Understanding Economic Development

Chapter 1 : Development
Q. NO QUESTION MARKS
1 Country Total GDP GDP per capita 1
X $4872983522 $36215
Y $3865221698 $42745
Despite having a higher total income then Y, X has a lower per capita
income. What is a reason for this?
a. X has a more equitable distribution of income.
b. Y has more rich people than poor people.
c. X has a smaller population then Y
X has a bigger population than Y
2 Assume there are four families in your locality. The average per capita 1
income of these families is Rs. 10000. If the income of three families is Rs.
4000, Rs. 6000 and Rs. 8000 respectively. What is the income of fourth
family?
a. Rs. 5000
b. Rs. 10000
c. Rs. 12000
Rs. 15000
3 Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion (A) and 1
Reasoning (R).
Read the statements and choose the appropriate option
Assertion (A): different people have different development goals.
Reason (R): people want freedom equality security and respect.
Options:
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A. c) A is
true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true

4 Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion (A) and 1
Reasoning (R).
Read the statements and choose the appropriate option
Assertion (A): human development report is published by UNDP.
Reason (R): UNDP stand for United Nations Development Press.
Options:
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A. c) A is
true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true

5 If BMI is less than 18.5 then the person would be considered: (a) over 1
weight
(b) long height
(c) under nourished
(d) short height
6 Ram wants more days of work and better wages; local school is able to 1
provide quality education for their children; there is no school discrimination
and they too can become leaders in the village.
Ram belong to which category—
(a) Landless rural labours
(b) Prosperous farmers
(c) Landless workers
(d) Urban unemployed

7 Assertion (A): Ground water is an example of renewable resources. 1

Reason(R): if we use more than what is being replenished by rain then we
would be overusing this resource.
Options:
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true

8 Development of a country can generally be determined by – 1

(a) Its per capita income
(b) Its average literacy level
(c) Health status of its people
All of the above
9 Different persons could have different as well as conflicting notions of a 1
country’s development. A fair and just path for all should be achieved.
Interpret the concept being discussed here.
(a) Social development
(b) Cultural development
(c) National development
(d) Economic development
10 Shyam works to transport the goods after manufacturing in factory. He bring 1
the goods and store them. He gives them to shopkeeper.
In which sector, Shyam is working?
(a) Primary
(b) Secondary
(c) Tertiary
None of these
11 What will be the top priority in the developmental goal of a landless labourer? 1
(a) Expansion of rural banking
(b) More days of work and better wages
(c) Metal roads for transportation
(d) Establishment of a high school
12 Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children of the age group ________ 1
attending school as a percentage of the total number of children in the same age
group.

A) 17 and 18 years

B) 9 and 10 years

C) 12 and 13 years
 D) 14 and 15 years
13 Underemployment occurs when people: 1
(a) do not want to work
(b) are working in a lazy manner
(c) are working less than what they are capable of doing
(d) are not paid for their work
14 Assertion (A) :- Mohan works 5 days a week , receives her income on a 1
last day of each month and gets medical facilities from his firm.
Reason (R) :- Mohan is working in organized sector.

(A) both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the
correct explanation of Assertion (A) .
(B) both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of Assertion (A) .
(C) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is correct.

15 Assertion (A) Sustainable development is a crucial step for the 1

development of a country.
Reason ( R ) Sustainability is the capability to use the resources judicious
and maintain ecological balance.
 (A) both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is
the correct explanation of Assertion (A) .
 (B) both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is
not the correct explanation of Assertion (A) .
 (C) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
 (D) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is correct.

16 Assertion (A): Developmental goals that people have are not only about 1
better income but also about other important things in life.

Reason (R): A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take
up a variety of jobs or run a business.
(A) both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct Explanation of assertion (A).
(B) both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the
correct Explanation of assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(D) assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true
17 To compare the development of countries, their _______ is 1

considered to be one of the most important attributes.

 A)income

B) population

C) demographics

D) none of the above

18 In World Development Reports, brought out by the_________, per capita 1

income criterion is used in classifying countries.

A) UNICEF

B) World Bank

C) World Economic Forum.

D) United Nations
19 Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) indicates the number of children that die before 1
the age of ____________ as a proportion of 100 live children born in that
particular year.

A) four years

B) one year

C) two years

D) three years
20 Human Development Report published by UNDP compares countries based 1
on _________.

