Made By:

Edward Justine C. Torres

 Physical Science Physics also tries to explain the
Physical science is the study of structure of matter-such as the atom and
non-living systems, as opposed to a study of some atomic particles- as well and does the
biological sciences or living systems. It different forms of energy.
consists of physics, chemistry, astronomy and
earth science. It also includes scientific
02. Chemistry
method and experimentation. Chemistry is the study of how the
various elements and molecules interact and
What are non-living systems? combine, as well as ways to separate
Physical science is concerned with the study molecules into simpler forms. It also is
of non-living objects and systems. This concerned with special properties of the
includes the study of matter and its various molecules.
interactions, from the very small atomic level
Organic chemistry overlaps into the
to the massive interactions of galaxies in the
life sciences, since it concerns the chemistry
universe. A system is considered a
involved in living objects.
combination or set of interrelated objects.
03. Astronomy
Studies in Physical Science
Astronomy looks at how the various
01. Physics
planets, stars, galaxies and other large
02. Chemistry
objects in space move and interact. It is also
03. Astronomy
concerned with relationship of the Earth with
04. Earth Science
respect the Moon, other planets in the solar
system and the Sun.
01. Physics
Physics is the fundamental science One aspect of astronomy concerns
that states rules and laws of matter and whether there is life on other planets within
energy. The other physical sciences, as well the Universe.
as biological sciences, apply these rules and
laws on a larger scale. 04. Earth Science
 Earth science is concerned with the 05. ANALYZING DATA
formation of the Earth, its structure and 06. COME TO A CONCLUSION
changes through the years of its existence.
It also looks into rock formations and
weather patterns.

Environmental issues are sometimes

included in earth science.

Scientific method used in Physical

Science
Physical science uses techniques of
experimentation and scientific method to
study and measure various physical effects.
It emphasizes the importance of learning
scientific method to make studies and draw
conclusions about matter, energy and their
interactions.

It is important to study all factors that can

vary and to keep most of them constant in an
experiment. You should take data to observe
trends before drawing conclusions about an
experiment.

The Scientific Method

01. OBSERVE
02. DO SOME RESEARCH
03. FORMULATE A HYPOTHESIS Exploring the Formation of Elements
04. EXPERIMENTATION During Stellar
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 Formation and Evolution slowing down the reaction. Once the
contraction stops and the protostar
attains its gravitational equilibrium, a
Main Sequence Star will be formed.

Inert Hydrogen

Formation and Synthesis of Heavier Hydrogen Fusion

Elements Helium Fusion

Inert Carbon
Star Formation Theory
states that stars are formed when a In the core of a main
dense region of molecular cloud sequence star, hydrogen fuses with
collapses. During this process, helium through proton-proton chain.
fragments of clouds contract and form
a stellar core known as PROTOSTAR. In addition, the gravitational
force of a main sequence star forces
The contraction and hydrogen and helium to fuse resulting
gravitational force of the protostar to nuclear fusion of the 2 primordial
result in an elements. (Hydrogen and Helium)
increase in Furthermore, at this stage,
temperature helium is converted to carbon at the
which triggers core while hydrogen is converted into
Main Sequence Star nuclear reaction helium surrounding the
within the star upon reaching 10 million core which denotes
Kelvin. Throughout the reaction, the formation of RED
neutrinos and positrons are released,
GIANT.
 When the majority of the Main-phase star burns
helium in the core has been converted hydrogen in its core
to carbon, then the rate of fusion (current state of
decreases. Earth's sun)
Gravity again squeezes the
star. In a low-mass star (with mass Helium core forms
less than twice the Sun’s mass), there as hydrogen shell
is not enough mass for a carbon fusion expands
to occur. The star’s fuel is depleted,
and over time, the outer material of Star becomes a
the star is blown off into space. The red giant
only thing that Inert Carbon consisting of a
carbon core
remains is the
surrounded by
hot and inert
hydrogen envelope
carbon core.
The star
Star finally collapses,
becomes a White White Dwarf forming a white dwarf
Dwarf.

