karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 1

taragmatika TMB½r
CMBUkTI 1³ RbPBénc,ab;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 04
CMBUkTI 2³ kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmμ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 18
CMBUkTI 3³ nItibuKÁl Rkumh‘unmhaCn Rkumh‘unÉkCn nig
Rkumh‘unshkmμsiTi§>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 46
CMBUkTI 4³ karedaHRsayvivaTeRkApøÚvtulakar>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>106
CMBUkTI 5³ GMBIFnkS½y nigGsaFnPaB>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 146
CMBUkTI 6³ GMBIRbtibtþikarEdlmankic©Fana>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 170
CMBUkTI 7³ GMBIkmμsiTi§bBaØa>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 194
CMBUkTI 8³ karkarBarGñkeRbIR)as; nig karTTYlxusRtUv
cMeBaHplitplenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 232
2 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

CMBUk
RbPBénc,ab;
1
I. esckþIepþIm
CMBkU enHGFib,ayGMBeI KalkarN_ nig nItvi Fi sI xM an;²énRbB½nc§ ,ab;TeU TArbs;RBHraCaNacRkkm<Cú a EdlCamUldæanén
karsikSaBisaþ relIRbFanbTc,ab;Bei ss.
CacaM)ac;eyIgRtUvyl;RbPBc,ab; etIc,ab;ecjmkBINa edayrebobNa ecjBIkEnøgNa edayGñkNa nigGñkNaCa
GñkGnuvtþc,ab;. cMeBaHRbPBc,ab;Cati eyIgKYrepþatkarykcitTþ ku dak;eTAelIntI Ri km sn§si BaØa nigGnusBaØaGnþrCati .
fVtI ,itEteyIgmanTMenarepþatkarykcitTþ ku dak;eTAelIecARkm nigtulakarEdlmansmtßkci s© eRmcvivaTkþI k¾eyIgminKYr
emIlrMlgnItvi Fi eI daHRsayvivaTeRkApøvÚ tulakar EdleKkMBgu eRbICnM sY tulakarkan;EteRcInkñgú eBlbc©bú ,nñeLIy. Ca
Biess krNIEdlBak;Bn½ n§ gw Rbtibtþki arGaCIvkmμ¼BaNiCk¢ mμ .
1>1> niymn½yén{c,ab;}
tamn½yTUeTA c,ab;KCW atYGgÁénviFanGnuvtþ b¤vFi ancriyaFm’ Edltak;EtgeLIgedayGaCJaFrmansmtßkci © ehIyviFan
TaMgenHmanGnuPaBP¢ab;katBVkci © .
II. RbPBénc,ab;
tamBakübec©keTs c,ab;ExμrEdleRbIR)as;bc©bú ,nñ eTaHbICaminTan;mankarkMNt;c,as;las;kIþ k_zananuRkménc,ab;
TMngCaRsbtamzananuRkmdUcxageRkamenH ³
k - rdæFmμnBu aØqañ M 1993
x - c,ab;EdlGnumt½ edayGgÁntI bi BaØtþi
K - sn§si BaØa nigGnusBaØaEdlrdæaPi)al)anpþls; c©ab½n
X - Rkwtürbs;rdæaPi)al ¬GnuRkwtü¦ niglixti bTdæanbMeBjbEnßm
g - c,ab;Tmøab;
c - lixti bTdæanEdlGnumt½ kñgú sm½yGaCJaFrbeNþaHGasnñrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatienAkm<Cú a {G‘nu tak;} .
2>1>rdæFmμnuBaØqñaM 1993 nigviesaFnkmμqñaM 1998
rdæFmμnBu aØRtUvEdl)anGnumt½ enAéf¶TI 24 ExkBaØa qñaM 1993 nigviesaFnkmμqañ M 2004 KWCac,ab;kBM lU énRBHraCa-
NacRkkm<Cú a. tamRTwsIþ c,ab;TaMgGs;RtUvEtRsbtamrdæFmμnBu aØ eTaHbICamanesckþEI føgkarN_TeU TACaeRcIn Edl
RtUvmankarbkRsaykñgú rdæFmμnBu aØke¾ day. bc©bú ,nñenH eyIgminTan;mannItvi Fi cI ,as;las;srM ab;bkRsayrdæFmμnBu aØ
3
karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 3

enAeLIyeT. KMnti pþcÜ epþmI edIm,IesIerI b¤eFVvI ei saFnkmμrdæFmμnBu aØ KWCasiTri§ bs;RBHmhakSRt naykrdæm®nþI RbFan
rdæsPa tamsMeNIrbs;tN M agraRsþþ 1¼4 énsPaTaMgmUl. karesIerI b¤vei saFnkmμ GacRtUvGnumt½ Cac,ab;FmμnBu aØ
Edle)aHeqñatGnumt½ edayrdæsPa tamkare)aHeqñatEdlmansemøgPaKeRcIn 2¼3 . karesIerI b¤vei saFnkmμEdlb:H
Bal; RbB½nl§ T§Ri bCaFibetyüBhubkS nigrbbraCaniymGaRs½yrdæFmμnBu aØ RtUvhamXat; .
2>2> c,ab;EdlGnum½tedaynItibBaØtiþ
dUcKñanwgRbeTsEdlmanmUldæanRbB½nc§ ,ab;]bTVbI Edr fVeI bIvaminEmnCaRbPBEtmYykþI b:Eu nþnþ tI Ri kmenAkm<Cú a KWCa
RbPBc,ab;cm,g. Baküfa {c,ab;} sMedAdl;c,ab;EdlGnumt½ edayrdæsPaCati ¬sPaCan;Tab¦ nigRBwTs§ Pa ¬sPa
Can;xs< ¦; . eKEtgEtyl;RcLMBaküfa c,ab; nigBaküfa Rkm EdltamBitBaküfa RkmenH KWRBHraCRkm Edl
RBHmhakSRt b¤Rbmuxrdæ Rbkas[eRbIc,ab; .
2>3> sn§ i s BaØ a ni g Gnu s BaØ a
RbPBc,ab;déTeTot KWc,ab;GnþrCati kalNac,ab;TaMgenaHRtUv)anpþls; c©ab½n b¤ TTYlsÁal;faCac,ab;CatiehIy
ecARkm GacykeTAGnuvtþenAkñgú tulakarkm<Cú a)an. sn§si BaØa nig GnusBaØa RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;Cac,ab;Cati Edlman
GnuPaBGnuvtþ drabNalixti bu krN_TaMgenaH RtUv)aneFIsV c©ab½nedaysPaTaMgBIr nig Rbkas[eRbIeday
RBHmhakSRt.
2>4> Rkwtürbs;rdæaPi)al nig lixitbTdæanbMeBjbEnßm
 GnuRkwtü sMedAdl;esckþsI eRmcrbs;rdæaPi)alEdlGnumt½ edayTIskIþ arKN³rdæm®nþI cuHhtßelxaeday
naykrdæm®nþI nigcuHhtßelxaGmedayrdæm®nþI mYyrUb b¤eRcIn EdlTTYlbnÞkú Gnuvtþ. pÞyú eTAvij nayk
rdæm®nþkI G¾ acecjGnuRkwtü)anEdr ebIGnuRkwtüenaHsßti kñgú smtßkci é© nGMNacecjbBaØtrþi bs;naykrdæm®nþ.I
 Rbkas KWCaesckþsI eRmc b¤ bBaØtþi ecjedaysßab½n b¤m®nþrI dæaPi)al edIm,IRKb;RKgbBaðaEdlsßti kñgú rgVg;
smtßkci r© bs;saß b½n b¤m®nþeI naH.
 esckþsI eRmc sMedAdl;esckþsI eRmcrbs;naykrdæm®nþI b¤rdæm®nþI kñgú rgVgs; mtßkci E© dlxønÜ manGMNac
seRmc.
 saracr sMedAdl;saracrEdlecjedaynaykrdæm®nþI b¤rdæm®nþI edIm,IBnül; b¤ bMPvWø Fi ankarc,ab; b¤ viFankar
bBaØtþi b¤ edIm,Iplþ k; arENnaM.
 dIka KWCaesckþsI eRmcecjedayGPi)alextþ-Rkug ehIymanGnuPaBKtiytu iþ Etkñgú rgVgE; dndIrbs;extþ-
Rkug Etb:eu NÑaH.
2>5> c,ab;Tmøab;
CYnkaltulakarGacEp¥kelITeM nomTmøab;Exμr b¤c,ab;Tmøab; edIm,IeFVeI sckþsI eRmc. km<Cú a CaRbeTsbnþmt’kBIbru aN
EdlCMenOelIRBHBuTs§ asna nigTMenomTmøab; CH\T§Bi lmkelIc,ab;. ]TahrN_ c,ab;Tmøab;rbs;Exμr KWkareKarB nig
karbI)ac;rkSamatabitacas;Cra. maRta47 énrdæFmμnBu aØEcgfa kUnmankrNIykicE© fTaMmatabitacas;Cra tam
Tmøab;lR¥ béBrbs;Exμr. b:Eu nþBþ aküfa {Tmøab;lR¥ béB} mankMNt;nyi mn½yenAkñgú eKalkarN_RBHBuTs§ asna nig
4 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ
RbéBNIyE_ xμr Etmin)ankMNt;enAkñgú rdæFmμnBu aØeT . karEdlrdæFmμnBu aØEcgeyageTArkRbéBNIyE_ bbenH bgðaj[
eXIjfa TMenomTmøab;Exμr KWCaviFanRKb;RKgciryaFm’Exμr nigCaRbPBc,ab;pgEdr. maRta23 énc,ab;kci s© nüa
)anEcgfa ebIkci s© nüamann½yminc,as;las; RtUvbkRsayRsbtamTmøab;GnuvtþnT_ eU TA b¤TeM nomTmøab;énkEnøg Edl
PaKIeFVkI ci s© nüa .
RbéBNIyE_ xμrBak;Bn½ n§ gw karsRmuHsRmYl ¬karpSHpSarvivaT¦ Edlcab;epþmI enAtamPUmni Ki m )ansßti enACaEpñkmYyén
dMeNIrkarkþtI lu akar. vivaTpøvÚ c,ab;CaeRcInRtUv)anbþgw eTAemPUmi b¤RBHsgÇ b¤tN M agyutFiþ m’ munnwgbBa¢nÚ eTAeFVI
svnakarenAsaladMbgU . tulakarRKb;Can;fañ k; eFVkI arvinci y½ä karCMnCMu rM Hrbs;xnÜø Ep¥kelIc,ab;CaFrman. cMeBaHbNþgw
rdæb,evNI ebIc,ab;mni manEcg b¤kalNac,ab;mancenøaH edaymin)anEcgBIbTb,BaØtKþi tiytu iþ erOgkþeI naH nwgRtUv
vinci y½ä edayEp¥ktamTMenomTmøab; RbéBNI mnsikar nigsmFm’.
2>6> lixitbTdæanEdlGnum½tedayGaCJaFrbeNþaHGasnñGgÁkar
shRbCaCatienAkm<úCa {G‘untak;}
]tþmRkumRbwkSaCati EdlGnuvtþkargarRsbtamGMNacCasßab½nRsbc,ab;EtmYyKt; nigTTYlGMNacBImaRta 3
énkicR© BmeRBogsþBI dI eM NaHRsayneya)ayTUlTM lU ay nUvCemøaHkm<Cú a éf¶TI 23 tula qñaM 1991 ¬ehAkat;fa
{kicR© BmeRBogRkug)a:rsI }¦ )anepÞrGMNaccaM)ac;TaMgGs; CUnGgÁkarshRbCaCati edIm,IFanakarGnuvtþnk_ ci R© BmeRBog
Rkug)a:rsI . bnÞab;mk RkumRbwkSasnþsi xu GgÁkarshRbCaCati )anbegátI GaCJaFrbeNþaHGasnñGgÁkarshRbCaCati
enAkm<Cú a {G‘nu tak;} EdlTTYl)annUvGMNaccaM)ac;TaMgGs; sRmab;FanaerobcMkare)aHeqñatedayesrI nig yutFiþ m’
nigTTYlxusRtUvelIkarRtYtRta b¤RKb;RKgpÞal; kñgú visy½ KaMBarc,ab; nig reboberobrysaFarN³ karkarBarsiTm§i nusS
karGnuvtþnc_ ,ab; nig dMeNIrkarerOgkþ.I
kñgú kMLgú eBlenH eK)anGnumt½ c,ab;e)aHeqñat nig]bsm<n½ s§ BIþ RI kmsIlFm’ rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati nigRbkas[eRbI
CaFrmanenAqñaM 1992 rYmCamYyc,ab;epSg eTotdUcCa bTb,BaØtBþi ak;Bn½ n§ gw RbB½nt§ lu akar c,ab;RBhμTNÐ nig nItvi Fi I
RBhμTNÐsRmab;GnuvtþenAkm<Cú akñgú sm½yGnþrkal. ]tþmRkumRbwkSaCati k¾)aneFVsI c©ab½ncUlCasmaCik lixti bu krN_
GnþrCatimyY cMnnY pgEdr.
2>7> krNIyutþisa®sþ
fVeI bIemFavIkm<Cú aGaceyageTArkkrNIytu siþ aRsþ EdlseRmcenAkñgú tulakark¾eday k_CaTUeTA krNIytu siþ aRsþTaMg
enaH minmanGMNacP¢ab;katBVkci e© lItlu akareT. tulakarkMBlU eTIbEtcab;epþmI cgRkgnUvesckþsI eRmcrbs;
tulakarkm<Cú a. rhUtmkdl;bc©bú ,nñenH manEtsalRkmmYycMnnY EdlRtUv)ancgRkg ehIykare)aHBump< SayenAman
kMrti enAeLIy .
III. RkbxNÐénkareFVIc,ab; nig eKalneya)ayGnuvtþc,ab;
km<Cú aRbkan;rbbraCaniymGaRs½yrdæFmμnBu aØ . rdæFmμnBu aØRtUv)anGnumt½ enAExkBaØa qña1M 993. RBHmhakSRt
CaRbmuxrdæ nig RKgraCümYyCIvti . RBHmhakSRtEtgtaMgnaykrdæm®nþI nigTIskIþ arKNrdæm®nþI nigGKÁembBa¢akar én
kgeyaFBlexmrPUmni .Þ RBHGgÁ LayRBHhsþelxa elIRBHraCRkwtü EtgtaMg epÞrtMENg b¤dkhUttMENg m®nþrI aCkar
karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 5

sIvu li b¤ m®nþeI yaFaCan;xs< ; nigecARkm Rbkass®gÁam nig GacRbkasdak;RbeTskñgú PaBGasnñ. CaBiess

RBHGgÁLayRBHhsþelxa nigeFVsI c©ab½nelIsn§si BaØanigGnusBaØaGnþrCati EdlrdæsPaCati)anGnumt½ .
GMNacnItbi BaØtRþi tUvGnuvtþedayrdæsPaCati EdlmansmaCik 123rUb kñgú GaNtiþ 5qñaM Edl)aneRCIstaMgkñgú kar
e)aHeqñatskl nigedaypÞal; nig RBwTs§ PaEdlmansmaCik 61rUb. rdæsPaCati KWCasßab½nEtmYyKt; Edlman
GMNacGnumt½ c,ab;. rdæsPaCati manmuxgarepSgeTotdUcCa karpþlk; arÉkPaBelIfvikaCati kmμvFi I nig yuTs§ a®sþ
rbs;rdæaPi)al nigsMeNIrbs;rdæaPi)aledIm,IbegátI b¤bnßyBn§RbcaMqañ .M tamFmμta kartak;Etgc,ab; cab;epþmI enAkñgú
RksYg¼sßab½nnana. esckþRI Bagc,ab;EdlTIskIþ arKNrdæm®nþ)I anÉkPaBrYc RtUvdak;CnU rdæsPaCati edIm,IBni ti ü nig
Gnumt½ . RBwTs§ PaBinti üc,ab;EdlrdæsPa)anGnumt½ nigGaceFVGI nusasn_EdlP¢ab;katBVkci e© lIseM NIc,ab;CnU eTA
rdæsPavij. c,ab;EdlRbkas[eRbIRBHmhakSRt RtUvcUlCaFrmankñgú ry³eBl 10éf¶enAraCFanI nig 20éf¶
enATUTaMgRbeTs. c,ab;EdlbMBanelIeKalkarN_rdæFmμnBu aØ RtUvcat;Tku CaemaX³edayRkumRbwkSardæFmμnBu aØ Edlman
smaCik 9rUb RtUv)anEtgtaMgsRmab;GaNtiþ 9qñaM edayRBHmhakSRt rdæsPaCati nig]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkm.
RbFanrdæsPaCati KWCasmaCikRkumRbwkSaraCsm,tiþ EdlseRmcelIbBaðasñgraCsm,ti.þ RbFanRBwTs§ Pa bMeBj
muxgarCaRbmuxrdæ kñgú eBlGvtþman RBHmhakSRt ¬b¤enAeBlEdlRBHmhakSRtminGacbMeBjraCkic)© an¦.
tulakarCasßab½nÉkraCüEdlRtUvGnuvtþGN M actulakar ral;esckþsI eRmc RtUvEp¥ktammUldæanrdæFmμnBu aØ c,ab;Ca
Frman nigkicR© BmeRBogGnþrCatiEdlRBHraCaNacRkkm<Cú a)aneFVsI c©ab½n. RbB½nt§ lu akarkm<Cú a rYmman tulakarextþ-
Rkug EdlCatulakarCan;Tab sala]T§rN_ nig tulakarkMBlU . tamrdæFmμnBu aØqañ M 1993 tulakarkMBlU RtUvmantYnaTI
CMrHbNþgw esIerI BIbBaðaGgÁc,ab; nigbNþgw ]T§rN_BeI sckþsI eRmcrbs;sala]T§rN_.
RbB½nt§ lu akarkm<Cú abc©bú ,nñ minTan;mantulakarBiess dUcCatulakarrdæ)al b¤tlu akarBaNiCk¢ mμenAeLIyeT.
bc©bú ,nñenH eKGacbþgw tva:BeI sckþsI eM rcrdæ)al eTAfñak;dkw naMkBM lU énRksYgBak;Bn½ § dUcbþgw eTArdæm®nþCI aedIm. eKGac
bþgw tva:esckþsI eRmcenH eTAtulakar b¤ eTAnaykrdæm®nþ.I km<Cú a)anTTYlsÁal;PaBcaM)ac;énkarbegátI nItvi Fi ]I T§rN_
TaMgtulakarrdæ)al nig salaCMnCuM rM HÉkraCü .
cMeBaHvivaTBaNiCk¢ mμvji RksYgyutFiþ m’ nigRksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ )anerobcMesckþRI Bagc,ab;sBIþ kI arbegátI tulakar
BaNiCk¢ mμ. kñgú eBlGnþrkal erOgkþBI aNiCk¢ mμRtUv)anbBa¢nÚ eTAtulakarextþ-Rkug edIm,IedaHRsay . karedaHRsay
edaysμR½ Kcitnþ vU vivaTBaNiCk¢ mμ sßti kñgú smtßkci r© bs;sPaBaNiCk¢ mμ EdlTTYlsmtßkci C© aGaCJakNþal tammaRta 9
énc,ab;sBIþ sI PaBaNiCk¢ mμ qñaM 1995. km<Cú a)aneFVsI c©ab½nGnusBaØaRkugjÚvy:k sþBI kI arGnutnþ e_ sckþsI eRmcrbs;
mCÄtþkrbreTsenAéf¶TI 5 Exmkra qñaM 1960.
IV. GnusBaØaGnþrCati nig c,ab;BaNiC¢kmμ
4>1> niymn½yénc,ab;GnþrCati
4>1>1> etIsn§isBaØaCaGVI?
GgÁénviFan nig TMenomTMlab; EdlrdæmanGFibetyüPaBTaMgLaymanTMnak;TnM gtampøvÚ c,ab;rvagKñanwgKña ehAfa
6 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

c,ab;GnþrCati. c,ab;GnþrCati RtUv)anbegátI eLIgedaykarRBmeRBogeTAvijeTAmkrvagCatinana edaykarRbtibtþi

