mirf;F cUg;ghfhik Nghy gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; nrhy;ypd;
,ilapYk; kiwe;J ,J Fw;wpaYfukhapw;W vd;gh;.

mDkjp tpid

,f;fhyj; jkpo; Nghd;Nw mg;gh; Njthuj;jpYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Ms;-myhk; - Msyhk;

nra;a-myhk; - nra;ayhk;

ky; tpFjpiaAila tpidnar;rq;fSk; gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; tof;fj;jpypUe;jd.

eLq;fhky;

ahlhky;

ngah;r; nrhw;fspy; ,ul;ilg; gd;ikr; nrhw;fs; ,ilf; fhyj; jkpopy; tUtJ Nghd;W
,ul;ilg; gd;ik tpFjpfs; tpidr; nrhw;fspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

fopf;fpd;wPhf
; s;

MW vd;w cUG M vd khwYk; jpUthrfj;jpy; fhz;fpNwhk;.

tpag;GkhW-tpag;GWkh

mg;gh; Njthuj;jpy; mUs;> ,U> ngW> ,L> Ngh> jh Nghd;witfs; Jiztpidfshfg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

vOe;jUsp

epidj;J ,Ue;Njd;

cah;jpizg; gd;ik fhl;Lk; tpFjp Mh; rq;fj; jkpopy; vjph;kiwapy; tu rq;fk;

kUtpa fhyj;jpYk; ,ilf;fhyj;jpYk; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; tUfpd;wJ.

gpwe;jhh;
48
gy;yth; fhy gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rk];fpUjr; nry;thf;fpid kpFjpahff; fhzyhk;.
gy;yth; fhyf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fpue;jk;> tlnkhop Nghd;wtw;wpy; vOjg;gl;lik ,q;F
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. mg;gh; Njthuk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; rk];fpUjr; nrhw;fs; XusT
jkpohf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lijAk; fhz;fpNwhk;.

Asta-attam-if

Hastin-atti-ahid

mg;gh; Njthuj;jpy; jhd; Kjd; Kjyhf jkpod; vd;w nrhy;yhl;rpiaf; fhz;fpNwhk;.

KbTiu

gz;ilj; jkpopdpd;W gy;yth; fhyj; jkpo; rpy tifapy; NtWgl;bUg;gijf;

fz;Nlhk;. rq;fj; jkpopd; gy $Wfs; njhlh;e;Jk; rpy $Wfs; kiwe;Jk; tuf;
fhz;fpNwhk;. NkYk; gy;yth; fhyj; jkpopd; tsh;rr; papidAk; ,jd;%yk; ek;khy;
mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ.

2.Nrhoh; fhyj; jkpo;

Kd;Diu

,ilf;fhyj; jkpopd; $Wfshff; fUjg;gLgitfSs; rpy> rq;fk; kUtpaf;

fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wp ,f;fhyj;jpy; tsh;e;J ngUfp tpl;likiaf; fhzyhk;. Nrhoh;
fhyj;jpy; tskhd Vuhskhd E}y;fs; Njhd;wpd. fk;guhkhazk;> rPtf rpe;jhkzp
Nghd;w khngUk; fhg;gpaq;fs; ,f;fhyj;jpNyNa Njhd;wpd. vdNt Nrhoh; fhy
,yf;fpaq;fs; jkpopd; nghw;fhy ,yf;faq;fshf fUjg;gLfpd;wd.

,yf;fpaq;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp tPunrhopak;> Nekpehjk;> ed;D}y; Nghd;w gy;NtW

,yf;fzq;fSk; Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpd. Nrhoh; fhyj; jkpior; Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy;
Njhd;wpa gy;NtW ,yf;fpaq;fs;> ,yf;fzq;fs;> fy;ntl;Lf;fs; %yk; ed;F
mwpayhk;.

caph;> nka; xypad;fs;

gy;yth; fhyj;jpa xypad;fshd caph; vOj;Jf;fs; Nrhoh; fhyj;jpYk;

xypad;fshf tpsq;fpd.

,< cC

vV xX

mM

gy;yth; fhy nka;nahypad;fs; Nrhoh; fhyj;jpYk; njhlh;e;jd.

f;r;lw
; ;j;g;

z;d;k;

49
 a;o;hy
; ;t;

s;

,yf;fpaq;fspy; efuKk; dfuKk; sfuKk; ofukk; ufuKk; wfuKk; Ntw;Wepiy

tof;fpy; tUfpd;wd. Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; tlnkhopfs; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;W tpsq;fpd.
xl;lf;$j;jh; jpt;a ghdk; Nghd;w tlnkhopr; nrhw;fis xypg;gLj;jhky; mg;gbNa
jdJ E}ypy; toq;fpAs;shh;. tlnkhopr; nry;thf;fpd; fhuzkhf tlnkhopr;
nrhw;fisj; jkpo; xypg;gLj;Jk; ,d;wpaikahikia czh;e;Nj gtze;jpahh;
ed;D}ypy; gjtpay; vd;w ,aypy; tlnkhopf;F jkpo; xypfis
tiuaiwg;gLj;jptpl;lhh;.

nkhop khw;wk;

nkhopapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fSf;Nfw;g ,yf;fzq;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd vd;gij

,yf;fz E}y;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. nkhopapd; tsh;r;rpiaAk; mt;tf;fhy ,yf;fzq;fs;
vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wd. nkhop Kjy; ,Wjp vOj;Jf;fisg; gw;wpr; Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy;
Njhd;wpa tPuNrhopaKk; ed;D}Yk; $Wfpd;wd. ,t;tpyf;fzq;fs; $Wtijj;
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jld; xg;gpl;L Nehf;fpd; nkhop tsh;rr
; p khw;wk; ed;F GydhFk;.

nkhop Kjy; vOj;Jf;fs;

njhy;fhg;gpk; ed;D}y; tPuNrhopak;

1.vy;yh caph;fSk; tUk; vy;yh caph;fSk; tUk; vy;yh caph;fSk; tUk;

2.f;>j;>e;>g;>k; Mfpad vy;yh f;>r;>j;>e;>g;>k; Mfpad vy;yh f;>r;>j;>e;>g;>k; Mfpad vy;yh

caph;fSld; tUk;. rfuk; caph;fSld; tUk;. caph;fSld; tUk;.
m>I>xs jtpu
Vidatw;Wld; tUk;.

3.Qfuk; m>v>x Qfuk; m>v>x Qfuk; m>M>v>x

Mfpatw;Wld; tUk;. Mfpatw;Wld; tUk;. Mfpatw;Wld; tUk;.

4.afuk; Mfhuj;Jld; afuk; m>M>c>C>x>X afuk; m>M>c>C>x>X

kl;Lk; tUk;. caph;fSld; tUk;. caph;fSld; tUk;.

5.tfuk; gpd;Daph;fshd tfuk; gpd;Daph;fshd tfuk; gpd;Daph;fshd

c>C>x>X vd;gtw;iwj; c>C>x>X vd;gtw;iwj; c>C>x>X vd;gtw;iwj;
jtpu gpwtw;Wld; tUk;. jtpu gpwtw;Wld; tUk;. jtpu gpwtw;Wld; tUk;.

nkhop ,Wjp vOj;Jf;fs;

50
njhy;fhg;gpk; ed;D}y; tPuNrhopak;

1.vy;yh capUk; vy;yh capUk; v>x vd;w caph;fisj;

jtpu vy;yh caph;fSk;

2.k;>Q;>z;>d;>e;>a;>h;>y;>t;>s;>o; k;>Q;>z;>d;>e;>a;>h;>y;>t;>s;>o; k;>Q;>z;>d;>e;>a;>h;>y;>t;>s;>o;

Mfpad Mfpad Mfpad

mfuk; ,fukhjy;

fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; %yk; gy;NtW xyp khw;wq;fisg;; gw;wp ek;khy; mwpe;J

nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ.

m-,

mjDf;F-mjpDf;F

Nkyd-Nkypd

mfuk; cfukhjy;

m-c

nfhz;lJ-nfhz;LJ

GFe;jJ-GFe;JJ

cfuk; ,fukhjy;

c-,

mKJ-mkpJ

nrYj;jp-nrypj;jp

vfuk; ,fukhjy;

v-,

ngauhy;-gpauhy;

nryT-rpyT

,ilaz;z rhay;

51
 nrhy;ypd; ,WjpapYs;s cfuk; ,ilaz;zj; jilnahypahd rfuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;
te;jhy;; ,fuk; MFk;.

foQ;R-foQ;rp

,>a>I %d;Wf;Fg; gpd;dh; tUk; %f;nfhypAk; mjw;fpdkhd gy;nyhypAk;

,ilaz;zr; rhay; ngWk;.

Ie;J-mQ;R

rfu Qfu nka;f;F Kd;dhy; Ifhuk; mfukhf khwpajw;F gy;yth; fhy mg;gh;
Njthuj;jpYk; rhd;W cs;sJ.

mfuk; IfhukhjYk; cz;L. ,k;khw;wk; goe;jkpo; rfu afu nka;fSf;F Kd;dh;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

murh;-miurh;

e;e;-Q;Q;

,ul;bj;j Edpeh gy; %f;nfhypfs; ,ilaz;z xypfisaLj;J ,ilaz;z

%f;nfhypfshfpd;wd.

,e;epyk;-,Q;Qpyk;

nkhop Kjy; ,fuj;Jld; afuk;

gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; Kd;Daph;fs; miuAapuhd afuj;Jld; ,ize;J

<nuhypAapuhf khwpg; gpd;dh; fp.gp 11> 12> 13 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; Kd;Daph;fs;
tOf;nfhypahd afuj;ijr; nrhy;ypd; Kjypy; ngw;wd.

,f;Nfhapy;-apf;Nfhapy;

,td;-aptd;

afuk; ,fuj;jpw;nfhj;j ,ilnaOj;J. cuRjy; cs;sNghJ ,fuk; afukhFk;. myF

ngWk; capnuhyp <w;wpy; gLj;Jr; nrhy;yg; ngWk;NghJ ,fuk; afukhFk;.

Ngh,-Ngha;

,jopdkhjy;

,jnohypf;Fg; gpd; te;jhYk; Kd; te;jhYk; mfuk; xfukhfp tpLk;.

thzfg;ghb-thznfhg;ghb

mNj #o;epiyapy; NtW rpy ,lq;fspy; mfuk; eLg;gpd;DapuhfNth Fw;wpYfukhfNth

xypf;Fk;. ,f;fhy cr;rhpg;gpYk; ,jnohypahjiyf; fhzyhk;.

fk;gk;-fk;nghk;-fk;Ngh

52
,fuk; cfukhjy;

fspW-fSW

,jnohyp> tiseh xyp> Edpaz;z xyp vfuj;Jf;F Kd;Ndh gpd;Ndh te;jhy; me;j
vfu xyp ,jo; xypahFk;.

vg;Ngh;g;gl;l-vg;Nghh;g;gl;l

nrtpL-nrhtpL

nka;nahyp ,ilaz;zkhjy;

j;j; vd;w xypad; Kd; ,ilaz;z xypNah Kd;DapNuh te;jhy; mJ ,ul;il

,ilaz;z xypahFk;.

itj;j-itr;r

rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; mQ;iQ> kQ;iQ vd;w nrhw;fspy; ,ul;bj;j ,ilaz;z

%f;nfhypiaf; fhzyhk;.

,ilaz;z xyp gy;ypd xypahjy;

,ilaz;z xypfs; gy;ypd xypfshf khwy; Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; Nt&d;wpaJ.

QhapW-ehapW

nrUKid-jpUKid

ofu sfu khw;wk;

ehop-ehsp

thio-this

tpsf;F-tpof;F

w;w;-j;j; khw;wk;

Mw;Wf;fhy;-Mj;Jf;fhy;

,k;khw;wk; 6 Mk; Ew;whz;L fy;ntl;bNy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jid tPuNrhopaKk;

Fwpg;gLfpd;wJ.

ofuk; afukhjy;

thio-thia

Nfhop-Nfhap

53
,k;khw;wk; gw;wp tPuNrhopak; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. Nghg; mth;fs; 18 Mk; E}w;whz;by;;
nrd;id tof;fpy; ,t;thW xypj;jjhf $Wfpwhh;.

rk];fpUjr; nrhw;fs;

gy rk];fpUjr; nrhw;fs; xypg;Gil nka;nahypAld; Jtq;Ffpd;wd. ,tw;wpd;

Kjyirapy; mfuk; cz;L. mr;nrhw;fs; jkpOf;F tUk;NghJ mfuk; vfukhf khWk;.

fq;fh-fq;if-nfq;if

fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs;

jilnahypfs; xypg;Giladthf tpsq;fpaijg; gy;yth; fhyf;

fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; mwpfpNwhk;. Nrhog; Nguurpd; fhyj;jpw;Fs;shfNt
capah;fSf;fpilNaAk; nky;nyOj;jpd; gpd;NdAk; tUk; ty;nyOj;J xypg;gil
xypahf khwpanjdyhk;.

gj;jhk; W}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j re;ju NrhoDila md;gpy; nrg;NgLfspy;

f(k;)hpfh(k)yd;

vd tUfpwJ. fp.gp 11 Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j ,uhNre;jpuDila Mtzq;fspy;

,uhrNf(g)rhp

vd;gijf; fhz;fpNwhk;.

xUq;fpizT

efu dfuq;fs; xd;whjy;

gy;ypd %f;nfhypahd efuk; mz;gy; %f;nfhypahd dfuj;Jld; xd;whfp

tpl;lJ. gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ,k;khw;wk; gpw;fhyr; Nrhoh; fhyj;jpYk; kaq;fp
xd;whfp tpl;lJ. Mdhy; njhy; jpuhtplj;jpy; dfu efu NtWghby;iy.

ufu wfu kaf;fk;

,k;kaf;fk; xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpYk; gj;jhk; W}w;whz;bYk;

Njhd;wpaJ. gjpNdhuhk; E}w;whz;by; caphpilNa ,k;kaf;fk; fhzj; njhlq;fpaJ.

w;f;-h;f;f – Nkw;F-Nkh;f;f

w;-h; - epWj;J-epUj;j

sfu ofuq;fs; xd;whjy;

gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa mk;khw;wk; Nrhoh; fhyj;jpYk; njhlh;e;jJ. ,d;Wk;

sfuj;ij ofukhf xypf;Fk; tof;fk; ehQ;rpy; ehL> ,yq;if Mfpa ,lq;fspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

54
 Ms;thh;-Mo;thh;

ghy;fhl;Lk; tpFjp

Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa tPuNrhopa ,yf;fzk; fz;> kd; vd;w ,uz;L Gjpa
tpFjpfis Mz;ghYf;fhpa tpFjpahf $Wfpd;wJ.

rpWf;fd;> fUkd;

ngz;ghYf;Fhpa tpFjpahf kp> rp> Ml;b Nghd;wtw;iwf; $Wfpd;wJ.

rpWkp> Ma;rr
; p> nts;shl;b

gjpypL ngah;fs;

,ilf;fhyj; jkpopy; ePk; vd;w tbtKk; ePq;fs; vd;w ,ul;ilg; gd;ikAk;

epiy ngw;wd.

ePk;-ePq;fs;

ahq;fs;- ehq;fs;

ePq;fs;-ePh;fs;

,th;fs;-ahth;fs;

Nghd;w gjpypL ngah;fs; Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,af;F tpid

,af;F tpid tpFjpahf gp> tp Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; mjpf msT gad;gLj;jg;

gLfpd;wJ.

fhz;gp> nra;tp

,fu msngilAk; fhuzk; fhl;Lk; cUghf mf;fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;Js;sJ.

,hP,

Nghh;g;gpj;J

fhyk;

Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa 13 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;j ed;D}y; j;>l;>w;>d;

Mfpatw;iw ,we;j fhyf; FwpaPlhfTk; fpW> fpd;W> Mepd;W Mfpatw;iw epfo;fhyf;
FwpaPlhfTk; g;>t; Mfpatw;iw vjph;fhyf; FwpaPlhfTk; $Wfpd;wJ.

,we;j fhy ,ilepiy d; fk;guhkhazj;jpYk; nghpa Guhzj;jpyk; mjpf

msT gapd;W tUfpd;wJ.

55
 Nghd> Md

Vty; tpid

,ilf;fhyj; jkpopy; vjph;fhy ,ilepiyfSld; Ma; tpFjpia ,izj;J

Vty; tpid cUthfpapUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.

tUtha;> thuha;

,ilf;fhyj;jkpopy; <h; vjph;fhy ,ilepiyfSld; ,ize;J Vty; tpidahf tUk;.

NgRjPh>; NgrPh;

KbTiu

Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa Vuhskhd ,yf;fz> ,yf;fpaq;fs; %yKk;

fy;ntl;Lf;fs; %yKk; Nrhoh;fhyj; jkpio ed;F mwpayhk;. Nrhoh; fhyf;
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; xyp khw;wk; gw;wp mwpaTk; ngUe;Jiz Ghpfpd;wd. vdNt Nrhoh;fhyk;
jkpopd; tsh;rr; papy; Fwpg;gpl;Njhh; ,lj;jpid tfpg;gij ,jd; %yk; mwpe;J
nfhs;syhk;

3.ehaf;fh; fhyj; jkpo;

Kd;Diu

,ilf;fhyj; jkpopNyNa gy;yth;> Nrhoh; fhyj; jkpOf;;Fk; ehaf;fh; fhyj;

jkpOf;Fk; rpwpJ NtWghLz;L. Gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs; vd;WfUjg;gLk; Njthuj;
jPTthrfq;fSk; ehyhapu jpt;ag; gpuge;jKk; rpe;jhkkzp fk;guhkhazk; Nghd;w
fhg;gpa E}y;fSk; Nekpehjk;> tPuNrhopak;> ed;D}y; Nghd;w ,yf;fz E}y;fSk;
Njhd;wpm it jkpo;nkhopapd; nghw;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fshf fUjg;gl;ld. Mdhy;
ehaf;fh; fhyj;jpy; eskhd ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wtpy;iy.

ehaf;fh; fhyk;

fp.gp 14 Mk; E}w;whz;by; khypf;fG+h; njd;dfj;jpd; kPJ gilnaLj;jhd;.

,jdhy; jkpoh; jk; chpik ,oe;jdh;. kJiuapy; Njhd;wpa ,];yhkpah; Ml;rp> tpra
efu Nguurpd; jiyaPl;lhy; kiwa kJiuapy; ehaf;fh; Ml;rp Nt&d;wpaJ.
ehaf;fh;fs; 207 Mz;Lfs; kJiuia jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Mz;ldh;.
,f;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; tpy;ypghujk; Nghd;w ,yf;fpak; Njhd;wpaJ. kPdhl;rpak;ik
gps;isj;jkpo; Nghd;w E}y;fs; Njhd;wpd. NkYk; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaq;fs;> mk;khid
Nghd;w E}y;fs; Njhd;wpd.

ehaf;fh;fs; gy Mz;Lfs; jkpofj;jpy; Mz;ljhy; njYq;F nkhopapd;

nry;thf;fpidAk; njYq;F nkhopapd; nrhw;fisAk; jkpopy; fhz;fpNwhk;.
tPukhKdpth; jkpo; nkhopf;F ,yf;fzk; vOjpaNjhL mfuhjpfisAk; gilj;J jkpo;
nkhopf;F tsk; Nrh;j;jhh;. ehaf;fh; fhyj; jkpio tpy;ypghujk;> kPdhl;rpak;ik
gps;isj;jkpo;> ng];fpapd; jkpo; ,yf;fzk; kw;Wk; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaq;fspd; top
Muha;Nthk;.