A) health status

B) per capita income

C) educational levels of the people

D) all of the above

21 For a famous businessman's mall-building project, a slum in Mumbai is being 1
cleared and its people displaced, with only a small payment for their land.
There have been protests and a Public Interest Litigation has been filed in the
court.
What should the local government do?
A. cancel the project
B. forcefully remove the people
C. arrest the protesters
D. wait for the court's judgement
22 Study the data given below: 1
COUNTRY TOTAL GDP GDP PER
CAPITA
Japan $4,872,415,104,315 $38,214
Germany $3,693,204,332,230 $44,680
Source: World Bank
Despite having a higher total income than Germany, Japan has a lower per
capita income. What is the reason for this?
A. Japan has a more equitable distribution of income.
B. Germany has more rich people than poor people.
C. Japan has a smaller population than Germany.
Japan has a bigger population than Germany.
23 Following questions consist of two statements – Assertion (A) and 1
Reason (R). Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option
given below:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Assertion: Natural gas is referred as an environment friendly fuel.
Reason: Natural gas contains low carbon dioxide emissions. Assertion-
Reasoning Based Questions Read the following statements: Assertion (A)
and Reason (R). Choose one of the correct alternative.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false. (d) Assertion (A) is false but
Reason (R) is true
Assertion (A) : Kerala has a low Infant Mortality Rate. Reasons (R) : Kerala
lacks the provision of basic health and educational facilities.
24 Which of the following groups of people are likely to have the MOST 1
conflicting developmental goals?
A. students and teachers
B. tribals and industrialists
C. small farmers and large farmers
municipal corporations and road-construction companies
25 Following questions consist of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason 1
(R).
Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given below:
(A) both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A) .
(B) both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of Assertion (A) .
(C) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is correct.
Assertion (A) – A high average income is not indicative of the overall
wellbeing of a country.
 Assertion (A) – A high average income is not indicative of the overall
wellbeing of a country.
26 If Rajiv visited the country which is on top position in HDI Ranking 1
According to UNDP report -2022, so tell the name of the country Rajiv
visited.
27 Total income of the country divided by its 1
total population is known as.
(a) Capital Income
(b) National Income
(c) Per capita income
(d) GDP
28 Which of the following is the best example of a public good? 1
A. medicines and injections
C. houses and furniture
B. books and stationary
D. law and order
29 Welfare economics is the branch of economics that seeks to evaluate 1
economic policies in terms of their effects on the well-being of the
community.
Which of the following improvements to your locality would NOT align with
this view of welfare?
A.vaccinating the stray dogs in the area
B.building ramps in the society to aid the disabled
C.providing safety equipment to the garbage collectors
D.opening a park for people who can pay the membership fees
30 Human Development Report is Published by…….. 1
A. UNDP B. World Bank
C. IMF D. WHO
31 Ram is 21 years old, he is 5’9” and weighs 48 kgs. While the selection for the 1
cricket team was going on , the coach told him that he is underweight. On what
grounds did the coach tell him this?
(a) His age
(b) His weight
(c) His body weight ratio
(d) His Body Mass Index
32 More days of work and better wages; local school is able to provide quality 1
education for their children; there is
no social discrimination and they too can become leaders in the village. The
above Developmental Goals falls
under which category of person?
(a) An adivasi from Narmada valley
(b) Landless rural labourers
(c) Prosperous farmers from Punjab
(d) Farmers who depend only on rain for
growing crops
33 Statement I: Human Development Report is published by UNDP. Statement 1
II: Groundwater is an example of renewable resources.
 Statement III: Non-renewable resources are those which will get exhausted
after few years of use. Statement IV: The national income of a country is also
called per capita income.

(a) Statement (i) and (ii) are right.

(b) Statement (i), (ii) and (iii) are right.
(c) Statement (iii) is right.
(d) Only statement (iv) is right.
34 1
PER CAPITA INCOME OF SELECT
STATES

State Per Capita Income for

2018–19 (in ₹)

Bihar 40,982

Kerala 2,04,105

Haryana 2,36,147

As per the data given above which state would be considered as the least
developed?
(a) Bihar and Kerala
(b) Kerala
(c) Bihar
(d) Haryana
35 Assertion (A) Since the second half of the twentieth century, scientists have 1
been warning that the type and levels of development are not sustainable.
Reason (R) In the name of development, natural resources are exploited at a
fast rate leading to their depletion.
Codes
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A is false, but R is true
36 Read and choose the correct term that relates to the given information: 1
This refers to using natural resources in a manner so that they can be used by
the present and future generations.
This issue is important for development because if the natural resources are
not used carefully, they may not be
available for future generations.
(a) Economic Development
(b) Sustainable Development
(c) None of these
(d) Environmental Development
37 Choose the correct match from Column I and Column II. 1
 Column A Category Column B
of person Developmental
goals/Aspirations

(a) Landless rural (i) Regular job, high

labourers wages to increase her
income

(b) Prosperous (ii)Availability of

farmers from Punjab other sources of
irrigation

(c) Farmers who (iii) Assured a higher

depend only on rain support price for
for growing their crops
crops

(d) A rural woman (iv) More days of

from a landowning work and better
family wages

(a) a-i; b-ii; c-iii; d-iv

(b) a-iv; b-iii; c-ii; d-i
(c ) a-iii; b-iv; c-i; d-ii
(d) a-iv; b-ii; c-i, d-iii
38 Correct and Rewrite 1
Based on its total income, India is placed in rich country category while US
is in low middle income category
39 Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income 1
of these families is *5,000. If the income of three families is ₹ 4,000, 7,000
and 3,000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth family?
(a) 7,500
(b) 3,000
(c) 2,000
(d) 6,000
40 Read the following data and select the appropriate option from the 1
following.

Educational Achievements of the Rural

Population of Uttar Pradesh

Category Male Female

 Literacy rate 76% 54%
for the rural
population

Literacy rate 90% 87%

for rural
children in
the age group
10-14 years

Percentage of 85% 82%

rural children
aged 10-14
years
attending
school

How much percentage of girls are not attending school?

(a)81%
(b) 61%
(c )69%
(d) 18%
41 Suggest any tow ways to maintain body mass index (BMI). 2
42 What is per capita income? How it is calculated? 2

43 Write any two development goals of a landless worker of a village. 2

44 Define the term National Income? 2
45 What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different 2
countries?
46 What is Human Development Index? 2
47 Define the term National Income? 2
48 What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different 2
countries?
49 Define Infant mortality rate. 2

50 Our development is the earth's destruction. Do you agree with the given 2
statement? Give 2 reasons to support your answer.
51 It is true that if women are engaged in paid work. their dignity in household 2
and society increases. What conditions can encourage women to get engaged
in paid works?
52 Differentiate between material and non material goals. 2
53 Sustainability of development is the need of present time. 3
Are you agree? Explain.
54 Why are public facilities needed for the development of the country? Explain 3
any four public facilities.
55 Describe any three factors of a developed country. 3
56 ‘Conflicting goals can also be developmental goals’. Elaborate with 3
examples.
57 Why do people look at a mix of goals for development? Explain. 3

58 “What may be development for one may not be development for the other.” 3
Explain with a suitable example.