CaGnþrCati b¤ edaysn§si BaØa.
enAkñgú c,ab;GnþrCati kicR© BmeRBogmYyEdlmanRbsiTP§i aBeTAelIRbCaCatiBrI b¤eRcIn ehAfa }sn§si BaØa}. eyagtam
c,ab;GnþrCatiTeM nIb Bakü }sn§si BaØa} RtUv)aneKkMNt;fa CakicR© BmeRBogGnþrCati EdlmansarRbeyaCn_CaBiess.
kicR© BmeRBog EdlmanRbsiTP§ aBTabCagenH RtUv)aneKehAfa GnusBaØa BiFsI ar c,ab; b¤kci R© BmeRBogFmμta .
edayminKitBImxu garrbs;va GnusBaØa BiFsI ar c,ab; b¤kci R© BmeRBogFmμta manniymn½y nig lkçN³dUcKñanwgsn§si BaØa
Edr. sn§si BaØa Ep¥keTAelIkarRBmeRBogKñaeTAvijeTAmk rvagrdæmanGFibetyüPaBTaMgLay nig manRbsiTP§ aB
edaysarEtrdænanaenAelIBPi BelakTTYlsÁal;fa vamanplRbeyaCn_dl¾ E¥ dlGacTTYlyk)an. rdænmI yY ² Gac
eFVkI arseRmcfa etIGnusBaØaGacFanadl;kareKarBsiTei§ Rkamc,ab;GnþrCatiEdrb¤eT .
sn§si BaØaGacCasn§si BaØaeTVPaKI ¬rvagRbeTsBIr¦ b¤BhuPaKI ¬rvagRbeTs 3 b¤eRcIn¦ . sn§si BaØa mYycMnnY man
RbeTshtßelxIeRcIn . RbeTskm<Cú a)ancuHhtßelxaTTYlsÁal;GnusBaØaRkugvIey:n sþBI cI ,ab;sn§si BaØacuHéf¶TI 23
Ex ]sPa qñaM 1969 .
4>1>2> etIGnusBaØaCaGVI?
GnusBaØa KWCasn§si BaØaGnþrCatiEdlmanzananuRkmPaBTabCag EdlEcgBIsgþ d; ar EdlmankarTTYlsÁal; Caskl
kñgú mCÄdæanmYycMnnY énsgÁm. GnusBaØa manvisalPaBxøagM CagkicR© BmeRBogGnþrCatimyY RbePT ehAfaesckþRI bkas
edayehtufakalNaRbeTsNamYypþls; c©ab½nelIGnusBaØaenaH vanwgmanGnuPaBP¢ab;katBVkci p© vÚø c,ab;elIrdæenaH .
GnusBaØaCaRbPBénc,ab;km<úCa
GnusBaØaGnþrCati k¾CaRbPBrbs;c,ab;km<Cú aEdr ehIyecARkmenAkñgú tulakarkm<Cú a Gacykc,ab;enaHmkGnuvtþ)an.
sn§si BaØa nigGnusBaØa RtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;fa Cac,ab;CatiEdlGacykmkGnuvtþ)ankalNardæsPa nigRBwTs§ Pa)an
pþls; c©ab½n nigRBHmhakSRt)anLayRBHhsßelxaRbkas[eRbIrcY ehIy .
sn§si BaØa GnusBaØaGnþrCati nig kicR© BmeRBogGnþrrdæaPi)al EdlEcgBIesdækci © bec©keTs vb,Fm’ nig shRbtibtþki ar
kñgú visy½ karBarCati RtUv)ancrcaedaynaykrdæm®nþI nigRtUv)anRbkas[eRbIedayRBHmhakSRt bnÞab;BrI dæsPaCati
)aneFVsI c©ab½nrYcehIy. ]TahrN_ cMeBaHdMeNIrkareFVsI c©ab½nelIBFi sI arcUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiCk¢ mμBPi Belak
rbs;km<Cú a raCrdæaPi)al)andak;CnU rdæsPaCatingi RBwTs§ Pa nUvkBa©bl; xi ti bu krN_EdlrYmman BiFsI arnigkicR© BmeRBog
TaMgGs; énGgÁkarBaNiCk¢ mμBPi Belak nigÉksarc,ab;TaMgLay edIm,IskuM arGnumt½ . bnÞab;mkRtUvdak;kBa©b;
lixti ubkrN_enH fVayRBHmhakSRtedIm,IRbkas[eRbI nigRtUvcuHpSaykñúgraCkice© RkayBIkarRbkas[eRbIrYc.
bTb,BaØtéþi nlixti bu krN_GgÁkarBaNiCk¢ mμBPi Belak nwgRtUvcat;Tku CabBaØteiþ Kal kñgú krNImanPaBpÞyú Kñarvag
kicR© BmeRBogGgÁkarBaNiCk¢ mμBPi Belak nigc,ab;Cati elIkElgEtrdæFmμnBu aØénRBHraCaNacRkkm<Cú a.
4>2> smaCikPaBkñúgGnusBaØaGnþrCati
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 7

km<Cú a)aneFVsI c©ab½nelIGnusBaØaCaeRcIn eyIgsUmelIkeLIgEtmYycMnnY tUc dUcCakicR© BmeRBogBhuPaKIsBIþ kI arFanakar

vinei yaKrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak GnusBaØaTIRkug):arIs sþBI kI arkarBarkmμsTi ]§i sSahkmμ GnusBaØaBlkmμsxM an;²cMnnY 7
rbs;GgÁkarBlkmμBPi Belak nig GnusBaØaTIRkugjÚvy:ksþBI kI arGnuvtþne_ sckþsI eRmcrbs;mCÄtþkrbreTs .
4>2>1> smaCikPaBkñúgGnusBaØaGnþrCati
GnusBaØaRkugjÚvy:k)anEcgBIRkbxNÐCak;lak;CaeRcIn . vaküxNÐTI 1 én maRta 1 Ecgfa ³
{GnusBaØaenHGnuvtþceM BaHkarTTYlsÁal; nigkarGnuvtþne_ sckþsI eRmcmCÄtþkr Edl)aneFVeI nAkñgú TwkdI
eRkABIrdæ EdlPaKI)anesñsI nMu vU karTTYlsÁal; nigkarGnuvtþne_ sckþsI eRmcenaH EdlekItecjBIkarExVgKMnti Kña rvag
buKlÁ nana eTaHbICarUbvnþbKu lÁ b¤ntI bi Ku lÁ kþ.I GnusBaØaenH k¾RtUvGnuvtþceM BaHesckþsI eRmcmCÄtþkr EdlminRtUv)an
cat;Tku CaesckþsI eRmcrbs;mCÄtþkrCati b:Eu nþPþ aKI)anesñsI kMu arTTYlsÁal;ngi karGnuvtþn}_ .
{GnusBaØaenHminGnuBaØat[mankaresIerIGgÁesckþI énesckþsI eRmcmCÄtþkr EdlRtUvGnuvtþeLIy CaBiess
eKGacbdiesFkarTTYlsÁal; nig karGnuvtþnE_ ttammUlehtudcU xageRkam ³
 PaKI)an)at;bg;smtßPaBxøH b¤kc i R© BmeRBogmCÄtþkmμKaμ nsuBlPaB edaysar PaKIEdlRtUvrgGnuPaBén
karGnuvtþne_ sckþsI eRmcenH RtUv)anbdiesFnUvsvnakarEdlmanyutFiþ m’ .
 mCÄtþkr)anrMelaPGMNacrbs;xn Üø b¤Kaμ nyutaþ FikarelIkmμvtßéú nvivaT ¬eTaHbICaEpñk EdlKμankarbMBankñgú
esckþsI eRmcenaH GacRtUvrkSaTukk¾eday¦ edaysarmanPaBminRbRktIkgúñ nItvi Fi .I
 esckþs I eM rcminTan;Pa¢ b;katBVkci e© lIPaKI b¤Kaμ nsuBlPaBedaysarpÞyú nwgc,ab; kñgú rdæEdlesckþsI eRmcenaH
RtUv)aneFVeI LIg .
 c,ab;énrdæEdlPaKI)anesñs I kuM arGnuvtþn_ )anEcgfamCÄtþkrminGacsMerc elIkmμvtßéú n vivaTenH)aneT .
 karTTYlsÁal; b¤karGnuvtþne_ sckþs I eRmcenaH pÞyú BIneya)aysaFarN³kñgú rdæ EdlPaKI)anesñsI uM .
4>2>2> kic©RBmeRBogeTVrPaKIEdlRbeTskm<úCa)ancuHhtßelxa
edIm,IbegánI TMnku citvþ ni ei yaKin km<Cú a)ancuHsn§si BaØavinei yaKeTVPaKImyY cMnnY CYnkalehAfa {kicR© BmeRBogFanakar
vinei yaK} b¤ {kicR© BmeRBogsþBI kI arCMrju nigkarBarkarvinei yaK} edIm,IkarBartampøvÚ c,ab;ceM BaHvinei yaKinbreTs nig
vinei yaKinkñgú Rsuk ¬CamYy RbeTscin RkUGat )araMg GalømW g: ; \NÐeÚ NsIu ma:eLsIu hVlúI BI ni saFarNrdækeU r: sigbð rU I sVsIú
éfLg;t_ nigevotNam¦ nig)aneFVsI c©ab½nkicR© BmeRBogCamYyRkumh‘nu vinei yaKÉkCnbreTs ¬OPIC¦ rbs;shrdæ
Gaemrik .
sþ n§si BaØavinei yaKeTVPaKI)anEcgBIbBaðasMxan;² dUcCaRbRBwtkþ mμRbkbedaysmPaBcMeBaHvinei yaKinbreTs kar
dkhUtGtßRbeyaCn_EdlekItecjBIsmaCikPaBkñgú shPaBKy b¤tbM n;BaNiCk¢ mμesrIkgúñ eBlGnaKt nig kic©
RBmeRBogTak;Tni nwgrbbBn§dar. kicR© BmeRBogEcgBIkal³eTs³EdlrdæGacdkhUtRTBüsm,tiÉþ kCn)an. Kμan
kardkhUtNa GaceFVeI TA)aneLIy elIkElgEtkñgú eKalbMNgRsbc,ab; edayKμankarerIseGIg nigRtUvmansMNg
RKb;RKan; manRbsiTP§ aB Tan;eBlevla edayEp¥ktamtémøTpI SarsmRsb munnwgmankardkhUt. sn§si BaØa
TaMgenHk¾)anFanakarbgVli TuneTARbeTsedImvij nigEcgBIsgþ d; arénkarkMNt;sN M g nignItvi Fi eI daHRsayvivaT
8 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

pgEdr.
kmμvFi vI ni ei yaKÉkCnbreTs ¬OPIC¦ EdlKaMRTedayrdæaPi)alshrdæGaremrik ¬ehIykm<Cú a)aneFVsI c©ab½n¦ edIm,I
elIkTwkcitkþ arvinei yaKBIreTs tamkarFanara:br; gnUvhaniPy½ eRkABIBaNiCk¢ mμ cMeBaHvinei yaKinGaemrikaMgTaMgGs;
Edlcg;vni ei yaKTuneTAbreTs edaykMNt;fardæaPi)alminRtUvbeNþaþ yesckþsI eRmcbreTs EdleFV[I vinei yaKin
breTs minGacRtYtRtaeBjlkçN³elIRTBüsm,tirþ bs;eKkñgú ry³eBlmYyqñaM b¤elIsBImyY qñaM eLIy .
enAqñaM 1999 km<Cú anigrdæaPi)alRbeTsGaemrik )ancuHhtßelxaelIkci R© BmeRBogmYyBak;Bn§e½ TAnwgBaNiCk¢ mμsLM I
ELn sarugsURt sréssURt vaynPNн nigplitpl vaynPNн Edlkñgú enaHk¾manbBa©lÚ TaMgbTbBaØtsiþ rM ab;karBar
BlkmμpgEdr .

************
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 9

CMBUk
kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmμ
2
I. esckþIepþIm
esdækci e© bIkcMhrbs;km<Cú a dMeNIrkaredayEp¥kelIRbB½nT§ pI SardUcKñanwgRbeTsPaKeRcInenAkñgú BiPBelakEdr.
mann½yfa skmμPaBesdækci e© kIteLIgtamry³karedaHdUrTMnji . c,ab;kci s© nüa KwCaynþkarc,ab;sRmab;RKb;RKgkar
eFVsI kmμPaBTIpSarTaMgenaH.
c,ab;kci s© nüamansarsMxan;GaRs½yelImlU ehtuCaeRcIn. kics© nüamanPaBcaM)ac; cMeBaHskmμPaBRkumh‘nu rdæaPi)al
nigbuKlÁ TaMgLayenAkñgú sgÁmesdækci p© SaresrI. kareKarBkics© nüaGacCYydl;karvinei yaK nigkMeNInesdækci ©
EdlCaTUeTAnMamknUvvDÆnPaBdl;sgÁm . RbeTsEdlRbkan;esdækci p© SaresrI maneKalneya)ayCamUldæan
sRmab;elIkkMBs;karGnuvtþn_ nigkardak;[Rbtibtþti amkics© nüa .
dUcEdleyIg)andwgRsab;ehIy CaGkuslvivaTEtgEtEsþgecjBITnM ak;TnM grbs;mnusS. CUnkalPaKImni ÉkPaBKñaelI
karbegátI Gtßny½ b¤karGnuvtþnk_ ci s© nüarbs;eK. vivaTEbbenHGacmanlkçN³sμKú sμajnigBi)akedaHRsay. kar
edaHRsayvivaTedayyutFiþ m’ nigmanRbsiTP§ aB KWCamuxgarsMxan;énc,ab;kci s© nüa. enHCamUlehtusxM an;Edl
Rkumh‘nu rdæaPi)al nigbuKlÁ ÉkCn RtUvyl;dgw BIc,ab;kci s© nüa.
vivaTkics© nüaEtgEtekItmankñúgvisy½ CaeRcIn eRBaHeKeRbIkci s© nüakñúgTidPæ aBCaeRcInénCIvti rs;enA. CakarBit
skmμPaBmYyPaKFMénesdækci p© SaresrI dMeNIrkaredaysarc,ab;kci s© nüa . GgÁkarGaCIvkmμ KitBIGaCIvkmμRKYsar
kñgú TIpSarkñgú Rsuk rhUtdl;Rkumh‘nu BhuCatiF²M EtgEteRbIkci s© nüaedIm,ITji niglk;vtßFú atuedIm sMPar³pÁtp; gÁ ; nig
esvakmμnana. ksikr eFVkI ci s© nüa edIm,ITji ]bkrN_ nigsMPar³pÁtp; gÁ s; rM ab;kardaMdHu niglk;ksipl EdleK
plit)an. eyIgBi)aknwgrk]TahrN_Edlfa Rkumh‘nu Gacrs;ran)anedaymincaM)ac;eRbIkci s© nüaNas;. mUlehtu
sMxan; KWedaysarRkumh‘nu maneKaledAEsVgrkR)ak;ceM Nj ehIyeKminGacseRmceKaledAenH)an edayKμaneRbI
kics© nüaedIm,Ilk;drU plitpleLIy .
kics© nüamansarsMxan;Nas;ceM BaHskmμPaBrdæaPi)alkñgú kicR© bwgERbgkarBar nigEklMGCIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCa
Blrdæ. rdæaPi)aleFVkI ci s© nüaedIm,ITji nUvGVEI dlRtUvkar sMrab;dMeNIrkarsßab½nepSg²rbs;rdæaPi)al edIm,IrkSa
reboberobry nigkarBarsaFarNCn BIeRKaHfñak;nana edIm,Iksagehdæarcnasm<n½ s§ xM an;²rbs;RbeTsCati dUcCa
pøvÚ Gaysμy½ yan nig RBlanynþehaH edIm,IRKb;RKgFnFanFmμCati nig CYnkalCYlPaKIÉkCn[CYyGnuvtþmxu gar
xøHrbs;xnÜø pgEdr. rdæaPi)alk¾cHu kics© nüasMxan;²CamYyrdæaPi)alepSg ¬kñgú rUbPaBsn§si BaØa¦ Bak;Bn½ n§ gw bBaðaCa
eRcIn. bBaðaTaMgenaHmancab;BbI BaðaBaNiCk¢ mμ rhUteTAdl;sgþ d; arbrisaß n BIsTi mi§ nusSrhUteTAdl;kci R© BmeRBog
snþPi aBsMrab;bBa©bs; ®gÁam.
10 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