56
caph;> nka; xypad;fs;

gy;yt> Nrhoh; fhy xypad;fshd caph;> nka; vOj;Jf;fs; ehaf;fh; fhyj;

jkpopYk; xypad;fshf tpsq;fpd.

,< cC

vV xX

mM

Nrhoh; fhy nka;nahypad;fs; ehaf;fh; fhyj;jpYk; njhlh;e;jd.

f;r;lw
; ;j;g;

z;d;k;

a;o;hy
; ;t;

s;

rfu nkhopKjy;

njhy;fhg;gpah; rfuk; nkhop Kjypy; tuhJ vd;fpwhh;. rq;ffhy

,yf;fpaq;fspNyNa rfu nkhopKjw; nrhw;fisf; fhz;fpNwhk;. rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;
jkpopy; irfhu Kjw; nrhw;fs; tUfpd;wd. ehaf;fh; fhy tpy;yp ghujj;jpy; nrsfhur;
nrhw;fs; tUfpd;wd.

nrsghy> nrsghyh;> nrsghyd;

tpy;ypghuj nkhopeil jkpOk; tlnkhopAk; fye;jnjhd;whFk;. jkpOk; tlnkhopAk;

fye;j fyg;gpdhy; fPo;fz;l nka;kaf;fq;fs; tpy;yp ghujj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

-k;r-; >-y;r-; >-j;z;->-j;t;->-f;t;->-j;a;->-g;h-;

,fuk; cfukhjy;

tiseh xyp my;yJ ,jo; xyp nka;fs; tUk; #oypy; cfuk; Njhd;WfpwJ.
o; my;yJ s; my;yJ h; vd;Nwh ,Ue;jhy; ,fuk; cfukhFk;.

rpyph;f;F-rpYUf;F

jkpo;-jKO

kjpy;-kJY

mfuk; ,fukhjy;

mjdhy;-mjpdhy;

tQ;rid-tQ;rpid

57
I-ma;-m vd khwy;

jiy-jy

ahid-ahd

Ifhuk; ma; vd vOjg;gl;L m vd;Nw xypf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

nka; xypfs;

rk];fpUjr; nrhw;fisj; jkpopy; vOjf; fpue;j thp tbtq;fisg; GFj;jpaJ

xU Fwpg;gplj; jf;f khw;wkhFk;. ng];fp mth;fSk; ,jid jk; ,yf;fz E}ypy;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

rk];fpUjr; nrhw;fs; jkpohFk; tif

Nguhrphpah; nj.ngh.kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; jkJ E}ypy; rk];fpUjr; nrhw;fs;

jkpohf;fg; gLtij tpsf;fkhf $wpAs;shh;.

,f;fhyj;jpy; rk];fpUj ehkb xyp ,ilaz;zj; jilnahypahf khwpw;W.

Hp~p-hprp

Njh~h-Njhrk;

~;l-; ];jp vd khWfpwJ.

f~;lk;-f];jp

xt;nthU nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJk; mjd; nghUis xUthW jj;jk;

kdjpw;f;F vl;Lk; tifapy; tpsf;fpf; nfhs;th;. ,jw;Nfw;gr; nrhy;ypd; tbtKk;
khWgLk;. ,jidNa ehl;Lg;Gw nkhopapy; folk linguistics vd;gh;.

rpj;u Fg;jd; vd;w nrhy;iy rpj;jpu $j;jd; vd khw;wpf; nfhz;ldh;. $j;jd;

$w;wk; vd;gjd; k&cthfp vkdpDk; Ntwhd xUtidf; fhl;Lk;.

xypg;Gila xypg;gpyhj; jilnahypfs;

ek;Kila vOj;J Kiwia ntspehl;lhh; vOjpa ,yf;fz E}ypd; vOj;J

KiwAld; xg;gpl;lhy; Xh; cz;ik GydhFk;. Nkiyehl;lhh; f;>w;>g; vd;gtw;wpd;
,ul;bj;j xypfis xypg;gpyhj; jilnahypahfTk; jdpahfthpd; xypg;Gilj;
jilnahypahfTk; vOjpdh;. jkpo; thptbtj;jpy; ,k;KiwNa xypg;Gilik>
xypg;gpd;ikiaf; fhl;lg; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l kughFk;.

sulphide-ry;igL

sulphite-ry;igl;L

fp;gp 19 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;j fhy;Lnty; ,jid ‘ty;nyhyp nky;nyhyp khw;w

epajp’ vdg; ngahpl;lhh;. nrhy;ypd; Kjypy; ,j;jilnahypfs; xypg;gpyh xypfshFk;.

58
nrhy;ypd; ,ilapy; ,ul;bj;J tUk; NghJ caph;fSf;fpilNaAk; %f;nfhypf;Fg;
gpd;Dk; xypg;GilajhFk;.

nka;j;jilnahypfs;

jilnahypfs; kaf;fj;jpy; Kjy; nka; ,uz;lhtJ nka;Ald; Xhpdkhfpd;wJ.

khl;rp-khr;rp

f-a khw;wk;

,fuk; Kd;Ndh gpd;Ndh tUk;NghJ ffuk; afukhf khWfpwJ.

fd;dpfs;-fd;dpas;

vfu xfu vOj;Jf;fspd; thptbtk;

vfu xfu vOj;Jf;fspd; cUt mikg;igg; gw;wp ,yf;fzq;fs; $Wfpd;wd.

vfu xfu caph; vOj;Jf;fSk; nka; vOj;Jf;fSk; Gs;sp ngWk; vd njhy;fhg;gpak;
$Wfpd;wJ. 18 Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j tPukhKdpth; vOj;J Kiwapy; rpy rPh;
jpUj;jq;fisr; nra;jhh;. vfuj;Jf;Fk; xfuj;Jf;Fk; Gs;sp ePf;fp Vfhuj;jpw;F fhy;
,l;Lk; Xfhuj;jpw;W Rop je;Jk; khw;wk; nra;jhh;. ufuj;jpw;F fhy; ,l;Lk; Vida
neby; mwpFwpahfpa ‘h’ fhypdpd;wk; NtWWgLj;jpdhh;. mtw;wpd; neby; tbtq;fSf;F
,ul;ilf; nfhk;igAk; mikj;jhh;. ,J jkpo; thptbt tuyhw;wpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
khw;wkhFk;.

fs; gd;ik tpFjp

rq;fj; jkpopy; fs; tpFjp m/wpizr; nrhw;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rq;fk;

kUtpa fhyj;jpy; cah;jpizAld; tUtijAk; ,ul;ilg; gd;ikr; nrhw;fshf
tUtijAk; fhz;fpNwhk;. ehaf;fh; fhy tpy;ypghujj;jpy; fs; tpFjp 1660 ,lq;fspy;
te;js;sJ. rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;jpy; njhlq;fp gy;yt Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy;
ngUtutpw;whfp ehaf;fh; fhyj; jkpopYk; jw;fhyj; jkpopYk; ,J epiyj;J
tpl;lnjdyhk;.

ahq;fs;> ehq;fs;> ,th;fs;

Ntw;Wik

ehaf;fh; fhyj; jkpopy; fUtpg; nghUs; Ntw;wikf;F My; vd;gJk;

cldpfo;rr
; p nghUs; Ntw;Wikf;F xL> XL> cld; vd;gitAk; Ntw;Wik
cUGfshapd.

J}J-My; - J}jhy;

kfpo;T-My; - kfpo;thy;

fUtpg; nghUs; Ntw;Wik ePq;fw; nghUs; Ntw;wikAld; xd;whFk; Nghf;F cs;sJ.

%d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUghd Md;> My; MfTk; Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGfSf;Fg;

59
gjpy; rpy nrhw;fNs Ntw;Wik cUGfshf tUfpd;wd. nfhz;L vd;Dk; nrhy;
fUtpg; nghUs; Ntw;Wikia czh;j;Jfpd;wJ.

ths; nfhz;L

nghUl;L> Mf vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikia czh;j;Jfpd;wJ.

mtd; nghUl;L

Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik ,Ue;J> epd;W Nghd;w nrhy;YUGfisg; ngWfpd;wJ.

tPl;by; ,Ue;J

Mwhk; Ntw;Wik cila vd;gij ngWfpd;wJ.

mtDila

vz;Zg; ngah;fs;

ehd;F vd;w vz;izf; Fwpf;f ehy; vd;gJk; Ie;ijf; Fwpf;f mQ;R vd;gJk;
tUfpd;wd.

ehY jhid

mQ;R mk;G

Nfhb> nts;sk; Nghd;w nrhw;fs; Ngnuz;izf; Fwpf;fpd;wd.

Nfhb kd;dh;

vOgJ nts;sk; Fuq;fpd; Nrid

fhyk;

epfo;fhyj;ijf; fhl;Lk; fpd;W ,ilepiy tpy;ypghujj;jpy; fhzg;gltpy;iy.

,we;j fhy ,ilepiyahf j;>j;j;>r;r;>e;j;>,d;>d; Nghd;;wit fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

mb-j;j;-Md; - mbj;jhd;

,we;j fhy ,ilepiyahd dfu xw;W tpy;ypghuj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

nrhd;dhd;

goe;jkpopy; ,we;j fhy tpFjp ,fuk; tpidnar;rj;jpYk; nganur;rj;jpYk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ehaf;fh; fhyj; jkpopy; ,fuk; ,d;Dk; ngUk;ghd;ikahf tUfpd;wd.

vjph;fhy tpFjp fp ,f;fhyj; jkpopy; ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ.

ciuf;fpak;

Vty;tpid gd;ikf;F nfhs; tpFjp Nrh;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

60
 nrhy;Yk;-nfhs; - nrhy;Yq;nfhs;

vr;rq;fs;

tpy;ypghuj;jpy; nra;A+c tha;g;ghl;L tpidnar;rk; XhpU ,lq;fspy; kl;LNk

te;Js;sJ. ky; tpFjp nfhz;l vjph;kiw tpidnar;rk; ,ilf;fhyj; jkpopy;
mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Mlhky;

nra;jhy; vd;w tbtj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhf nra;fpd;why; vd;w tbtk; tsh;rr

; p ngw;Ws;sJ.
epfo;fhy ,ilepiyahf fpd;W cs;sJ.

vjph;kiw

nra vd;Dk; vr;rj;Jld; mfu cUigr; Nrh;f;f gioa vjph;kiw tbtk; nrah
vd;gJ fpilf;fpd;wJ. ghy; tpFjpiar; Nrh;j;j gpd; nrahd; vd;w tbtk;
fpilf;fpd;wJ. nra vd;Dk; tbtk; vjph;kiw tbthd ,y;iy vd;gJld; ,ize;J
tUfpd;wJ.

mtd; nra;atpy;iy

tpidKw;W tpFjp

jd;ik xUik tpFjpahfpa vd; rq;f E}y;fspy; mjpfkhf tu tpy;ypghujj;jpy;

XhpU ,lq;fspy; kl;LNk te;Js;sJ.

te;jndd;

jd;ik xUik fhl;Lk; my; tpFjp ,ilf;fhyj; jkpopy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

fth;e;jpLty;

ngz;ghy; xUikf; fhl;Lk; Ms; tpFjp rq;fj; jkpo; E}y;fspy; vjph;kiwapy; mjpfk;
tu gpw;fhy E}y;fspy; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; tUfpd;wJ.

xt;ths;

cah;jpizg; gd;ik fhl;Lk; Mh; tpFjp ,ilf;fhyj; jkpopy; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk;

tUfpd;wJ.

epw;fpd;whh;.

m/wpiz xUik tpFjp J mJthf khw;wkilfpd;wJ.

ciuj;j-ciuj;jJ

KbTiu

61
 rq;f fhy rq;fk; kUtpa fhy $Wfspy; rpy $Wfs; epiyj;Jk; rpy Gjpa
$Wfs; cUthfpAk; ehaf;fh; fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; ehaf;fh; fhyj;jpy;
jhd; Ngr;Rj; jkpof;F ,yf;fzk; tFf;fg;gl;ls;sJ. ,it ahtw;iwAk;
,f;fl;Liuapd; top ek;khy; mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ.

4.kuhl;bah; fhyj; jkpo;

Kd;Diu

ehaf;fuJ Ml;rpf;Fg; gpd; jQ;iriaj;; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L fp.gp 1676 Kjy;

fp.gp 1799 tiu Ml;rp Ghpe;Jk; gpwF 1855 tiu jQ;irapNyNa nry;thf;Fg; ngw;Wk;
kuhl;bah; tpsq;fpdh;. fp.gp 1676 ,y; VNfh[p jQ;iriaf; ifg;gw;wpj; jQ;iriaj;
jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp Ghpaj; njhlq;fpdhh;. mJ Kjy; jQ;irapy; kuhl;ba
Ml;rp njhlq;fyhapw;W.

kuhl;bah; fhyj; jkpo;

kuhl;ba Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; jkpo;> njYq;F> kuhl;b> tlnkhop Mfpa nkhopfspy;

gy;NtW tifahd ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpd. kuhl;ba kd;dh;fspy; rpyh; gd;nkhopg;
Gyth;fshf tpsq;fpaNjhL kl;Lkpd;wp ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; gilj;Js;sdh;. ruNgh[p
kd;dh; cyfg; gfo; ngw;w ruRtjp k`hiy cUthf;fp Ntjhe;jk;> fhtpak;>
,yf;fpak;> ,ir> ehlfk;> eldk;> kUj;Jtk;> thd ,ay; njhlh;ghd Rtbfisr;
Nrfhpj;jhh;.

kuhl;bah; Ml;rpfhyj;jpy; J}J> cyh> ehlfk;> Nfhit> rjfk;> mk;khid>

Guhzk; rk;ge;jkhf 68 ,yf;fpaq;fs; kyh;e;jd. jkpo;g; Gyth;fis Mjhpj;jk;
te;Js;sdh;. kuhl;bah; fhyj; jkpio ,yf;fpaq;fs;> fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> nrg;ngLfs;
Jizf; nfhz;L Muhayhk;.

caph;> nka; xypad;fs;

ehaf;fh; fhyj;jpa xypad;fshd caph; vOj;Jf;fs; kuhl;ba fhyj; jkpopYk;

xypad;fshf tpsq;fpd.
,< cC
vV xX
mM
ehaf;fh; fhy nka;nahypad;fs; kuhl;bah; fhyj;jpYk; njhlh;e;jd.
f;r;lw; ;j;g;
z;d;k;
a;o;hy
; ;t;
s;
,jd; %yk; Nrhoh; ehaf;fh; fhy khw;wq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; kuhl;bah; fhyj;jpYk;
njhlh;fpd;wd vdyhk;.

,yf;fpaq;fs;
u - w

62
 njhpa-njwpa
khud;-khwd;
w – u
mwpahj-mhpahj
Fiw-Fiu
gjw-gju
cwthb-cuthb
w – l
cw;rhfk;-cl;rhfk;
o – s
gok;gQ;rhuk;-gsk;gQ;rhuk;
s – o
tsik-toik
w;w; - j;j;
fw;w-fj;j
fpzw;wpy;-fpzj;jpy;
tw;whj-tj;jhj
New;W-Nej;J
fy;ntl;Lf;fs;

kuhl;bah; fhy fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; Jiz nfhz;L xyp khw;wq;fisf; fhz;Nghk;.

m - ,
f[k;-fp[k;
ghpghydk;-ghpghypdk;
m – v
fq;if-nfq;if
fUld;-nfUld;
jrkp-njrkp
m – I
kw;WKs;s-ikj;JKs;s
, - m
kjps;-kjs;
, - v
epyk;-neyk;
c - ,>v
GQ;ir-gpQ;ir
Rth;-nrth;
,><>v – ap>aP>na
,jpd;Nky;-apjpd;Nky;
<rd;-aPrd;
vOjp-naOjp
I – ma;
ifvOj;J-fa;vOj;J
r – j
rz;NlRtuu;-jz;NlRtuu;

63
g – t
ghthrp-ththrp
t – g
mRtNkjk;-mRgNkjk;
e – d
ek;-dk;
ehq;fs;-dhq;fs;
u – w
uhj;jphp-whj;jphp
nra;jhh;-nra;jhw;
w – u
MW-MU
w – f>d>z>r
njw;F-njf;F
kzpFd;wk;-kzpFd;dk;
nfhd;w-nfhz;z
ehw;rhhp-ehr;rhhp
o – s
fPoj;njU-fPsj;njU
~ - o
ghi~-ghio
Hp~g-hpog
tlnrhw;fSk; tlnkhopj; njhlh;fSk; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
tq;rk;> cj;]tk;> Ngh[dk;
fpue;j vOj;Jf;fis ePf;fp tlnrhw;fisj; jkpo; thp tbtj;jpy; vOJk; Kaw;rpAk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.

rh];jphp-rhj;jphp

ghi~-ghir

hp~gk;-,lgk;

];t&gk;-R&gk;

fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; Mq;fpy nkhopr; nrhw;fs; gapd;W te;Js;sd. Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fs;

jkpo; vOj;jpy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd.

mf;fTz;ld;l-; accountant

,q;fpyp~;-english

,nurpld;l-; resident

gz;L-fund

khNd[h;-manager

64
FwpaPLfs;

fy;ntl;Lf;fspYk; nrg;NgLfspYk; RUf;f vOj;Jf;fSk; FwpaPLfSk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

-tUlk;

-khjk;

c>jP-Njjp

s-fyk;

RUf;f vOj;Jf;fs;

r-rhypthfdrfk;

t-t@uhj;J kuG

&-&gha;
nrg;NgLfs;
,>< - ap>aP
,e;jpaf;fiu-ape;jpaf;fiu
<ok;-aPok;
v>V – na>Na
vUJ-naUJ
VO-NaO
I – ma;
Iaq;fhh;-ma;aq;fhh;
j – r
rk;kjpj;J-rk;kjpr;R
e – d
ehaf;fh;-dhaf;fh;
u – w
fpuhkk;-fpwhkk;
w – j
kw;Wk;-kj;Jk;
d>w – z>l
nry;yh epd;w-nry;yh epz;l
,Uf;fpd;w-,Uf;fpz;l
kuhl;bar; nrg;Ngl;by; gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fs; gy jkpo; xypf;Nfw;g thptbtKk;
nkhopg;ngah;g;Gk; ngw;Ws;sd.
mkuhy;-(admiral)
cyhe;jh-(holland)
ngj;jphp tPL-(factory)
gjpypL ngah;fs;
ehd;> ahd; Mfpa ,U jd;ik xUikg; gjpypL ngah;fSk; ehk;> ehq;fs;
Mfpa ,Ujd;ikg; gjpypL ngah;fSk; eP>ePh;>ePtph; Mfpa Kd;dpiyg; gjpypL

65
ngah;fSk; ,td;> ,th;> ,ts;> mtd;> mth;> mts;> mit> jk;> Mfpa glh;f;ifg;
gjpypL ngah;fSk; kuhl;bah; fhyj; jkpopy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Ntw;Wik
I>F>xL>My;>,y;>,d; Mfpa Ntw;Wik cUGfs; kuhl;bah; fhyj; jkpopy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
cq;fis
ngw;whh;f;F
rpiyjd;ndhL
fhy ,ilepiyfs;

e;;j;>j;j;>,d; Mfpa ,we;j fhy ,ilepiyfis kuhl;bah;fhyj; jkpopy;

fhz;fpNwhk;.

rhh;e;jdd;

t;>g;g; Mfpa vjph;fhy ,ilepiyfs; kuhl;ba fhyj; jkpopy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

ePq;Fth;

,Ug;Nghk;

epfo;fhy ,ilepiyahf fpd;W ,f;fhyj;jkpopy; fhzf; fplf;fpd;wJ.

epw;fpd;wJ

jkpopy; kuhl;b nrhw;fs;

jkpo; nkhopapy; kuhl;br; nrhw;fs; fye;Js;sd.