However, the fate of a

Cloud of
massive star is different. A Massive
hydrogen and
Star has enough mass such that
dust
temperature and pressure increase to
condenses
a point where carbon fusion can occur.

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 The star goes through a heavier elements such as Beryllium
series of stages where heavier (4Be) and Iron (26Fe) were formed by
elements are fused in the core and in combining protons and neutrons from
the shells around the core. the nuclei of a lighter elements.
The element oxygen is formed
from carbon fusion; neon from oxygen Stable Helium reacts with Carbon to
fusion; magnesium from neon fusion: produce oxygen and gamma rays under
silicon extreme gravitational force and
from temperature.
magnesium Oxygen as the product of the
fusion; initial reaction then reacts with Helium
and iron to form Neon and gamma rays
4 16 20 0
from 2He + 8O  10Ne + 0γ
silicon fusion. The star becomes a
Multiple-Shell Red Giant. The third reaction involves
carbon reacting with another Carbon
Stellar Nucleosynthesis forming Magnesium and gamma ray
12 12 24 0
The first 3 minutes of Big 6C + 6C  12Mg + 0γ
Bang focused primarily on the expansion
and cooling of universe so as to the On the other hand, Oxygen to
synthesis of the first three elements. Oxygen fusion will create Silicon, alpha
particle (Helium) and gamma rays as
On the other hand, the second product.
16 16 28 4 0
cosmological event is Stellar 8O + 8O  14Si + 2He + 0γ

Nucleosynthesis, a process in which

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 The process will continue to
form heavier elements from lighter Atomic Number and Synthesis of New
ones, but not heavier than Iron with Elements
atomic mass of 26. Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Mosely an
Lastly, Supernova happens English chemist who arranged the
when the core can no longer produce elements in the periodic table by using
the needed energy to resist atomic number as basis. This allowed
gravitational force, leading to its him to identify and predict any element
explosion and release of large amounts considering the number of protons
of energy. which is equal to the atomic number. In
addition, he emphasized that adding
PIECES OF EVIDENCE proton to an element increases its
One remarkable evidence to support atomic number and that new element will
Stellar Nucleosynthesis and Star be formed.
Formation Theory is the discovery of
interstellar dusts and gases which Nuclear Reaction
justifies the stages of stellar  Alpha Emission: a particle with
formation which are happening across two protons and two neutrons is
the universe. emitted resulting to a lighter new
In addition, infrared radiation element.
238 234 4
being emitted in the process of stellar 92 U  90 Th + 2 He

formation serves as a strong indication

that stellar nucleosynthesis is a  Beta Emission: a neutron becomes
concurrent with stellar formation and a proton, and an electron will be
ejected resulting to a new element
evolution.
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 with the same mass. the atoms of a molecule.
131 131 0
53 I  54 Xe + -1 e
Molecular Structure of Oxygen
 Gamma Emission: gamma ray will be  oxygen has 6 valence electrons
emitted when a radioactive nuclide  valence electrons are the
leaves a nucleus in an excited outermost electrons.
state.
137 137
56 Ba  56 Ba + γ-photon  OCTET RULE
POLAR and NON-POLAR  states that atoms tend to gain,
 POLARITY share or transfer electrons in
 equal or unequal sharing of order to attain a stable 8 valence
electrons among the atoms of electron configuration
a molecule.
Two Types of Polarity:  Oxygen needs 2 more electrons to
1. POLAR MOLECULE become stable while Hydrogen needs
 unequal or asymmetrical 1 more electrons to become stable
distribution of electrons among in order to form H2O.
the atoms of a molecule

2. NON-POLAR MOLECULE
 equal or symmetrical
distribution of electrons among
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY
 relative ability of an atom to draw
electrons in a bond towards itself.

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  Flourine has the higest Example:
electronegativity  H2O (Water)
 Dipole or two poles (positive and 3.5-2.1 = 1.4 Thus, it is Polar
negative) Covalent Bond
 Shared electron pair is attracted  O2 (OXYGEN GAS)
more strongly toward the negative 3.5-3.5 = 0 Thus, it is Non-
atom making them unequal or Polar Covalent Bond
asymmetrical.
Remember:
 If the bond is non-polar, then the

 DIPOLE MOMENT molecule is automatically non-polar.

 it is a quantity that describes  If the bond is polar, the the

the polarity of a bond in a molecule molecule can be polar or non-polar.