cMeBaHbuKlÁ ÉkCnvij kics© nüaeFV[I eKGacTTYl)ancMNGI ahar TICRmk karKaMBarsuxPaB kargar karGb;rM
kardwkCBa¢nÚ nig karkMsanþEdlRbkbedaysuvtßPi aB karerobGaBah_BBi ah_ karciBa©mw kUn nigkarEfTaMRKYsar ehIy
kics© nüaEfmTaMgmanGnuPaBelIehtukarN_eRkay BImrNPaBrbs;PaKIpgEdr. CakarBitcMeBaHmnusSPaKeRcIn
vaGacnwgeFV[I CIvti rs;enA mankarlM)akxøagM ebIeKKμancuHkics© nüa eTaHbICakñgú mYyry³eBlxøkI e¾ day .
tamBitehtuplmYyEdlminGacdwgBIsarsMxan;énkics© nüa)anenaH KWedaysarkareFVkI ci s© nüamanPaBsamBaØeBk.
vaekItmanRKb;eBlevla nigkñgú sßanPaBCaeRcIn EdlGñkeFVkI ci s© nüa EtgEtmindwgfaxønÜ )aneFVkI ci s© nüaeT. ]TahrN_
ebICnmñak;Tji KuyTav1can sMrab;GahareBlRBwkenAtUbmYykñgú pSar Kat;Bti Ca)aneFVkI ci s© nüamYy. GñkTijKuyTav
enH )anRBmeRBogbg;R)ak;éføKyu Tav rIÉGñklk;)anRBmeRBogpþlK; yu TaveTA[GñkTij . tamBit PaKI)aneFVkI ci s© nüa
pÞal;mat;eTVPaKI EdlmansuBlPaBmYy. eyIgmincaM)ac;yl;Baküc,ab;kci s© nüaenAeBlenHeT. cMNcu sMxan; eyIg
RtUvEtyl;fa sUm,IEtskmμPaBFmμtadUcCa karTijKuyTavsMrab;GahareBlRBwkk¾Bak;Bn½ n§ gw kareFVkI ci s© nüaEdr .
sUm,IEtkics© nüasamBaØkgúñ ]TahrN_Tji KuyTavxagelI k¾RtUv)anRKb;RKgedayeKalkarN_c,ab; EdlBiPakSakñgú
esovePAenHpgEdr. kñgú ]TahrN_lk;Kyu TavenH ]bmafa GñkTij)anKMramkMEhgbgç[M Gñklk; lk;Kyu Tav[xønÜ .
kñgú krNIenH kics© nüa nwgKμansuBlPaBedaymanbBaðakñgú karbegátI KWkarbgçti bgç.M ebIeKminc,as;faPaKInyi ayBI
KuyTavGVI vaGacCabBaðakarbkRsay. ebIGkñ lk;)anpþlK; yu Tavxus KuyTavp¥mÚ b¤ Kμan Twks‘bu edayKμankaredaHsar
Rsbc,ab;eT eKcat;Tku faGñklk;)anbMBankics© nüa. kñgú krNIenH GñkTijGacbþgw eTAtulakaredIm,ITarsMNg)an.
dUecñH sUm,IEtkick© artUctacEbbenH k¾GacBak;Bn½ n§ gw bBaðac,ab;Edr. c,ab;kci s© nüaBüayamedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenH.
II. RbPBc,ab;kic©snüaEdlmanRsab; nig RbPBfμI
CMBUkenHmanvisalPaBsgátF; n¶ e; lIRkwtüc,ab;elx 38 Rk>c sþBI kI ci s© nüanigkarTTYlxusRtUveRkAkics© nüa
¬ehAkat;fa {Rkwtüc,ab;elx 38}¦ esckþRI Bagc,ab;kci s© nüa nig bTb,BaØtéiþ nesckþRI BagRkmrdæb,evNI kñgú bribT
kics© nüadIFIø ¬]> kics© nüalk; eRbIR)as; nig CYldI niglkçxNÐénkarcuHbBa¢kI ar¦.
2>1> Rkwtüc,ab;elx 38Rk>c sþIBIkic©snüa nig
karTTYlxusRtUveRkAkic©snüa ¬{Rkwtüc,ab; 38}¦
RbPBsMxan;énc,ab;kci s© nüakm<Cú a KWRkwtüc,ab;elx 38 EdlCac,ab;kci s© nüakm<Cú aehIyRtUv)anGnumt½ kñgú TsvtS
qña1M 980kñgú sm½yEdlrdækm<Cú a cab;epþmI eFVkI EM NTMrg;elIkdMbgU eq<aHeTArkesdækci p© SaresrI. Rkwtüc,ab;elx 38 enA
EtCaRbPBcm,génc,ab;kci s© nüakm<Cú aenAeLIy. KYrkt;sKM al;fafVtI ,itEtRkwtüc,ab;elx 38 RtUv)anRbkas[eRbI
taMgBIqañ M 1988 kþI k¾Rkwtüc,ab;enHsßti enACaFrmanbBaØti2þ enAeLIy. tamBitxømw sarc,ab;enH enAxVHcenøaHeRcInNas;
ehIymanEcgEteKalkarN_c,ab;kci s© nüamYycMnnY tUcb:eu NÑaH. Rkwtüc,ab;enHminmanEcg b¤ Ecgminc,as;BbI Baða
kics© nüa nig bBaðaBüsnkmμCaeRcIn.
Bak;Bn½ n§ gw karEsVgyl;BcI ,ab;kci s© nüaeyIgmanesckþRI Bagc,ab;BrI KWesckþRI BagRkmrdæb,evNI nigesckþRI Bag
c,ab;kci s© nüaBaNiCk¢ mμ kalNaGnumt½ c,ab;TaMgBIrenHrYc vanwgbegátI )anCaRbPBmUldæanénc,ab;kci s© nüakm<Cú a.
eRkABIc,ab;Edl)anerobrab;xagelI nItÉi kCnrbs;km<Cú a EdlTak;Tni nwgkics© nüarYmTaMgc,ab;epSgeTot ]TahrN_
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 11

kics© nüaepÞrPaKh‘nu manEcgenAkñgú c,ab;sBIþ sI hRKasBaNiCk¢ mμ kics© nüax©RI )ak;RKb;RKgedayesckþRI Bag

c,ab;sBIþ RI btibtþki arEdlmankicF© ana kics© nüaFanara:br; gRKb;RKgedayc,ab;Fanara:br; gqñaM 2001 Exkkáda É
lkçxNÞé½ nkics© nüalk; eRbIR)as; CYldI nigcuHbBa¢I manEcgenAkñgú c,ab;PmU )i al 2001 .
2>2> esckþIRBagRkmrdæb,evNI
c,ab;dB¾ si aþ renHkMBgu RtUv)anRBagedaymanCMnyY BITPI añ k;garsMrab;karGPivDÆn_GnþrCatiCb:nu . c,ab;enH manbTb,BaØtþi
mYycMnnY sMrab;RKb;RKgkics© nüa nigCMnsY bTb,BaØtCþi aeRcInEdl)anEcgkñgú Rkwtüc,ab;elx 38. karbBaØtEþi bbenH
eyIgnwgbegátI )anGgÁc,ab;myY EdlmanPaBrlUn nigeBjeljsMrab;bBaðaTaMgLayEdlKμanEcgkñgú Rkwtüc,ab;elx
38 bc©bú ,nñ. eyIgGacrMBgw faRkmrdæb,evNIfeIμ nH nwglubecalRkwtüc,ab;elx 38 TaMgRsug.
edaysarehtuplenHehIy )anCaeyIgepþatkarviPaKesckþRI BagRkmrdæb,evNIxaø gM CagRkwtüc,ab;elx 38. edIm,I
[gayyl; eyIgnwgeFVkI arviPaKc,ab; Edlcab;BEI pñkTI III énesckþRI BagRkmrdæb,evNI nigesckþRI Bagc,ab;kci s© nüa
BaNiCk¢ mμ edaysnñdi aæ nfa Cac,ab;Edl)anGnumt½ rYcehIy .
2>3> esckþIRBagc,ab;sþIBIkic©snüaBaNiC¢kmμ
edayehtufaRkmrdæb,evNIEcgBIKMrUmUldæansþBI TI Mnak;TMngpøvÚ c,ab;CaÉkCn dUecñHesckþRI Bagc,ab;sBIþ kI ci s© nüa
BaNiCk¢ mμ RKb;RKgRbtibtþki arTaMgLayEdlekIteLIgrvagbuKlÁ Bak;Bn½ k§ gúñ skmμPaBGaCIvkmμCamYyKña. PaKIén
kics© nüaBaNiCk¢ mμ RtUvEtCaBaNiCk¢ r. kics© nüaBaNiCk¢ mμ b¤kci s© nüarvagBaNiCk¢ rkñgú karRbkbGaCIvkmμrbs;eK
manTRmg;Cakics© nüaeRcInRbePT. edayminKitBIRbePTrbs;va kics© nüaTaMgGs;enH mancritlkçN³rYm EdlnwgRtUv
RKb;RKgedayRkmrdæb,evNI. dUecñHkalNaeKdkkics© nüaBaNiCk¢ mμ ecjBIvsi alPaBénRkmrdæb,evNI kics© nüa
TaMgenaHRtUvRKb;RKgedaybTb,BaØtéþi nc,ab;sBIþ kI ci s© nüaBaNiCk¢ mμ.
RbB½nR§ kmrdæb,evNI
edaysarkm<Cú amanRbéBNIyR_ kmrdæb,evNIRsab; CacaM)ac;eyIgRtUvyl;BrI cnasm<n½ R§ kmrdæb,evNI edIm,Irk
cemøyI sMrab;bBaðac,ab;. RbB½nc§ ,ab;enHRtUv)ancgRkg Ep¥kelIdN M ak;kalkat;ecalFMeFg eBalKWc,ab;epþmI BIRTwsIþ
c,ab;GrUbI nigbMEpøg[eTACaTsSnTan EdlmanlkçN³Cak;Esþg. Rkmrdæb,evNI)anekItecjCaGgÁc,ab;eday
sardMeNIrkar kat;ecal EdlerobcMCaRbB½ne§ nHÉg. edIm,IBnül;BRI bB½ne§ nH eyIgsUmGFib,aysegçbnUvkEnøgEdl
niyay BIkci s© nüaenAkñgú Rkmrdæb,evNI .
]TahrN_ emFavIEdlmanGtifCi n CYbbBaðakics© nüalk; GaceRbIbTb,BaØtiþ Tak;Tni kñgú EpñkniyayBI {kics© nüalk;
CMBkU TI 1 Kn§TI I V} kñgú Rkmrdæb,evNI nigbTb,BaØtdþi éTeTotEdlTak;Tni giw kics© nüalk; kñgú c,ab;sBIþ kI ci s© nüa
BaNiCk¢ mμ. b:uEnþeyIgRtUvEtTTYlsÁal;fa minEmnEtbTb,BaØtTþi aMgenHeTEdlTak;Tni nwgkics© nüalk;enaH.
bTb,BaØtTiþ aMgLayénRkmrdæb,evNIkG¾ acGnuvtþpgEdr dUcCabTb,BaØtTiþ eU TA kñgú Kn§TI I III katBVkci © kñgú Kn§TI I IV
kics© nüaBiess Kn§TI I V nigbTb,BaØtTþi eU TAkñgú kics© nüaBaNiCk¢ mμ. tamFmμta bTb,BaØtTiþ aMgenH mansarsMxan;
kñgú karedaHRsaybBaðarbs;GtifCi n elIkElgEtlkçN³Biessénkics© nüa minGacykmkGnuvtþ)anb¤mni smRsb .
12 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

kEnøgEdlEcgBIbBaðakic©snüa
(i) bTb,BaØtþiTUeTAénesckþIRBagRkmrdæb,evNI
cMNcu dMbgU bBaðakics© nüamanEcgTUlTM lU aykñgú bTb,BaØtTiþ eU TAénKn§I II edaysarkics© nüaeFVeI LIgedaybuKlÁ
dUecñH ehIyeKRtUvmannItsi m,Ta nigbMeBjtamTRmg;lxi ti Ktiytu diþ éTepSgeTot .
(ii) katBVkic©
Rkmrdæb,evNI Kn§TI I 4 EckCa CMBkU dUcteTAenH ³ CMBkU 1 -bTb,BaØtTiþ eU TA/ CMBkU 2 -karbgðajqnÞ³ nigkics© nüa/
CMBUkTI 3 -karGnuvtþkic©snüa/ CMBUkTI 4-karseRgÁaHcMeBaHkarbMBanelIkic©snüa/ CMBUkTI 5-karTTYl
bnÞkú haniPy½ / CMBkU TI 6-GanuPaBénsiTei§ lIbN M lu cMeBaHttIyCn/ CMBkU TI 7-karrlt;katBVkci /© CMBkU TI 8-GaCJayu
kalénkarrlt; siTe§i lIbN M lu / CMBkU TI9 -Gnub,TansiTei§ lIbNM lu karTTYlkatBVkci .©
(iii) kic©snüaBiessmYycMnYn
Rkmrdæb,evNI Kn§TI I V EckCaCMBkU dUcteTAenH ³ CMBkU TI 1 - kics© nüalk;/ CMBkU TI 2-kardUr/ CMBkU TI 3-GMeNay/
CMBkU TI 4-karx©bI riePaK/ CMBkU TI 5-kics© nüaCYl/ CMBkU TI 6-karx©eI RbI/ CMBkU TI 7-GaNti/þ CMBkU TI 8-kics© nüaTTYl
kar/ CMBkU TI 9-kics© nüakargar CMBkU TI 10-beBaØ/I CMBkU TI 11-kics© nüaRkumh‘nu CMBkU TI 12-kics© nüaFnlaP
samyikmYyCIvti CMBkU TI 13-karsHCa CMBkU TI 14-karRKb;RKgedayQWqa¥ l CMBkU TI 15-esckþcI eM rIneday\t
ehtuCBM kU TI 16 - GMBGI nItüanuklU .
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 13

2>4> esckþIRBagc,ab;sþIBIkic©snüaBaNiC¢kmμ
esckþRI Bagc,ab;sBIþ kI ci s© nüaBaNiCk¢ mμ EtgEtGnuvtþceM BaHRbtibtþki arrvagBaNiCk¢ r nig GnuvtþceM BaHRbtibtþki arrvag
BaNiCk¢ r nig buKlÁ minEmnBaNiCk¢ r. esckþRI Bagc,ab;sBIþ kI ci s© nüaBaNiCk¢ mμ Ecgya:gc,as;fabTb,BaØtTiþ aMgenaH
CabTb,BaØtBþi ei ss EdlTak;TgnwgesckþRI BagRkmrdæb,evNI.
esckþRI Bagc,ab;sBIþ kI ci s© nüaBaNiCk¢ mμ EcgBIbTb,BaØtTiþ eU TA EdlGnuvtþceM BaHkics© nüaBaNiCk¢ mμ nigCaBiess
RKb;RKgkics© nüaPaKeRcInEdl)aneFVeI LIgkñgú briyakasGaCIvkmμ dUcCakics© nüalk; nig kics© nüadwkCBa¢nÚ . cMeBaH
kics© nüaTaMgenH c,ab;[témø )andak;eQμaH nigRKb;RKgkics© nüaTaMgenHdac;edayELk.
kics© nüaBaNiCk¢ mμepSgeTot GacnwgRKb;RKgkñgú c,ab;Bei ssdéTeTot. Ep¥ktameKalkarN_c,ab;EdlkMNt;fa
bTb,BaØtBþi ei ss maneRbobelIbTb,BaØtTiþ eU TA eBalKWRtUvykbTb,BaØtBiþ ei ssEdlEcgBIkci s© nüaBiess mk
Gnuvtþmnu . kñgú krNIenH bTb,BaØtTiþ eU TAénesckþRI Bagc,ab;sBIþ kI ci s© nüaBaNiCk¢ mμ GacGnuvtþ)ancMeBaHEtkñgú krNI
vaRsbnwgbTb,BaØtéþi nc,ab;dé_ TenaH.
CagenHeTAeTot mankics© nüaBaNiCk¢ mμmyY cMnnY Edlminsßti kñgú visalPaBesckþRI Bagc,ab;sBIþ kI ci s© nüaBaNiCk¢ mμ
nigc,ab;dé_ TeToteT. eyIgGacelIk]TahrN_kci s© nüaTaMgenH dUcCa suigeneris ¬Cakics© nüaRbePT b¤fañ k;Bei ss
dac;BeI K¦. bTb,BaØtTiþ eU TAEdlEcgenAkñgú CMBkU TI 1 dl; 4 énesckþRI Bagc,ab;sBIþ kI ci s© nüaBaNiCk¢ mμenH GnuvtþceM BaH
kics© nüaTaMgGs; EdleFVeI LIgrvagBaNiCk¢ r tamxømw sarEdl)anBiPakSaxagelI rab;bBa©lÚ TaMg sui generis pgEdr .
III. lkçxNÐc,ab;³ lkçxNÐénkarbegáItkic©snüa
3>1> kMNt;sMKal;TUeTA
viFanTUeTAénc,ab;kci s© nüaEcgfa³ edIm,IbegátI kics© nüa)an eKRtUvEtbMeBjtamlkçxNÐbnY ³ 1-smtßPaBcuHkics© nüa
mann½yfaPaKIkci s© nüaRtUvEtmansmtßPaBtamc,ab; 2-karyl;RBm KWCaesckþEI føgBIectnarbs;PaKI kñúgkar
cuHkics© nüa nigRBmeRBogeKarBtamlkçxNÐénkics© nüa. karyl;RBmenHRtUvEtpþle; daybuKlÁ EdlmansmtßPaBeFVI
EbbenH 3-kmμvtßú mann½yfakics© nüaRtUvEtmankmμvtßú EdlmanGtþsBaØaN b¤GackMNt;GtþsBaØaN)anBitR)akd
eBalKWPaKI)anyl;dgw BIplvi)akpøvÚ c,ab;EdleKnwgyl;RBm . kmμvtßRú tUvEtRsbc,ab; nig minpÞyú eTAnwgreboberob
rysaFarN³ nig 4-mUlehtu EdlCaRbPBénkaryl;RBm b¤RbPBkatBVkci E© dlekItecjBIkci s© nüa.
pÞyú eTAnwgRbB½nc§ ,ab; Common Law c,ab;kci s© nüakm<Cú a mankardak;kh M ti mYycMnnY elIPaKIkci s© nüa enAeBleKcuH
kics© nüa. eRkABIenHkics© nüakm<Cú a KμanlkçxNÐtRmUvGMBTI Rmg;EbbbTénc,ab;sBIþ kI arbnøeM )akR)as; karkMhti
edayviFanPsþtú agpÞal;mat; sBaØaNéntémøtbsñg niglkçxNÐtRmUvnigkarkMhti epSgeTot EdlRsedogKñanwgc,ab;
Common Law eT. dUecñH tambec©keTsc,ab;enAkm<C ú a edIm,IeFVkI ci s© nüaEdlGacdak;[Rbtibtþti am)an KWCa
nItvi Fi sI amBaØmyY . pÞyú eTAvij kñgú dMeNIrkarénkarcrcakics© nüa RtUvmankarykcitTþ ku dak;elIktþaBiessCaeRcIn.
3>2> esrIPaBcuHkic©snüa nigkardak;kMhitesrIPaBcuHkic©snüa
3>2>1> esrIPaBcuHkic©snüa
14 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

tamc,ab;km<Cú a eTaHCatamRkwtüc,ab;elx 38 c,ab;kci s© nüaBaNiCk¢ mμ b¤Rkmrdæb,evNIkIþ esrIPaBénkarcuH