Nrkpah> fpr;rb> frhak;> n]h[;[p Nghd;w czT gw;wpa nrhw;fs; jkpopy;

fye;Js;sd.

fq;fhyk;> fpz;b> [hb ghj;jpuq;fs; njhlh;ghd nrhw;fSk; jkpopy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

kuhl;bah; fhyj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Ngr;R tof;Fr; nrhw;fs;

mQ;R Ke;jhehj;J ,d;dk; ehY
tazk; cgfhuk; ,g;gbf;nfhj;j
crpjk; VlhNfhlk; fTj;jhNy Nekpj;J
xz;b njz;ldpl;L nkr;r fhprdk;
itNghfk; iftrk; rpyT Rk;kh
jhkrk; ,r;rfk; NaRthNs mgrhuk;
fpl;Nl ry;ypf;fhR jhuhl;lhYk; gutrk;
kuhl;ba nrg;Ngl;by; fhzg;gLk; nrhw;fs;
Kjpj;J-Kbj;J
rkw;gfk;-rkhjhdk;
ftpy;-xg;ge;jk;
gzptpilfhwh;-Ntiyf;fhud;
ft;it-chpik
fk;gl;lk;-ehzar;rhiy

66
 fiuJiw-JiwKfk;
tpd;dhrk;-mopT
nts;iskDrh;-Mq;fpNyah;
ytzf;fil-cg;Gf;fil
mrk;-ML
jtf;fk;-FiwT
Jue;juh;-ty;yth;
];jputhuk;-rdpf;fpoik
nrWthL-rpWNrkpg;G
gUjpehs;-Qhapq;Qf;fpoik
rk;G-rptngUkhd;
KbTiu

kuhl;bah; fhyj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; epiwa tlnkhopr; nrhw;fSk;

gpwd;nkhopr; nrhw;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,f;fhyj; jkpopd; $Wfs; kuhl;bah;
fhyj;Jj; jkpopNyNa njhlq;fptpl;lJ vd;gJ ,jd;%yk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

myF – 3 tpdhtq;fp
2 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.,ilf;fhyj; jkpio vt;thW gphpg;gh;?
2.Mz;ghy; tpFjp vit?
3.ngz;ghy; tpFjpfis $Wf.
4.jkpo; nkhopapd; nghw;fhyk; vJ?
5.tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;Wf;fs; vit?
6.gpd;tUk; FwpaPLfSf;Fj; jFe;j nrhw;fis vOJf
m)c M)G ,)s
7.jkpopy; cs;s kuhl;br; nrhw;fs; rpytw;iwf; $Wf.
8.gpd;tUk; kuhl;bar; nrhw;fSf;F ,izahd jkpo;r; nrhw;fisf; $Wf.
m)Kjpj;J M)rkw;gfk; ,)fiuJiw
5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.gy;yth; fhyj; jkpopy; fhzg;gLk; nka;nahyp khw;wq;fs; rpytw;iwf; $Wf.
2.Nrhoh; fhy nkhop Kjy;> ,Wjp vOj;jf;fs; tUk; Kiwia VOJf.
3.Nrhoh; fhy ,ilepiyfis $Wf.
4.ehaf;fh; fhy> caph; nka; xypad;fis $Wf.
5.kuhl;bah; fhy xyp khw;wq;fis Muha;f
6.jkpopy; kuhl;br; nrhw;fs; fye;j tpjj;jpid tpsf;Ff.
10 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.gy;yth; fhy nkhop khw;wq;fs; Fwpj;J fl;Liuf;f.
2.Nrhoh; fhyj; jkpopd; rpwg;gpid Muha;f.
3.ehaf;fh; fhy nkhop tsh;rr ; papd $Wf.

67
4.kuhl;bah; fhyj; jkpo; Fwpj;J fl;Liuf;f.

myF-4
gj;njhd;gJ ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;Lj; jkpo;

gy;yth; fhyj; jkpo; - Nrhoh; fhyj; jkpo;- ehaf;fh; fhyj; jkpo; -

kuhl;bah; fhyj; jkpo;.

Kd;Diu
Nkiy ehl;lhhpd; tUiff;Fg; gpd;dh; jkpo;nkhop tuyhw;wpy; nghpanjhU
khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ vdyhk;. ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; kl;Lkpd;wp nkhop tuyhw;wpYk; ,jid
ed;F fhzyhk;.
19>20 Mk; E}w;whz;L jkpo; tsh;rr
; p
19 Mk; E}w;whz;L jkpo;nkhop> ,yf;fpa tsh;rr ; pf;F NgUjtpahf ,Ue;jJ.
,f;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; jhd; mr;R ,ae;jpuq;fSk; njd;dpe;jpaf; fy;ntl;Lf;fSk;
gbnaLf;fg;gl;ld. fpwpj;Jthpd; tUifAk;> Nkdhl;lhhpd; njhlh;Gk; Vw;gl;lJk;
,f;fhyf; fl;lj;jpy; jhd;. Nkdhl;lhhpd; tUifahy; rpWfij> Gjpdk;> gj;jphpf;iffs;>
ciueil Nghd;w Jiwfspy;; jkpo;nkhopAk; etPd nkhopahf thoj; jiyg;gl;lJ.
Nkdhl;lhpQh;fshd ng];fp> Nudpa];> fpuhy;> Nghg;> Mh;ld;> fhy;Lnty; MfpNahh; 19
Mk; E}w;whz;Lj; jkpiog; gw;wpf; Fwpg;ghf Ngr;Rj;jkpiog; gw;wp ed;F
Muha;e;Js;sdh;. ,jdhy; jkpo; nkhopahdJ gy;NtW topfspy; tsh;rr ; paile;jJ.
ciueil Kjyhd ,yf;fpaq;fs; tsh;rr ; pg; ngw;wd. fiyapay;> mwptpay; Nghd;w
Jiwfs; tsu tsuj; jkpOk; gy;NtW khw;wq;fisf; fz;lJ. Gjpa Gjpa fiyr;
nrhw;fs;> Gjpa rpy ,yf;fzf; $Wfs;> Gjpa thf;fpa mikg;Gfs; Nghd;w gy
epiyfspy; jkpopy; khw;wq;fs; gy epfo;e;jd.
NkYk; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;Lj; jkpo; gw;wp MuhAk; NghJ thndhypj; jkpo;>
gj;jphpf;ifj;jkpo;> mwptpay; jkpo; Nghd;wit tsh;rr ; paile;jd. ,e;E}w;whz;bd;

68
guty; nra;jpj; njhlh;gpd; rf;jp tha;e;j rhjdq;fshfj; jpiug;glk;> thndhyp>
njhiyf;fhl;rp> gj;jphpf;if> Nghd;wit jpfo;fpd;wd. ,e;E}w;whz;Lj; jkpo; gw;wp
itahGhpg;gps;is> nj.ngh.kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;> r.mfj;jpaypq;fk;> nr.it.rz;Kfk;>
nghd;. Nfhjz;luhkd;> K.rz;Kfk; gps;is> fkpy; Rtygpy; Nghd;w NguwpQh;fSk;
Muha;e;Js;sdh; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
,d;iwa jkpopd; gy;NtW $Wfisg; gw;wpa Ma;NtLfSk; epiwa cs;sd.
Kw;fhyf;fl;l jkpo;nkhopapd; mikg;ig Nehf;Fk; NghJ jw;fhyj;jkpo; gy;NtW
tpjj;jpYk; NtWgl;L epw;gijf; fhz KbAk;. Nguhrphpah; mfj;jpaypq;fk; Nghd;whh;
jw;fhyj; jkpio tsUk; jkpo; vd;Nw toq;Ffpd;wdh;.
tud;Kiw
vy;yh capUk; nrhy;Yf;F KjypYk; ,ilapYk; tUk;. <w;wpy; VfhuKk;
XfhuKk; tUjy; ,y;iy. <fhuk;> Cfhuk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; jP> G+ vd;Dk; Xuirr;;
nrhw;fspy; <w;wpy; tUfpd;wd. f;>r;>j;>g;>k;>e;>Q;>t;>a; Mfpait nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy;
tUfpd;wd. gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fspy; l;>h;>y; nkhop Kjy; tUfpd;wd.
lg;gh> ufrpak;> yl;L
gjpndl;L nka;fSk; nkhopapilapy; jdpj;J tUfpd;wd. k;>d;>z;>o;>y;>s;>h;>a; Mfpait
nrhy;Yf;F ,Wjpapy; tUk;. goe;jkpopy; ,tw;NwhL Q;>e;>t; Mfpa %d;Wk; nrhy;ypd;
,Wjpapy; tUfpd;wd.
chpQ;> nghUe;> njt;
caph;fspilNa g;>j;>r;>l;>f;>k;>d;>Q;>z;>y;>s;>t;>a; ,it jdpj;Jk; ,ul;bj;Jk; tUk;.
,tw;wpy; %f;nfhyp> kUq;nfhyp> miuAaph; Fw;nwOj;ijaLj;Nj tUk;. q;>e;
,t;tpuz;Lk; caph;fspilNa jdpj;J tUk;. –w;w;- nrhy;ypd; ,ilapYk; caph;fspd;
,ilapYk; tUk;.
,d;iwa vOj;Jj; jkpo;
,d;iw vOj;Jj; jkpo; vd;W $Wk; NghJ ehspjo;fs;> khj ,jo;fs;> fij>
ehty;> rpWfij Nghd;wtw;wpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jkpioAk; Muha Ntz;Lk;.
gj;jphpf;ifj; jkpopy; f;>r;>j;>e;>k;>a;>h;>y;>t;>];>[;>`;>~; Kjypad nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy;
tUfpd;wd.
lty;> lg;gh> nlypfpuhk;> lg;gh
yl;rk;> yhfphp> yPiy> ypdd;
~h;gj;> ~hg;
[k;gk;> [hf;fpuij> [Pd;> N[hb
`hy;> N`hl;ly;
,d;iwa jkpopy; xU nrhy;ypd; KjypNyh ,WjpapNyh ,uz;L %d;W nka;fs;
kaq;Ftjpy;iy. goe;jkpopy; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; ,uz;L nka;fs; te;Js;sd.
jPh;k;> Nghd;k;
nrhy;ypd; eLtpy; kaq;fyhk;. ,d;iwa gj;jphpf;ifj; jkpopy; fPo;f;fz;l Gjpa nka;
kaf;fq;fs; Njhd;wpAs;sd.
l;d; - rl;dp
L;y; - ,l;yp
d;a; - #d;ak;
d;[; - ,d;[pd;
~;z; - c~;zk;
~;k; - gP~;kh;
];t; - ru];tjp
H;z; - th;zk;

69
 h;h; - Fh;uhd;
,d;iwa Ngr;Rj; jkpopy; xyp khw;wq;fs;
Ngr;Rj; jkpopy; epfOk; xypkhw;wq;fs; Fwpj;J ,q;Ff; fhz;Nghk;. lhf;lh;
F.gukrptk; mth;fs; vOjpa ,f;fhyj; jkpo; kuG vd;w E}ypy; ‘ciuahlypy; xyp
khw;wq;fs;’ vd;w ,aypy; kpf tphpthf Muha;e;Js;shh;.
,fu vfu cfu xfu khw;wk;
,iy – viy
cuy;- xuy;
,fu vfuq;fs; xfukhjy;
gpwg;G – nghwg;G
ngl;b – nghl;b
,fuk; cfukhjy;
gpl;L – Gl;L
cfuk; ,fukhjy;
Gy;Y – gpy;Y
xsfhuj; jphpG
xsfhuk; mt; vd;Nw cr;rhpf;fg;gLtNjhL vOjTk; gLfpwJ.
Xsit – mt;it
Xhpdkhjy;
Xh; xypaDf;F Kd;dNuh gpd;dNuh tUfpd;w kw;nwhU xypad; Ke;jpa my;yJ
gpe;jpa xypadpd; cr;rhpg;gpw;Nfw;g khwp tUfpd;w khw;wj;ij Xhpdkhjy; vd;gh;.
xU nrhy;ypd; Kd;dhy; tUfpd;w xypad;fSf;Nfw;g gpd;dhy; tUk; NtNwhh; xypad;
NtWgLkhapd; mjid Kd;top Xhpdkhf;fk; vdyhk;.
Nts;tpf;F – Nts;tpf;fp
xU nrhy;ypd; gpd;dhy; tUfpd;w xypaDf;Nfw;g Kd;dhy; tUk; xypad; cr;rhpg;G
khWgLkhapd; mk;khw;wk; gpd; top Xhpdkhf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
nrz;gfk; - nrk;gfk;
nrhw;fspy; mLj;jLj;Jf; fhzg;gLfpd;w xypad;fspy; Xhpdkhf;f khw;wk; Vw;gLkhapd;
mjidj; njhlh;top Xhpdkhf;fk; vd;gh;.
ed;nra; - eQ;nra;

mz;zkjhy;
mz;zj;ijnahl;bg; gpwf;fpd;w xyp rfu xypahFk;.
mbj;jhd; - mbr;rhd;
gy;nyhypahjy;
Edpeh Edpaz;z milg;nghyp ,ul;bj;J tUk; NghJ Ngr;Rj; jkpopy;
,ul;ilj; jfukhf khWfpwJ.
Fw;wk; - Fj;jk;
ofu nka; kiwjy;
Ngr;R tof;fpy; ofu nka; kiwe;J tpLfpwJ.
jho;thuk; - jhthuk;
ngah;g;ghFghL
rpwg;Gg; ngah;
Fwpg;gpl;l xU kdpjd;> ,lk; my;yJ xU nghUspd; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gJ rpwg;Gg;
ngauhFk;.
rf;jpNty;> nka;ag;gd;

70
rpwg;gg; ngah;fs; gd;ik cUG Vw;gjpy;iy.
nghJg;ngah;
rpwg;Gg; ngah; my;yhjdnty;yhk; nghJg;ngauhFk;.
kuk;> tPL (gd;ik Vw;Fk;)
capUila> caphpy;yhg; nghUl; ngah;fs;
kdpjd;> eha; Nghd;wtw;iw capUilg; nghUl;ngah; vd;Wk; ehw;fhyp
Nghd;wtw;iw caphpy;yhg; nghUl;ngah; vd;Wk; $WfpNwhk;.
gUg;nghUl; ngaUk; Ez;nghUl; ngaUk;
xUth; cs;sijAk; fz;zhy; fhzf; $baijAk; gUg;nghUs;fs; vd;Wk;
cUtk; ,y;yhjijAk; fUj;jstpNy epidf;ff; $ba nghUl;fisAk; Ez;nghUl;fs;
vd;W gphpg;gh;.
Mf;fg;ngah;fs;
NtnwhU nrhy;tifapypUe;J Mf;fpf; nfhs;sg;gl;ltw;iw Mf;fg; ngah;fs;
vd;Nghk;.
cUG – j;Jtk; ngwy;
Kjyhsp – Kjyhspj;Jtk;
cUG – mk; ngwy;
jpUg;G - jpUg;gk;
cUG – gJ ngwy;
vL – vLg;gJ
cUG – g;G ngwy;
rphp – rphpg;G
cUG – T ngwy;
tho; - tho;T
cUG – Msp ngwy;
Ngr;R - Ngr;rhsp
cUG – ik ngwy;
ngU – ngUik
ngah;r;nrhy;ypd; vjph;kiw tbtk;
ngah;r;nrhy;ypy; vjph;kiw tbtk; Nrh;f;fg;gLjy; ,d;iwaj; jkpopy;
ngUtof;fhf cs;sJ.
ehfhpfk; - mehfhpfk;

gjpypL ngah;fs;
xU ngah;r;nrhy;Yf;Fg; gjpyhf ,l;L toq;Fk; ,d;ndhU ngaiuNa gjpypL
ngah; vd;fpNwhk;.
ngah;fis %tplg; ngah;fs; gpw gjpypL ngah;fs; vd ,uz;lhfg; gphpg;gh;. gpd;idag;
gphptpy; tpdhg; ngah;fs; jd;ikg; ngah;fs; Nghd;wit mlq;Fk;.
xl;Lf;fs;
jw;fhyj; jkpopy; ngah;> tpid jtpu xl;lf;fSk; tof;fpYs;sd. Kd;ndhl;L>
cs;nshl;L> gpd;ndhl;L vd ,J %tifg;gLk;.
Kd;ndhl;L
khpahij – mt khpahij
vjph;kiwahf;Ftjw;F mt> m vd;w Kd;ndhl;L Nrh;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
cs;nshl;L
cs;nshl;L jkpopy; ,y;iynad;gh;.