59 What are the development goals of the following: 3

(i) Labourer (ii) Rich farmer (iii) Trader

60 Describe any three features of developed country. 3

61 Mention any THREE characteristics of development. 3

62 Development for one may be the destruction for other.' Do you agree with the 3
statement? Justify your answer.

63 Do the following two statements mean the same? Justify your answer. 3
(a) People have different developmental goals.
(b) People have conflicting developmental goals.
64 'Human development is the essence of social development.' Explain. 3

65 Besides seeking more income, one-way or the other, people also seek things 4
like equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect of others. They resent
discrimination. All these are important goals. In fact, in some cases, these may
be more important than more income or more consumption because
material goods are not all that you need to live. Money, or material things
that one can buy with it, is one factor on which our life depends. But the
quality of our life also depends on non-material things mentioned above. If it
is not obvious to you, then just think of the role of your friends in your life.
You may desire their friendship. Similarly, there are many things that are not
easily measured but they mean a lot to our lives. These are often ignored.
However, it will be wrong to conclude that what cannot be measured is not
important. Consider another example, if you get a job in a far off place, before
accepting it you would try to consider many factors, apart from income, such
as facilities for your family, working atmosphere, or opportunity to learn. In
another case, a job may give you less pay but may offer regular employment
that enhances your sense of security. Another job, however, may offer high
pay but no job security and also leave no time for your family. This will reduce
your sense of security and freedom. Similarly, for development, people look
at a mix of goals.
1. What do you mean by income?
2. Why does job may give you less pay but enhances your sense of
security
3. What are the things people seek for development?
66 Read the source and answer the questions 4
The idea of development or progress has always been us. We have
aspirations or desire about what we would like to do and how we would like
to live. Similarly we have idea about what a country should we like. What are
the essential things that we require? Can life be better for all? How should
people live together? Can there be more equality? Development involves
thinking about these questions and about the ways in which we can work
towards achieving these goals.
1. What is the definition of development?
2. People do not have same notion of development because ………… .
3. What can be the common development goals of all citizen?
4. Which of the concept is being discussed in the source?

67 How is that the average person in Haryana has more income than the average 4
person in Kerala but lags behind in these crucial areas? The reason is- money
in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to
live well. So, income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator or
material goods and services that citizens are able to use. For example,
normally, your money cannot buy you a pollution free environment or ensure
that you get unadulterated medicines, unless you can afford to shift to a
community that already has all these things. Money may also not be able to
protect you from infectious diseases, unless the whole of our community
takes preventive steps.

1. What are the things money cannot buy?

2. Why is that Haryana having more income than Kerala lags behind
Kerala?
3. Why is income by itself not a completely adequate indicator of
material goods and services?

68 Case based question: 4

Similarly, for development, people look at a mix of goals. It is true that if
women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society
increases. However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women there
would be more sharing of housework and a greater acceptance of women
working outside. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to
take up a variety of jobs or run a business. Hence, the developmental goals
that people have are not only about better income but also about other
important things in life.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

1) Developmental goals means

(A) goals of weaker people
 (B) goals of women
(C) goals of all sections of the society
(D) goals of working Population

2) …………. Goals lead to decreased GDP of the country.

(A) Social
(B) Economic
(C) Developmental
(D) None of these

3)If women are engaged in paid work then their...... Increase.

(A) respect
(B) dignity
(C) prestige
(D) all of these

4.Developmental goals that people have-

A)are only about better income
B)are only about better working conditions
C)are only about better opportunities
D)are not only about better income but also about other important things in
life.

69 Case based question: 4

Besides seeking more income, oneway or the other, people also seek things
like equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect of others. They resent
discrimination. All of these are important goals. In fact, in some cases, these
may be more important than more income or more consumption because
material goods are not all that you need to live. Money, or material things
that one can buy with it, is one factor on which our life depends. But the
quality of our life also depends on non-material things. Consider an example:
If you get a job in a far-off place, before accepting it you would try to
consider many factors, apart from income, such as facilities for your family,
working atmosphere, or opportunity to learn. In another case, a job may give
you less pay but may offer regular employment that enhances your sense of
security. Another job, however, may offer high pay but no job security and
also leave no time for your family. This will reduce your sense of security
and freedom. Similarly, for development, people look at a mix of goals. It is
true that if women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household
and society increases. However, it is also the case that if there is respect for
women there would be more sharing of housework and a greater acceptance
of women working outside. A safe and secure environment may allow more
women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business. Hence, the
developmental goals that people have are not only about better income but
also about other important things in life.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

 1)Gaurav currently residing in Surat applied for a job in an Multinational
company located in Delhi. He got selected in an interview. The company
offered him a handsome salary. However, Gaurav is confused. Apart from
salary, what other goals he should keep in mind while taking up a new job?
A)Opportunity to learn
B)Working atmosphere
C)Job security
D)All of the above.

2.The approach of living a life in bungalows, with costly cars, bikes and
international tours is ________ life.
A)Materialistic
B)Social
C)Boasted
D)Both a and c.