kics© nüaCaeKalkarN_mlU dæanmYy. esrIPaBcuHkics© nüa RbRBwteiþ TAkúgñ visy½ bYnxus²Kña ³ 1-esrIPaBeFVkI ci s© nüa
rab;TaMgesrIPaBeFVsI eM NI nigsVkI ar 2-esrIPaBeRCIserIsPaKIénkics© nüa 3-esrIPaBkMNt;TRmg;EbbbT nig 4-
esrIPaBkMNt;lkçxNÐkci s© nüa.
pÞyú eTAvijeKalneya)aysaFarN³ dak;krM ti mYycMnnY mkelIkareRbIsTi ɧi kCn rab;TaMgsiTc§i Hu kics© nüapgEdr.
CaTUeTA ral;kci s© nüaEdlpÞyú nwgreboberobrysaFarN³ nigsIlFm’sgÁm RtUvcat;Tku CaemaX³. eRkABIenHesrIPaB
cuHkics© nüaRtUvsßti eRkamlkçxNÐ déTeTot EdllkçxNÐxHø rwtEtmansarsMxan;xaø gM eLIg.
3>2>2> esrIPaBkMNt;TRmg;EbbbT
tamc,ab;km<Cú a kics© nüaKWCaqnÞ³RBmeRBog ehIymincaM)ac;RtUvEteFVCI alaylkçNG_ kSr eTIbekItCakics© nüa b¤ man
RbsiTP§ aBenaHeT. RTwscIþ ,ab;kci s© nüaTaMgkñgú RbB½nc§ ,ab; Civil Law nig Common Law )anbBa¢ak;fa kics© nüa
GaceFVeI daypÞal;mat; b¤ CalaylkçNG_ kSrk¾)an. katBVkci E© dltRmUv[eFVkI ci s© nüaCalaylkçNG_ kSr KWCa
karelIkElg. lkçxNÐEdltRmUv[eFVkI ci s© nüamYycMnnY CalaylkçNG_ kSr RtUvmanEcgkñgú c,ab;.
kics© nüaBaNiCk¢ mμmni caM)ac;fa RtUvEteFVeI LIgCalaylkçNG_ kSreT ehIyk¾mni )antRmUv[eFVtI amTRmg;NamYyEdr
elIkElgEtc,ab;)ankMNt; . kics© nüaGacbBa¢ak;fa )aneFVeI LIgEmn tamviFN I amYyedayKitTaMgkarbBa¢ak;BI
sakSIpg .
Ep¥ktamRTwsIþ eyIgsUmbBa¢ak;fa karmanÉksarlaylkçNG_ kSr minEmnCaktþacaM)ac;énkarbegátI kics© nüaeT b:Eu nþ
vacaM)ac; edIm,IbBa¢ak;CaPsþtú agfamankics© nüaBitEmnenAcMeBaHmuxtulakar. eTaHbICaeKGacniyayfa lkçxNÐén
ÉksarCalaylkçNG_ kSrKWedIm,IbBa¢ak;fa kics© nüaCaFatupSMénc,ab;Psþtú ag EtminEmnc,ab;kci s© nüaeT Etkñgú kar
GnuvtþnC_ ak;Esþg KYreFVCI alaylkçNG_ kSr edIm,IeFV[I karGnuvtþnk_ ci s© nüaGaceFVeI TA)an .
þ3>2>3> kareRbITRmg;EbbTkñúgkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg
eTaHbImni manlkçxNÐtRmUvBITrM g;EbbbTkics© nüaenAkñgú Rkmrdæb,evNIngi Rkwtüc,ab;elx 38k_eday k_c,ab;kci s© nüa
BaNiCk¢ mμ Tmøab;BaNiCk¢ mμ tRmUv[eRbIrbU mnþsrM ab;TRmg;kci s© nüa nigCaBiesskics© nüarbs;Gkñ eRbIR)as; Etg
EtcgRkgtamrUbPaBBisaþ r. eKGacyl;BkI areRbIÉksarkics© nüatamTsSn³xus²Kña. müa:gvijeTot kics© nüa
CalaylkçNG_ kSr GacmanRbeyaCn_kgúñ karbBa¢ak;fa PaKImaneKalbMNgcuHkics© nüa nigkarBarkM[u mankaryl;
RcLMekIteLIgenAéf¶eRkay.
3>2>4> kic©snüalaylkçN_GkSrCaPsþútag
Éksarkics© nüaKWCaPsþtú agEdlKYrTukcitCþ ageKbMptu sRmab;bBa¢ak;famankics© nüa nig bgðajBIxmwø sarkics© nüa.
c,ab;Psþtú ag cat;Tku Éksarkics© nüa CaPsþtú agsaFarN³ b¤ÉkCn. Éksarkics© nüasaFarN³ KWCakics© nüaEdl
ecjeday b¤ bBa¢ak;kgúñ TRmg;Bei ssedayGaCJaFrsaFarN³ ]> GgÁPaBsurei yadI.
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 15

3>2>5> Éksarkic©snüatamc,ab;kMNt;. viFanGaCJabBa¢aénc,ab;

¬bTbBa¢asaFarN³¦
enAkm<Cú ak¾dcU enARbeTsepSgeTotEdr c,ab;kBM gu EtedIrtYsxM an;kgúñ visy½ TMnak;TnM gÉkCn nig TMnak;TnM gBaNiCk¢ mμ
ehIyc,ab;myY cMnnY EcgtRmUv b¤hamXat;xmwø sarkics© nüamYycMnnY . bTb,BaØtcþi ,ab;myY cMnnY RtUv)aneKsÁal;faCa
viFanGaCJabBa¢aénc,ab; ¬Pasa)araMg ehAfa “lois d’ordre public”¦ ehIyeKcat;Tku favaCaviFancaM)ac;bpM tu EdleFVI
[sgÁmdMeNIrkarl¥ EdlPaKIkci s© nüaminGaceFVbI dibBaØtBiþ vI Fi anTaMgenaH)an. dUecñH kalNakics© nüamanxbBaØtþi
EdlbegátI )anCabdibBaØteiþ TAnwgviFanGaCJabBa¢a eKnwgsMercfa xbBaØteþi naH minmanGanuPaBeT. dUcKñaenHEdr
kalNakics© nüamin)anEcgBIcN M cu EdlRKb;RKgedayviFanGaCJabBa¢a b¤xbBaØteþi yageTArkviFanenaHminRsbeTAnwg
viFanGaCJabBa¢aeT eKnwgbMePøc eKalbMNgrbs;PaKI ehIycat;Tku viFanGaCJabBa¢aCabBaØteþi Kal.
kñgú b:nu aμ nqñafM ²Iμ enH rdæaPi)al)aneFVGI nþraKmn_kgúñ visy½ c,ab;ÉkCnkan;EtxøagM eLIg. viFanGaCJabBa¢aEdlcak;bs¤ kñgú
RbB½nc§ ,ab;ExμrKWmancMnnY eRcInEdlminGac[eyIgrab;)anGs;eT. kñgú visalPaBénesovePAenH eyIgnwgelIkyk
]TahrN_BvI Fi anGaCJabBa¢a enAkñgú c,ab;PmU )i al Edl)anGnumt½ naéf¶TI 30 ExsIha qñaM 2001 nigc,ab;kargar
Edl)anGnumt½ kñgú Ex sIha qñaM 1997. c,ab;TaMgBIrenHmanviFanGaCJabBa¢aCaeRcIn EdltRmUv[PaKIeFVkI ci s© nüa
mYycMnnY CaÉksar b¤dak;CnU GaCJaFrsaFarN³Edlmansmtßkci © bnÞab;BcI Hu kics© nüaenaH.
3>3> etIGVICakic©snüasuBltamc,ab;km<úCa?
kics© nüasuBlKWCakicR© BmeRBog Edl)aneFVeI LIgedayesrIrvagbuKlÁ BIr b¤eRcIn b¤rvagnItbi Ku lÁ BIrb¤eRcIn Edlman
GanuPaBelIsTi n§i gi katBVkci r© bs;eK ehIyEdlrdængw TTYlsÁal;ngi dak;[Rbtibtitþ amkñgú RbB½nt§ lu akar . maRta 1 én
Rkwtüc,ab;elx 38 Ecgfa {kics© nüaCakarRBmeRBogedayesrIrvagbuKlÁ BIr b¤eRcInedIm,IbegátI EkERb b¤lbu katBVkci ©
mYyb¤eRcInrbs;eK }.
maRta 3 nig 4 énRkwtüc,ab;elx 38 EcgBIFatupSMénkics© nüasuBl EdlrYmman 1¦ kicR© BmeRBogBit 2¦ smtßPaB
3¦ nItüanuklU PaB 4¦ TRmg;EbbbT. KYrkt;sKM al;fa tamc,ab;km<Cú a eyIgminc,as;fa témøtbsñgCalkçxNÐtRmUv
énkics© nüasuBl b¤ minEmnenaHeT. b:Eu nþeyIgnwgBiPakSaxagmux eyIgGacGHGag)anfatémøtbsñgKWCaFatupSM én
kics© nüasuBlEdlmin)anEcgbBa¢ak; kñgú c,ab;km<Cú a .
3>3>1> kic©RBmeRBog
maRta 1 énRkwtüc,ab;elx 38 Ecgfa {kics© nüaCakarRBmeRBogedayesrIrvagbuKlÁ BIr b¤eRcIn}. dUecñH
karRBmeRBog KWCalkçxNÐtRmUvEdlEcgCak;lak;kgúñ c,ab;km<Cú a. tamc,ab;kci s© nüaTUeTA karRBmeRBogRtUvman
sMeNI nigsVkI ar. mann½yfa kicR© BmeRBog ekIteLIgenAeBlEdlPaKImyY esñcI Hu kics© nüaEdlGacdak;[Rbtibtþi
tamc,ab;CamYyPaKImaç geTot ehIyPaKIenaH)aneFVsI kIV arsMeNIenaHedayKμanlkçxNÐ ¬Cak;lak;ngi c,as;las;¦.
tammaRta6 kicR© BmeRBogRtUvEtCa{kicR© BmeRBogBit}. müa:gvijeTot eRkABIenHedIm,IbeM BjtamlkçxNÐtRmUvsþBI I
sI eM NIsBu l nig sVkI arsuBl karRBmeRBogRtUvEtekIteLIgedayesrI ehIyminRtUvekIteLIgedaysarkarP½nRþ cLM
karbgçti bgçM b¤karbnøeM )akR)as;eLIy. ebIKaμ nkicR© BmeRBogsuBleT kics© nüaGacnwgcat;Tku CaemaX³)an .
16 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ
3>3>1>1> xøwmsarc,as; nigCak;lak;
maRta 3 énRkwtüc,ab;elx 38 Ecgfaral;kci s© nüaRtUvEt {ekItecjBIkci R© BmeRBogBit}. eKmincat;Tku faman{ kic©
RBmeRBogBit})aneT ebIPaKImni )anyl;BxI mwø sarénkics© nüa. dUecñHsMeNIsBu l RtUvEtmanxømw sarCak;lak; nig
c,as;las;. xømw sarCak;lak; nigc,as;las; k¾mansarsMxan;edIm,I[tulakarEdlBinti ükics© nüaGac1¦ seRmcfaCa
kics© nüasuBlb¤eT2¦seRmcfamankarbMBanb¤eT nig 3¦ seRmcfaGVCI adMeNaHRsaysmRsb. dUecñH RtUvEtman
þxømw sarcaM)ac;RKb;RKan;enAkñgú kics© nüaedIm,I[man {kicR© BmeRBogBit} ehIy tulakarGacdak;[Rbtibtitþ am)an.
Cajwkjab;PaKImni )anEcgBIxmwø sarsMxan;² b¤Ecgminc,as;las;BxI mwø sarTaMgenaH. tammaRta 23 énRkwtüc,ab;elx
38 tulakarGacbkRsayxømw sarminc,as;las;kgúñ kics© nüa {edayGnuelameTAtamTMenomTmøab; b¤Tmøab;énTIkEnøg
Edlkics© nüa)aneFV}I drabNa TMenomTmøab; b¤Tmøab;Gnuvtþnm_ ni pÞyú BIbTb,BaØtéiþ nRkwtüc,ab;elx 38. dUecñH cMeBaH
kics© nüa Edl)aneFVeI LIgenAkm<Cú a tulakarnwgBinti üemIlTMenomTmøab; edIm,IbkRsayxømw sarkics© nüa Edlmann½y
minc,as;las;. maRta 3 )anEcgfa {krNIsgS½y} nwgRtUvbkRsayCaplRbeyaCn_rbs;PaKI kUnbMNlu .
3>3>1>2> eBlGnuvtþn_kic©snüa
eBlGnuvtþn_ KWCaxømw sarsMxan;kgúñ kics© nüa GacRtUv)an b¤RtUv)ancrcarvagPaKI. ebIPaKI)ankMNt;Cak;lak; BI
eBlGnuvtþnk_ ci s© nüa eBlkMNt;enHRtUvykCakar elIkElgEtkMNt;pyúÞ nwgc,ab; .
ebIPaKImni )anEcgBIeBlGnuvtþn_ maRta 29 énRkwtüc,ab; 38 Ecgfa PaKInmI yY ² GacGnuvtþkatBVkci r© bs;xnÜø tam
kics© nüa {tamry³eBlkMNt;}. tameKalkarN_TeU TAénc,ab;kci s© nüaBaküfa {tamry³eBlkMNt;} mann½yfa
{eBlevlasmRsb}. dUecñH karEdlGñkesñmI ni )anbBa¢ak;eBlGnuvtþnk_ gúñ sMeNI nwgmineFV[I Gs;sBu lPaBkics© nüa
suBlPaB)aneT. pÞyú eTAvij tulakarnwgkMNt; {cMnnY eBlevlasmRsb} sMrab;karGnuvtþnk_ ci s© nüaenH .
eRkABIbTb,BaØtTiþ eU TAkñgú maRta29 maRta33 énRkwtüc,ab;38 Ecgfa ebIkci s© nüa min)anEcgBIeBlevlaGnuvtþeT
PaKIknU bMNlu Gacbg;R)ak; b¤GnuvtþkatBVkci e© nAeBlNak¾)an drabNaeFVeI LIgkñgú ry³eBlsmRsb .
ebIkatBVkci E© dlRtUv {Gnuvtþ} Cakarbg;R)ak; maRta 33 EcgfaedImbMNlu GacTar enAeBlNak¾)an. cMeBaH
kics© nüalk; maRta 50 énRkwtüc,ab; 38 EcgfaGñkTijRtUv ¬1¦ RbKl;R)ak;enAkEnøgnigenAeBlEdl)ankMNt;
kñgú kics© nüa b¤ ¬2¦ RbsinebIkci s© nüa BMmu ankMNt;BkI Enøg nigéf¶EdlRtUvRbKl;R)ak;eT RtUvsnμtf; akarRbKl;R)ak;
RtUveFVeI LIgenAkEnøg nigenAeBlEdlRbKl;vtß.ú eTaHbICabTb,BaØteþi nHEcgminc,as;BeI Blevlak¾eday k¾tlu akar RtUv
bkRsayfaRtUvbg;R)ak;enAeBlRbKl;TnM ji .
3>3>1>3> karbnøMe)akR)as;
kñgú RKb;RbB½nc§ ,ab; kics© nüaEdlekIteLIgedaysarkarbnøeM )akR)as;elIPaKINamYy KWCakics© nüaEdlGacTukCa
emaX³)an. tamc,ab;km<Cú a {kicR© BmeRBogEdlekIteLIg edaysarkarbnøeM )akR)as; minEmnCakicR© BmeRBog
suBleT ehIy {GacTukCaemaX³)an}.maRta 10 Ecgfa {karbnøeM )akR)as; CamUlehtuemaXPaBénkics© nüa
kalNaman])aykl GMeBIbeBaäat GMeBIbnøPM tU Pr RbRBwteþ dayPaKINamYy EdlCaehtubBa¢ak;c,as;fa ebIKaμ nkick© l
TaMgenaHeT PaKImaç geTot R)akdCamineFVkI ci s© nüaenaHeLIy}. PaKIEdlbþgw sMeu maXPaBkics© nüa manbnÞkú pþl;
Psþtú agfa mankarbnøeM )akR)as; .
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 17