71
gpd;ndhl;L
ck; vd;Dk; gpd;ndhl;L
nghpahUk; ,uh[h[pak; ez;gh;fs;
X vd;Dk; gpd;ndhl;L
eP mq;Nf NghthNah?
MtJ vd;Dk; gpd;ndhl;L
,uz;lhtJ Ngrpdth; Kjyikr;rh;
mwptpay; jkpo;
,e;E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; tho;e;j kfhftp ghujp gy fdTfisf; fz;lhh;.
mtw;wpy; xd;W fy;tp gw;wpa kfj;jhd fdT MFk;.
‘gapw;wpg; gy fy;tp je;J - ,e;jg;
ghiu cah;j;jpl Ntz;Lk;’
vd;W tpUk;gpdhh;. mth; tpUk;gpa me;jg; gy; fy;tp jUtjw;fhd nrhy; tsj;ij>
FwpaPl;Lj; njhFg;ig> eil mikg;ig> RUf;fkhff; $wg;Nghdhy; mjw;fhd
E}y;fisf; nfhz;lj; jkpioj; jhd; mwptpay; jkpo; vd;fpNwhk;.
cyfk; RUq;fp khdplj;jpd; cah;T tpz;zpYk; ntspapYk; guTk; ,e;ehspy;
gy Jiwfs; ek;kpilNa tsuhj epiyiaf; fhz;fpNwhk;. mwpTj; Jiwfs;
midj;jpYk; jkpo; mwptpay; nkhopahf tsu Ntz;Lk;. Gjpa Jiw gw;wpa
fUj;Jf;fis Kjd; Kjyhf Muha;e;J mk;KbTfisj; jha; nkhopapy; $WtJ xU
tif. gpw nkhopapy; $wg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fisj; jha; nkhopapy; $WtJ kw;nwhU
tif. ,t;thW nra;Ak; NghJ jha;nkhopapd; mikg;gpw;Nfw;g %y nkhopapy;
$wpatw;iwj; jOtp vOj Ntz;Lk;.
nkhopapidg; Gjpa Jiwfspy; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;wj;
NjitfSf;Nfw;gTk; gad;gLk; Jiwfspd; tsh;rr ; pf;Nfw;gTk; Gjpa fiyr; nrhw;fSk;
thf;fpa mikg;GfSk; ,d;iwa jkpopy; cUthtJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. ,jpy;
mwptpay; jkpo; fiyr; nrhw;fs; gilj;jYk; ,d;wpaikahjjhf cs;sJ. mjid
gy tifapy; mwpQh;fs; gilf;fpd;wdh;.fPo;fz;l Kiwapy; mwptpay; jkpo;
gilf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
nrhy;yhf;fk;
xypngah;g;G
nkhopg;ngah;g;G
mfepiyahf;fk;
njspTglf; $wy;
mUnkhop ,izr; nrhw;fs;
xl;Lr; nrhy;yhf;fk;
GJr;nrhy; gilj;jy;
GJr;nrhy; gilf;Fk; NghJ vspik> tof;F Kjd;ik> Mf;fj;jpwd;> nrhy;njspT
Kjypatw;iw kdjpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
] vd;w fpue;j vOj;J Z vd;w xypiaf; Fwpf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Zigmandi - ]pf;kz;b
Boltzman – Nghy;l] ; ;Nkd;
Nd vd;w xypiaf; Fwpf;f z;l>; d;l; vd;w ,U KiwAk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Vanderwalls - thz;lh;thy;];
Andrews - Mz;l& ; ];
nkhop ,ilapy; xypg;gpyh ty;nyhypfisf; Fwpf;f ,ul;il ty;nyOj;Jf;fs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.

72
 Dalton – lhy;ll ; d;
Opera – Mg;guh
 mwptpay; fiyr; nrhw;fs; $Lkhdtiu jdpr;nrhw;fshapUj;jy; ed;W. vd;Wk;
mit nghUs; tphpthf;fk; ngUk; tifapy; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 mwptpay; jkpopy; nra;ag;ghl;L tpid Ml;rp mjpfk;.
 ngauhf;f eil mjpfk; ifahsg;gLfpd;wJ.
 Kf;fhyj;Jf;Fk; nghJthd njhlh;fs; ngU tof;fhf cs;sd.
 gz;Gg; ngah; tof;F mwptpay; jkpopy; mjpfk;.
 njspTk; nrwpTk; tw;GWj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
thndhypj; jkpo;
nghJr; nra;jpg; ghpkhw;wq;fs; thndhyp %yk; eilngWfpd;wd. ek; ehl;by;
fy;yhjth;fspd; njhif mjpfkhapUg;gjhy; thndhypapd; gq;F kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
thndhypj; jkpopy; ,U tof;F epiyiaf; fhz;fpNwhk;. nra;jp mwpf;if> mwptpg;G>
Ngr;R Nghd;wit midj;Jk; cah; nkhop tof;fpy; mike;Js;sd. ciuahly;>
Ngl;b> ehlfk; Nghd;wit Ngr;R nkhop tof;fpy; mike;Js;sd. thndhypapy;
cah;jkpo; tof;F> nghJg; Ngr;Rj; jkpo;; tof;F ,uz;Lk; Fwpg;gpl;l epfo;rr ; papy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lhYk; cah; tof;fpy; nghJg; Ngr;Rj; jkpOk; nghJg; Ngr;rj; jkpopy;
cah; tof;Fr; nrhw;fSk; tputp tUfpd;wd.
thndhypapy; ehd;F Nfhb vd;gJ ehY Nfhb vd;Wk; Vwf;Fiwa vd;gJ fpl;lj;jl;l
vd;Wk; $Wg;gLfpd;wd.
thndhypapy; cyf elg;Gr; nra;jpfisj; njhFj;Jf; $Wk; NghJ Gjpa
nrhy;yhf;fKk; eilngWfpd;wJ.
gj;jphpf;ifj; jkpo;
nra;jpj; jhs;fs;> thu> khj ,jo;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUk;
jkpo; tof;fpy; fhyj;jpw;Nfw;gTk; ehSk; tsh;e;J tUk; mwptpay; kw;Wk; rKjha
tsh;rr ; papidf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;Lk; gy GJr; nrhw;fs;> nrhw;nwhlh;fs;> kw;w
nkhopaikg;Gf;fs;> nkhop eil Nghd;wit Njhd;wp tUtij ahUk; kWf;f KbahJ.
Muk;g fhy ,jo;fspy; tl nkhop fye;Njh Mq;fpyk; fye;Njh vOjg;gl;lJ.
nre;jkpo;> nre;jkpo;r; nry;tp> jkpo;g;nghopy; Nghd;w ,jo;fs; ,yf;fpa eiliag;
gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd. FKjk;> fy;fp> Mde;j tpfld; Nghd;w ,jo;fspy; ntsptUk;
tuyhw;W ehty;fs; ,yf;fpa eilapYk; kw;witfs; rhjhuz eilapYk;
ntsptUfpd;wd. jkpo;r; nra;jp ,jopaypy; kpfg;nghpa khw;wq;fis cUthf;fpa
ngUik jpU.tp.f mth;fisr; rhUk;. Mq;fpyf; fyg;ghd eilia khw;wpag; ngUik
KOJk; ,tUf;Nf cz;L.
vOj;Jr; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpw;Fk; ehspjo;fNs Kd;Ndhbahf ,Ue;Js;sd. gy;yhz;L
fhykhf I>xs vd;git ma;>mt; vd;Nw mr;rplg;ngw;W tUfpd;wd. ,J Nghd;w
vOj;Jr; rPh;jpUj;jj;ijr; rpe;jidahsd;> mwpT top> mwptpaf;fk; Nghd;w
gj;jphpf;iffs; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd.
gj;jphpf;ifj; jkpopy; GJ nrhy;yhf;fj;ijAk; fhzyhk;.
 gj;jphpf;ifj; jkpopy; GJr; nrhw;fs; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Ez;-caph; - Ez;Zaph;
 ,uz;L my;yJ ,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l nrhw;fis ,izj;Jf; $l;Lr; nrhw;fs;
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Fb-muR – FbauR

73
  ngah;r; nrhw;fSlNdh my;yJ mbr; nrhw;fSlNdh tpFjp Nrh;j;Jg; GJr;
nrhw;fs; gilf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
MS-eh; - MSeh;
 ,uz;L jkpo;r; nrhw;fisr; Nrh;j;Jg; GJg; GJg; nghUSf;Nfw;g nrhw;fs;
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Nghf;F-tuj;J – Nghf;Ftuj;J
 Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fisj; jkpohf;fk; nra;J jUfpd;wJ.
Television – njhiyf;fhl;rp
Central government – eLtzuR
 Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fis mt;thNw xypngah;j;Jk; vOJtJz;L.
Nghyp]; fkp~dh;
 ,Unkhopf; fyg;igAk; fhzyhk;.
kpy; njhopyhsp
 ty;ypd nka;;fis ,Wjpahff; nfhz;l Ntw;Wnkhopr; nrhw;fisf;
ifahSk;NghJ cfu xl;il ,izj;Jg; gj;jphpiffs; vOJfpd;wd.
hpf;fhh;l; - hpf;fhh;L
 gj;jjphpf;ifj; jkpopy; Gjpa nka;kaf;fq;fs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
];Nl~d;> hpf;~h
 Mz;ghYf;Nfw;g ngz;ghy; nrhy;iyAk; gj;jphpf;iffs; cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
,isQd; - ,isQp
 [fuj;ij kf;fl; ngahpy; khw;whkYk; kw;wtw;wpy; khw;wpAk; vOJfpd;wd.
fhkuh[h;
 re;jp tpjpfisj; jtph;j;jy;
njhopyhsh;fs; ,ilNa – njhopyhsh;fspilNa
 rpwpa nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
tw;GWj;Jtjw;fhf – tw;GWj;j
 Jbg;Gs;s nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
mjph;rr; p> FKwy;
KbTiu
fhyr; #oYf;Nfw;g gj;njhd;gJ ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; jkpohdJ ey;yNjhh;
tsh;rr
; papid vl;bAs;sJ. njhopy;El;gKk; ehfhpfKk; tsu tsu jkpOk; tsh;e;J
,d;wsTk; tsUk; jkpohf fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ.

fy;ntl;Lj; jkpo;
Kd;Diu
fy;ypd; kPJ nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s vOj;Jf;fSf;Ff; fy;ntl;nlOj;J vd;W ngah;.
,it mopahg; nghUl;fs; kPJ vOjg;gl;Ls;sjhy; gy E}w;whz;Lfs; fle;Jk; ekf;Ff;
fpilj;Js;sd. ,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; thapyhf jkpo; nkhopapd; tuyhw;wpid mwpe;J
nfhs;syhk;.

fy;ntl;Lj; jkpo;
xU nkhopapd; tuyhw;wpy; kpf Kf;fpakhd ,lj;ijg; ngWtd fy;ntl;Lf;fNs
MFk;. vj;jidNah goikahd nkhopfs; fy;ntl;Lf;fisNa Mjhukhff;
nfhz;Ls;sd. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; Fwpg;ghfj; jkpo; nkhopapy; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd

74
fy;ntl;Lf;fis fhz KbfpwJ. ,tw;Ws; kpfg; goikahdit gpuhkp
fy;ntl;Lf;fshFk;. ,it fp.K 3 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;jitahFk;. ,tw;iwf; fPo
tisT> kWfhy;jiy> Midkiy> mofh;kiy> rpj;jd;dthry; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy;
fhzKbfpd;W. mNrhfh; gad;gLj;jpa gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fisj; njd;dpe;jpa
nkhopfSf;Nfw;g khw;wpaikj;jNj njd;dpe;jpa gpuhkp vd;gh;;.
nghJthfj; jkpo; ehl;by; fpilf;Fk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; jkpo;> fpue;jk;> tl;nlOj;J Mfpa
%d;W tif vOj;Jf;fshy; Mfpait. fpue;j vOj;Jf;fshYk; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fshYk;
Mfpa fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fp.gp 6 MtJ E}w;whz;bypUe;J fpilf;fpd;wd. gpuhkpf;
fy;ntl;Lfis mLj;Jj; jkpo;ehl;by;; fpilg;gJ jpUehjh;Fd;W fy;ntl;lhFk;. jkpo;
vOj;Jf;fshyhd ,f;fy;ntl;L fp.gp 5 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;jJ. ,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
jkpo;nkhopapd; tsh;r;rpapidAk; Ngr;R nkhopapd; rhayAk; fhl;Ltdthf cs;sd.
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fhzg;gLk; khw;wq;fs;
,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fhzg;gLk; nkhopfSf;FkpilNa gy
Ntw;Wikfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,yf;fpa nkhopapy; Vwhj gy Ngr;R tof;Ffisf;
fy;ntl;L nkhopapy; fhzyhk;. ,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
jkpo;nkhop tuyhw;iwr; rpwe;jj Kiwapy; cUthf;fyhk;. jkpopy; f vd;w vOj;J gy
xypfshf xypf;fpd;wd.
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ngUk;ghYk; Ngr;Rj;jkpopNyNa mike;Js;sd. fy;ntl;il
ntl;bath;fs; mf;fhyj;jpy; Ngr;ir vg;gbf; Nfl;lhh;fNsh mg;gbNa
nrJf;fpAs;shh;fs;. fy;ntl;L nkhopapy; ,ilr; nrUfs; ,y;iy. vf;fhyf; fy;ntl;L
vd;gij eph;zapj;Jtpl;lhy; mJ mf;fhy tof;F vdf; nfhs;syhk;. ,uz;L caph;
vOj;Jf;fs; clk;gL nka; ,y;yhJ vOjg;gLk; Kiw fy;ntl;Lf;fspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
jpir Xh;
,iw ,yp
vOJgthpd; gpio
Mfhuj;Jf;Fg; gjpy;; mfuj;ijAk; <fhuj;jpw;Fg; gjpy; ,fuj;ijAk;
Cfhuj;jpw;Fg; gjpy; cfuj;ijAk; vOJtJ vOJgthpd; jtwhFk;. XUaph;
nka;naOj;Jf;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf ,d;Ndhh; caph; nka;naOj;J vOJk; ,lq;fs; rpy
jtWfs; vd;Nw nfhs;s Ntz;b cs;sJ. vOJgthpd; jtWfs; nka;naOj;Jf;fis
vOJtjpYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
gjpidQ;q;foQ;R – gjpidq;foQ;R
nfhz;lL; – nfhz;L
thptbtk;
Fiff; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gpuhkp vOj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l jkpo;nkhopf;
fy;ntl;Lf;fshFk;. fp.gp 7 Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;Nj jkpo; thptbtj;jpYk; fpue;j
thptbtj;jpYk; vOjg;gl;l fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. jopo; thptbtj;jpw;Fk;
fpue;j thptbtj;jpw;Fk; cs;s cwT neUf;fkhdJ. c>C>a>q>j>e>t vd;gd ,uz;L
tbtq;fspYk; xNu khjphpahf vOjg;gLfpd;wd. m>M><>x>xs>l>w>u>y>s vd;Dk;
vOj;Jf;fs; rpwpjsNt khWgLfpd;wd. ,t;tpuz;ilAk; ,izj;Jf; fpue;j jkpo;
thptbtk; vd;Wk; $Wth;. fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; tlnkhopg; gFjpiaf; fpue;jj;jpYk;
jkpo;g;gFjpia tl;nlOj;jpYk; vOjpdh;. gy;yth;fs; fpue;j tbtj;ijAk; jkpo;
thptbtj;ijak; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; GFj;jpdh;.
jkpo; vOj;J tsh;rr ; p
jkpo; vOj;J tsh;rr ; pia ,uz;L gphpthfg; gphpf;fpd;wdh;. vfuj;ij
Vfhuj;jpypUe;Jk; xfuj;ij Xfhuj;jpypUe;Jk; gphpg;gjw;fhd Gs;sp 11 Mk; E}w;whz;L

75
tiu fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fhzg;gl;lJ. fp.gp 11 Mk; E}w;whz;bw;Fg; gpd; ,g;Gs;sp
fhzg;gltpy;iy. jkpo;f; fpue;j tbtq;fspd; khw;wk; ,U tifapy; eilngw;Ws;sJ.
Neh;NfhLfSf;Fg; gjpyhf tis NfhLfSk; tisNfhLfSf;Fg; gjpyhf
Neh;NfhLfSk; vOjg;gl;likNa MFk;.
fpue;j thptbtk;> jkpo; thptbtk;> tl;nlOj;Jj; njhlh;ghd tsh;r;rpiaf; fhl;Lk;
fy;ntl;lf;fs; epiwa fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld.
nkhopaikg;G
caph; xypad;fs;
,< cC
vV mM xX
(I-$l;nlhyp> xsfhuk; vr;nrhy;ypYk; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy)
nka; xypad;fs;
g; j; l; r; f;
k; e; z; Q;
o;
y; s;
H;
w;
t; a;
Qfuk; nrhy;ypd; ,ilapy; ffu ntbg;nghypf;F ,d %f;nfhypahf tUfpd;wJ. kfu
nka;apd; khw;nwhypahf qfu nka;iaf; nfhs;syhk;. ghz;bah; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; Qfu
nka;Ak; ,e;epiyf;F te;J tpl;lJ.
dfuk; efuj;jpd; khw;nwhypahFk;.
capnuhyp khw;wq;fs;
m - ,
glypif-gplypif
kyhl;L-kpyhl;L
m – c
Njtd;Nfrtd;-Njtd; NfRtd;
jpUkoghb-jpUkOthb
M – X
ngw;whd;-ngw;Nwhd;
vd;whk;-vd;Nwhk;
, - m
Qhapw;W-Qhaw;W
fhtpjpg;ghf;fk;-fhtjpg;ghf;fk;
, - c
mkph;jk;-mKh;jk;
c – m
Ee;jh-ee;jh
c - ,
Xd;wpDf;F-xd;wpepf;F
nka;nahyp khw;wq;fs;
Q – e
Qhd;W-ehd;W
f –a

76
 gjpfk;-gjpak;
f – k
re;jptpf;fpufg; NgW-re;jptpf;fpukg;NgW
a – f
thhpak;-thhpfk;
y; - s;
kjpy;-kjps;
H;f;f – w;f
ehadhh;f;F-ehadhw;F
w;f; - f;f;
njw;F-njf;F
nfly;
Ngho;J-NghJ
nkhop Kjy; afuk;
MSk;-ahSk;
afu Kjw;nrhw;fs; ,fuj;ijKjyhfg; ngWjy; cs;sJ.
,ahz;L
cfuk; Nrh;jy;
nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; cfuj;ijr; Nrh;f;Fk; ,ay;G jpuhtpl nkhopfSf;F cz;L.
Fwpg;ghf ,t;tpay;igj; jkpo;f; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fhzyhk;.
ney;-ney;Y
vs;-vs;S
E}w;whz;L thhpahf xypapay; khw;wq;fs;
6 Mk; E}w;whz;L
w;w; - j;j;
Vw;wk;-Vj;jk;(gy;ytd; Nfhapy; nrk;Gg; gl;lak;)
7 Mk; E}w;whz;L
m-v – murh;-mnurh;
c-, - ,tUila-,thpila
a-ap – nra;J-nrapJ
8 Mk; E}w;whz;L
m-, - vy;yhtw;wpd;-vy;yhtpw;wpd;
f-a – jpUg;gjpfk;-jpUg;gjpak;
9 Mk; E}w;whz;L
,-m – QhapW-QhaW
o-s – fpoik-fpsik
11 Mk; E}w;whz;L
a-ap - ,f;Nfhapy;-apf;Nfhapy;
12 Mk; E}w;whz;L
w-u – epWj;j-epUj;j
Ntw;Wik> vz;Zg;ngah;fs;
%d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; Md;> My; ,t;tpuz;Lk; fy;ntl;by; ,lk;
ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. Mwhk; Ntw;Wik cUghf mJ kl;Lkpd;wp mfuKk; cilA Tk;
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. Vohk; Ntw;Wik fz; kl;Lkpd;wp gf;fy; vd;gJk;
fy;ntl;by; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikf;F epd;w vd;w nrhy;YUGk;
fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