Distiguishing the Polarity of SHAPE/MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

Molecules  MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
The polarity of molecule can be  pertains to the threedimensional
distiguished by: arrangement of atoms in a molecule
1. Electronegativity Difference
2. Shape/Molecular Geometry  POLAR MOLECULE
 In more complex molecular
ELECTRONEGATIVITY DIFFERENCE shapes, if the dipole moments do
Bond Range not add up to zero or do not

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 cancel out, a net dipole moment REMEMBER:
is present, making the molecule  Polarity has a direct effect on

polar. solubility and miscibility. Liquids

 NON-POLAR MOLECULE tend to be miscible with liquids of
 If the dipole moments do cancel a similar polarity.
out, the molecule is non-polar.  That is, polar is miscible with

Carbon tetrachloride, CCl4 is one polar, nonpolar with nonpolar liquids.

examples. Even if the C-Cl bonds  Remember, concerning polarity,
are polar, their tetrahedral structure, and properties of
arrangement allows the bond different molecules, the general
dipoles to cancel each other. rule “like dissolves like” and “like
mixes well with like”

How does polarity of molecules affect

the boiling point of a substance?
The greater the polarity of
Polarity of Molecules and Its Properties
the molecules in the substance, the
 SOLUBILITY
greater their forces of attraction
refers to the ability of a
between molecules, the greater the
substance (solute) to dissolve
energy needed to separate them into a
in another substance (solvent).
gaseous form, and, therefore, the
 MISCIBILITY
higher its boiling point.
refers to the ability of two
substances, usually liquids, to
mix in all proportions.

Edward’s Notes
 GENERAL TYPES OF IMFAs 2. DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES
 IMFA or Intermolecular Force  present only in polar molecules
Of Attraction (i.e., those with a net dipole
 an attractive force between moment).
neighboring molecules.  This kind of force is stronger
than London dispersion forces
Three Common Types of IMFA: because polar molecules have a
1. LONDON DISPERSION FORCES permanent uneven distribution
 Named after Fritz Wolfgang of electrons.
London  example is
 present in molecules, hydrogen
regardless of the polarity. chloride (HCl).
 The only force present in non- This is
polar molecules because the electronegativity
 it is the weakest difference between the H and the
Cl atoms make the covalent bond
between them polar.

 partially positive portion of one

molecule is attracted to the
partially negative portion of
another molecule.

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3. HYDROGEN BOND  The IMFA in GASES are extremely
 special type of dipole-dipole weak or almost negligible thus,
interaction that occurs in particles are free to move around
molecules having a hydrogen
EFFECTS OF IMFA ON PROPERTIES OF
atom bonded to an
SUBSTANCE
electronegative atom such as
 SOLUBILITY - the solute and the
fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen.
solvent mix when they both exhibit
 it is the strongest
the IMFA.
intermolecular force of
attraction among the three
 MELTING POINT & BOILING POINT
 can be seen in a water molecule - stronger IMFA are higher in
(H2O) because hydrogen is bonded melting and boiling points.
to a highly  SURFACE TENSION - molecules
electronegative with stronger IMFA will exert
atom which is greater cohesive forces and
oxygen. acquire less surface area (higher
surface tension)
Phase Changes in Intermolecular Forces
 VISCOSITY - molecules with
 The IMFA in SOLIDS are very stronger imfa have greater
strong, thus the particles are resistance to flow, and thus higher
compact. viscosity compared to those with
 The IMFA in LIQUIDS are not strong weaker IMFA
enough to keep the particles  CAPILLARY ACTION - climbs up the
remain in fixed positions so liquids towel. The water molecules. A
generally tend to resemble the better capillary action (climb up
shape of their containers. and drag other molecules along the
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 way) indicates stronger IMFA.
 EVAPORATION RATE -the lower the
evaporation rate, the weaker the
IMFA

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