3>3>2> témøtbsñg
témøtbsñg KW ¬1¦ karcrcaedIm,IedaHdUr ¬2¦ nUvGVEI dlmantémøtamc,ab;. dUecñH RtUvEtman {karedaHdUr}. ]TahrN_
CaTUeTAkarpþlG; eM Nay minEmnCakarcrcaedIm,IedaHdUreT ehIyk¾mni EmnCatémøtbsñgEdr. CaTUeTA vtßxú Hø man
{témøtamc,ab;} ebIvatRmUv[PaKIEdlpþl;témøtbsñgedIm,I¬1¦eFVIGVIEdlxøÜnKμankatBVkic©tamc,ab;nwgeFVI b¤¬2¦
mineFVGI EIV dlxønÜ mansiTRi§ sbc,ab;ngw eFV.I dUecñHtémøtbsñg GacRtUv)anedaHdUrkñgú rUbPaBCaR)ak; TMnji esvakmμ b¤
CaRTBüsm,tþÉi eTot. témøxagesdækci m© ni EmnCaktþacaM)ac; edIm,I[témøtbsñg bMeBjtamlkçxNÐc,ab;eT.
tamc,ab;km<Cú a eyIgminc,as;fatémøtbsñgCalkçxNÐtRmUvénkics© nüasuBl EdlGacdak;[Rbtibtþti am)anenaH
eT. Rkwtüc,ab;elx 38 min)anEcgc,as;fatémøtbsñg CaFatupSMcaM)ac;eT,Iy. b:Eu nþtammaRta 12 énRkwtüc,ab;
elx 38 témøtbsñgminRKb;RKan; GacCamUlehtuénemaXPaBkics© nüa. dUecñH eyIgGacniyayfa c,ab;kci s© nüa
km<Cú amin)anbBa¢ak;fa témøtbsñgCaFatupSMénkics© nüasuBleT. pÞyú eTAvij eyIgGacGanmaRta 12 EdlRKan;
EtEcgfa ebImantémøtbsñg témøtbsñgRtUvEtRKb;RKan; b:Eu nþ)anbBa¢ak;fa kics© nüaEdlKμantémøtbsñg k¾man
suBlPaBEdr ]TahrN_ kics© nüaeFVGI eM NayCakics© nüaEdlGacdak;[Rbtibtitþ am)an.
3>3>2>1> témøtbsñgRKb;RKan;tamc,ab;
CaTUeTA eKcat;Tku fatémøtbsñgRKb;RKan; ebIvatRmUv[PaKIEdlpþlt; émøtbsñgenaH[ ¬1¦ eFVnI vU GVEI dlxønÜ Kμan
katBVkci t© amc,ab;ngw eFVI b¤ ¬2¦ mineFVnI vU GVEI dlxønÜ mankatBVkci t© amc,ab;ngw eFV.I müa:gvijeTotnUvGVEI dlPaKIRtUv
edaHdUr RtUvEtCavtßEú dlsgÁm)an kMNt;famantémø tamry³tulakar nigRbB½nc§ ,ab;.
FatupSMmlU dæanmYyepSgeToténtémøtbsñg KWPaKIEdlpþlt; émøtbsñgRtUvEtmansiTRi§ sbc,ab; kñgú karepÞrtémøenHeTA
[PaKImaç geTot. ]TahrN_ tammaRta 35 énRkwtü c,ab;elx 38 ebICakics© nüalk;TnM ji ehIyminmantémøtbsñg
RKb;RKan;eT kics© nüaenH {RtUvcat;TukCaemaX³} ebIRTBüEdllk;CakmμsTi ri§ bs;CndéT ¬rab;bBa©lÚ TaMgRTBü
smUhPaB b¤ RTBürbs;shB½Te§ dayKμankarÉkPaB¦. eyIgGaceRbIcN M cu enH edIm,IGHGagRbqaMgnwgsuBlPaBén
karbegátI kics© nüa. tammaRta1 énRkwtüc,ab;elx 38 ebIPaKI CanItbi Ku lÁ tMNagrbs;ntI bi Ku lÁ GaccuHkics© nüa
kalNadMeNIrkarénkarEtgtaMg tMNag b¤karepÞrGMNac[tMNagcuHhtßelxa KμankarbnøX M bu Xit .
3>3>2>1> PaBRKb;RKan;éntémøtbsñg
CaTUeTA tulakartRmUvfa témøtbsñg nwgminsaksYrBIPaBRKb;RKan; b¤PaBsmRsbéntémøtbsñgeT. ehtuplEdl
tulakarmincg;Bni ti ül¥ti l¥ne; lIPaBRKb;RKan;éntavkaliktb KWedaysartulakarmincg;rxM andl;sTi ri§ bs;PaKIkgúñ kar
cuHkics© nüa edayesrI .
dUecñH tamRbéBNIyc_ ,ab; Civil Law nig Common Law CaTUeTAtulakar mineFVGI nþraKmn_edaysarEt PaKImyY )an
TTYltémø b¤tavkalik {minl¥} enaHeT . b:Eu nþtamRbéBNIyc_ ,ab; Common Law tulakarGacBicarNa témøtbsñg
ebImanPaBxusKña FMeFgeBkrvagtémøtbsñg nig tavkaliktbEdlPaKI)anedaHdUr EdlnaM[man {PaBGmnsikar³}.
b:Eu nþ cUrcMNaMfa {PaBGmnsikar³} KWCakarelIkElgEtmYyKt;eTAnwgviFanTUeTA EdltulakarmincUleRCotERCk
18 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ
edaysarEtPaKImyY )anTTYltémø b¤tavkalik {minl¥} enaH .
c,ab;kci s© nüakm<Cú a)anbBa©lÚ TsSnTan {Gmnsikar³} kñgú maRta 11 énRkwtüc,ab;elx38 EdlEcgdUcteTAenH
{enAeBlcuHkics© nüa ebIPaKImyY TajykplRbeyaCn_BPI aKImaç geTot edayTTYl)ancMeNjminsmRsb PaKIrg
eRKaH Gacbþgw sMeu maXPaBkics© nüa)anCanic}© .
maRta 11 enHmin)ankMNt;BGI EIV dlehAfa Cakar{eqøótTajykRbeyaCn_} BIPaKI b¤ {mancMeNjminsmRsb} eT.
dUecñHvaGaRs½yeTAtamkarbkRsayBaküTaMgenH rbs;tlu akarkm<Cú a tamkrNInmI yY ².
eKGacviPaKTsSnTan {Gmnsikar³} eTAtamlkçxNÐntI üanuklU PaBk¾)an. tammaRta 5 énRkwtüc,ab;elx 38
kics© nüanwgRtUvcat;Tku CaemaX³ {ebIkci s© nüapÞyú nwgreboberobrysaFarN³ b¤TeM nomTMlab;dl¾ R¥ béB >>>>> b¤ pl
RbeyaCn_sgÁm b¤eKalkarN_slI Fm’sgÁm}.
dUecñH tamRbéBNIyc_ ,ab; Civil Law nig Common Law CaTUeTAtulakar minGnuBaØat[PaKIlbu kics© nüaecal
edaysarEtéføEdl)anbg;tci Cagtémøénvtßeú naHeT. mUlehtuénkarmineRCotERCkenH KwPaKImanesrIPaBcuHkics© nüa
eTaHbICakics© nüaminl¥ sMrab;eKk¾eday. b:Eu nþebIkci s© nüapþlR; beyaCn_eRcInhYsehtu dl;PaKImaç g EdlfaebItlu akar
dak;[Rbtibtþti am vaGacnwgpÞyú BImnsikar³ tulakarGacGnuBaØat[PaKIlbu ecal)an . b:Eu nþRTwsGIþ mnsikar³KWCa
bBaØteþi lIkElg minEmnCaviFanc,ab;eT .
pÞyú eTAvijtammaRta 12 énRkwtüc,ab;elx 38 tulakarkm<Cú aGacRbkasemaXPaBkics© nüaedayEp¥kelImlU ehtu
témøtavkalikminRKb;RKan;)an. maRta 12 Ecgfa {enAeBleFVkI ci s© nüa kalNamanPaBxusKña minsmRsbrvag
témøéntavkalik nig témøtavkaliktbvij PaKIrgeRKaHGacbþgw bdiesFkics© nüa)ankñúglkçN³EdlxønÜ BMuman
bMNgeFVGI eM NayeTenaH} .
maRta 12 mandMeNaHRsayxusBIGEIV dleRbIkgúñ tulakarPaKeRcIn EdltRmUv[mantémøtbsñg. maRta 12 man
GanuPaBEdlpþl»; kas[PaKIEdl)ancuHkics© nüa eTaHbIkci s© nüaEdlminsUvGaRkk;xaø gM rhUtdl;Gmnsikar³kþI k¾
eKGacsM[u tulakarrMedaHeKecjBIkci s© nüaGaRkk;enaH)anEdr.
srubmk témøtbsñgKWCakarcrcaedaHdUr EdlmantémøtampøvÚ c,ab;. vabBa¢ak;BrI ebobmYy EdlsgÁmGaceFVkI arEbg
EckrvagkarsnüaEdlGacdak;[Rbtibtþti am)ankñúgRbB½nc§ ,ab; nigkarsnüaEdlminGacdak;[Rbtibtþti am)an.
dUecñHkñgú RbeTsEdltRmUv[mantémøtbsñg karKμantémøtbsñgGacraraMgkarbegátI kics© nüasuBl. cUrcMNaMfa
tamc,ab;km<Cú a eyIgminc,as;fatémøtbsñgCaFatupSMcaM)ac; b¤mni caM)ac;énkics© nüasuBleT. b:Eu nþ tammaRta 12
énRkwtüc,ab;elx 38 eyIgc,as;fa témøtbsñgminRKb;RKan;CamUlehtuén emaXPaBkics© nüa dUecñHtémøtbsñgTMng
CaFatupSMcaM)ac;énkics© nüasuBl tamc,ab;km<Cú a.
3>3>3> nItüanukUlPaB
tamc,ab;km<Cú a nItüanuklU PaBmann½yfa kmμvtßéú nkics© nüaRtUvEtRsbc,ab; nig minpÞyú nwgreboberobrysaFarN³.
CaBiess maRta 5 énRkwtüc,ab;elx 38 Ecgfa RtUvcat;Tku CaemaX³dac;xat {kics© nüaTaMgLayNa minRsbc,ab;
reboberobrysaFarN³ b¤TeM nomTmøab;lR¥ béB>>>> b¤kci s© nüaTaMgLayNa EdlminRsbnwgplRbeyaCn_sgÁm b¤
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 19

minRsbnwgeKalkarN_slI Fm’sgÁm}. eRkaBIenHmaRta 3 k¾)anEcgfa kics© nüanwgykCakar)an luHRtaEt {Rsb

c,ab; reboberobrysaFarN³ b¤TeM nomTmøab;lR¥ béB}.
karsMercfa kics© nüaemaX³edaysarvapÞyú nwgc,ab;CabBaðagayRsYl edayeyIgRKan;EtBinti üemIlGVEI dlkics© nüa
tRmUv[man nig kMNt;faetIkatBVkci © nigsiTT§i aMgenaHbMBanelIrdæFmμnBu aØkm<Cú a b¤c,ab;NamYyrbs;km<Cú ab¤eT.
eyIgBi)akkñgú karkMNt;fakics© nüaRtUvcat;Tku CaemaX³edayva {pÞyú nwgreboberobrysaFarN³ TMenomTmøab;l¥
RbéB>>>> plRbeyaCn_sgÁm b¤eKalkarN_slI Fm’sgÁm}. BaküTaMgenHKμankMNt;nyi mn½yenAkñgú Rkwtüc,ab;elx
38 eT. dUecñH enHCaEpñkmYyénc,ab;kci s© nüakm<Cú a EdlRtUvkMNt;nyi mn½y nig bkRsayedaytulakarExμr. edIm,I
eFVdI eU cñH)an ecARkmExμrminRtwmEtRtUvBicarNaelIGgÁehtunmI yY ² nig kal³eTs³CMvu ji kics© nüab:eu NÑaHeT b:Eu nþRtUv
kMNt; nig GnuvtþnvU sþgd; arsIlFm’ nigsgÁmEdlmankarTTYlsÁal;TeU TAkñgú sgÁmeTotpg. Cajwkjab; sþgd; ar
TaMgenH manlkçN³Gtþenamtixaø gM ehIyGacnwgEkERb kalNasgÁmExμrmankarvivDÆn_ .
eRkABIenH maRta 2 énRkwtüc,ab;elx 38 Ecgfa {kics© nüaTaMgLay RtUvrYmcMENkkñgú karpSarP¢ab;plRbeyaCn_
buKlÁ eTAnwgplRbeyaCn_sgÁm}. maRta 2 enHk¾)antRmUv[ {PaKIshkarnwgKñakñgú briyakasTukcitþ esμaHRtg; nig
Kña>>> ehIyRtUvGnuvtþRsbnwgeKalkarN_ sIlFm’sgÁm ehIyCaBiesskMcat;ecalnUvKMnti mnusSCiHCan;mnusS}.
maRta 11 Ecg bEnßmeTotfa {kalNaenAeBlcuHkics© nüaPaKImyY eqøótTajykplRbeyaCn_BsI aß nPaB rbs;PaKI
mçageToteFVkI ci s© nüa edaymancMeNjeRcInminsmRsbmkelIxnÜø PaKIrgeRKaHGacbþgw bdiesFkics© nüa)anCanic}© .
maRta 18 Ecgfa {CnRKb;rbU Gacbþgw sMeu maXPaBdac;xat énkics© nüaEdlmanEcgkñgú maRta 5 )anRKb;eBlevla}.
enHCaPasa EdlbBa¢ak;BrI eboberobrysaFarN³hμgW ma:tm; yY .
3>4> karbMBankic©süa
3>4>1> karbMBanF¶n;F¶r
maRta 54 énRkwtüc,ab;elx 38 Ecgfa {ebIdl;éf¶snμte; hIy GñkTijmin)anbg;éfø Gñklk;GacsMru lM aykarlk;enaH
vij)an RbsinebIGkñ lk;mni cg;bgwþ TaréføenaHeT}.
karEdlPaKImni bMeBjkatBVkci r© bs;xnÜø tamkics© nüa RtUvcat;Tku fa PaKIbBM ankics© nüa. CaTUeTA elIkElgEtman
karGnueRKaHcMeBaHkarbMBanenaH ebIPaKImyY )anbMBankics© nüa PaKImaç geTotGacdak;BakübNþgw rdæb,evNI edIm,Is[Mu
tulakar bgç[M Rbtibtþti amkñgú RbB½nc§ ,ab;. karmin)anbMeBjkatBVkci t© amkics© nüaEdlnaM[ekItmankarTamTar
tampøvÚ c,ab; cMeBaHkarbMBan ehAfakarbMBanF¶nF; r¶ . b:Eu nþRkwtüc,ab;elx 38 min)ankMNt;nyi mn½y }karbMBanF¶nF; r¶ }
EdleFV[I PaKImni bMBanGacp¥akkarGnuvtþn_ nigdak;BakübNþgw rdæb,evNIeT.
3>4>2> karbMeBjkatBVkic©TaMgRsug
tamviFansþBI I {karbMeBjkatBVkci T© aMgRsug} PaKIénkics© nüaRtUvEtGnuvtþkatBVkci r© bs;xnÜø dUcEdl)ankMNt;kgúñ
lkçxNÐénkics© nüa. ebImni dUecñaHeT PaKImni bMBan Gacp¥akkarGnuvtþn_ nigbþgw TarsMNg)an. dUecñH tamviFanenH
ral;karbMBan KWCakarbMBanF¶nF; r¶ .
20 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ
maRta 31 énRkwtüc,ab;elx 38 EcgfaPaKIedImbMNulminGacRtUvbgçMeGayRBmTTYlkarGnuvtþnm_ YyEpñkén
kics© nüa b:Eu nþedayeyaleTAelI {sμartIscu rit} nig {sßanPaBRklM)ak} rbs;PaKIknU bMNlu tulakarRbCaCn Gac[
bnþry³eBlGnuvtþ nigbgÁab;[bg¥gb; Nþgw sin. PaKIkUnbMNulGaceRbIry³eBlp¥akenH edIm,IbMeBjkatBVkci ©
tamkics© nüa)an .
3>4>3> cMNgTak;Tgénkic©snüa
Rkwtüc,ab;elx 38 tRmUv[mancMNgénkics© nüa. maRta 22 Ecgfa {kics© nüa manGanuPaBEteTAelIPaKI
énkics© nüab:eu NÑaH}. dUecñH manEtPaKIénkics© nüab:eu NÑaH EdlGacbþgw TarsMNgsMmu ankarGnuvtþnk_ ci s© nüa)an.
elIkElgEt ttiyCn ]TahrN_ buKlÁ EdlminEmnCaPaKIénkics© nüa manTMnak;TnM gBiesseTAnwgPaKI b¤man
TMnak;TnM gplRbeyaCn_ b¤TnM ak;TnM gkatBVkci e© nAkñgú kics© nüa ]TahrN_ ttiyCn EdlGacdak;BakübNþgw Tak;Tni
nwgkics© nüa)anrYmman «Bukmþay b¤GaNaBüa)alRsbc,ab;rbs;GsmtßCn. GaNaBüa)alRsbc,ab;Gacdak;Bakü
bNþgw sMeu maXPaBkics© nüa edayEp¥kelImlU ehtuGsmtßPaB eTaHbICaGaNaBüa)alenaHminEmnCaPaKIénkics© nüa
k¾eday. dUecñH tambTb,BaØtéiþ nRkwtüc,ab;elx 38 eyIgKμanTsSnTanniyayBIkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;plitkrcMeBaH
karxUcxatdl;ttiyCneT.
3>4>4> krNI R bFanskþ i
karbMeBjkatBVkci t© amkics© nüaGacnwg {minGaceFVeI TAekIt} ebIkatBVkci e© naHkøayeTACaxusc,ab; ¬bnÞab;B)I ancuH
kics© nüarYc¦ b¤mni GacGnuvtþ)anedaysar krNIRbFanskþ.i kics© nüaPaKeRcInEtgEtmanxEcgBI {krNIRbFanskþ}i
EdltamxEcgenH PaKIRBmeRBogc,as;²fa elIkElgkarbMeBjkatBVkci © ebImanehtuhsY visy½ EdleFV[I min
GacbMeBjkatBVkci )© an. ]TahrN_ tammaRta 75 énRkwtüc,ab;elx 38 EdlEcgBIkci s© nüashRKas¼ kics© nüa
kargar bBa¢ak;fa {RbsinebIkaryWtya:vbNþalmkBIkrNIRbFanskþei naH GñkCYlBMGu acTarCm¶cW ti )þ aneLIy}. dUcKña
enHEdr tammaRta 134 énRkwtü c,ab;elx38 CnEdleFV[I mankarxUcxatdl;CndéT nwgrYcxønÜ BIkarTTYlxusRtUv
)an RbsinebIkarxUcxatekIteLIgkñgú krNIRbFanskþ.i katBVkci k© G¾ acRtUvelIkElgEdr kñgú krNImrNPaBrbs;PaKI
b¤PaKIkaø yeTACaGsmtßPaB ehIykics© nüatRmUv[PaKIenaHGnuvtþnvU CMnajpÞal;xnÜø edIm,IseRmceKalbMNgkics© nüa
enaH. b:Eu nþtammaRta 47 énRkwtüc,ab;elx 38 Ecgfakics© nüalk;enAmansuBlPaB kñgú krNIGkñ lk;saø b;ehIy
katBVkci é© nkarTTYlra:br; g RtUvFøak;eTAelITayaTTaMgGs;énGñksøab; .
3>5> etIman])aRs½yGVIxøHkñúgkrNImankarbMBankic©snüa?
ebIPaKImni bMBandak;BakübNþgw ehIyQñHtampøvÚ tulakar ecARkmnwgbgÁab;[PaKIEdlbMBanecjR)ak;sg ehAfa
sMNgCaR)ak;eTA[PaKIEdlminbMBan. tulakar nwgbgÁab;[PaKIEdlbMBanbg;R)ak;RKb;cnM nY edIm,IrkSaPaKIEdlmin
bMBan [sßti kñgú sßanPaBEdlRtU TTYl)ankñgú krNIKaμ nkarbMBan. sMNgenHehAfakareFV[I PaKITTYl)anTaMgRsug.
sMNgCm¶cW ti Cþ aR)ak; KWCasMNgkarxUcxatsmRsbEdlGacekIteLIgBIkarbMBan. tammaRta 24 énRkwtüc,ab;elx
38 Ecgfa PaKIknU bMNlu énkics© nüa mankatBVkci s© gedayRTBüsm,tiþ Caclnvtßú nig Gclnvtßbþú c©bú ,nñ nig
GnaKt.
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 21

maRta 38 énRkwtüc,ab;elx 38 EcgfaGñklk;TTYlxusRtUvBIkarGnþray EdlbNþaleLIgdl;vtßeú naH rhUtdl;

éf¶EdlRtUvRbKl;.
{karlk;GacrMlayecal)an RbsinebIvtßEú dllk;enaH)at; b¤xcU xateRcInmuneBl RbKl; b¤kgúñ krNIEdlGñklk;rkvtßú
dUcKñamkCMnsY min)an. RbsinebIkarlk;RtUvrMlayecal Gñklk;RtUvbg;Cm¶cW ti eþ GayGñkTijcþ eM BaHkar)at;vtßú b¤ kar
xUcxat bNþalmkBIkh M su rbs; Gñklk;.
Gñklk;BTMu TYlxusRtUvcMeBaHvikar³EdlemIleXIjBIeRkAeT b:Eu nþRtUvTTYlxusRtUv cMeBaHvikar³d¾Gaf×k)M aMgEdlman
muneBllk;. ebIGkñ TijmanPsþtú agfa vikar³enaHmanmuneBllk; GñkTijGacTamTareGayrMlaykarlk;enaHecal
b¤kb¾ nßytémø)an. eTaHbIngw ElgTijkþI eTaHbIngw TamTareGaybnßytémøkIþ GñkTijRtUvEttv:akñgú ry³eBl 1 qñaM
Kitcab;BéI f¶RbKl;vtß.ú RbsinebImni tva:kgúñ ry³eBlmYyqñaeM nHeT kares¶oms¶at;rbs;xnÜø TukdUcCa karyl;RBm}.
ebItlu akarkat;esckþeI GaydkhUtvtßú Gñklk;RtUvbgVli éføTaMgGs;EdlxønÜ )anTTYl [GñkTijvij. müa:geTot Gñklk;
RtUvecjCm¶cW ti pþ g enAkñgú Cm¶cW ti eþ naH RtUvKitR)ak;bg;xatkúgñ kareFVkI ci s© nüa nigR)ak;cN
M ayepSg² EdlGñkTij Kit
bBa©lÚ eTAkñgú vtßeú naH taMgBIéf¶lk;mk.
3>6> GM B I G aCJ a yu k al
kñgú bribTc,ab;kci s© nüakm<Cú a maRta 25 énRkwtüc,ab;elx 38 Ecgfa PaKIGacdak;BakübNþgw rdæb,evNI {kñgú kMLgú
5qñaM KitBIéf¶ptu kMNt;kgúñ kics© nüa} b¤ ebIkci s© nüaBMmu ankMNt;ry³eBleT RtUvKitBIéf¶cHu kics© nüa. eRkABIenHmaRta
27 énRkwtüc,ab;elx 38 Ecgfa {ebIknU bMNlu b¤Gkñ FanaBM)u anelIkykGaCJayukalmktva:eT tulakarRbCaCn
RtUvelIkCYssamIxu nÜø }. dUecñHBakübNþgw Edlmin)aneFVeI LIgtameBlkMNt; GacRtUvbdiesF eTaHbIPaKIbBM anmin)an
dwgfa katBVkci e© naH)anputGaCJayukalk¾eday.
maRta 26 énRkwtüc,ab;elx 38 Ecgfa {bNþgw rbs;PaKIedImbMNlu k¾RtUvp¥akGaCJayukalpgEdr}. dUecñH enAeBl
manbNþgw karTamTarenaHmansuBlPaB eTaHbICaminTan;manesckþsI eRmccugeRkayBItlu akareRkayputry³eBl
5qñaeM nHk¾eday. maRta 25 Ecgfa GaCJayukal5qñaM RtUvGnuvtþ {elIkElgEtc,ab;EcgepSgBIenH}. dUecñH
bNþgw rdæb,evNIepSgeTot Gacsßti enAeRkamGMNacGaCJayukalTTYlxusRtUv xus²Kña. ]TahrN_ maRta 135sÞnÜ
énRkwtüc,ab;elx 38 EdlniyayBIkarTTYlxusRtUveRkAkics© nüa ¬EdlCabNþgw rdæb,evNI eRkAkics© nüa
TamTarsMNg cMeBaHkarrbYselIragkay¦ EdlEcgfa {bNþgw CYsCulsMNgénkarxUcxat manGaCJayukalkMNt; 3
qña}M . maRta 30 énRkmRBhμTNÐ Gnþrkal G‘nu tak; Ecgfa GaCaJyku alénbTelμsI RBhμTNÐmanry³eBlBI 3 eTA
5qñaM GaRs½yeTAtamectnaénbTelμsI .