3.Women, who are engaged in paid jobs are an example of persons who fulfil
a mix of goals.” Which of the following statement is incorrect with the given
statement?
A)A secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs
or run a business.
B)If there is respect for women, there would be greater acceptance of women
working outside.
C)If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and
society decreases.
D)All are correct.

4.Besides seeking more income, people also seek things like equal treatment,
freedom, security and respect of others”. What does the given statement
signify?
A)Mixed goals are important for people for development.
B)Common goals are important for people for development.
C)Conflicting goals are important for people for development.
D)Similar goals are important for people for development.

70 Case based question: 4

How is that the average person in Haryana has more income than the average
person in Kerala but lags behind in these crucial areas? The reason is- money
in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to
live well. So, income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator or
material goods and services that citizens are able to use. For example,
normally, your money cannot buy you a pollution free environment or ensure
that you get unadulterated medicines, unless you can afford to shift to a
community that already has all these things. Money may also not be able to
protect you from infectious diseases, unless the whole of our community
takes preventive steps.
 1. Why is income by itself not a completely adequate indicator of material
goods and services?

A) The reason is- money in our pocket can buy all the goods and services
that we may need to live well.
B) The reason is- money in our pocket cannot buy all the goods and services
that we may need to live well.
C) The reason is- money in our pocket can buy some of the goods and
services that we may need to live well.
D) Income by itself is a completely adequate indicator of material goods
and services.

2.What are the things money cannot buy?

A) Health, fresh air, water, sunlight, etc.
B) Trains and cars.
C)Tables and chair.
D) Cups and plates.

3.Why is that Haryana having more income than Kerala lags behind Kerala
in many crucial areas?
A)This is because money can buy everything including health, fresh air, etc.

B)This is because money cannot buy everything including health, fresh air,
etc.

C)This is because money can buy some things including health, fresh air, etc.

D)This is because money cannot buy everything but quite a number of things
including health, fresh air, etc.

4. Is there anything money can’t provide us?

A) Money can buy us a pollution free environment or ensure that we get
unadulterated medicines. Money may also not be able to protect us from
infectious diseases, unless we shift to a safer community.
B) Money cannot buy us a pollution free environment or but it definitely can
ensure that we get unadulterated medicines, unless we can afford to shift to a
community that already has all these things.

C) Money cannot buy us a pollution free environment or ensure that we get

unadulterated medicines, unless we can afford to shift to a community that
already has all these things.

D) Money cannot buy us a pollution free environment or ensure that we get

unadulterated medicines. Money can protect us from infectious diseases,
unless the whole of our community take preventive steps.

71 Besides seeking more income, one way or the other, people also seek things 4
like equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect of others. They resent
discrimination. All these are important goals. In fact, in some cases, these may
 be more important than more income or more consumption because material
goods are not all that you need to live. Money, or material things that one can
buy with it, is one factor on which our life depends. But the quality of our life
also depends on non-material things mentioned above. If it is not obvious to
you, then just think of the role of your friends in your life. You may desire
their friendship. Similarly, there are many things that are not easily measured
but they mean a lot to our lives. It is true that if women are engaged in paid
work, their dignity in the household and society increases.
1.What are material and non-material goods?
2.Mention any two factors on which quality of life depends other than
money?
3. Do you agree that “if women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in
the household and society increases.”
72 Read the extract given below and answers the questions which follows: 4
Groundwater in India "Recent evidence suggests that the groundwater is under
serious threat of overuse in many parts of the country. About 300 districts have
reported a water level decline of over 4 metres during the past 20 years. Nearly
one-third of the country is overusing their groundwater reserves. In another 25
years, 60 per cent of the country would be doing the same if the present way
of using this resource continues. Groundwater overuse is particularly found in
the agriculturally prosperous regions of Punjab and Western UP, hard rock
plateau areas of central and south India, some coastal areas and the rapidly
growing urban settlements."
i) Why ground water is overused?
(ii) Can there be development without overuse?
(iii) With the help of an example explain what is meant by overusing of
resources?
73 Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow. 4
Usually we take one or more important characteristics of persons and compare
them based on these characteristics. Of course, there can be differences about
what are important characteristics that should form the basis of comparison:
friendliness and spirit of cooperation, creativity or marks secured. This is true
of development too. For comparing countries, their income is considered to be
one of the most important attributes. Countries with higher income are more
developed than others with less income. This is based on the understanding
that more income means more of all things that human beings need. Whatever
people like. and should have, they will be able to get with greater income. So,
greater income itself is considered to be one important goal.
Answer the following questions.
1. Which country can be considered as a developed country in the modern
world?
(a) Countries which have accumulated huge amount of wealth and always
secure the future of their citizens. These countries are considered to be
developed.
(b) Countries which are among the highest in the 'Human Development Index'
are considered to be the developed countries.
 (c) Only rich countries are considered to be developed because people have
money to buy everything needed for human beings - both material and non-
material.
(d) Iran is a rich country and therefore it is a developed country.

2.Pick out the correct meaning listed below to define 'average income'.
(a) Average income of the country means the total income of the country.
(b) Average income in a country is the income of only employed people.
(c) Average income is the total income of the country divided by its total
population.
(d) Average income includes the value of property held.