77
 vz;Zg;ngah;fis vz;Zg;ngah;fs;> vz;ZKiwg; ngah;fs; vd ,uz;lhf
gFf;fyhk;. xd;W> xU> XH> ,uz;L> ,U> <h;> %d;W> K> % vd;w tbtq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ngah;fshf toq;Fgit vd;Wk; ngah;fSk; Kd;GtUk;
vz;Zg;ngah;fisg; ngauilfshf toq;Fgit vd ,Utifg;gLj;jyhk;.
milf;fha; gj;J
%d;W kh
miu> fhy; Nghd;w gpd;dq;fSk; toq;Ffpd;wd. Mk; vd;gijr; Nrh;g;gjhy; cz;lhFk;
vz;ZKiug; ngah;fs; ngah;r; nrhw;fSf;F Kd;Dk; MtJ vd;gijr; Nrh;g;gjhy;
cz;lhFk; vz;ZKiwg; ngah;r; nrhw;fSf;Fg; gpd;Dk; tUfpd;wd.
rhrdr; nra;As;
,yf;fpak; vd;w nrhy; nra;As; ,yf;fpak;> ciueil ,yf;fpak; ,uz;ilAk;
cs;slf;fpaJ. rhrdr; nra;Al;fs; nka;fPh;j;jpfs;> nka;fPh;j;jp jtph;e;j gpw nra;Al;fs;
vd ,uz;lhfg; gFf;fyhk;. rhrdr; nra;Al;fspy; rpwg;ghff; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ
nka;f;fhP ;j;jp vd;Dk; ,yf;fpa tifahFk;.
Kjyhk; ,uhruhrdila nka;f;fhP ;j;jp
‘jpUkfs; Nghyg; ngUepyr; nrt;tpAe;
jdf;Nf chpik G+z;lik kdf;nfhsf;
fhe;j@h;r; rhiyf; fykWj; jUsp
Ntq;if ehLk; fq;f ghbAk;
Esk;g ghbAk; jbif topAq;
Flkiy ehlq; nfhy;yKk; fypq;fKk;
Vz;bir Gfo;ju <o kz;lyKk;
..............................................................................
.............................................................................
= uhr uhr Njth;f;F ahz;L........’
uh[ vd;w nrhy; %d;w Kiw ,Ug;gpd; ,uh[ uh[dpd; fy;ntl;L vd $wptplyhk;.
fhe;j@h;r; rhiyapy; ntw;wpf; nfhz;lhd;. mjdhy; fhe;j@h;r; rhiyf; fykWj; jUsp
vdf; fy;ntl;by; cs;sJ. nka;fPh;j;jpfs; ey;y jkpo; eilapy; mike;jpUg;gijf;
fhzyhk;.
nka;f;fhP ;j;jpianahj;j gFjpahdJ Nrhoh; fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpa jkpo;f;
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
rhrdj;jkpo; tof;fhWfs;
rhrd tof;Fj; jkpOf;Fk; ,yf;fpa tof;Fj; jkpOf;Fk; rpy xw;Wikfs;
cz;L. fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs;> nrhw;nwhlh;fs; jkpohf;fk;
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fisj; jkpohf;fk; nra;a tpioAk; ,e;Neuj;jpy;
fy;ntl;L tof;fhWfisj; njhpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.
VfNghfk; - xU G+
me;jg;Guk; - mfk;gb
jhk;G+yk; - RUsKJ
jpUNkdp – jpUTlk;G
ghpth;j;jid – jiykhW
rpw;whak; - rpWthpfs;
ghptl;lk; - rhj;Jf;$iw
ftrk; - jpUf;nfhs;if
ieNtj;ak; - mKJgb
`tph;gyp – jPnawp NrhW

78
 mtdpNtjdk; - Ch;f;fhty;
KbTiu
jkpo;nkhopapd; cz;ikahd tuyhw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;f;F fy;ntl;Lj;jkpo;
ngUe;Jizg; Ghpfpd;wJ. nkhopapd; tsh;rr ; p> khw;wk;> tuyhW vd;w fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy;
fy;ntl;Lj;jkpo; Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ.

myF -4 tpdhtq;fp
2 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.Xhpdkhjy; vd;why; vd;d?
2.Kd;top Xhpdkhf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
3.gpd;top Xhpdkhf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
4.njhlh;top Xhpdkhf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
5.rpwg;Gg;ngah; vd;why; vd;d?
6.nghJg;ngah; vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf.
7.gjpypL ngah;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
8.xl;Lf;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk; mit ahit?
9.Kd;ndhl;L vd;why; vd;d?
10.gpd;ndhl;L vd;why; vd;d?
11.gj;jphpf;ifj;jkpopd; ,U ed;ikfis $Wf.
12.fy;ntl;L vd;why; vd;d?
13.fy;ntl;Lfspy; capnuhyp khw;wj;jpw;F ,U vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf.
14.gpd;tUk; fy;ntl;L nkhopf;F jkpohf;fk; jUf.
1.VfNghfk; 2.jhk;G+yk;
5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.,d;iwa Ngr;Rj; jkpopy; Vw;gLk; xyp khw;wq;fs; gw;wp vOJf.
2.ngah;g;ghFghL gw;wp vOJf.
3.mwptpay; jkpo; Fwpj;J $Wf.
4.thndhypj; jkpo; gw;wp vOJf.
5.gj;jhpf;ifj; jkpo; Fwpj;J vOJf.
6.gj;jphpf;ifj; jkpopd; ed;ikfis vOJf.
7.fy;ntl;Lj; jkpopd; nkhopaikg;G> thptbtj;jpid vOJf.
8.rhrdr; nra;As; Fwpj;J vOJf.
10 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.gj;njhd;gJ> ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L nkhop tsh;r;rpf; Fwpj;J fl;Liu tiuf.
2.nkhop tsh;rr ; papy; gj;jphpf;iffspd; gq;fpid Muha;f.
3.mwptpay;> gj;jphpf;if> thndhypj; jkpo; Fwpj;J fl;Liuf;f.
4.fy;ntl;Lj;jkpo; Fwpj;J Muha;f.

79
 myF 5
jkpopy; gpwnkhopf; fyg;G
jkpopy; gpwnkhop fyg;G – jkpopd; fpisnkhopfs; - jkpo;r; nrhw;nwhlh;
mikg;G tuyhW – jkpo; thptbt tuyhW.

Kd;Diu
xU nkhop kw;nwhU nkhopAld; njhlh;G nfhs;Sk; NghJ xU nkhopAs;s
nrhw;fs; kw;nwhU nkhopapy; fyj;jy; ,ay;ghFk;. nkhopj; njhlh;G vd;gJ nkhop
tuyhw;wpy; jtph;f;f Kbahj xd;whFk;. fld; thq;fg;gl;l nrhw;fs; ,y;yhj nkhopNa
ngUk;ghYk; ,y;iy. jkpo;nkhopapYk; gpwnkhopf;fyg;G mjpfkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
mjidg;gw;wpf; fhz;Nghk;.
gpwnkhopf; fyg;G – fhuzk;
xU Jiwapy; xU nkhop rpwg;Gg; ngw;wpUe;jhy; mj;Jiwiaf; fw;Fk;NghJ
mk;nkhopr; nrhw;fisf; fld; thq;FfpNwhk;. murpay;> rkak;> tzpfk; Kjypatw;wpd;
fhuzkhf xU ehL kw;nwhU ehl;Lld; njhlh;G nfhs;Sk; NghJ gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fs;
xU nkhopapy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. rkz> ngsj;j rkaf; fUj;Jf;fSk; rkar;
nrhw;fSk; jkpopy; GFe;jd. murpay; njhlh;G fhuzkhf ehaf;fh;> Kfkjpah; Ml;rpf;
fhyj;jpYk; Mq;fpNyah; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpYk; gy nrhw;fs;; jkpopy; GFe;jd. tzpfj;
njhlh;gpd; fhuzkhf gpw nkhopr; nrhw;fs; jkpopy; GFe;jd. mNj Neuj;jpy; jkpo;
nkhopAk; gpw nkhopfspy; fye;jJ. jkpo; gapw;W nkhopahf> Ml;rp nkhopahf
tsUk;NghJ Gjpaf; fiyr;nrhw;fisg; gilf;fpd;Nwhk;. mt;thW fiyr; nrhw;fisg;
gilf;Fk; NghJ fiyr; nrhw;fshf cs;s gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fisAk; mt;thNw Vw;Wf;
nfhs;s Ntz;ba epiyAk; Vw;gLfpwJ. vdNt thOk; nkhopfspy; xU nkhopapypUe;J
kw;nwhU nkhopf;F nfhs;tpid> nfhLg;Gtpidiaf; fhzyhk;.
,d;iwa nkhopapayhsh;fs; nry;thf;Fg; gLj;Jk; nkhopiaf; fld; jUk;
nkhop vd;Wk; flid Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; nkhopiaf; fld; ngWk; nkhop vd;Wk;
$Wth;. xU nkhop fld; ju> NtnwhU nkhop fld; Vw;W nkhopf;fyg;G cz;lhfpwJ.
Ntw;W nkhopr; nry;thf;fhy; nrhe;j nkhopapy; nrhw;fis ,lk; ngah;j;J mikj;Jf;
nfhs;tij nkhopapayhh; ‘loan shift’ vdf; $Wth;.
tpkhdk;> thdT+h;j;jp
jkpopy; tlnkhopf; fyg;G

80
 njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpypUe;Nj jkpNohL kpf neUq;fpa njhlh;G nfhz;l nkhop
tlnkhopahFk;. tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; jkpopy; toq;Fk;NghJ mt;nthyp kuNghL
,iaaNt tpjpfis mikj;Js;shh;.
‘tlnrhw; fpstp tlntOj; njhhP,
vOj;njhL Gzh;e;j nrhy;yh Fk;Nk’
‘rpije;jd thpDk; ,iae;jd tiuahh;’
tlnrhw;fs; jkpopNy toq;Fkplj;Jr; rpy nrhw;fs; ,U nkhopf;Fk; nghJthAs;s
vOj;Jf;fshy; tUk;.
fhyk;> fkyk;
rpy nrhw;fs; rpije;J tUk;.
Miz> el;lk;
njhy;fhg;gah; rpy tlnkhopr; nrhw;fis nkhop ngah;j;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.
msG – khj;uh
jFjp – Nahf;ajh
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; tlnkhopf; fyg;gpid fhzyhk;. fypj;njhifapYk;>
ghpghlypYk; tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; epiwaf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rpyk;gpy; rhtfh;> rhuzh;>
jhdk; Nghd;w nrhw;fSk; kzpNkfiyapy; ghtid> ehujh;> Jf;fk; Nghd;w nrhw;fSk;
jpUf;Fwspy; Mjp gftd;> ghf;fpak; Nghd;w nrhw;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fp.gp 7 Mk;
E}w;whz;bypUe;Nj jkpofk; rk];fpUjf; fy;tpapd; ikakhfj; jpfo;e;jJ.
uh[uh[d;> uhN[e;jpud; Nghd;w ngah;fSk; tlnkhopg; ngah;fshFk;. fp.gp 11
Mk; E}w;whz;by; jkpOk; tlnkhopAk; fye;j kzpg;gpuths eil Njhd;wpaJ. =
Guhzk; vd;w E}Ny fyg;G eilapy; vOjg;gl;ljhFk;. tlnkhopf;Fk; jkpOf;Fk;
nghJ vOj;jhyhfpadttw;iwj; jw;rkk; vd;Wk; tlnkhopf;NfAhpa
rpwg;ngOj;jhyhdit jphpjy; Kjypa tpfhuk; ngw;Wj; jkpopy; toq;Fgtw;iwj;
jw;gtk; vd;Wk; $Wfpd;wdh;. rkz> ngsj;j rkaq;fspd; njhlh;ghYk; tlnkhopr;
nrhw;fspd; fyg;G mjpfkhapw;W. mUzfphp> jhAkhdth; Nghd;NwhUk; tlr;nrhw;fisf;
fye;Nj ghbdh;.
17> 18 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; Njhd;wpa tha;nkhop ,yf;fpakhd mk;khidg;
ghly;fspYk; tlnkhopr; nrhw;fisf; fhzyhk;. 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; Njhd;wpa gpujhg
Kjypahh; rhpj;jpuj;jpYk; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;Lg; ghujpahh; eilapYk; tlnkhopr;
nrhw;fisf; fhzyhk;. kiwkiy mbfshy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l jdpj;jkpo; ,af;fj;jhh;
Kbe;jsT tlnkhop ePf;fpj; jdpj;jkpo; vOj Kw;gl;ldh;. vdpDk; tlnkhopr;
nry;thf;if mwNt epWj;j ,aytpy;iy vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
jkpo; rk];fpUjk; nghUs;
mdy; anala fire
cyf;if ulukhala mortar
Flk; kuta pot
fs;td;khala rogue
jz;lk; danda stick
kapy; mayura peacock
jkpopy; tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; epiwa fye;js;sd. Mdhy; mNj Neuj;jpy; jkpo;r;
nrhw;fSk; tlnkhopapy; fye;Js;s cz;ikia kWg;gjw;fpy;iy. tlnkhopapy;
jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; fyg;Gg; gw;wp lhf;lh; fhy;Lnty;Yk; lhf;lh; gh;Nuh mth;fSk; tphpthf
vOjpAs;sdh;.
Kz;lh nkhop

81
 jpuhtplh;fspd; njhlf;fhy mz;ila nkhopfs; Kz;lh nkhopfshFk;.
tlnkhopahsh;fs; ,e;jpahtpw;F tUtjw;F Kd;Ng Kz;lh nkhopfs; NgRNthh; ,q;F
tho;e;jdh;. jtf;fha;> jtsf;fha;> jtis Mfpa nrhw;fs; tapah, ala vd;w
nrhy;ypdpd;Wk; te;jitahFk;. ,sePh; vd;w nrhy;Yk; ,k;nkhopapypUe;Nj te;jjhFk;.
vjpnuhypr; nrhw;fSk; Kz;lh nkhopfspypUe;Nj ehk; ngw;Nwhk;.
gzk;-fpzk;>
tPL-fPL
,e;jp
FkuFUguh; ghly;fspy; ,e;jpr; nrhw;fisf; fhz;fpNwhk;. FkuFUguh; fhrpapy;
rpy fhyk; tho;e;jikahy; ,e;jp nkhopj; njhlh;gpd; fhuzkhf ,e;jpr; nrhw;fs;
,tuJ ghly;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,d;W kj;jpa murhq;fg; nghJnkhopahfTk;
Ml;rp nkhopahfTk; ,Ug;gjhy; vy;yh ,e;jpa nkhopfspYk; ,e;jp nkhopr;
nry;thf;fpidf; fhzyhk;.
eah igrh> fhjp
kuhj;jp
kuhl;bah;fs; jkpofj;ij Mz;L te;j fhyk; fp.gp 1766-1800 MFk;.
kuhl;bauhd ruNgh[p kd;dh; ruRtjp kfhy; E}yfj;ij Vw;gLj;jp kuhj;jp> njYq;F>
jkpo; nkhopfspy; ,Ue;j Mapuf;fzf;fhz Rtbfis Nrfhpj;J jkpo;g; Gutyuhfj;
jpfo;e;jhh;. jkpo;g; Ngufuhjp 55 kuhl;bar; nrhw;fs; jkpopy; ,Ug;gjhf $Wfpd;wJ.
n]h[;[p> Nrkpah> fz;b> [hb> fpy;yhb> fypq;fk;> nrhz;b> jlit
[h];jp> mghz;lk;> Nfhyp(rpWth; tpisahl;L)
njYq;F
jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; xd;whd njYq;F nkhopAld; jkpOf;F ePz;l fhyj;
njhlh;G cz;L. Nrhoh;fsJ ntw;wpahYk; jpUkz cwthYk; njYq;Fr; nrhw;fs;
jkpopy; GFe;jd. tpraefug; Nguurpd; rpw;wrh;fshd ehaf;fh;fs; Ml;rp kJiuapy;
eilngw;wNghJ njYq;F nkhop rpwg;Gld; tpsq;fpaJ. jkpo;ehl;bw;F nul;bah;fSk;
ehaf;fh;fSk; njYq;F NgRNthUk; te;J FbNawpajhy; njYq;Fr; nrhw;fs; jkpopy;
GFe;jd.
mf;flh> ml;b> mz;Z> lhg;G> Jiu> ngj;j> jPtl;b> fl;llk;> rpl;bif>rhk;ghh;>
njk;G> thzyp> rpkpsp> cg;grk;> jpg;gp> re;J> fe;ij
fd;dlk;
jkpofk; fd;dl nkhopAld; goq;fhyj;jpypUe;Nj njhlh;G nfhz;Ls;sJ.
tpraefu murhl;rpapd; fPo;r; rpyh; njYq;F ehl;ilr; rhh;e;jth;fshfTk; rpyh; fd;dl
ehl;ilr; rhh;e;jth;fshfTk; ,Ue;jdh;. ahg;gUq;fyf; fhhpif $l fd;dl ahg;G
E}iyf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. n`ha;rsh;fs; Nrho ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wp Mz;l fhyk;
rpwpNjahapDk; fd;dlr; nry;thf;F cr;repiy mile;jpUe;jJ.
ml;bif> ,jh> vfj;jhsk;> rkhspj;jy;> ,l;lsk;> gl;lhf;fj;jp> FYf;Fjy;>
Fl;L> nfk;G> jhz;ly;> nrhj;J> vl;ld;
kiyahsk;
goQ;Nru ehNl Nfus ehlhFk;. fp.gp 10 Mk; E}w;whz;bw;Fg; gpd;dh; kiyahsk;
jdpj;jpaq;f Muk;gpj;jJ. ehQ;rpy; ehL Nfus murpd; fPo; ,Ue;J te;jJ. ,d;Wk; gy
kiyahsr; nrhw;fs; ehQ;rpy; ehl;Lj; jkpopy; tof;fpy; cs;sd. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;
jkpOk; kiyahsKk; kpf neUq;fpa njhlh;GiladthFk;.
fr;rtlk;> fhyd;> nehpay;> gpujkd;> nts;sk;> mtpay;> mr;rp> mbae;jpuk;>
gl;b> [d;kp> tQ;rp> rf;if
rpq;fsk;