*********************
22 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

CMBUk nItibuKÁl Rkumh‘unmhaCn Rkumh‘unÉkCn

3 nig Rkumh‘unshkmμsiTi§

I. esckþIepþIm
c,ab;sBIþ RI kumh‘nu KWCac,ab;fmμI yY sμKú sμaj nig Bi)akyl;ceM BaHnisSitCaeRcIn. sBaØaNxøH²dUcCaGnu)atbMNlu -
mUlniFpi aÞ l; pSarPaKh‘un bTbBa¢épÞkúgñ karkat;kgykRkumh‘unpþac;PaKh‘unbgármansiTb§i urmi a eFI[V mnusS
PaKeRcInBi)akyl;.
eRkABIrcnasm<n½ d§ s¾ Kúμ sμajrbs;Rkumh‘nu c,ab;sBIþ RI kumh‘nu RKbdNþbe; lIRbFanbTd¾FM kñgú qñaTM mI yY énsalac,ab;
RbFanbTxøH niyayBIntI vi Fi rI dæb,evNI kics© nüanigTIPañ k;gar TsSnaTanBüsnkmμkgúñ rUbPaBCaviFansþBI PI aBsucrit
mYyEpñktUc niyayBIc,ab;rdæFmμnBu aØ nigc,ab;RTBüsm,tiþ nig RkmRBhμTNÐbnþci bnþcÜ . viFsI a®sþénkarviPaK k¾xsu Kña
eTAtamviFan bkRsayesckþsI eM yaKénkrNIeRcIn karviPaKc,ab;CaKMrU nig karBiPakSaBIeKalneya)ay l¥²pgEdr.
CMBkU enH nwgGFib,aycMNcu sMxan;² énTRmg;Rkumh‘nu bYn EdleKniymeRbIbpM tu ¬rYmman shRKasÉkbuKlÁ
Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi §i Rkumh‘nu mUlFn nig Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi mi§ ankMrti ¦ nigplvi)akpøvÚ c,ab; EdlekItecjBIkarkMNt;
ykTRmg;NamYy kñgú cMeNamnItbi Ku lÁ xagelIenH. mundMbgU eyIgRtUvEtyl;dgw BIcN M cu mUldæanénTRmg;nmI yY ² ¬kar
eRCIserIsykTRmg;NamYy manmUlehtuTlU TM lU ay edaysarKμanTRmg;NamYy EdlsaksmsMrab;bKu lÁ RKb;Kañ
)aneT¦ EdlCaRbFanbTRtUvmanEcgenAkñgú c,ab;sBIþ RI kumh‘nu EdlniyayBIntI bi Ku lÁ ki lkçN³Rkumh‘nu mUlFn nig
karTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti .
1>1> nItibuKÁliklkçN³ Rkumh‘unmUlFn nig karTTYlxusRtUvmankMrit
þ1>1>1> nItibuKÁliklkçN³
mnusSRKb;rbU RtUv)anRbTannUvnItbi Ku lÁ ki lkçN³cab;taMgBIekItrhUtdl;saø b;. nItbi Ku lÁ ki lkçN³rbs;mnusS ekItecj
BIsTi §i nigkatBVkci t© ampøvÚ c,ab;rbs;bKu lÁ enaH ehIyCakmμvtßéú nkarEkERbkñgú mYyCIvti rbs;bKu lÁ enaH. kumar b£GnItCi n
mansiTn§i gi katBVkci m© yY cMnnY tUc. nItCi nmansiT§i nig katBVkci s© Kúμ sμajCaeRcIn EdlkMNt;edaysßanPaBbc©bú ,nñrbs;
buKlÁ enaH. ]TahrN_ buKlÁ EdlerobkarehIy b¤enAlIv nieyaCk nieyaCit Gñkbg;Bn§ nigm©as;bN M lu b¤knU bMNlu .
1>1>2 Rkumh‘unmUlFn
minEmnmanEtmnusSeT EdlmansiTn§i gi katBVkci e© naH. c,ab;GnuBaØat[begátI nItbi uKlÁ tamkarsnμt; ¬Rkumh‘un
mUlFn¦ EdlmannItbi uKlÁ ki lkçN³dac;edayELkBIma© s;PaKh‘un. Rkumh‘unmUlFn CanItbi uKlÁ tamkarsnμt;
rbs;c,ab; Edlmanm®nþRI kumh‘nu CaGñkGnuvtþGaCIvkmμkgúñ namm©as;PaKh‘nu .
Rkumh‘nu mUlFn RtUv)anbegátI eLIgtamGnuPaBc,ab;. edIm,IbegátI Rkumh‘nu mUlFnmYy)an RtUvbMeBjeTAtamTRmg;kar
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 23

nig nItvi Fi cI ,ab;myY cMnnY Camun. CMBkU enHGFib,ay cMeBaHEtRkumh‘nu EdlbegátI eLIgkñgú eKalbMNgeFVBI aNiCk¢ mμ nig
cuHbBa¢kI aRsbtamc,ab;sBIþ sI hRKasBaNiCk¢ mμ. GñkGanKb,Iyl;fa manRkumh‘nu RbePTepSgeTot EdlRtUv)an
begátI eLIgsMrab;eKalbMNgdéTeTot dUcCashRKasrdæ nig¼b¤ karRKb;RKgviCa¢ CIv³ CaedIm .
Rkumh‘nu mUlFnRKb;RbePT mancritlkçN³rYmmYycMnnY dUcxageRkam³
¬k¦ karbegátI tamGnuPaBc,ab;. RtUvEtbMeBjtamnItvi Fi cI ,ab;caM)ac; edIm,IeFV[I Rkumh‘nu manGtßPi aB. eRkayBI
)anbegátI ehIy Rkumh‘nu GacbnþGtßPi aBedayKμankalkMNt; elIkElg b¤rhUtTal;EtmannItvi Fi cI ,ab;
smRsbekIteLIg ¬dUcCa karCMrHbBa¢RI kumh‘nu Edl)ancuHbBa¢I kardklkçnkiþ ³ b¤karlubecallkçnkiþ ³
Rkumh‘nu ¦. ral;karEkERbm©as;PaKh‘nu minb:HBal;dl;GtßPi aBRkumh‘nu eLIy. eTaHbICam©as;PaKh‘nu m®nþI
Rkumh‘nu nigGPi)alTaMgGs;rbs;Rkumh‘nu mYy RtUvlaQb; nig¼ b¤ søab;kgúñ eBlCamYyKñak¾eday k_Rkumh‘nu
nwgbnþGtßPi aBrbs;vadEdl.
¬x¦ smaCikmYy b¤ eRcIn. Rkumh‘nu GacRtUv)anbegátI b¤kan;kab;edaybuKlÁ mñak; dUcCa m©as;PaKh‘nu mñak; nig
GPi)almYyrUb. nItbi Ku lÁ enHeFVGI aCIvkmμkgúñ namRkumh‘nu pÞal; ehIym©as;PaKh‘nu mincaM)ac;TTYlxusRtUv
cMeBaHskmμPaBrbs;Rkumh‘nu eT b:Eu nþRkumh‘nu PaKeRcInmanm©as;PaKh‘nu ya:gticBIrnak;.
¬K¦ nItbi Ku lÁ ki lkçN³pÞal;. siTi§ nigkatBVkci r© bs;Rkumh‘nu ekItecjlkçnkiþ ³ b¤c,ab;EdlbegátI Rkumh‘nu enaH.
nItbi Ku lÁ ki lkçN³rbs;Rkumh‘nu KWxsu KñaBIma© s;PaKh‘nu mñak; m®nþRI kumh‘nu nig GPi)alEdlRKan;EtCa
GñkdMeNIrkarRkumh‘nu enH. GñkTaMgenHGacCaRbPB nig¼b¤mlU ehtuénkarbMBankics© nüa Büsnkmμ b¤
bTelμsI RBhμTNÐ kñgú karGnuvtþnn_ eya)ayRkumh‘nu b:Eu nþRkumh‘nu CaGñkTTYlxusRtUvtamc,ab;ceM BaHGMeBI
kMhsu rbs;Gkñ TaMgenH. ]TahrN_ Rkumh‘nu Edl)ancuHbBa¢mI yY )anbMBlu brisaß nsÞgw mYy GacnwgRtUv
rgkarecaTRbkan; nig pakBiny½ . R)ak;bg;Bni y½ nwgRtUvykecjBIKNnIrbs;Rkumh‘nu minEmnykR)ak;
pÞal;xnÜø rbs;m®nþRI kumh‘nu nigGPi)alEdlecjbBa¢aehIybgár[mankarbMBlu brisaß nenaHeT.
1>1>3>karTTYlxusRtUvmankMrit
RbsinebImankarRKb;RKgl¥ m©as;PaKh‘nu KμankarTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHbMNlu nig BakübNþgw RbqaMgnwgRkumh‘nu eT
ehIytamFmμtam®nþRI kumh‘nu KμankarTTYlxusRtUvpÞal;xnÜø cMeBaHesckþsI eRmcEdleK)aneFVkI gúñ namRkumh‘nu eLIy.
eTaHCaya:gNakþI m©as;PaKh‘nu kñgú Rkumh‘nu Edl)ancuHbBa¢I minEmnTTYlbuBsV Ti T§i aMgRsugeT b:Eu nþkarTTYlxusRtUv
rbs;eK KWkrM ti RtwmEtcMnnY TwkR)ak; EdleK)anvinei yaKb:eu NÑaH ebIRkumh‘nu KμanR)ak;srM ab;TTU at;[m©as;bN M lu rbs;
Rkumh‘nu .
Rkumh‘nu h‘nu mUlFn manKuNsm,tivþ ei ssBIrepSgeTot KWeKGacbegánI edImTun)an edaykarecjlk;PaKh‘nu ehIy
gayRsYlkñgú karepÞrkmμsTi e§i nAeBlm©as;PaKh‘nu TTYlmrNPaB. enAkñgú RbeTsesdækci G© PivDÆn_xHø eKGacbegátI
Rkumh‘nu CaRkumh‘nu mUlFnBiessedIm,IeCosvagBn§elIRkumh‘nu b:Eu nþenAEtGacTTYlGtßRbeyaCn_BTI Rmg;Ca Rkumh‘nu
dEdl. eKGacbegátI GaCIvkmμRbePTxøH CaRkumh‘nu minEsVgrkcMeNj EdlGacsnSMR)ak;CaeRcIn BIkarminCab;Bn§.
kNM ts; KM al; ³ ebIm®nþRI kumh‘nu b¤ma© s;PaKh‘nu RbRBwtGþ mIV yY edayeFVsRbEhs edayxønÜ Ég b¤cHu kics© nüax©RI )ak;Ca
buKlÁ b¤plþ k; ci F© anabMNlu Rkumh‘nu Rkumh‘nu nwgminkarBarCnenaHBIplvi)akénGMeBIrbs;eK b¤bN M lu enaHeLIy.
24 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

dUcKñaenHEdr ebIRkumh‘nu mineKarBtamTRmg;EbbbTRkumh‘nu RtwmRtUveT tulakarnwgseRmcfaKμanRkumh‘nu ehIy

GacbgÁab;[kmμsTi k§i r b¤ m®nþRI kumh‘nu TTYlxusRtUvCabuKlÁ )an. TRmg;EbbbTenHrab;TaMgkar ebIkKNnIFnaKardac;
edayELkkarerobcMkci R© bCMu nigeFVkI N M t;ehtu. kalEdltulakarseRmcfa Kμanrcnasm<n½ R§ kumh‘nu ehIytRmUv[
kmμsTi k§i r TTYlxusRtUvCabuKlÁ enHeKehAfa karTmøayExlRkumh‘nu .
II. kareRCIserIsTRmg;Rkumh‘un
esckþsI eM rcebIkRkumh‘nu fμKI CW aktþaRbQmnigkarP½yxøacRBmTaMgrMePIbkñgú citpþ gEdr. Rkumh‘nu tUc²begátI »kas
kargarfμ²I CaeRcInsMrab;esdækci C© ati. TRmg;Rkumh‘nu bYnEdleKniymeRbICageKman shRKasÉkbuKlÁ Rkumh‘nu
shkmμsTi §i Rkumh‘nu mUlFn nigRkumh‘nu shkmμsTi m§i ankMrti . manmUlehtuénkareRCIserIsykTRmg;NamYy
KWmanPaBTUlTM lU ay edaysarKμanTRmg;NamYy EdlsaksmsMrab;bKu lÁ RKb;Kañ )aneT. CMBkU enHGFib,ay
GMBeI sckþeI pþmI EdlniyayBIplvi)akBn§dar nigplvi)akminEmnBn§darEdlekItecjBIkareRCIserIs bUknwgcrit
lkçN³KuNsm,tiþ nig KuNvibtþéi nTRmg;nmI yY ². CMBkU enH k¾manniyaylMGti BIlkçxNÐtRmUvCamUldæan sMrab;
dMeNIrkarRkumh‘nu pgEdr .
2>1 visalPaBénkareRCIserIsykTRmg;Rkumh‘un
]bmafa sM nig vFu manEpnkarebIkhaglk;paá mYy . sM nwgeFVCI aGñkRKb;RKghag rIÉvFu CaGñkvinei yaKR)ak;.
TRmg;Rkumh‘nu EdleKGaceRbIedIm,IkN M t;rcnasm<n½ R§ kumh‘nu rbs;eK manerobrab;bnþbnÞab;dcU xageRkamenH. TRmg;
nImyY ²GacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IbBa©lÚ nUvcritlkçN³rbs;TRmg;déTeTot. b:Eu nþ cUrcgcaMfaeTaHCa sM nig vFu eRCIserIs
ykrcnasm<n½ N § amYykþI vaminb:HBal;Fn¶ F; r¶ dl;GaCIvkmμlk;paá rbs;eKeT. TRmg;Rkumh‘nu kMNt;BTI nM ak;TnM gpøvÚ c,ab;
karTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHbMNlu nig katBVkci b© g;Bn§rbs;eKTaMgBIrnak;.
xageRkamenH CaTRmg; 4RbePTEdleKniymeRbI.
¬k¦ shRKasÉkbKu lÁ - elak sM Cam©as;RTBüskmμkgúñ Rkumh‘nu nigTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHbMNlu nigkatBVkci ©
TaMgGs; Etmñak;Ég vuFu CanieyaCit. ¬b¤Gacfa sM Cam©as;shRKas ehIy vFu )an[x©RI )ak;edImebIk
shRKas¦. shRKasÉkkmμsTi §i KWCashRKasEdlmanmnusSmñak;eFVGI aCIvkmμkgúñ namxønÜ pÞal; b¤
eRbInamkrN_ RbDiteLIgmYy.
¬x¦ Rkmu hnu‘ shkmsμ Ti T§i eU TA - RbsinebI sM nig vFu erobcMRbkbGaCIvkmμRkumh‘nu shkmμsTi T§i eU TA TaMgBIrnak;
RtUvmancMENkelIkarRtYtRtaR)ak;ceM Nj nig karxatbg;énRkumh‘nu shkmμsTi E§i dleK)anbegátI RtwmRtUv
enH. kmμsTi k§i rmñak;² mankarTTYlxusRtUvrYmKñapg nig dac;edayELkBIKañ pg cMeBaHesckþsI eRmcrbs;
shkmμsTi k§i repSgeTot EdleFVeI LIgkñgú rgVgG; aCIvkmμRkumh‘nu . Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi §i CaTRmg;EdleK eRbI
eRcInbMptu kñgú ]sSahkmμesva dUcCa esvac,ab; KNenyü nig esvaevC¢sa®sþ kñgú krNIEdlRtUvEt
manTMnku citrþ vagskmμsTi k§i r ehIymantRmUvkaredImTuntic.
¬K¦ Rkmu hnu‘ shkmsμ Ti m§i ankrM ti - mancritlkçN³RsedogKñanwgRkumh‘nu mUlFn nig Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi §i
TUeTA. sM nig vFu GacbegátI Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi m§i ankMrti EdleKTaMgBIrnak;Gacvinei yaKTun nigTTYl
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 25

xusRtUvRtwmEtTwkR)ak;EdleKvinei yaK. b:Eu nþRtUvmanshkmμsTi k§i rTUeTAmYyEdlRtYtRta nigcat;Ecg