3. Can money buy all that you require to live a better life? explain.

74 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow: 4
Besides seeking more income, oneway or the other, people also seek things
like equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect of others. They resent
discrimination. All of these are important goals. In fact, in some cases, these
may be more important than more income or more consumption because
material goods are not all that you need to live. Money, or material things that
one can buy with it, is one factor on which our life depends. But the quality of
our life also depends on non-material things. Consider an example: If you get
a job in a far-off place, before accepting it you would try to consider many
factors, apart from income, such as facilities for your family, working
atmosphere, or opportunity to learn. In another case, a job may give you less
pay but may offer regular employment that enhances your sense of security.
Another job, however, may offer high pay but no job security and also leave
no time for your family. This will reduce your sense of security and freedom.
Similarly, for development, people look at a mix of goals. It is true that if
women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society
increases. However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women there
would be more sharing of housework and a greater acceptance of women
working outside. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to
take up a variety of jobs or run a business. Hence, the developmental goals that
people have are not only about better income but also about other important
things in life.
Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:
(i) Gaurav currently residing in Surat applied for a job in an educational
learning hub “myCBSEguide” located in Delhi. He got selected in an
interview. The company offered him a handsome salary. However, Gaurav is
confused. Apart from salary, what other goals he should keep in mind while
taking up a new job?
(a) Opportunity to learn
(b) Working atmosphere
(c ) Job security
(d) All of the above

(ii)The approach of living a life in bungalows, with costly cars, bikes and
international tours is ________ life.
(a)Materialistic
 (b)Social
(c )Boasted
(d) Both a and c

(iii)“Women, who are engaged in paid jobs are an example of persons who
fulfil a mix of goals.” Which of the following statement is incorrect with the
given statement?
(a)A secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs
or run a business.
(b)If there is respect for women, there would be greater acceptance of women
working outside.
(c )If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and
society decreases.
(d)All are correct

(iv)“Besides seeking more income, people also seek things like equal
treatment, freedom, security and respect of others”. What does the given
statement signify?
(a)Mixed goals are important for people for development.
(b)Common goals are important for people for development.
(c )Conflicting goals are important for people for development.
(d)Similar goals are important for people for development.

75 Read the extract and answer the questions that follow. 4

However, for comparison between countries, total income is not such a useful
measure. Since, countries have different populations, comparing total income
will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn. Hence, we compare
the average income which is the total income of the country divided by its total
population. The average income is also called Per Capita Income,In World
Development Reports, brought out by the World Bank, this criterion is used in
classifying countries. Countries with Per Capita Income of US $ 12,056 per
annum and above in 2017, are called rich countries and those with her capita
income of US $ 955 or less are called low-income-countries.India comes in the
category of low middle income countries because its Per Capita Income in
2017 was just US $ 1820 per annum. The rich countries, excluding countries
of Middle East and certain other small countries, are generally called
developed countries.
(i) What aspects of a country are not included in calculating total income?
(ii) Write the importance of classifying countries by the World Bank.
(iii) Do you agree on World Development Report to categorise India as a low
middle income country?
76 Study the given table carefully, and answer the following questions: 4
Human Development Index of India and its Neighbours

Country Gross Life Mean HDI

National Expectancy Years of Rank
Income at birth Schooling in the
(GNI) of People
 per aged 25 world
capita and (2018)
(2011 above
PPP $)

Sri Lanka 12,707 77 10.6 73

India 6,681 69.7 6.5 130

Myanmar 4,961 67.1 5 148

Pakistan 5,005 67.3 5.2 154

Nepal 3,457 70.8 5 143

Bangladesh 4,976 72.6 6.2 134

(1) What are the components of human development?

(2) Why is Sri Lanka's rank higher than India?
(3) What is the per capita income of India?
(4) Which country has the highest per capita income?
77 Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or 5
state boundaries. Justify the statement.
78 Shiv Kumar who completed his Post Graduation from Delhi University. Which 5
type of conditions or aspects that he would consider before accepting a job.

79 What is sustainable development? Explain any four measures to promote 5

sustainable development.
80 Explain any five fields other than income where development is needed. 5
81 What does HDI stand for? Explain the main criteria of measuring HDI . 5
82 Explain the importance of sustainable development with reference to 5
groundwater by giving example.
83 1.) Mention the formula to calculate the BMI (Body Mass Index). 5
2.) Sunita a 25 years old woman lived in a village. Her height is 1.45 m and
her weight is 36 kg. While Nisha is of the same age and height, her weight is
48 kg. What can be said about their nutritional condition?
84 In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring 5
development different from the one used by World Bank?
85 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Per Capita Income: India's GDP was USD 5
2.7 trillion in 2020, making it the world's sixth-largest economy. However, the
per capita income in India is only about USD 1,947 per year, which is much
lower than the world average of USD 11,570. This means that the overall
economic output in India is high, but the benefits are not evenly distributed
among the population.
 Human Development Index (HDI): HDI is a composite index that measures
the overall development of a country based on indicators such as life
expectancy, education, and income. According to the United Nations
Development Program (UNDP), India's HDI value in 2020 was 0.645, which
is below the world average of 0.737.
This indicates that while India has made significant progress in improving
human development indicators in recent years, there is still a long way to go.
(A)Why is India’s Per capita income low compared to the world average?
Suggest any one measure to increase the Per capita income of India.
(B) Propose any two measures to be taken by India in improving its HDI.
86 Explain any five fields other than income where development is needed 5
87 In what respects is the criterian used by the UNDP for measuring 5
development different from the one used by the World Bank?
88 Explain the importance of sustainable development with reference to 5
groundwater by giving example.

ANSWER

Q. ANSWER
No
1 d
2 c
3 a
4 c
5 c
6 a
7 b
8 d
9 c
10 c
11 B
12 D

13 C
14 Answer- (A) both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A) .
15 Answer-(A) both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A) .
16 Answer- (B) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
assertion (A).