82
 fpwpj;J gpwg;gjw;F Kd;Ng jkpoh;fs; ,yq;ifNahL njhlh;G nfhz;bUe;jdh;.
,yq;ifiaj; jkpoh;fs; Mz;l tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpiaAk; mwpfpNwhk;.
KUq;if> gpy;yp> me;Njh> <ok;
rPdk;
rPdh;fNshLk; ekf;Fj; njhlh;Gz;L. glF tifiar; rhh;e;j rhk;ghd; vd;w
nrhy;Yk; nghpa kz; fyj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; fhq;F vd;w nrhy;Yk; gPq;fhd; vd;w
nrhy;Yk; rPd nkhopapypUe;Nj te;jjhFk;.
fpNuf;fk;
gz;ilj; jkpofk; fpNuf;f ehl;Lld; njhlh;G nfhz;bUe;jJ.
kj;jpif(rhl;il)> fd;dy;(ehoptl;by;)
mugpa nkhop
muGnkhop Kfkjpah;fspd; rka nkhopahFk;. jpUf;Fuhd; ,k;nkhopapy;
cs;sJ. jpUf;Fuhidj; jkpo; K];ypk;fs; gbg;gjw;F trjpahfg; Gjpa FwpaPLfSk;
milahsg; Gs;spfSk; jkpo; thptbtj;jpy; ,izj;J mjid muGj; jkpo; vd;wdh;.
t#y;> jgh> u[h> ,khk;> ,yhf;fh> gp;];kpy;yh> N[g;gp> ,Rk;
cUJ
eph;thfj; njhlh;ghd nrhw;fs;; gy cUJ nkhopapypUe;J jkpOf;F te;jd.
mf;fg;Nghh;> mf;ufhuk;> mry;> Mrhkp> mz;lh> CJtj;jp> uh[pdhkh> f[hdh>
mk;ghuk;> ,e;J];jhd;> mKy;> fr;Nrhp> nuhf;fk;> cz;b> fk;kp> fg;]h> nfLgpb>
Fj;jif> re;jh>mad;
Mq;fpyk;
,d;W cyf nkhhopahf tpsq;Fk; Mq;fpyk; cyfpYs;s gy;NtW
nkhopfspypUe;Jk; nrhw;fisg; ngw;W tskpFe;j nkhopahfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ. ntt;NtW
ehl;L gz;ghL> gof;f tof;fk;> nghUl;fs;> Kjypatw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJk;
mtw;iwg; gw;wp vOJk; NghJk; mk;nkhopr; nrhw;fisNa gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba
,d;wpaikahik Vw;gLfpd;wJ. Mq;fpNyah;fs; fp.gp 16 Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;Nj
,e;jpahTld; njhlh;G nfhz;bUe;jdh;. fp.gp 17 Mk; E}w;whz;by; nrd;idiaj;
jiyikaplkhff; nfhz;bUe;jdh;. ehd;F E}w;whz;Lf; fhykhf ,e;jpahNthL Vw;gl;l
tzpfj; njhlh;gpdhYk; murpay; njhlh;gpdhYk; Mq;fpy nkhopr; nrhw;fs; ekJ
nkhopapYk; ekJ jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; Mq;fpy nkhopapYk; GFe;jd. Mq;fpy nkhopapy;
jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; GFe;jijf; Fwpj;Jg; Nguhrphpah; kapNyW> lhf;lh; m.rpjk;guehj
nrl;bah; Nghd;Nwhh; Ma;Tf;fl;Liufs; vOjpAs;sdh;.

jkpo; Mq;fpyk;
mizf;fl;L anicut
Xiy olla
gr;rpiy patcholi
fQ;rp conjee
fl;Lkuk; catamaram
fzf;Fg;gps;is canicopoly
fapW coir
fwp curry
fhR cash
Fapy; koel
$yp coolie
japh; tyre

83
 Njf;F teak
KbTiu
nkhopf;F nkhop nrhw;fisf; fld; thq;FtJ ,U topg; gazkhFk;.
gpwnkhopfspypUe;J nrhw;fisg; ngWtJk; mk;nkhopfSf;Fr; nrhw;fis toq;FtJk;
nkhop tuyhw;wpy; jtph;f;f Kbahj xd;whFk;. ,jid nka;g;gpf;Fk; tifapNyNa
jkpo; nkhopapy; gy;NtW nkhopfs; fye;Js;sd.

jkpopd; fpisnkhopfSk; tuyhWk;

Kd;Diu
kdpjd; Ngr;rhYk; vOj;jhYk; jdJ fUj;ijg; gpwUf;Fj; njhpagLj;Jk;
fUtpNa nkhopahFk;. Kdpjd; tho;NthL tho;tha;g;g gpz;zpg; gpize;J tho;e;J
tUtJ nkhopahFk;. nkhop vd;wJk; vOj;J tbtj;Jld; ,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fis
cilaJ jhd; vd;w epidT midtUf;Fk; tUk;. vOj;J tbtkpy;yhj Ngr;R
tof;fpy; kl;Lk; gapd;W tUk; Mapuf;fzf;fhd goq;Fb nkhopfSk; ek; ehl;by;
cz;L mjidg; gw;wpf; fhz;Nghk;.
fpisnkhopfs;
fpisnkhop vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l Ngr;R nkhopapd; tifiaf; Fwpg;gjhFk;.
xU jdp kdpjh; NgRk; Ngr;R tof;if Idiolect vd;gh;. mjhtJ ,ijj; jdp
kdpj Ngr;R tof;F vd;W Fwpg;gplyhk;. gy jdpkdpjg; Ngr;R tof;Ffs; xU
fpisnkhopiaAk;> gy fpisnkhopfs; Nrh;e;J xU nkhopiaAk; cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
nkhopf; FLk;g tuyhw;wpw;F nkhopAk; xU nkhop tuyhw;wpw;F fpisnkhop Ma;Tk; kpf
Kf;fpakhdjhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
xNu nkhop tl;lhuj;jpw;F tl;lhuk;> rhjpf;Fr; rhjp. njhopYf;fj; njhopy;
NtWgl;lhYk; $l mtw;wpilNa xU nghJj;jd;ikiaf; fhz;fpNwhk;. vOj;J
nkhopAld; ngUk;ghYk; xj;Jr; nry;Yk; Ngr;R tof;fpidg; nghJg;Ngr;R nkhop
my;yJ nghJ fpisnkhop vd;gh;. NgRfpd;w ,lj;ijnahl;b tl;lhuf; fpisnkhopfs;
xd;Wf;nfhd;W neUq;fpa njhlh;Gilathf ,Uf;Fk;.
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fpisnkhop
rq;f fhyj;jpNyNa fpisnkhopfs; ,Ue;jd vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;Wfs;
,yf;fpaq;fspYk; ,yf;fzq;fspd; fhz;fpNwhk;. rq;ffhyg; Gyth;fs; gy;NtW
gFjpfisr; rhh;e;jth;fshjyhy; mt;tl;lhu tof;FfisAk; mth;jk; ghly;fspNy
fhz;fpNwhk;. GwehD}w;wpy; ‘nea;Aiy nrhhpe;j ikA+d; Xir’ vd;gjpy; Xir vd;gJ
nghhpay; vd;w nghUspy; toq;FfpwJ. fypj;njhifapy; nrU vd;w nrhy; tay; vd;w
nghUspYk; jpUf;Fwspy; ngw;wk; vd;w nrhy; gR vd;w nghUspYk; tUfpd;wd.
njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLk; jpirr;nrhy; vd;w tof;F fpisnkhopia; Fwpg;gjhff;
$Wth;. njhy;fhg;gpah; gd;dpuz;L tl;lhuf; fpisnkhopfisAk; ciuahrphpah;fs;
nre;jkpOld; nfhLe;jkpo;> rhd;Nwhh; tof;F> F&*cf;Fwp> njhopy; gw;wpa tof;F
vdg; gyepiyfspy; Ngr;R nkhopapid vLj;Jf; fhl;bAs;shh;.
‘nre;jkpo; Nrh;e;j gd;dpU epyj;Je;
jq;Fwpg; gpdNt jpirr;nrhw; fpstp’
vd;W $Wfpd;whh;. Nguhrphpah; nj.ngh.kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; ,f;fpis nkhopfis ,d;iwa
ehl;Lg; gFjpfSld; xg;gpl;Lf; fpisnkhop tbtk; mjw;Fs;s nghJ tbtk;
Kjypatw;iw vLj;Jf; fhl;bas;shh;.
t.vz; fpisnkhop jw;fhyg; ngah; fpisnkhop nghJ tbtk;
toq;Fkplk; tbtk;
1. njd;ghz;b ehL jpUney;Ntypapd; ngw;wk;> M> vUik>
njd; gFjp Nrhd;wp NrhW

84
 2. Fl;lehL nfhl;lak;> js;is> jha;> eha;
nfhy;yk; nQs;is
khtl;lq;fs;
Nrh;e;j gFjp
3. FlehL tlf;F kyghh; mr;rd; je;ij
gFjp> Nkw;Fj;
njhlh;r;rp
kiyf;F Nkw;Fg;
gFjp
4. fw;fhehL Nfhak;Gj;J}hpd; ifah; tQ;rh;
ifah; Fd;Wg;
gFjpfs;> Nkw;Fj;
njhlh;r;rp
kiyapd;
fpof;Fg; gFjp
5. rPj ehL ePyfphpAk;> vYtd;> Vlh> Njhod;>
Nfhak;Gj;J}hpd; ,Fis> Njhop> jk;khkp
xU gFjpAk; je;Jit
6. G+opehL Nts;ehL- Qkyp> ghop eha;> rpWFsk;
fd;dpahFkhp
khtl;lj;jpd; xU
gFjp
7. mUthehL tl Mh;f;fhL> nrU> Nfzp Nra;> rpWFsk;
njd; Mh;f;fhL>
flNyhug; gFjp
8. mUth tljiyehL jkpo;ehl;bd; Fl;il FWzp
tlNfhbg; gFjp
9. NtzhL njd; Fpohh; Njhl;lk;
jpUtpjhq;$h;
10. ghz;b ehL ghz;b ehL Nra; nrW
11. kyhL njd; Mh;f;fhL ,Fis Njhop
khtl;lj;
jpUf;NfhtpY}iur;
Rw;wpAs;s
gFjpfs;
12. Gdy; ehL Nrho ehL Ma; jha;

jkpofj;jpy; Ngrg;gLk; fpisnkhopfs;

jkpofj;jpy; Ngrg;gLk; fpisnkhopfis ehd;F ngUk; gphpthf gphpf;fyhk;. tl;lhuf;
fpisnkhopfs; kl;Lkpd;wp r%f fpisnkhopfSk; njhopy; Ngr;R tof;FfSk; cz;L.
1. tlf;Ff; fpisnkhop
2. kj;jpaf; fpisnkhop
3. Nkw;Ff; fpisnkhop
4. njw;Ff; fpisnkkhop
tlf;Ff; fpisnkhhop
nrd;id> nrq;fy;gl;L> tlMh;f;fhL khtl;lq;fspy; toq;Fk; jkpio tlf;Ff;
fpisnkhhop vdyhk;. ,g;gFjpia xUfhyj;jpy; Mh;f;fhL ethg;Gk;> njYq;F
murh;fSk; Mz;ljhy; ,f;fpisnkhopapy; cUJ> njYq;Fr; nrhw;fisf; fhzyhk;.
xypapay; khw;wq;fs;
ofuk; afukhfTk; ]fukhfTk; ,f;fpisnkhopapy; toq;Ffpd;wJ.
fOij – fa;nj

85
 fpotp – nfa;tp
gok; - gak;
,Oj;Jf; nfhz;lhd; - ,];Jfpdhd;
,yf;fzf; $Wfs;
ngz;ghy; tpFjpahf -r;rp vd;gJ gy fpisnkhopfspy; toq;FfpwJ.
,f;fpisnkhopapy; -rp vd toq;FfpwJ.
JYf;fr;rp – Jyf;frp
nrl;br;rp – nrl;brp
tpl;lhy; vd;w cUG tuNtz;ba ,lj;jpy; -fhl;b vd;w cUG ,f;fpisnkhopapy;
tUfpwJ.
,y;yhtpl;lhy; - ,y;yhfhl;b
tuhtpl;lhy; - tuhfhl;b
Mf vDk; cUG tUkplj;jpy; Nfhruk; vd ,f;fpisnkhopapy; tUfpwJ.
vdf;fhf – vdf;Nfhruk;
Jiz tpidahf –fpDU ,f;fpisnkhopapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
nrhy;ypf;nfhz;bUe;jhd; - nrhy;ypf;fpDUf;fhd;
Vohk; Ntw;Wikg; nghUisf; Fwpf;f Mz;Nl> ifapNy vd;w cUGfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
vd;dplk; - vd;dhz;nl
vd;dplk; - vd; ifapNy
fpl;L vDk; fhy;fhl;Lk; cUgd; fpD vd toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
te;Jfpl;L – te;JfpD
mUQ;nrhw;nghUs;
fl;nl njhl;b – tpwFf;fil
Nrhkhhp – Nrhk;Ngwp
lghap – Vkhw;W
f];khyk; - tifr;nrhy;
Jl;L – gzk;
%Q;rp – Kfk;
mg;ghNy – gpwF
kj;jpaf; fpisnkhop
jQ;ir> jpUr;rp> GJf;Nfhl;ilg; gFjpfspy; toq;Fk; Ngr;Rj; jkpio kj;jpaf;
fpisnkhop vd;gh;. ,jid Nrhoehl;Lj; jkpo; vd;wk; $Wth;. ,J yfu> sfu> ofu
xypad;fs; toq;Fk; fpisnkhopahFk;. ,jid ofuf; fpisnkhop vd;Wk; $Wth;.
xypapay; khw;wq;fs;
wfuk; ufukhf khWfpd;wJ.
fwp – fhp
MW – MU
wfuk; ,ul;bf;Fk; NghJ jfukhf khWfpd;wJ.
Nrhw;Wg;ghid – Nrhj;Jg;ghid
ffuk; tfukhf khWfpd;wJ.
Nghf – Nghnt
Njhif – Njht
gfuk; tfukhf khWfpd;wJ.
Nfhgk; - Nfhnthk;

86
,yf;fzf; $Wfs;
gd;ikiaf; Fwpf;f nth tpFjp gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
khL – khLnth
ML – MLnth
,g;gd;ik tpFjp tpidKw;Wfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ
mtDnth te;jhDnth
gpwtpidiaf; Fwpf;f –r;R gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. xop – xopr;rp
epfo;fhy cUghf –f;F> f;h;> h; ,f;fpisnkhopapy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
ghf;uhd;
Nghuhd;
mUQ;nrhw;nghUs;
vk;gJ – vz;gJ
Map – mk;kh
Cl;b – Fuy;tis
mk;khk; - mt;tsT
Xns – NrW
Fe;J – cl;fhh;
NfTU – Nfo;tuF
Nkw;Ff; fpisnkhop
Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> Nryk;> jh;kGhp> ePyfphp> <NuhL khtl;lq;fspy; Ngrg;gLk; Ngr;Rj;
jkpio Nkw;Ff; fpisnkhop vd;gh;. ,g;gFjpfspy; fd;dlk;> njYq;F> kiyahsk;>
NgRNthh; tho;fpd;wdh;.
,yf;fzf; $Wfs;
nfhq;F ehl;Lj; jkpopy; gd;ik tpFjpahd q;f xUikahfTk;
tpidKw;Wf;fspd; tpFjpahfTk; tUfpd;wJ.
VDq;f
Nfl;LGLq;f
te;JLq;f
nghOJ vd;w tbtj;jpw;F epfuhfg; Gb vd;w tpFjp ,f;fpisnkhopapy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
tUk;nghOJ – tUk;Gb
Nfl;Fk;nghOJ – Nfl;Fk;Gb
tL vd;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf NghL vd;gjid ,f;fpisnkhopapy; fhzyhk;.
nrhy;yptpL – nrhy;ypNghL
,uz;lhk; Ntw;wik cUghf v>na vd ,uz;L Ntw;Wik cUGfs; cs;sd.
fj;jp – fj;jpna
Mwhk; NTw;Wik cUghf d;w gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
vdJ tPL – vd;w tPL
mUQ;nrhw; nghUs;
mzj;jhd; - mzpy;
<r;rY - <ry;
Nfhbf;fhap – epyf;fliy
xnld; gpwg;G – cld; gpwe;jth;fs;
Mhpak; - Nfo;tuF
Kf;aehS – kWehs;

87
 Nrth – gdk;gok;
jiy%l;il – jiyaiz
rj;jk; - thp
$iyr;rp – Fl;ilahd ngz;
njw;Ff; fpisnkhop
kJiu> jpUney;Ntyp> ,uhkehjGuk;> fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lq;fspy; toq;Fk;
Ngr;R tof;fpidj; njw;Ff; fpisnkhop vd;gh;. sfu xw;WikahYk; ofuk;
,d;ikahYk; glh;f;ifg; gd;ik tbtj;jhYk; Ntw;Wik cUghYk; ,g;Ngr;R tof;Fj;
jdpnahU fpisnkhopahf tpsq;FfpwJ.
,yf;fzf; $Wfs;
,f;fpisnkhopapy; rfuk; afukhf khWfpd;wJ.
Crp – Cap
ghrp – ghap
Mfhuk; vfhukhftk; ,e;j cl;fpisnkhopapy; khWfpwJ.
thq;F – Ntq;F
khh;> mf;fkhh; gd;ik tpfjpahff; fd;dpahFkhpj; jkpopy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
mf;fhkhh;
ehlhf;fkhh;
tr;rp> nfhz;L vd;gJ %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUghf ,e;j cl;fpis nkhopapy;
toq;FFfpwJ.
fj;jpna tr;rp
fj;jpaf; nfhz;L
Mf vd;gJ mt vdf; fd;dpahFkhpg; Ngr;R tof;fpy; khWfpd;wJ.
vdf;fhf – vdf;fht
jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; epfo;fhy cUghf jfuk; tUfpd;wJ.
mtd; nrhy;Yjhd;
nrl;behl;Lg; gFjp mUQ;nrhw; nghUs;
mj;jk; - KbT
mg;gny – mg;nghOJ
vj;J – cij
xf;fpL – fhp nra;
<uhf;fha; - ntq;fhak;
fk;kh – ghrd Vhp
rPkj;jz;zp – kz;nzz;nza;
thturp – Rkq;fyp
fd;dpahf;Fkhp gFjpapy; toq;Fk; mUQ;nrhw;fs;
mhp – mhprp
vy;Y – vYk;G
rf;nf – gyhg;gok;
gl;b – eha;
ghl;lk; - Fj;jif
rhL – jhz;L
r%ff; fpisnkhopfs;
jkpofj;jpy; gy;NtW r%fj;jpdUk; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.
mtuth; thOk; ,lq;fspy; ntt;NtW tifahd fpisnkhopfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

88
gpuhkzh; Ngr;R nkhop
gpuhkzh;fs; rka nkhopahd tlnkhopiaAk; Mq;fpyj;ijAk; fw;w ,U
nkhopahsh;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wdh;. ,th;fsJ Ngr;Rj; jkpo; kw;wth;fsJ Ngr;Rj;
jkpopdpd;Wk; khWgLfpd;wJ. gpuhkzh; vd;w xU r%fj;ijf; Fwpg;gpbDk; ma;ah;>
ma;aq;fhh; vd;w ,U gphT mth;fspilNa cz;L. ma;ah;> ma;aq;fhh; KiwNa irt
rkaj;ijAk; itzt rkaj;ijAk; gpd;gw;Wtjhy; mth;f ; Sila nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;jpYk;
NtWghl;ilf; fhzyhk;.
ma;ah; ma;aq;fhh;
njhprdk; Nrit
rikay; jspif
ghark; jpUf;fz;zKJ
Gsprhjk; GspNahjiu
japh;rhjk; njj;jpNahdk;
tud; khg;gs;ns
mUQ;nrhw;fs;
Mk;gilahd; - fztd;
Mj;Jf;fhhp – kidtp
mk;khQ;rp – mj;ijkfd;
Njhg;gdhh; - mg;gh
nghz;Lfs; - ngz;fs;
Mj;Jf;F – tPl;bw;F
mhprdg; Ngr;Rj;jkpo;
mhprdh; vd;Nghh; kpfTk; jho;epiyapy; fUjg;gl;ldh;. jdpahf tho;jy;> rKjha
Nehf;F Kjypatw;wpd; fhuzkhf gy;yhz;L fhykhf mth;fs; jdpj;J tho;fpd;wdh;.
mjdhy; mth;fsJ Ngr;Rj;jkpo; kw;wth;fspd; Ngr;Rj; jkpopdpd;Wk; NtWgl;Lf;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
cfuk; ,fukhjy;
Kf;fpak; - kpf;fpak;
Gy;Y – gpy;Y
ofuk; sfukhjy;
Fkpo; - Fk;S
mUQ;nrhw;fs;
Cj;jh – kPd;gpbf;Fk; $il
Fe;J – cl;fhh;
njul;b – G+g;nga;jy;
thrhq;F – jpl;Ljy;
gprpdp – Nfhe;J
ehl;Lf;Nfhl;ilr; nrl;bahh; Ngr;rpy; toq;Fk; mUQ;nrhw;fs;
,Q;rp – fQ;rd;
vfpL – vdf;F
Vtk; - Fw;wk;
<ul;L – Iak;
fhtzf;fhy; - jpUkzg;ge;jy;
rkj;jp – jpwikthyp
jhf;fy; - nra;jp