GaCIvkmμ RBmTaMgmankarTTYlxusRtUvpÞal;xnÜø ehIymanshkmμsTi k§i rmankMrti EdlRKan;Etdak;R)ak;Tnu
nig mankarTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti RtwmEtR)ak; EdleK)anbg;srM ab;cEM Nkh‘nu kñgú Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi i§ ¬dUc
PaKh‘nu kñgú Rkumh‘nu mUlFnEdr¦. Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi m§i ankMrti manGtßRbeyaCn_xagBn§ nig karTTYlxus
RtUvmankMrti .
¬X¦ Rkmu hnu‘ mlU Fn - sM nig vFu GacbegátI nItbi Ku lÁ EdlmaneQμaHfaRkumh‘nu mUlFn. m©as;PaKh‘nu CaGñkbg;
edImTun rIÉGPi)al nigm®nþRI kumh‘nu CaGñkcat;EcgGaCIvkmμ. elIkElgEtmankarbnøeM )akR)as; nig¼b¤
kareFVsRbEhs EdlbBa¢ak;fa {GacTmøayExlRkumh‘nu } eTIbnaMeGaym©as;PaKh‘nu GPi)al nigm®nþI
Rkumh‘nu mankarTTYlxusRtUvpÞal;xnÜø cMeBaHbMNlu Rkumh‘nu CaeKalkarN_manEtRkumh‘nu eT EdlTTYl
xusRtUv. Rkumh‘nu mUlFn KWCameFüayFMCageK énkarerobcMGaCIvkmμEdlmanrcnasm<n½ § Rbtibtþki arsμKú
sμaj nig tRmUvkaredImTuneRcIn. b:Eu nþTRmg;enH GaceRbI)ancMeBaHGaCIvkmμTh M NM ak¾)an rab;TaMg
{shRKasÉkbuKlÁ } EdlbegátI eLIgedaymnusSEtmñak;pgEdr .
manTRmg;déTeTot dUcCaRkumh‘nu cMrHu EdlbegátI eLIgedayQrelImlU dæanRkumh‘nu shkmμsTi n§i gi mankmμvtßGú aCIvkmμ
Cak;lak;. ]TahrN_ sa®sþacarüc,ab;BrI nak; sresresovePAsMrab;nsi Sit b¤ Rkumh‘nu mUlFnbI begátI nUvKMnti fμmI yY .
müa:gvijeTot eKEtgEteRbIjkw jab;nvU TRmg;Ca GgÁPaBminEsVgrkcMeNj dUcCavtþGaram RBHvihar viharmUsmIø nig
GgÁkarsgÁmsIvu li epSgeTot.
2>2> shRKasÉkbuKÁl
enAkñgú shRKasÉkbuKlÁ KNnI RTBüsm,tiþ nigGaCJab½NTÑ aMgGs; RtUv)ankan;kab;kgúñ namÉkkmμsTi k§i r . Ékkmμ
siTk§i r mankarRtYtRtapþac;mxu elIGaCIvkmμ ehIyR)ak;ceM NjTaMgGs; RtUv)anKitBn§edaypÞal; nig kick© arGaCIvkmμ KW
layLM CamYykick© arpÞal;xnÜø . ÉkkmμsTi k§i rk¾TTYlxusRtUvpÞal;xnÜø cMeBaHbMNlu nig katBVkci r© bs;shRKasEdr.
ÉkkmμsTi k§i r CaGñkecjedImTuncab;epþmI TaMgGs; Cajwkjab;Bak;Bn½ n§ gw R)ak;km©BI FI naKar edaydak;pHÞ rbs;
ÉkkmμsTi k§i rCaRTBüFana. ÉkkmμsTi k§i r GacnwgFnkS½yedaysarm©as;bN M lu bþgw RbsinebIGaCIvkmμbraC½y ehIy
minbnþ eRkayBImrNPaBrbs;ÉkkmμsTi k§i r .
GtßRbeyaCn_cm,génTRmg;enH KwPaBsamBaØ . KμankarcMNaysMrab;begátI shRKaseT .
2>3> Rkumh‘unshkmμsiTi§
Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi §i KWCaTRmg;GaCIvkmμ EdlCaTIeBjniymrbs;Gkñ manviCa¢ CIv³CaeRcIn dUcCaevC¢bNÐti emFavI nig
KNeneyükr. eKGaceRbI]bkrN_rmY Kña EdlÉkkmμsTi k§i rminmanR)ak;Tji )an. TRmg;enHk¾CaRbePTEdlGaCIvkmμ
tUc²niymeRbICageK edaysarvapþll; T§PaB[manTuncab;epþmI nig RbmUlCMnajBImnusSeRcInnak;)an. dUcKñanwg
BaNiCk¢ rÉkCnEdr shkmμsTi k§i rEtgEtRbmUlPaKTun tamry³R)ak;km©BI FI naKar nigTTYlxusRtUvpÞal;xnÜø cMeBaH
bMNlu rbs;Rkumh‘nu .
26 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

2>3>1 karbegáItRkumh‘unshkmμsiTi§
tamFmμta eKeFV[I Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi §i manGtßPi aBCapøvÚ kar tamkicR© BmeRBoglaylkçNG_ kSr EdlCYnkal ehAfa
lixti begátI Rkumh‘unshkmμsTi .§i eTaHCaya:genHkþI kicR© BmeRBoglaylkçNG_ kSrminEmnCaktþacaM)ac;eT.
TMnak;TnM gRkumh‘nu shkmμsTi §i KWEsþgecjBIGeM BIrbs;bKu lÁ BIr b¤eRcInnak; EdleFVGI aCIvkmμrmY Kña ¬CashkmμsTi ki§ r¦
edaymaneKalbMNgEsVgrk nigEckrMElkR)ak;ceM Nj Edl)anmkBIshRKasrbs;eK. TMnak;TnM gRkumh‘nu
shkmμsTi §i rYmCamYysiT§i nigkatBVkci T© aMgGs; ekIteLIgenAeBlshRKas RtUv)anbegátI nig dMeNIrkar. dUecñH
karRKan;EteFVEI pnkardMeNIrkarGaCIvkmμ minbegátI )anCaRkumh‘nu shkmμsTi e§i T.
edIm,I[manPaBc,as;las;ngi dwgeKalbMNgCak;lak; eyIgKb,ImankicR© BmeRBogRkumh‘nu shkmμsTi §i Edlcg¥lú
bgðajnUvlkçN³ nig eKalbMNg GaCIvkmμ namkrN_ nig Gas½ydæan cMnnY R)ak;EdlshkmμsTi k§i rmñak;²)anvinei yaK
nig viFEI bgEck nig TUTat;R)ak;ceM Nj. ebImanshkmμsTi k§i rGkmμ EdlcUlrYmEtkñgú karpþle; dImTun nig TTYlcMENk
R)ak;ceM Nj kicR© BmeRBogRtUvbBa¢ak;fashkmμsTi k§i rNaEdlCaGñkTTYlxusRtUv kñgú karcat;Ecg.
kicR© BmeRBogRkumh‘nu shkmμsTi §i eTaHbICa)aneFVI b¤mni )aneFVCI alaylkçNG_ kSrkþI k¾Cakics© nüaEdlRKb;RKg
edayviFan EdlGñkGan)ansikSarYcehIy enACMBkU xagedIménesovePAenH.
Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi §i GaceFVsI kmμPaBBaNiCk¢ mμedayeRbIeQμaHshkmμsTi k§i r b¤eRbInamkrN_GaCIvkmμCaedIm.
2>3>2 cMnYnshkmμsiTi§kr
Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi §i RtUvEtmanshkmμsTi k§i rya:gticBIrnak; .
2>3>3 TMnak;TMngRkumh‘unshkmμsiTi§ bgáb;nUvPaBesμaHRtg;
cMNcu enHmann½yfa shkmμsTi k§i rRtUv)ansßti kñgú sßanPaBEdlmanesckþTI ku citrþ vagshkmμsTi k§i rpgKña ehIyman
katBVkci © dUcxageRkamenH ³
¬k¦ RtUvbkRsaybBaðaEdlTak;Tni nwgGaCIvkmμ[shkmμsTi k§i repSgeTot)andwg TaMgRsug
¬x¦ Rbkasral;plRbeyaCn_hri BaØvtßpú aÞ l;xnÜø EdlxønÜ )anTTYlBIeFVGI aCIvkmμRkumh‘nu nig
¬K¦ minRtUvRbkYtRbECgCamYyRkumh‘nu edayKμankaryl;RBmBIshkmμsTi k§i rdéTeTot .
2þ >3>4 shkmμsiTi§mñak;²eFVIkarCaPñak;garénshkmμsiTi§krÉeTot
enAeBleFVRI btibtþki arkúgñ namRkumh‘nu shkmμsTi k§i rRtUv)ancat;Tku CaPñak;gar. shkmμsTi k§i rGacseRmcGV²I Etkñgú
rgVgG; MNacRsbc,ab;rbs;xnÜø nigRtUvEtGnuvtþParkice© dayeRbICMnajnigkarykcitTþ ukdak;smRsb. c,ab;sBIþ I
shRKasBaNiCk¢ mμ Ecgfa shkmμsTi k§i rmanGMNackñgú kareFVRI btibtikþ arEdlTak;Tni nwgGaCIvkmμ dUecñHral;
kics© nüa RtUvP¢ab;katBVkci d© l;shkmμsTi k§i rd¾éTeTot eTaHbICashkmμsTi k§i rTaMgenaH)an b¤ min)anTTYlsÁal;
Camunkþ.I karxkxanmin)anbMeBjkatBVkci © GacnwgnaMeGaymanbNþgw BIkarbMBan RbqaMgnwgshkmμsTi k§i rTaMgGs;.
]TahrN_RbsinebIshkmμsTi k§i rbBa¢aTijRkdaseRbIsrM ab;Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi k§i rdéTeTotRtUvTTYlxusRtUvrYm
KñaelIkarcMNayenH eTaHbICashkmμsTi k§i rPaKeRcIn)anseRmcBImnu fa minRtUvkarRkdaseRbIfeIμ Totk¾eday. dUc
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 27

KñaenHEdr ebIshkmμsTi k§i rmYy)anRbRBwtBþ üsnkmμ kñgú eBleFVGI aCIvkmμrbs;Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi k§i rdéTeTot k_RtUv
TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHbTelμsI enaHEdr. kargarEdl)aneFVeI dayeFVsRbEhs GacnwgnaM[karTTYlxusRtUvEbbenHEdr .
2>3>5 shkmμsiTi§krTTYlxusRtUvrYmKñapgnigdac;edayELkBIKñapg
cMeBaHkatBVkic©rbs;Rkumh‘un shkmμsiTi§
edaysarRkumh‘nu shkmμsTi K§i aμ nGtßPi aBpøvÚ c,ab;xsu BIsmaCik shkmμsTi k§i rTaMgGs;mankarTTYlxusRtUvpÞal;xnÜø
cMeBaHbMNulRkumh‘un nig katBVkci p© vÚø c,ab;déTeTot. ebIRkumh‘unKμanmUlniFRi Kb;RKan; shkmμsTi k§i rRtUvEt
rYmcMENkecjcMnnY EdlxVHBIehae):ApÞal;xnÜø . Rkumh‘nu Gacdak;BakübNþgw kñgú namxønÜ pÞal; b:Eu nþshkmμsTi k§i r enAEt
mankarTTYlxusRtUvrYmKña nig dac;edayELkBIKañ pgcMeBaHR)ak;EdlenACMBak;. mann½yfaebI bMNlu kúgñ salRkm min
Tan;)anbg;eT eKGacykeTAGnuvtþRbqaMgnwgshkmμsTi N §i amYy b¤ TaMgGs;)an. karenHGacnaM[shkmμsTi k§i r
mñak;sgbMNlu TaMgRsug b:Eu nþshkmμsTi k§i renH GacérGgÁasR)ak;BsI hkmμsTi k§i rÉeTot)an.
dUcKñanwgÉkkmμsTi k§i rEdr shkmμsTi k§i rGacnwgFnkS½yCabuKlÁ ebIKaμ nmUlniFRi Kb;RKan;edIm,IsgbMNlu eT .
2>4 karrMlayRkumh‘unshkmμsiTi§
Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi §i GacnwgRtUvrMlayedaymUlehtuepSg²mYycMnnY ³
¬k¦ karptu GaNt³iþ Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi P§i aKeRcInRtUvbegátI eLIgedaymanCMenOfa nwgbnþedayKμankalkMNt;
b:Eu nþkci R© BmeRBogRkumh‘nu shkmμsTi §i GackMNt;GaNti)þ an. ]TahrN_ mnusSBIrnak;GacseRmcbegátI
GaCIvkmμptÁ p; gÁ G; aharkñgú ry³eBltaMgBiBr½ N_ b¤BBi r½ N_BaNiCk¢ mμ.
¬x¦ eKalbN M gEtmyY Ktr; bsR; kmu hnu‘ shkmsμ Ti R§i tvU )anseRmc³ ]TahrN_xagelI k¾mankarTak;Tni Edr.
¬K¦ mrNPaB b¤ FnkSy½ rbss; kmsμ Ti ki§ r ³ tamFmμtaRkumh‘nu manbBaØtEþi cgBIbBaðaenH ebIKaμ nEcgeT RtUv
cat;Tku faRkumh‘nu RtUv)anrMlay.
¬X¦ GntI üanukUlPaB ³ ebIkmμvtßGú aCIvkmμrbs;Rkumh‘nu køayeTACaxusc,ab; kicR© BmeRBogRkumh‘nu sh
kmμsTi R§i tUvcat;Tku CaemaX³. Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi E§i dlbegátI eLIg sMrab;naMclU TMnji BiessmYy Gacnwg
RtUvrMlay ebIeRkaymkRksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ nig¼b¤c,ab;fIμ hamkarnaMclU TMnji enaH.
¬g¦ lxi ti CnU dN M gw BsI hkmsμ Ti k§i r ³ elIkElgEtkicR© BmeRBogEcgepSgBIenH Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi n§i gw RtUv
bBa©b; ebIshkmμsTi ki§ rmñak;seRmclaecj . tamFmμta manbBaØtEþi cgBIbBaðaenH .
¬c¦ dkI atlu akar ³ shkmμsTi k§i rGacsu[M tulakarecjdIkabgÁab;[rMlay Ep¥kelImlU ehtuGsmtßPaBsμartI
b¤ ragkayrbs;shkmμsTi k§i r b¤ edaysarkarRbRBwtxþ su rbs;shkmμsTi k§i r EdlxUcRbeyaCn_Rkumh‘nu
b¤kareFVsRbEhs edayectna b¤karbMBankicR© BmeRBogRkumh‘nu shkmμsTi .§i tulakark¾GacrMlay
RbsinebI tulakaryl;fa karseRmcEbbenaHmanyutFi m’ngi smFm’. tulakark¾seRmcbgÁab;[rMlay
ebIRkumh‘nu minGaceFVGI aCIvkmμedayKμankarxatbg;R)ak;.
2>5 Rkumh‘unmUlFn
etI {Rkumh‘nu mUlFn}CaGV?I Rkumh‘nu mUlFnCa]bkrN_rcnasm<n½ s§ rM ab;eFVGI aCIvkmμ. vaCaRkbxNÐ CanItbi Ku lÁ Edl
28 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ
GaCIvkmμGaccuHkics© nüa kan;kab;RTBüsm,tiþ bþgw nig¼b¤RtUveKbþgw enAtulakar. vaCanItbi Ku lÁ EdlCab;Bn§elIRTBüsm,tiþ
karlk; R)ak;cN M lU nigBn§GakrepSgeTot. vaGacmanTMhxM su KñaBITRmg;GaCIvkmμkan;kab;edaymnusSmñak; rhUtdl;;
Rkumh‘nu BhuCatisasn_. vaCaTRmg;begátI eLIgedayGñkmUlFnniym edIm,IEckrMElkhaniPy½ nig RbmUlykedImTun ¬BI
m©as;PaKh‘nu nig \NTayk¦ karcat;Ecg ¬BIm®nþRI btibti¦þ nig ktþaplitkmμepSgeTot ¬BIGkñ pÁtp; gÁ ; nig nieyaCit¦. va
CanItbi Ku lÁ EdlbegátI edayc,ab;rdæ karbegátI nigGtßPi aBGaRs½yelIrdæ EdlGnumt½ c,ab;.
{Rkumh‘nu mUlFn} KWCabuKlÁ sib,nimtiμ .þ GaCIvkmμEdleFVeI LIgeday nig CUnRkumh‘nu KWdcU KñanwgGaCIvkmμrbs;GgÁPaB
minEmnRkumh‘nu Edr. niyayedayxøI Rkumh‘nu mUlFn KWCabuKlÁ tamkarsnμtr; bs;c,ab;EdlkMNt;TnM ak;TnM gpøvÚ c,ab;
vamanlkçN³eTAtamc,ab;kN M t;.
2>5>1 cMNucmUldæanénRkumh‘unmUlFn
Rkumh‘nu mUlFn mancMNcu mUldæanbYndUcxageRkamenH ³
¬k¦ GtPiß aBdace; dayELk ³ Rkumh‘nu mUlFnmanGtßPi aBÉkraCü nigKμankalkMNt;. vaCanItbi Ku lÁ dac;eday
ELkBIbKu lÁ Edlbg;edImTun ¬m©as;PaKh‘nu nig \NTayk¦ nig buKlÁ EdlRKb;RKgGaCIvkmμ ¬GPi)al nig
m®nþRI kumh‘nu ¦. Rkumh‘nu mUlFnCam©as;elIRTBüskmμénGaCIvkmμ nig TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHbMNlu nig
katBVkci r© bs;GaCIvkmμ.
¬x¦ karRKbR; Kgfañ kk; Naþ l ³ GMNacRKb;RKgsßti enAkñgú édRkumRbwkSaPi)al EdlCajwkjab;epÞrGMNacenH
eTAeGaym®nþRI kumh‘nu . m©as;PaKh‘nu CaGñke)aHeqñateRCIserIsGPi)al b:Eu nþmni GacRtYtRtaelIesckþI
seRmcrbs;RkumRbwkSaPi)al)aneLIy .
¬K¦ lTP§ aBénkareprÞ kmsμ Ti §i ³ kmμsTi §i nigplRbeyaCn_rbs;ma© s;PaKh‘nu ¬R)ak;vni ei yaKkñgú Rkumh‘nu ¦
GacepÞr)anedayesrI nig
¬X¦ karTTlY xsu RtvU mankrM ti ³ Rkumh‘nu mUlFnTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHbMNlu nigkatBVkci r© bs;xnÜø dUecñHeKehA
müa:geTotfa {nItbi Ku lÁ EdlminP¢ab;karTTYlxusRtUv} eTAbuKlÁ déT. Rkumh‘nu mUlFnminP¢ab;karTTYlxus
RtUv eTAGPi)al m®nþRI kumh‘nu \NTayk nigm©as;PaKh‘nu eT ¬elIkElgEtTwkR)ak;Tnu vinei yaK rbs;eK¦ .
GñkGanKμanGVPI aJ k;ep¥lI eday)andwgBIkarelIkElgéneKalkarN_TaMgenHeT. ]TahrN_ kñgú kal³eTs³Biess
tulakarGacseRmc[m©as;PaKh‘nu TTYlxusRtUvpÞal;xnÜø cMeBaHbMNlu Rkumh‘nu EdlelIsTunvinei yaKrbs;eK
\NTayk GactRmUv[m©as;PaKh‘nu pþlk; ci F© anaedaybuKlÁ muneBleKBRgIk\NTanCUnRkumh‘nu nigedayshkar
CamYyRkumh‘nu m©as;PaKh‘nu Gacyl;RBmelIkarcat;EcgGaCIvkmμ nig dak;krM ti elIlT§PaBepÞrPaKh‘nu rbs;eK.
edaysarPaBgaybt;EbnenH c,ab;Rkumh‘nu )andak;bnÞkú [emFavIedIrtYnaTICa GñkeFVEI pnkarskmμmyY .
2>5>2 viFanTUeTAsþIBIkarTTYlxusRtUvmankMrit
Rkumh‘nu mUlFn EbgEckhaniPy½ nigRTBüskmμrbs;GaCIvkmμdac;edayELkBIvni ei yaKin nig Gñkcat;Ecg. tamc,ab;
Rkumh‘nu TMenIb karEbgEckenHEsþgecjnUvkarTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti dUcCam©as;PaKh‘nu ¬vinei yaKinmUlniFpi aÞ l;¦ Kμan
karTTYlxusRtUvelIbN M lu Rkumh‘nu EdlelIsBITnu vinei yaKrbs;eKeLIy. viFanenH k¾GnuvtþceM BaHGñkcUlrYmÉeTot kñgú
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 29