17 A
18 B
19 B
20 D
21 D. wait for the court's judgement
22 A.Japan has a bigger population than Germany.
23 (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R)
is false.
24 B.tribals and industrialists
25 (A) both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion
(A).
26 Switzerland
27 (c) Per capita income
28 D. law and order
29 A.Opening a park for people who can pay the membership fees
30 UNDP
31 (d) His Body Mass Index
32 (b) Landless rural labourers

33 (b) Statement (i), (ii) and (iii) are right.

34 (c ) Bihar
35 (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

36 (b) Sustainable Development

37
(b) a-iv; b-iii; c-ii; d-i
38 Based on its per capita income, India is placed in low middle income category while US is in rich
county category.
39 (d) 6,000
40 (d) 18%
41 Two ways to maintain body mass index-
1. A healthy BMI can be maintained by taking healthy and nutritional food
2. A person should exercise regularly
3.
(Any other relevant points)

42 Per capita income means, average income per person. So per capita income is the average income of
the people of the country during the year. It is calculated by dividing national income by the total
number of populations in the country.
PCI= National income divided by total population of the country
43 1.More days of work and better wages;
2. Local school is able to provide quality education for their children;
3. There is no school discrimination and they too can become leaders in the village.
(Any other relevant points)
44 National income is defined as the total value of all final goods and services produced with a country
plus net income from transactions like (export and import) with other countries.
45 The World Bank uses average income or per capita income as a criterion for classifying different
countries.
46 Human Development Index is a composite index of achievements of a nation in terms of three important
variables, namely—longevity, knowledge and standard of living, that determine the quality of life.
47 National income is defined as the total value of all final goods and services produced with a country
plus net income from transactions like (export and import) with other countries.
48 The World Bank uses average income or per capita income as a criterion for classifying different
countries.
49 Infant mortality rate. It indicates the number of children that die before the age of 1 year as a proportion
of 1000 live children born in that particular year.
50 Any 2 relevant reasons to support the viewpoint:
Agree-
(1) present type and levels of development being unsustainable
(2) overexploitation of resources
(3) destruction of habitat
(4) air, land and water pollution
Disagree-
(1) development can be earth-conscious
(2) sustainable development
(3) alternate energy sources
(4) reducing carbon footprint
51 The development goals other than income are:
(a) Good standard of living
(b) Security
(c) Satisfaction
(any two)
52
Material goals Non material goals

(a) Material goals refer to those (a) Non material goals includes
goals which can be identified in your emotional, social and
terms of money. Psychological contentment, which
allows an individual to lead a
dignified life.

(b) Eg: Buying a car, building a

(b) Eg: Friendship, respect, etc.
house, etc.

53 I. Sustainable developments aims at fulfilling the needs of today without compromising the needs
of the future generation.
ii. Sustainability is the capability to use the resources judiciously and maintain the ecological
balance.
III. It lace emphasize on environmental protection and check environmental degradation.

54 Public facilities such as safety, security, health, education for the betterment of population of the
country are required. It aids them to work better, earn better and have better facilities of life. A
healthy, educated and responsible ensures development of the country.
Four public facilities are as below.
1. Health facility.
2. Education facility
3. Safety and security of the citizen
4. Infrastructure facility like rail, road etc.
(Any other relevant points)
55 1. High per capita income
2. High HDI
3. Most of the population has access to basic health care and education
4. High quality of life parameters including freedom equal opportunities etc.
(Any other relevant points)
56 All persons do not have the same notion of development or progress. Each one of them seeks different
things. The seek things that are most important for them, i.e., that which can fulfil their aspirations or
desires. In fact at times two persons or groups of persons may seek things which are conflicting.

A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother and that he also shares in the household
work. Her brother may not like this.

To get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams. But this may submerge the land and disrupt
the lives of people who are displaced, such as tribals. They might resent this and may prefer small check
dams or tanks to irrigate their land.
57 Though income is one of the most important components of development, but there are other important
goals which people look at for development—

People also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security and respect.
Women need a safe and secure environment to take up a variety of jobs or to run businesses as
entrepreneurs.
People seek a pollution free environment.
Students seek better education and equal opportunities to learn.
58 Different persons have different notions of development because life situations of persons are different.
For example, Construction of dams leads to generation of hydroelectricity, thus development. However
many people have to be displaced from their villages, hence it may not be development for them.
59  more days of work better wages
 low price food grains
 cheap labour
 less taxes
cheap labour
60 (i) As per the World Bank Report 2012 any country with per capita income of US$ 12,276 per annum
and above is termed as rich or developed country. ‘
(ii) Such countries have high literacy rate.
(iii) Most of the people of these countries are engaged in service sector.
61 Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills. These
deposits are called ‘placer deposits’ and generally contain minerals, which are not corroded by water.
Gold, silver, tin and platinum are most important among such minerals. (i) Different people have
different developmental goals.
(ii) What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may be destructive for
the other.
(iii) Income is the most important component of development, but along with income, people also seek
equal treatment, good health, peace, literacy, etc.
62 I certainly agree with the statement that development for one may be the destruction for other. People
have different developmental goals. They seek what is most important for them and fulfill their
aspirations and desires. For example, the establishment of a dam leads to infrastructural development,
generation of electricity, etc., but at the same time, it may lead to the large-scale displacement of people,
loss of livelihood, shelter, etc. of the people living near the proposed dam site. Hence, construction of
dam may be development for some, but may be destruction for others.
63 Both the statements are true but their meanings are different. Two people may have different
developmental goals but they need not always be conflicting. For example, the construction of a flyover
to reduce waiting period at a railway crossing can be a developmental goal for an office goer. But if the
construction of the flyover necessitates demolition of slums, it can be contradictory for the slum
dwellers. But on the other hand, 24-hour electricity supply would be a developmental goal for almost
each and every person.
64 1. Human development focuses on the people.
2. It is concerned with the well being of the people, their needs, choices
and aspirations. All these help in building a right kind of society.
3. It is all about the enlarging or widening the choices for the people. It is the building of human
capabilities, such as to lead a long and a healthy life, to have education, information and knowledge, to
have opportunities of livelihood, etc.
4. Human development focuses on the expansion of basic choices.
65 1. The term income refer to the financial gain accruing over a given time period.
2. The job may give you less pay but enhances your sense of security because it offer regular
employment.
3. The things which people seek for the development are:
I. Income