89
 Jk;G – jhyp
njhopw; Ngr;R tof;F
nra;fpd;w njhopyhy; Ngr;R ; tof;F khWtJz;L. kPdth; jkpopy; rq;f
,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhzKbahj E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd nrhw;fisf; fhzyhk;. kPdth; jkpopy;
Mz;fspd; Ngr;Rf;Fk; ngz;fspd; Ngr;rf;fk; rpwpJ NtWghLz;L.
kPdth; jkpopy; ePiuf; Fwpf;f gy nrhw;fs; toq;Ffpd;wd.
Vwpzp> tj;njhk;> fyf;F>
njopT> gzpr;ry;> kpjhtJ>
Rug;G> ey;yj;jz;zp>cg;Gj;jz;zp
thq;fpah> NkKwp
KbTiu
,ae;jpu Afj;jhYk; GJik ahf;fj;jhYk; nrhw;fs; tof;fpdpd;W kiwe;J
nfhz;L tUfpd;wd. fpisnkhopfis ed;F Muhapd; Mapuf;fzf;fhd nrhw;fs;
jkpo;g; Ngufuhjpapy; ,lk; ngWk;. fpisnkhop Ma;T nkhop tuyhw;wpw;Fk;
nrhy;yhf;fj;jpw;Fk; xg;gpyf;fz Ma;Tf;Fk; ngUe;Jiz Ghpfpd;wJ.

jkpo;r; nrhw;nwhlh; mikg;G tuyhW

Kd;Diu
nrhw;fs; njhlh;e;J mikAk; mikg;igr; nrhw;nwhlh; vd;gh;. nrhy;ypaypy;
nrhw;fisg; gFf;f> nrhw;fs; njhluhf epw;wiyr; nrhw;nwhlhpy; fhz;fpNwhk;.
nrhw;fs; fhyg; Nghf;fpy; khw khw nrhw;nghUSk; khWtijf; fhz;fpNwhk;.
nrhw;nwhlh; mikg;Ng xU nkhopapd; jdpr; rpwg;igf; fhl;lty;yjhFk;. mj;jF rpwg;G
tha;e;j nrhw;nwhlh; mikg;gpd; tuyhw;wpidf; fhz;Nghk;.
njhlhpaypd; %d;W epiyfs;
1. njhy;fhg;gpah;> ed;D}yhh; Nghd;w kuG ,yf;fz Mrphpah;fs; nrhw;nwhlh;
mikg;ig Muha;e;j epiyia Kjy; epiyahff; nfhs;syhk;.
2. mikg;G nkhopapay; tsh;e;j epiyapy; njhlhpaiyg; gw;wp Muha Ntz;Lk;
vd;w vz;zk; Vw;gl;lJ. mjdhy; rpy nfhs;iffSk;> Nfhl;ghLfSk;>
topKiwfSk; cUthapd. ,e;epiyapy; jhd; mz;ik cWg;G gphpg;GKiw
Njhd;wpaJ. ,jid ,uz;lhtJ epiyahf fUjyhk;.
3. 1950 Mk; Mz;L fhyg; gFjpapy; khw;wpyf;fzk; vd;w nfhs;if cUthapw;W.
njhlhpaiyg; GjpanjhU epiyapy; Muha;e;j ,e;epiyia %d;whtJ
epiyahff; fUjyhk;.
kuG ,yf;fzq;fSk; njhlhpaYk;
njhy;fhg;gpar; nrhy;yjpfhuj;ij Muha;e;J Nehf;fpd; njhlhpay; fUj;Jf;fSk;
El;gq;fSk; cs;sik njhpa tUk;. fpstpahf;fk;> Ntw;Wikapay;> Ntw;Wik
kaq;fpay; Nghd;w ,ay;fspy; fhzg;gLk; gy E}w;ghf;fs; ,t;Tz;ikiar; Rl;bf;
fhl;Ltdthf cs;sd. fpstpahf;fj;jpy; cs;s E}w;ghf;fspy; Ik;gjpw;fk;
Nkw;gl;lit njhlhpay; tpsf;fj;ijNa mspf;fpd;wd. nrhw;fs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W
njhlh;e;J nghUs; NkyhF epiyikiaf; fpstpahf;fk; vd ciuahrphpah;fs;
nghUs; nfhs;fpd;wdh;. jkpo; thf;fpaj;jpw;F vOtha; - gadpiy mbg;gilahFk;.
xU njhlh; gy nghUs;fisj; je;J epw;wiy nkhopfs; gytw;wpy; fhzyhk;.
gy nghUs; jUk; xU nrhy;ypy; cz;lhFk; nrhy; kaf;fk;> nrhw;fspd; mikg;gpy;
cz;lhFk; mikg;G kaf;fk; vd ,U tifAz;L. kh vd;w nrhy; khkuj;ijAk;
tpyq;ifAk; Fwpf;Fk;.

90
 kh fz;Nld;
vd;gJ khkuj;jpidf; fz;Nld;> tpyq;fpidf; fz;Nld; vd ,U nghUs; gLk;.
nfhd;w Gyp
Nghd;w njhlh;fspy; Gyp nfhd;wjh> my;yJ ahuhtJ Gypiaf; nfhd;whh;fsh vd;w
,Unghisj; je;J epw;gijf; fhz;fpNwhk;.
,j;jifa kaf;fk; gw;wp>
‘jLkhW njhopw;ngah;f;F ,uz;Lk; %d;Wk;
fbepiy apyNt nghUs;tap dhd’
vd;w E}w;ghtpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jkpopy; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW nrhw;nwhluikg;G
1. vOthAk; gadpiyAk; jpiz> ghy;> ,lk; vd;gtw;why; xj;jpUj;jy; jkpo;
nkhopapd; ,ay;ghFk;.
mtd; te;jhd;
mts; te;jhs;
2. gadpiy nghJthfr; nrhw;nwhlhpd; ,Wjpapy; tUtNj ,ay;ghdhYk;> khwp
tUjYk; cz;L.
fz;lndd; fw;gpDf;fzpiaf; fz;fshy;
te;jhh; jiyth;
3. nrag;gLg;nghUs; ngUk;ghYk; vOtha;fF ; k; gadpiyf;Fk; ,ilapy; tUk;.
rpWghd;ik khwp tUjYk; cz;L.
,sq;Nfhtbfs; rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij ,aw;wpdhh;.
4. vOtha; xUikahapUf;f gadpiy gd;ikaha; tUk;.
mwQ; nra;jPNkh mUs; nta;Naha;
5. gy tpidfs; thpd; xUik gd;ik kaf;fk; epfOk;.
cz;F nke;ij epw; fhz;F te;jprpd;
6. gadpiy ngUk;ghYk; tpid Kw;whf mika rpWghd;ik ngauhfTk; mikAk;
mtd; ,uhkd;
7. Xh; cUtk; Mzh> ngz;zh vdj; njsptha; mwpag;glhtpbd; vOtha;
xUikahf apUg;gpDk; gadpiy gd;ikahapUf;Fk;.
Mz;kfd; nfhy;Nyh ngz;lhl;b nfhy;Nyh
8. vOtha;> Kd;dpiy glh;f;ifahf apUg;gpd; Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik tpidg;
gadpiyahf tUk;.
ePAk; mtDk; NghdPh;fs;
9. vOtha; cah;jpizAk; m/wpizAk; fye;jjhf apUg;gpd; cah;jpizg;
gd;ikaha; tUk;.
ehDk; ehAk; NrhW rhg;gpl;Nlhk;
10. vOtha; jd;ik Kd;dpiyg; ngah;fshNaDk; jd;ik Kd;dpiyg; glh;f;ifg;
ngah;fshNaDk; ,Ug;gpd; gadpiy jd;ikg; gd;ikahapUf;Fk;.
ehDk; ePAk; NghNdhk;
11. md;gpdhy; m/wpizf;F cah;jpizAk; cah;jpizf;F m/wpizAk; tUk;.
(Mtpd; fd;iwg; ghh;j;J) vd; je;ij te;jhd; vdf; $wy;
12. rpwg;Gg; ngah; Kd;Dk; ,aw;ngah; gpd;Dk; tuy; jkpo; kughFk;.
nja;tg; Gyth; jpUts;Sth;
13. Rl;Lg;ngah; ,aw;ngahpd; gpd;dh; tUk;.
rhj;jd; mtd; te;jhd;
14. cah;j;Jf; $Wkplj;J xUikg; nghUisf; Fwpf;f gd;ikAk; tUk;.

91
 ahNkj;Jtk; gyNt
15. vOtha; xUikahapUf;f gadpiy gd;ikaha; tUtJKz;L.
mwQ; nra;jPNkh mUs; nta;Naha;
16. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUNgw;w ngah; ngUk;ghYk; tpidapd; Kd;dh; tUk;.
jiyia tzq;fp
17. ngauil vy;yhk; ngah;f;F Kd;Dk; tpidail vy;yhk; tpidf;F Kd;Dk;
mikfpd;wd.
ey;y igad; - ngauil
Ntfkhf te;jhd; - tpidail
18. nganur;rq;fs; vy;yhk; ngah;f;F Kd;Dk; tpidnar;rq;fs; vy;yhk; tpidf;F
Kd;Dk; mikfpd;wd.
gbj;j igad;
mOJ Jbj;jhd;
19. tpiutpd; epkpj;jk; fhyk; kaq;FjYk; cz;L.
,Njh te;Njd;
20. vjph;fhyj;jf;Fg; gjpyhf epfo;fhyKk; ,we;j fhyKk; tUtJz;L.
gujNd Jq;f khKb #Lfpwhd;
21. Mq;fpyj;jpy; nrhw;fis ,izj;jw;F and vd;w ,izg;G ,ilr;nrhy; tUk;.
jkpopy; mjw;Fg; gjpyhf ck; vd;w nrhy; gy ,lq;fspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
NruDk; NrhoDk; ghz;baDk; jkpofj;ij Mz;ldh;
22. nrg;ghf tUk; thf;fpaq;fSf;Fk; tpdhthf tUk; thf;fpaq;fSf;Fk; nghpjsT
NtWghL ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
rhe;jp te;jhs; - nrg;G
rhe;jp te;jhNsh? – tpdh
23. Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,izg;G ,ilr; nrhy; te;J ,uz;L thf;fpaq;fis ,izf;Fk;.
jkpopy; nganur;rj; njhluk; tpizahyizAk; ngaUk; mikAk;.
This is the man who came
te;j kdpjd; Nghdhd;
te;jtd; Nghdhd;
24. vz;Zg; ngah;spy; xd;W Kjyhd vz;fnsy;yhk; ngaUf;Fg; gpd;dhy; tUk;.
xU vd khwp ngaUf;Fg; Kd;dUk; tUk;.
khL xd;W> xU khL
25. vjph;kiwfs; nra;jpyd;> cz;byd; vdg; goq;fhyj;jpy; tof;fpypUe;jd.
ehd; New;Wr; nra;atpy;iy
26. Mq;fpyj;ijg; Nghd;Nw jkpopYk; jdp thf;fpaq;fs; mikfpd;wd.
He came, he saw and he conquered
mtd; te;jhd;> mtd; fz;lhd;> mtd; ntd;whd;
nrhw;nwhluikg;Gk; njhlhpay; top Ma;Tk;
mz;ik cWg;G gphpg;G Kiw
xU nkhopapYs;s nrhw;fs; rq;fpypf; Nfhit Nghy njhlh;e;J
mike;jitahFk;. me;jg; igad; ghy; Fbj;jhd;
vd;gjpy; me;j> igad;> ghy;> Fbj;jhd; vd;w ehd;F nrhw;fSk; mNj thpirapy;
mike;Js;sd. ,it xt;nthd;Wk; xt;nthU nrhw;fNshL md;ikj; njhlh;G
cilajhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

92
 mofhd fz;zd; Ntfkhf te;jhd; vd;Dk; njhlhpy; fz;zd; vd;Dk;
mz;ik cWg;G te;jhd; vd;gNjhL mLj;J epd;W fz;zd; te;jhd; vd;w
nrhw;nwhliuj; jUfpd;wJ. mNj Nghy mofhd vd;w nrhy;; fz;zd; te;jhd;
vd;gNjhNl nghUe;JfpwJ. mjdhy; mofhd fz;zd; te;jhd; vdr; nrhw;nwhlh;
mikfpd;wJ. Ntfkhf vd;w nrhy; te;jhd; vd;gNjhNl neUf;fkhf
nghUe;Jtjhy; mofhd fz;zd; Ntfkhf te;jhd; vd mikfpd;wJ.

fz;zd; te;jhd;

mofhd fz;zd; te;jhd;

mofhd fz;zd; Ntfkhf te;jhd;

vd;w KiwapNy nrhw;fs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W mz;ikapy; miktijf; fhzyhk;.
khw;wpyf;fzk;
njhlhpay; gw;wp MuhAk; nfhs;iffspy; khw;wpyf;fzf; nfhs;ifNa kpfr;
rpwe;jf; nfhs;ifahf fUjg;glfpd;wJ. Nrhk;];fp vd;Dk; mwpQh; ,d;iwa
khw;wpyf;fzj;jpd; je;ijahff; fUjg;gLfpd;whh;. khw;wpyf;fzj;jpd; ,ay;Gfshf
,th; rpytw;iwj; jkJ E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nry;fpd;whh;.
1. Ma;T epiyapy; NtWghL
2. thf;fpaq;fspd; njhlh;ig Fwpg;gpLjy;
3. mikg;Gg; nghUs; kaf;fj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLjy;
4. nrhw;nghUs; kaf;fj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLjy;
5. ngah;g;gadpiy mike;j thf;fpaq;fis cUthf;fg; gad;gly;
6. jpwd; epiy
7. mz;ik epiy
8. czh; epiy
Nkw;$wpa ,tw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; khw;wpyf;fzk; mikAk;.
 ,uhkd; - fz;zd;-I – mbj;jhd;
,uhkd;-M – fz;zd;-I – mbj;jhd;
 ,uhkd; – fz;zd;-I – mbj;jhd;
,uhkd; – fz;zd;-I-M – mbj;jhd;
 ,uhkd;-M – fz;zd;-I – mbj;jhd;
,uhkd; – fz;zd;-I – mbj;jhd;-M
,t;thW khw;wpyf;fzj;jpd; gb njhlh;fs; mikfpd;wd.
KbTiu
jkpo;nkhopapy; nrhw;nwhluikg;ghdJ xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlh;GgLj;jpNa
mikfpd;wJ. nrhw;fs; ,lk;khwp mikj;jhYk; mjd; nghUs; khWglhJ ,Ug;gJ
jkpo; nkhopapd; jdpj;jd;ikia fhl;Lk; tpjkhf mikfpd;wJ.
jpUts;Sth; jpUf;Fwis vOjpdhh;
jpUf;Fwis jpUts;Sth; vOjpdhh;
vd;w vLj;Jf;fhl;bd; top ,tw;iw ed;F mwpayhk;.

4.jkpo; thptbt tuyhW

Kd;Diu

93
 kdpj rKjhak; nkhopahy; fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;wk; nra;J nfhs;fpd;wJ. kdpj
rKjhaj;jpy; Ngr;Rnkhop> vOj;Jnkhop vd ,UtifAz;L. Ngr;Rnkhopapdpd;W
tsh;e;jNj vOj;J nkhopahFk;. Ngr;Rnkhop MW Nghd;wJ vdpd; vOj;J nkhop
mt;thw;wpy; kpjf;Fk; gdpf;fl;b Nghd;wJ vd nkhopapayhh; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. cyfpy;
ngUk;ghyhd nkhopfs; vOj;J tbtk; ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy. rpWghd;ik nkhopfNs
thptbtk; ngw;w nkhopfshf cs;sd. mtw;Ws; jkpo; nkhopapd; thp tbt tuyhW
Fwpj;Jf; fhz;Nghk;.
vOj;JUtk;
vOj;JUtk; ngw;w nkhopfNs ehfhPf nkhopfs; vd;Wk; rpwe;j nkhopfs;
vd;Wk; $Wfpd;wdh;. mjpYk; kpfg; goq;fhyj;jpNyNa vOj;JUtk; ngw;w nkhopfis
goikahd nkhopfs; vd;Wk; ehfhpfj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;j nkhopfs; vd;Wk; $Wtijf;
fhzyhk;. jpuhtpl nkhopfspNy jkpo; nkhopapNyNa kpfg; goikahd
vOj;JUtj;ijf; fhz;fpNwhk;.
vOj;J Kiwapd; %d;W gphpTfs;
1. gl vOj;J Kiw
2. vz;z vOj;J Kiw
3. xyp vOj;J Kiw
 mirnaOj;J Kiw
 mfu vOj;j Kiw
vOj;J Kiwapy; Kjd; Kjypy; Njhd;wpa Kiw glvOj;J KiwNa vdf; fUJth;.
#hpaidf; fhl;l xU tl;lj;ij tiue;J fhl;bdh;. glq;fis tiue;J nra;jpiaf;
fhl;Ljy; glvOj;J KiwahFk;. ,k;Kiwapid vk;nkhopapdUk; czuyhk;. Fwpg;gpl;l
xU nghUisNah fUj;ijNah czh;j;jg; gad;gLNk jtpu nghUspd; gytif
NtWghLfisNah El;gq;fisNah czh;j;jg; gad;glhJ.
‘fhzg; gl;l TUt nky;yh
khzf; fhl;Lk; tifik ehb
tOtp Nyhtpad; iftpid Nghy
ntOjg; gLt JUntOj;jhFk;’
vz;z vOj;j Kiwia ideography vd;W $Wth;. tl;ltbtk; #hpaidf;
Fwpf;Fk;. Mdhy; ,jidr; #hpad; vd;Nw thrpg;Nghk;. Mdhy; glvOj;J Kiwapy;
,t;thW tbtj;NjhL cr;rhpg;igg; nghUj;jpf; fhz;gJ ,y;iy. gl vOj;J Kiwia
midtUk; Ghpe;J nfhs;th;. tl;ltbtkhd cUj;ij ehk; #hpad; vd;Nghk;.
Mq;fpNyah; sun vd;gh;. gpd;dh; xyp vOj;J Kiwf;F ,/J fhuzkhapw;W.
‘nfhz;lNthh; Fwpahw; nfhz;l tjid
Az;nld; Wzh;t Jzh;ntOj; jhFk;’
xypvOj;J Kiwapy; jhd; Ngr;R nkhopapy; fhzg;gLk; xypfSf;Fk; vOj;J
Kiwapy; cs;s thptbtj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa xU njhlh;G Vw;gl;lJ. xyp tbtj;ij
thptbtpy; fhzj; njhlq;fpa epiyapy;jhd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ.
‘,irg;gL Gs;spd; vohmy; Nghyr;
nrtpg;Gy dht njhypnaOj; jhFk;’
mirfis thptbtj;jpy; vOjpa epiyapy;jhd; mir vOj;J Kiw cz;lhdJ.
mfutif vOj;Jf;fspy; Xh; cU Xh; xypiaNa Fwpf;Fk;.
ehd;f tif vOj;Jf;fs;
gz;ilj; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fisg; gw;wp mwpQh;fspilNa gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fs;
epyTfpd;wd. fp.gp Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;j jpUehjh; Fd;W fy;ntl;by; gz;ilj;
jkpo; vOj;Jf;fisg; gw;wp mwpfpNwhk;. jkpo; E}y;fs; mr;rplj; njhlq;fpa fhye;