Other aspects like security, health, equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect of others.
66 1. Increase in the standard of living in a nation’s population holistically.
2. People have different wishes
3. Peace, security and better living conditions
4. National development

67
1. Health, fresh air, water, sunlight, etc.
2. This is because money cannot buy everything including health, fresh air, etc.
3. The reason is- money in our pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that we may need to
live well

68 1-C, 2-D, 3-D ,4-D.

69 1-D, 2-A, 3-C, 4-A.
70 1-B, 2-A, 3-B, 4-C
71 1.Material commodities are physical, observable items like real estate, construction projects, furniture,
pens, and the like. However, non-material products can encompass a variety of invisible and intangible
services.
2. The factors on which quality of life depends other than money are”
i) the presence of friends, family, and relatives
ii) a good atmosphere, Knowledge, safety and security, Respect and dignity.
3. Yes, I agree that that “if women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society
increases. ”Women’s status in the home and society rises if they work for a living.However, it is also true
that more housework would be shared and more women would be accepted of outside employment if
there was respect for women.
72 (i) Ground water is overused India because, it is used for agricultural purposes in Western Uttar Pradesh
and Punjab, hard rock plateau area of central and south India and for rapidly growing urban settlement.
 (ii) Yes, there can be development without overuse if we use the resources as per their requirement by not
over exploiting it.
(iii)Overusing a resource means more uses of the resources than it is replenished by the nature.
Let us consider groundwater. It is a renewable resource and can be replenished by nature. These resources
are even overused. In this case if we use groundwater than what is being replenished by the rains then we
would be overusing it.
73 1.(b) Countries which are among the highest in the 'Human Development Index' are considered to be the
developed countries.
2.(c) The average income is the total income of the country divided by its total population.
3. Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well.
(i) Money cannot buy us pollution-free environment.
(ii) Money cannot buy us a disease-free life and might not be able to get protection from infectious disease.
74 1.(d) All of the above
2.(a) Materialistic
3.(c) If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society decreases.
[Explanation: If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases.]
4.(a) Mixed goals are important for people for development
75 1.The total income calculates the sum total of income earned only but it do not considers the total
number of population into which that income is divided.

2. Classification of countries by the World Bank is a way to know how many countries fall in rich. middle
and low income groups. With this information, the World Bank terms the countries as developed or
developing. This classification can be used by the countries to know about their economic condition in
the world.

3.Yes, World Development Report on categorising India as low middle income country is correct because
India's per capita income is much lower than the income of developed countries like US. At the same
time, the per capita income of India is higher than low income countries. Therefore India's category as a
low middle income country is correct.
76 (1) Per capita income, longevity and education.
(2) Because Sri Lanka leads in all components like the per capita income, education and longevity.
(3) $ 6,681
(4) Sri Lanka $ 12,707
It is true that consequences of environmental degradation are now global issue and discussed all over
77 the world. They are not restricted to the nation or state boundary. The consequences are felt in the
surrounding states, nations and also globally;
For example
1. Air pollution through massive thermal power plant and other sources, in India cause pollution in
Pakistan, Nepal, etc.
2. Our neighbours also experience increase in asthma and other lung diseases. Acid rain, climate
change, etc. are some issues which are transcontinental in consequences.
3. Deforestation in Brazil has caused disturbance in rain fall pattern throughout South America.
4. Land degradation and dam burst like conditions in China affect India and Bangladesh as it brings
massive situation and flood consequences.
5. Therefore environmental degradation is a major issue and its consequences are felt worldwide.
(Any other relevant points)
78
He can consider the following point before accepting a job:
1. Facilities for the family-

2. Job security
3. Opportunity to learn
4. Working atmosphere
5. Time for his family

(Any other relevant points)

79 Development without environmental degradation and with conservation of resources for the future
generation.
Measures to promote sustainable development:
1. Increased use of renewable resources.
2. Les use of fossil fuels.
3. Introduction of organic farming.
4. Adopting measures to reduce global warming.

(Any other relevant points)

80 Fields other than income where development is needed:

Education. The government must provide adequate education facilities in all rural and urban areas. The
government must necessarily focus on education for girls so that all girls are able to acquire atleast
secondary level schooling. Running proper schools and providing quality education, particularly
elementary education, is the duty of the Government.
Health. Basic health care facilities are a must for all. Establishment of government hospitals, clinics and
dispensaries, especially in rural areas, to provide subsidized and unadulterated medicines to the poorer
sections of society.
Nutrition. An effective Public Distribution System—proper functioning of ration shops and equitable
distribution of food grains is very essential.
Transportation. A well developed public transport system to make it easy for general public to commute.
Electricity. It is the duty of the government to provide electricity and water at reasonable rates to the
common man and prevent him from exploitation by private companies.
81 HDI Stand for Human Development Index.
Main criteria of measuring HDI:

HDI published by UNDP compares countries based on the educational levels of the people, their health
status and per capita income.
HDI determines the rank of a country by its overall achievement in three areas, i.e., life expectancy,
educational level and per capita income.
Many improvements have been suggested in calculating HDI and many new components have been
added to Human Development Report.
Pre-fixing Human to Development, it has made it clear that what is important in development is what is
happening to citizens of a country, i.e., the health and well being of the people is most important.
82 Sustainable development means a development in a manner that satisfies the demands of today without
hampering or compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their needs by utilizing the
resources.
In lay man’s language it means using the resources in a manner that you and the future generations can
use them tomorrow as well.
It is important because of the reason that we may enjoy the gifts of nature, but cannot think of our
generations to live without such benefits. It becomes our duty to use nature for the fulfilment of our
needs and not our greed. Our development should not hamper the needs of the future generations.
In the case of groundwater, we have utilized it to the maximum. It is a natural resource which is
replenished by nature. People living in the areas with surplus water reserves should take care for its
conservation. Efforts should be made not to overuse or degrade the quality of water. Recent evidences
show that groundwater is under serious threat of disappearance. If suitable steps are not taken, it can
pose serious consequences.
83 1.Body mass index (BMI) is a person's weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters.
BMI = Weight (kg) / Height
2.Sunita’s BMI = Weight/Height2 = 36/(1.45)2 = 36/2.1025 = 17.12 kg/m2. As per the table, Sunita is
underweight.
Nisha's BMI = Weight/Height2 = 48/(1.45)2 = 48/2.1025 = 22.83 kg/m2. As per the table, Nisha is
under the normal weight category.
84
UNDP's method of measuring development World Bank's method of measuring development

i. UNDP compares on the basis of literacy

i. World Bank compares on the basis of per capita
rate, gross enrolment ratio, and health
income.
status of people.

ii. It divides the countries according to

ii. It gives ranks to the countries according - Rich or high-income countries
to their level of development. - Middle-income or developing countries
- Poor or low-income countries

iii. It is a wider concept as it includes other

iii. It is a narrow concept.
things besides income.
85 (A) Rapid population growth directly affects per capita income in an economy. Rapid growth leads to
the problem of allocation of scarce resources. The lack of education, healthcare, and employment
opportunities lowers the income level of the citizens, which results in the low per capita income of the
country.
(B) Two measures to be taken by India to improve its HDI could be:
(I)Increase in budgetary allocation on education and healthcare facilities. India needs to focus on
improving access to healthcare services, especially in rural areas. This could involve building more
hospitals and clinics, training more healthcare workers, and implementing policies to reduce the cost of
healthcare. Subsidies can be channelized towards the generation of more employment opportunities.
(II)Investing in education: India needs to invest in education to improve its human capital. This could
involve increasing the number of schools and colleges, providing better teacher training, and
implementing policies to ensure that all children have access to education. Additionally, there needs to
be a focus on improving the quality of education to ensure that students are gaining the skills they need
to succeed in the workforce.
86 Fields other than income where development is needed:
1.Education. The government must provide adequate education facilities in all rural and urban areas.
The government must necessarily focus on education for girls so that all girls are able to acquire atleast
 secondary level schooling. Running proper schools and providing quality education, particularly
elementary education, is the duty of the Government.
2.Health. Basic health care facilities are a must for all. Establishment of government hospitals, clinics
and dispensaries, especially in rural areas, to provide subsidized and unadulterated medicines to the
poorer sections of society.
3.Nutrition. An effective Public Distribution System—proper functioning of ration shops and equitable
distribution of foodgrains is very essential.
4.Transportation. A well developed public transport system to make it easy for general public to
commute.
5.Electricity. It is the duty of the government to provide electricity and water at reasonable rates to the
common man and prevent him from exploitation by private companies.
87 The criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development is different from the criterion used by the
World Bank in the following ways.
1.The UNDP compares the development of the countries on the basis of literacy rate, gross enrolment
ratio and health status of their people. On the their hand, the World Bank compares the development of
the countries on the basis of per capita income or average income.
2. On the basis of the comparison done by the UNDP, the countries are ranked as first, second, third…
whereas on the basis of the comparison done by the World Bank the countries are divided into three
categories:
(i)Rich or developed or high-income countries
(ii) Middle-income or developing countries
(iii) Poor or underdeveloped or low-income countries
3.The UNDP has a broader concept of development and the World Bank has a narrow concept of
development.
88 Development progress does not only mean securing a better present, but it also means securing a better
future for the coming generations. Sustainable development means development should take place
without undue draining of resources, and development in the present should not compromise with the
needs of the future generations.
Thus, the issue of sustainability is important for development because if natural resources are not
sustained, then development will be hindered and will stop after some time. This also compels us to
think that we should minimise our needs as far as possible so that future generations may not face crisis
of anything.
Explanation: For example, groundwater is a renewable resource. These resources are replenished by
nature. But if we use it more than what is being replenished by rain then we would be overusing this
resource. We must use water in such a way that people of future generations may also be able to use this
resource.
We should not overuse and degrade the quality of groundwater for selfish purposes. If we don’t take
responsibility people of coming generations will curse us. Hence, we should value its sustainability.