94
njhl;Lj; jhd; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fs; ,g;nghOJ fhzg;gLk; thptbtq;fisg; ngw;wd
vdyhk;. jkpo;ehl;Lf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; ehd;F tif vOj;J Kiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
kpfg; goikahd Fiff; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gpuhkp vOj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
tlnkhopia vOjf; fpue;j vOj;Jg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Nrho ehl;bYk; njhz;il
ehl;bYk; gz;ilj; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fSk; ghz;b ehl;bYk; Nru ehl;bYk;
tl;nlOj;Jf;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
gpuhkp vOj;J
kpfg; goikahd Fiff; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gpuhkp vOj;jpy; vOjg;gl;ls;sd. 20 Mk;
E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; ghz;b ehl;by; gytplq;fspy; ,f;Fiff; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld. ,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fs; rpy nrhw;fshy; rpy njhlh;fshyhdit.
,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; xypg;Gil xypfSk; %r;Ril xypfSk; fhzg;glhikia Nehf;fp
,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; nkhop jkpo; vd;Wk; rpy gpuhfpUjr; nrhw;fs; fye;jpUf;fyhk;
vd;Wk; fUjpdh;. nj.ngh.kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; vOj;J gpuhkp vdpDk; nkhop jkpo;nkhopNa
vdf; $Wfpd;wdh;. lhf;lh; ehfrhkp mth;fs; ,jidj; jkpo; vd;Nw toq;Ffpd;whh;.
gpuhkp vOj;J tbtk; ,e;jpa nkhop tbtq;fspd; jhahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j
thptbtk; gy;NtW epiyfspy tsh;e;Jk; jphpGw;Wk; jpfo;fpd;wd. gpuhkp vOj;J
Kiwapy; tlgpuhkp> njd;gpuhkp vd ,UtifAz;L. njd; gpuhkpiaj; jpuhtpb vd;Wk;
toq;Fth;. tlgpuhkp vOj;J ,e;jpa nkshopfSf;Nfw;whw;Nghy; mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
gpuhkp tbt Fiff; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Fwpj;J I.kfhNjtd; fPo;fz;lthW $Wfpd;whh;.
 jkpo; nkhopf;F cs;s xypfNs Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ] vDk; tlntOj;Jk; j
vDk; th;f;fntOj;Jk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 o>w>s>d vd;w vOj;Jf;fs; cgNahfpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 Muk;gf; fhy Fiff; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; cs;s Gs;spapy;yh nka; tbT nka;ia
kl;LNk Fwpf;Fk;.
 ,ilf;fhyj;jpYk; gpw;fhyj;jpYk; Gs;spapy;yh nka;AUtk; mfuNkwpa
nka;ahfNt toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 nka;iaf; Fwpf;fg; Gs;spg; gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.
 vfu xfuf; Fwpy;> neby; NtWghby;iy.
 caph; kaf;fq;fs; kpFjp.
fpue;j vOj;J
jkpofj;jpy; tlnkhopia vOjj; njhd;W njhl;L toq;fpa vOj;ijf; fpue;jk;
vd;gh;. tlnkhopapy; fpue;jk; vd;why; E}y; vd;gJ nghUshFk;. tlnkhopia vOj
toq;fpa vOj;ijAk; fpue;jk; vd;Nw mioj;jdh;. Fiff; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; gpuhfpUjr;
nrhw;fs; vOjg; gad;gLj;jpa tlnkhop vOj;Jf;fNs fpue;j vOj;Jf;fspd;
Kd;NdhbahFk;. gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; fpue;j vOj;Jf;fspd; tsh;r;rpiaf; fhzyhk;.
gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; toq;fpa fpue;j vOj;ijg; gy;yt fpue;jk; vd;Nw toq;Fth;. fp.gp.8
Mk; E}w;whz;by; Mz;l ,uz;lhk; eurpk;kth;kd; fhyj;jpy; fpue;j vOj;Jf;fs; kpf
mofhf nghwpf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. fy;ntl;Lf;fspYk; nrg;NgLfspYk; fhRfspYk; mf;fhy
fpue;j vOj;Jfisf; fhzyhk;. jkpo; ehl;by; njhd;W njhl;Nl jkpo;nkhopAld;
tlnkhopAk; vOjg;gl;lJ. mg;gbg;gl;l ,lq;fspy; jkpo;vOj;Jf;fspd; ,ilapy; fpue;j
vOj;Jf;fisAk; fpue;j vOj;Jf;fspd; ,ilapy; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fisAk; fhzyhk;.
jkpo; vOj;J
jkpo; E}y;fs; mr;rplj; njhlq;fpa fhyj;Nj jhd; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fs; vy;yhk;
,g;NghJ fhzg;gLk; epiyahd tbtq;fisg; ngw;wd. xt;nthU E}w;whz;bYk;
thptbtq;fs; rpy khWjy;fSf;F cs;shfp tsh;rr ; paile;jpUf;fpd;wd. jkpo;nkhopia
vOj ,Utif vOj;Jf;fs; tof;fpypUe;jd vd mwpfpNwhk;. mhpr;rY}h; fy;ntl;by;

95
jkpo; vOj;Jk; tl;nlOj;Jk; fye;J vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. fp.gp 7 Mk; E}w;whz;by; Mz;l
kNfe;jpudpd; fy;ntl;L KOtjpYk; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fNs cs;sd. Nrhoh; fhyj;jpa
voj;Jf;fis Kw;fhyr; Nrhoh; vOj;J vd;Wk; gpw;fhy Nrhoh; vOj;J vd;Wk;
,Utifahf gphpf;fyhk;. Kw;fhy Nrhoh; vOj;J nghpa vOj;jhf ,Ue;jJ. gpw;fhy
Nrhoh; vOj;J mofpd;wpAk; gpio kype;jjhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ghz;bah;
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; rpy jkpopYk; gy fpue;jj;jpYk; cs;sd. ,th;fsJ nrg;NgLfs;
midj;Jk; tl;nlOj;jpNyNa cs;sd.
fpue;j thptbtj;jpw;Fk; jkpo; thptbtj;jpw;Fk; cs;s cwT kpf
neUf;fkhdJ vd;gh;. c>C>f>q>j>e>a>t vd;git ,Utbtq;fspYk; xNu tpjkhf
vOjg;gLfpd;wd. m>M><>x>xs>l>w>y>s vd;Dk; vOj;Jf;fs; ,uz;L tbtq;fspYk;
rpwpjsNt khWgLfpd;wd. vdNt jhd; ,jidf; fpue;jj; jkpo; tbtk; vd;ghUKsh;.
jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspd; ntt;NtW fhy thptbtq;fis czh;j;jf; $ba
mr;nrOj;Jf;fs; ,d;ikahy; mtw;iw njspthf tpsf;f ,aytpy;iy.
tl;nlOj;J
jkpo;ehl;by; jkpo;nkhopia vOJtjw;F toq;fpa tl;ltbtkhd jkpo;
vOj;Jf;fis tl;nlOj;J vd;gh;. fy;ypy; ntl;Lk; vOj;jhfypd; ntl;nlOj;J vd;gNj
jphpe;J tl;nlOj;J vd;whapw;W vd;ghUKsh;. tl;nlOj;ij mf;fhyj;jpy; tl;lk; vd
toq;fpajhff; Fw;whyf; fy;ntl;L %yk; mwpfpNwhk;. Mhpah;fs; ,e;ehl;bw;F
tUtjw;F Kd;Ng jkpoh;fs; ehfhpf epiyapy; ,Ue;jdh;. gpuhkp vOj;Jf;F %ykhd
gPdp~pa vOj;Jf;fspypUe;J jkpo; kf;fs; ,t;tl;l vOj;Jf;fis mikj;Jf;
nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd lhf;lh; gh;dy; mth;fs; $Wfpd;whh;. gz;ilj; jkpo;
vOj;Jf;fshfpa tl;nlOj;Jf;fs; jkpo; kf;fshNyNa Kw;fhyj;jpy; mikf;fg;
ngw;wit. mt;tl;nlOj;jpd; jpUe;jpa tbtq;fNs ,g;NghJs;s jkpo; vOj;Jf;fshFk;.
tl;nlOj;J ghz;b ehl;by; kpfr; rpwg;ghf toq;fpaJ. kpfj; njhd;ikahd
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; jkpofj;jpd; tlg;gFjpapy; jhd; fpilj;Js;sd. rpk;k tp~;Ztpd;
fhyj;Jf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; tl;nlOj;jpYk; kNfe;jputh;kd; fhyj;Jf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
jkpo; vOj;jpYk; cs;sjhfj; jpU eldrpfhrpehjd; $Wfpwhh;.
ehfhp vOj;J
fp.gp 6 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpahtpd; tlgFjpapy; rk];fpUjj;ij vOj
toq;fg;gl;l xUtif vOj;Jf;fis ehfhp vd;gh;. ,jidj; Njt ehfhp vd;Wk;
miog;gh;. fp.gp 8 Mk; E}w;whz;by; Ntzhl;il Mz;l fUee;jlf;fd; ehfhp vOj;jpy;
nrg;NgL ntspapl;Ls;shd;.
kuhl;ba Nkhb vOj;J
jQ;rhT+h; ngUTilahh; Nfhapypy; Nkhb vd;Dk; vOj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l kuhl;ba
nkhopf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; rpy cs;sd. ,jpy; jQ;iria Mz;l kuhl;ba kd;dh;fspd;
tuyhW nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kuG ,yf;fzq;fSk; vOj;Jf;fSk;
njhy;fhg;gpaKk; gz;ilj; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fSk;
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; gz;ila vOj;Jf;fs; gw;wp $wg;gl;ls;sJ.
‘vOj;njdg; gLt
mfu Kjy;
dfu tpWtha; Kg;g/ njd;g
rhh;e;Jtud; kugpd; %d;wyq; filNa
,jd; %yk; njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;Nj jkpOf;f xU neLq;fzf;F thptbtk; cz;L
vd;gij czh;fpNwhk;.
jdp nka;naOj;jpw;Fk; thptbT $Wfpwhh;.

96
 ‘Gs;sp apy;yh vy;yh nka;Ak;
cUTU thfp mfuNkhL caph;j;jYk;
Vid capNuhL cUTjphpe;J caph;j;jYk;
MaP hpay caph;j;j yhNw’
,jpy; jdp nka;naOj;Jf;fs; Gs;sp ngw;W ,aq;FtJk; caph;nka; MFk; NghJ
mfuNkwpd; Gs;sp ePq;fp Kd;ida tbNthL epw;wYk; gpwTaph;fs; VWk;NghJ tbT
khwp epw;wYk; $Wfpd;whh;. ed;D}yhUk; njhy;fhg;gpaiunahl;b vOj;J
,d;dnjd;gijAk; vOj;Jf;fspd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfisg; gw;wpAk; tpsf;fpAs;shh;.
‘nkhopKjw; fhuz khkZj; jpunshyp
vOj;jJ Kjy;rhh; ngdtpU tifj;Nj’
njhy;iy tbypd nty;yh ntOj;Jkhz;
nla;J nkfu nthfu nka;Gs;sp’
tPukhkdpth; nra;j khw;wk;
jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspd; thptbtj;jpy; tPukhKdpth; khw;wk; nra;Js;shh;.
vfuj;Jf;Fk; xfuj;Jf;fk; Gs;sp ePf;fp Vfhuj;jpw;F fhy; ,l;Lk; Vida neby;
mwpFwpahfpa ‘h’ fhypdpd;Wk; NtWgLj;jpdhh;. caph; nka;fspy; vfu xfuq;fSf;f
xw;iwf; nfhk;igAk; mikj;jhh;.
vOj;Jr; rPh;jpUj;jk;
cyf nkhopfspd; vOj;J tuyhw;iw Nehf;fpdhy; nkhopfs; Xh; vOj;ij –
thptbtj;ij tpl;L kw;nwhU thptbtj;ij Vw;wf; nfhz;Ls;sijAk; ,Uf;fpd;w
thptbtj;jpy; jpUj;jk; nra;J nfhz;Ls;sijAk; vOj;J vz;zpf;ifiaAk;
mjpfhpj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;sijAk; nrhy;nyOj;jpy; khw;wk; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ls;sijAk;
fhzyhk;. ,tw;iwNa thptbt khw;wk;> thptbtj;jpUj;jk;> vOj;Jf;fspd; vz;zpf;if
khw;wk;> nrhy;nyOj;J khw;wk; Mfpatw;iw vOj;Jr; RPh;jpUj;jk; vd;w ngauhy;
toq;Ffpd;wdh;. ghz;b ehl;by; tof;fpypUe;j tl;nlOj;J iftplg;gl;L jkpo; vOj;J
GFj;jg;gl;lJ. ‘h’ vd;w vOj;jhdJ vy;yh nka;fNshLk; Nrh;j;J vOJk; trjpapUf;f
mjid gad;gLj;jhJ z d w vd;w vOj;Jfl;F jdp mr;R thh;gG ; fs;
Njitg;gl;ld. ,f;Fiwia ePf;f dh>zh>wh vd;W gad;gLj;j vz;zpdh;. ,e;jr;
rpe;jidapd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; nghpahh;> mth;fs; vOj;Jr; rPh;jpUj;jj;ij
Jtq;fpdhh;. jkpo; thptbtj;ij Muha;e;J mjpy; nra;a Ntz;ba khw;wq;fs; Fwpj;J
Nguhrphpah; nj.ngh.kP> Gyth; Foe;ij> Nt.jpy;iyehafk;> nghd;.Nfhjz;luhkd;>
nr.it.rz;Kfk; Nghd;Nwhh; Muha;e;Js;sdh;. jkpo;ehl;L murhq;fk; nghpahh; mth;fs;
Nkw;nfhz;l jkpo; vOj;Jr; rPh;jpUj;jj;ijg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vd murhiz
gpwg;gpj;jJ.
nghpahhpd; vOj;Jr; rPh;jpUj;jk;
gioa Kiw Gjpa Kiw
I ma;
Xs mt;
dh
wh
zh
id
iy
is
nzh
nwh

97
 ndh
Nzh
Nwh
Ndh
KbTiu
jkpo; thptbtkhdJ kpfg; goq;fhyj;jpNyNa rpwe;jNjhh; Kiwapy;
mike;Js;sJ vd;w nra;jp ,f;fl;Liuapd; top ekf;Fg; Gydhfpd;wJ. vdpDk; jkpo;
thptbt Muha;r;rpahdJ ,d;Dk; gy;NtW cz;ikfis ntspf;nfhzUk; tifapy;
Mok; epiwe;jjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ

myF- 5 tpdhtq;fp
2 kjpg;gngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. kzpg;gpuths eil vd;why; vd;d?
2. jkpopy; fye;j gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fs; ehd;fpidf; $Wf.
3. gd;dpU epyq;fs; ahit?
4. fpisnkhop tiffs; ahit?
5. tlf;Ff; fpisnkhop Ngrg;gLk; ,lq;fs; vit?
6. kj;jpaf; fpisnkhop Ngrg;gLk; ,lq;fs; vit?
7. Nkw;Ff; fpisnkhop Ngrg;gLk; ,lq;fs; vit?
8. njw;Ff; fpisnkhop Ngrg;gLk; ,lq;fs; vit?
9. ePiuf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs; ,uz;bidf; $Wf.
10. nrhw;nwhluikg;Gf;F 2 vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf.
11. khw;wpyf;fz ,ay;Gfs; ,uz;bidf; $Wf.
12. gl vOj;J Kiw vd;why; vd;d?
13. xyp vOj;J Kiw vd;why; vd;d?
14. gpuhkp vOj;J vd;why; vd;d?
15. fpue;j vOj;J vd;why; vd;d?
16. tl;nlOj;J vd;why; vd;d?

98
 17. Njtehfhp vd;why; vd;d?
18. vOj;Jr; rPh;jpUj;jj;ij Vw;gLj;jpath; ahh;?
5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. jkpopy; tlnkhop fyg;G gw;wp vOJf.
2. gpwnkhopfspy; jkpopd; nry;thf;F gw;wp vOJf.
3. jkpopy; Mq;fpyj;jpd; nry;thf;fpid $Wf.
4. njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLk; gd;dpU epyq;fs; gw;wp vOJf.
5. tlf;Ff; fpisnkhop gw;wp vOJf.
6. kj;jpaf; fpisnkhop gw;wp vOJf.
7. Nkw;Ff; fpisnkhop gw;wp vOJf.
8. njw;Ff; fpisnkhop gw;wp vOJf.
9. fz;zpahFkhp Ngr;R tof;fid Muha;f.
10. r%ff; fpisnkhopg; gw;wp vOJf.
11. jkpopy; fhzg;gLk; nrhw;nwhlh; mikg;gpid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
12. mz;ik cWg;G gw;wp tphpthf vOJf.
13. khw;wpyf;fzg; gFjpfis tpthpf;f.
14. vOj;J Kiwapd; %d;W gphpTfis Muha;f.
15. Fiff; fy;ntl;nlOj;J gw;wp I.kfhNjtd; $Wtdtw;iw vOJf.
16. gpuhkp vOj;jpid tpthpf;f
17. fpue;j vOj;jpid gw;wp $Wf.
18. vOj;Jr; rPh;jpUj;jk; gw;wp tpthpf;f
10 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. jkpopy; gpwnkhop fyg;Gf; Fwpj;J fl;Liu tiuf.
2. jkpopd; fpis nkhop tuyhw;wpid $Wf.
3. jkpopd; nrhw;nwhlh; mikg;gpid fl;Liuf;f.
4. jkpo; thptbt tuyhw;wpid Muha;f.

99