Rkumh‘nu Edr dUcCaGñkcat;Ecg nieyaCit nig\NTayk. \NTaykGacTarbMNlu EtBIRTBüskmμ rbs;Rkumh‘nu b:eu NÑaH.
þtulakarTTYlsÁal;karTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti enH edaycat;Tku faCaktþaelIkTwkcitéþ nkarbegátI Rkumh‘nu .
2>5>3 ehtuGVI)anCaeRbIviFansþIBIkarTTYlxusRtUvmankMrit? manesckþIBnül;mYycMnYn³
¬k¦ karTTlY xsu RtvU mankrM ti sRmlY dlk; arbegtIá edmI Tnu ³ Rkumh‘nu mUlFn EdlkMrti haniPy½ EtRtwmTun Edl
)anvinei yaK GnuBaØat[vinei yaKinpþlh ; ri BaØvtßúdl;GaCIvkmμedayKμanrghaniPy½ elIRTBüÉeTot
rbs;eKeLIy. ktþaenHelIkTwkcitþ dl;karbegátI edImTun eFV[I vinei yaKin ritEtcg;bNþak;Tnu kan;EteRcIn
kñgú shRKasEdlmaneKaledABitR)akd ebITku CamanhaniPy½ k¾eday.
¬x¦ karTTlY xsu RtvU mankrM ti sRmlY dlk; arTTlY ykhanPi y½ BkI arcatE; cg ³ ebIKaμ nkarsnüaBIkarTTYl
xusRtUvmankMrti Gñkcat;EcgkarGacrujrakñgú karpSgsMNagRbQmnwghaniPy½ x<sk; gúñ kargar eTaHbI
CaKeRmagGaCIvkmμbgðajfa manR)ak;cN M lU viCm¢ anCak;lak; dUcCaR)ak;cN
M lU elIsBIR)ak;xatkþI .
¬K¦ karTTlY xsu RtvU mankrM ti sRmlY [mankarvni ei yaKeRcnI vsi y½ ³ karTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti elIkTwkcit[þ
vinei yaKinbNþak;Tnu kñgú GaCIvkmμkan;EteRcIn nigeRcInRbePT edayKμandak;RTBüÉeTotbs;eK [rgkar
TTYlxusRtUvKμankMrti CamYykarvinei yaKfμ²I eLIy. karvinei yaKeRcInRbePT KWCaktþaCMrju dl;karbegátI edImTun
edaysarkarbegánI edImTunBIGaCIvkmμtcU ² gayRsYlCagkarmankarvinei yaKFMtci tYc. karvinei yaKeRcIn
RbePT KWCakarEbgEckhaniPy½ vinei yaKrvagvinei yaKinmYycMnnY eRcIn dUecñHvakat;bnßytRmUvkarrbs;
vinei yaKinkñgú karesIbu Gegát BICeM rIsvinei yaKrbs;eK ebIeTaHCakarRbugRby½tCñ aviFankþI nigGactamdan
GaCIvkmμEdleKvinei yaK)anpg. dUecñHkarvinei yaKeRcInvisy½ kat;bnßyéføcN M ayvinei yaK EtvabegánI nUvR)ak;
cMNlU eRcIn nig
¬X¦ karTTlY xsu RtvU mankrM ti sRmlY TpI SarPaKhnu‘ kgúñ Rkmu hnu‘ mhaCn ³ TIpSarlk;PaKh‘nu mansarsMxan;dl;
karbegátI edImTunkñgú esdækci é© nRbeTskMBgu GPivDÆn_CaeRcIn enAkñgú TIpSarBaNiCk¢ mμ¼hirBaØvtßkú gúñ skl
elak nasm½yTMenIbenH. vaeFV[I karbegátI edImTun manRbsiTP§ aB bgðajnUvtémøshRKasBitR)akd
tam ry³karkMNt;témøelITpI Sar nigbegátI TItaMgkNþalmYyEdltamRTwsIþ CamNÐlGaCIvkmμsrM ab;Tji ¼
lk; karRKb;RKgRkumh‘nu . dUecñHetIkarTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti GacbegátI [manTIpSarCMnjY dUcemþc?
ebIKaμ nRTwsIþ GMBkI arTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti eT vinei yaKinsþkú sþm nig¼b¤vni ei yaKinBitR)akd ¬Edlsuxcitþ
xat¼cMeNj¦ GacnwgkMNt;témøPaKh‘nu dUcKñaTabCagvinei yaKinRk nig¼b¤vni ei yaKin minBitR)akd
¬Edlminsuxcitþxat¼cMeNj¦edaysarhaniP½yFMeFgénkarTTYlxusRtUvGacbnßytémøPaKh‘un
rbs;vni ei yaKinsþkú sþm. viFanénkarTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti CaExlkarBarvinei yaKinkñgú Rkumh‘nu esμ²I Kña
ehIytémøEdleK seRmcvinei yaK minGaRs½yelIsmtßPaBbuKlÁ kñúgkardak;RTBüskmμepSgeTot
[rghaniPy½ enaHeT. karTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti eFV[I PaKh‘nu mantémø edayminKitfaGñkNaCam©as;eT
ehIypþll; T§PaB[ Rkumh‘nu mhaCn dMeNIrkarRbkbedayRbsiTP§ aB yutFiþ m’ nigsmF’m
d¾rabNamanviFan nigc,ab;RtwmRtUv ehIy EdlRtUv)anGnuvtþceM BaHPaKI TaMgGs;edayKμanlMeGog .
2>5>4 smasPaBsßabnikRkumh‘un
etIGkñ NaCaGñkcab;GarmμNc_ eM BaHRkumh‘nu ? KWeyIgTaMgGs;Kañ enHÉg. cUrBicarNa elIsmasPaBsßabnikRkumh‘nu
30 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ
dUcxageRkamenH ³
k- Gkñ catE; cg ¬GP)i alngi m®nRIþ kmu hnu‘ ¦³ KWRkumm®nþRI btibtþEi dlpþlB; lkmμ ¬edImTunmnusS¦ sMrab;kar
cat;EcgGaCIvkmμ.
x- ma© sP; aKhnu‘ ³ KWCaGñkbg;Tnu kñgú eKalbMNgTTYlR)ak;cN M lU BIkarvinei yaKrbs;eKnaeBlGnaKt dUcCa
PaKlaP siTe§i lIkarCMrHbBa¢RI kumh‘nu nigkarvaytémøTpI Sar. m©as;PaKh‘nu GacCavinei yaK CabuKlÁ b¤saß b½n
Edlvinei yaKTunrbs;bKu lÁ epSg. rdæaPi)alk¾clU rYmkñgú GaCIvkmμÉkCnpgEdr edaymansiTd§i cU KñanwgbuKlÁ
ÉkCnEdr.
K- \NTayk ¬ma© sb; N M lu ¦ ³ KWCavinei yaKinEdl[Rkumh‘nu x©RI )ak; edaysnüabg;karR)ak; nig R)ak;edIm.
R)ak;km©dI l;Rkumh‘nu maneRcInRbePTdUcCa R)ak;km©FI naKarmanRTBüFana b½NbÑ N M lu KμankicF© ana mUlb½Rt
ry³eBlxøI \NTan BaNiCk¢ mμ nig¼b¤ \NTanGñkpÁtp; gÁ .;
X- nei yaCti ³ KWCabuKlÁ Edlpþlk; møagM Blkmμ ¬TunmnusS¦ [Rkumh‘nu RsbtamkarENnaMrbs;Gkñ cat;Ecg.
g- Gtfi Ci nngi Gkñ ptÁ p; gÁ ; ³ KWCaGñkTij nigGñklk;TnM ji nigesvakmμ. BaNiCk¢ ci x© Hø RtUv)aneFVeI LIg tam
kics© nüary³eBlEvg nig BaNiCk¢ ci É© eToteFVeI LIgtamRbtibtþki arTIpSar.
c- \NTayktamkci s© nüa ³ KWGkñ pÁtp; gÁ ; nigGtifCi n EdleFVGI aCIvkmμCamYyRkumh‘nu tamy³³karTTYlnUv)an
kics© nüa nig siTT§i TYlR)ak;.
q- \NTayktamBüsnkmμ ³ KWCaGtifCi nnigCnNamñak;kgúñ cMeNamsaFarNCn EdlRkumh‘nu CMBak;katBVkci ©
pþls; N
M gelIkarxUcxatenaH bNþaleLIgedayskmμPaBGaCIvkmμrbs;Rkumh‘nu .
C- GaCaJ FrBnd§ ar ³ KWCaGñkRbmUlcMNlU [rdæaPi)almUldæan nigrdæ.
Q- Gkñ Gnvu tcþ ,abr; bsr; daæ P)i al ³ KWCasßab½nrdæaPi)al EdlmanParkicR© Kb;RKgGaCIvkmμ brisaß n Rtwsþ FnaKar
suxaPi)al suvtßPi aBplitplnigvisy½ epSg²EdlGñkKiteXIj.
kñgú krNIxHø karEbgEckRbePTTaMgenHKWeTAtamkarkMNt;rbs;bKu lÁ mñak;² . tamTsSn³esdækci © edImTunEdlvinei yaK
edaym©as;PaKh‘nu m©as;bN M lu nig \NTayktamkics© nüa GacmankarBi)akEbgEckedaydac;BKI añ . eyIgGac
bBa¢ak;fa GñkpþlT; nu [Rkumh‘nu Gñkcat;Ecg nieyaCit nigGñkpÁtp; gÁ f; aCaGñkcUlrYmkñgú skmμPaBGaCIvkmμrmY Kña.
pÞyú eTAvijc,ab;Rkumh‘nu EtgEtKUsRBMEdnCMvu ji TMnak;TnM grvagm©as;PaKh‘nu nigGñkcat;Ecg eRBaHtamFmμtaeKyl;fa
Rkumsßabniki TaMgBIrenH begátI GgÁkarcat;taMgépÞkgúñ rbs;Rkumh‘nu . TMnak;TnM gxageRkA CamYy\NTayk GñkpÁtp; gÁ ;
GtifCi n nieyaCit nig GaCJaFrrdæaPi)al CaTUeTARtUvGnuelamtamniyamc,ab;EdlTTYlsÁal;faRkumh‘nu CanItbi Ku lÁ
dUcCac,ab;kci s© nüa c,ab;sBIþ kI nU bMNlu m©as;bN M lu c,ab;Rtwsþ c,ab;sBIþ kI argar nigc,ab;sBIþ BI n§dar.
III. RTwsþIénRkumh‘un
Rkumh‘nu Ejkdac;BKI añ rvagmuxgarrkmUlniFni gi karcat;EcgGaCIvkmμ dUecñHvabegátI nUvynþkarsMrab;deM NIrkarshRKas
FM² nigkarRbmUlR)ak;Tnu cMnnY eRcIn. enAkñgú RkumEdlmanEtGñkcat;Ecgbg;PaKTun GnaKtrbs;Rkumh‘nu nwgmankMrti
eTAtamRTBüsm,tipþ aÞ l;xnÜø rbs;Gkñ cat;kar. haniPy½ énkarbraC½yGaCIvkmμmankMrti x<s; \NTayknwgTarkarR)ak;
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 31

x<se; dIm,ITTU at;haniPy½ enH. dUecñHeKminGacx©RI )ak;cnM nY eRcIn)aneT. Rkumh‘nu PaKeRcInBüayamedaHRsaybBaðaenH

¬karbegátI edImTun¦ edayeRbIvFi sI a®sþbyI a:gedIm,IEbgEckhaniPy½ ³
k- ma© sP; aKhnu‘ CaGkñ mansTi T§i amTareRkayeK ³ mann½yfaRkumh‘nu begátI zananuRkm énkarTamTarRbqaMg
nwgRTBüskmμrbs;xnÜø . karTamTarrbs;ma© s;PaKh‘nu sßti enAlMdab;eRkayeKbg¥s.; Rkumh‘nu b:Hb:vU m©as;
PaKh‘nu Edlsuxcityþ klMdab;eRkayeKenHedaypþln; vU plRbeyaCn_ {kmμsTi }§i EdlGacTTYl)an
R)ak;cN M lU eRcIn ebIGaCIvkmμeCaKC½y. tamkareRbobeFob \NTayksßti kñgú lMdab;mnu m©as;PaKh‘nu
b:Eu nþmansgÇwmRtwmEtTTYlkarR)ak; nigTunvinei yaKrbs;eKmkvijEtb:eu NÑaH .
x- karTTlY xsu RtvU mankrM ti ceM BaHkarcatE; cg ³ mann½yfaRkumh‘unbEgVrhaniPy½ braC½yGaCIvkmμBI
Gñkcat;EcgmYycMnnY tUcmanTuntic eTA[m©as;PaKh‘nu EdlmanTuneRcIn. m©as;PaKh‘nu ¬eRbobeFobCa
mYyGñkcat;EcgeFVkI areBjem:ag¦ KWCaGñksßti kñgú sßanPaBl¥kgúñ karTTYlykhaniPy½ edaysareKGac
bNþak;Tnu rbs;eKkñgú karvinei yaKeRcInRbePT)an. Gñkcat;EcgeFVkI areBjema:gGac {vinei yaK} TunmnusS
rbs;eK )anEtkñgú Rkumh‘nu mYykñgú eBlCamYyKña nig
K- karTTlY xsu RtvU mankrM ti rbsm; a© sP; aKhnu‘ ³ mann½yfaRkumh‘nu kMrti karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;ma© s;PaKh‘nu
RtwmEtTwkR)ak;EdleK)anvinei yaK. bBaðaenH )anTukhaniPy½ xatbg;[\NTaykRkumh‘nu EdlsμR½ Kcitþ
nigKμankarsμR½ Kcit.þ eyIgGacGHGagfa\NTaykTaMgenH ¬dUcCam©as;R)ak;km©I GñkpÁtp; gÁ ; nigCnrgeRKaH
Büsnkmμ¦ KWmanlT§PaBRbesIrCagm©as;PaKh‘nu kñgú karvaytémøBh I aniPy½ xatbg; nigkarBarxønÜ Ég.
\NTaykrbs;Rkumh‘nu GacbBaÄb;karpþlR; )ak;km©eI TARkumh‘nu b¤TamTarkarkarBartamkics© nüa b¤
TijFanara:br; gedIm,IkarBarbMNlu rbs;eKTl;ngw haniPy½ EdlfaRkumh‘nu manRTBüskmμmni RKb;RKan;
edIm,ITTU at;bNþgw TamTarrbs;eK .
3>1 rcnasm<½n§edImTunénRkumh‘un
Rkumh‘nu CaGñkkMNt;rcnasm<n½ e§ dIm,Iplþ h ; ri BaØvtßsú rM ab;Rbtibtþki arGaCIvkmμ EdlGacTTYl)anBIRbPBbIdcU xageRkam .
k- hri BabØ ,TanmlU nFi pi aÞ l; ³ mann½yfaRkumh‘nu Gacecjlk;PaKh‘nu EdlCamUlniFpi aÞ l;kgúñ Rkumh‘nu . m©as;
PaKh‘nu bg;R)ak;clU Rkumh‘nu edIm,I)anPaKh‘nu EdlPaKh‘nu nImyY ²tMNagcMENkénkmμsTi §i kñgú Rkumh‘nu
ehIypþls; Ti §i nigGMNac [m©as;PaKh‘nu TTYlcMENkkñgú R)ak;cN M lU GnaKtrbs;Rkumh‘nu . kalebITTYl
)ankmμsTi e§i hIy siTni§ mI yY ² KWCa RTBüGnaKt PaKlaP nigcMENkénRTBüskmμRkumh‘nu enAeBlCMrH
bBa¢bI kU nwgGMNaceRCIserIsGPi)al nig e)aHeqñatelIRbtibtþki arsMxan;²rbs;Rkumh‘nu . PaKh‘nu mUlniFi
pÞal;EckecjCaBIrRbePT KWPaKh‘nu samBaØ nig PaKh‘nu burmi a.
x- hri BabØ ,Tan\NeTyü ³ mann½yfaRkumh‘nu Gacx©RI )ak;BeI K. katBVkci b© N M lu Rkumh‘nu ¬PaKh‘nu bMNlu ¦
tamFmμta kMNt;kgúñ kics© nüa ehIyGacecjCUnttiyCn ¬hirBaØb,TanbMNlu BIxageRkA¦. vaxusKñaBI
mUlniFpi aÞ l;Rtg;cNM cu EdlbMNlu tRmUv[Rkumh‘nu sgR)ak;edIm nigkarR)ak;tamGRtaEdl)ankMNt;
eTA[m©as;bN M lu vij. m©as;bN M lu minGacTTYlsiTki§ mμsTi §i kñgú karcUlrYmTTYlR)ak;cN M lU b¤e)aHeqñat
)aneT elIkElgEtmanEcgkñgú kics© nüa.
32 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ
K- R)akc; N
M lU Rkmu hnu‘ ³ mann½yfaRkumh‘nu GaceRbImlU niFci N M lU énkñgú Rkumh‘nu Edl)anmkBIRbtibtþki ar
rbs;xnÜø .
karbBa©lÚ RbPBhirBaØvtßú xusKñaGaRs½yeTAtamdMNak;kalrIkceRmInrbs;Rkumh‘nu . kñgú eBlcab;epþmI shRKinEtgEt
BwgEp¥kelImlU niFpi aÞ l;¼hirBaØb,TanbMNlu épÞkgúñ . xN³EdlRkumh‘nu mankarrIkceRmIn vabegátI nUvRbvtþki ti üanuPaB
nig Rbvtþei CaKC½y EdlGacrk)anhirBaØb,TanbMNlu xageRkAkan;EteRcIn. cMeBaHRkumh‘nu Edllk;PaKh‘nu mUlniFi
pÞal; CUnsaFarNCn manRbPBmUlniFei RcInGenkTaMgkñgú visy½ ÉkCn nig saFarN³. eTaHCaya:gNakþI R)ak;cN M lU
Rkumh‘nu tMNag[RbPBFMCageKbMptu énhirBaØb,TansMrab;Rkumh‘nu mhaCn .
cMeBaHGñkeFVEI pnkarRkumh‘nu EdlerobcMrcnasm<n½ h § ri BaØvtßRú kumh‘nu sMNrY sMxan;KfW aetIRtUveRbImlU niFpi aÞ l; nigkar
bBa©lÚ mUlniFi nig hirBaØb,TanbMNlu RbePTNa. eKGaccat;Tku GñkeFIEV pnkarCacugePAEdlerobcMmbÚð eRcInmux
¬PaKh‘nu ¦ sMrab;BFi CI b;elogmYy ¬rcnasm<n½ e§ dImTun¦. kñgú karerobcMmxu mðbÚ nImyY ² cugePAmaneRKOgpSMCaeRcIn Edl
RtUveRCIserIs eBalKW siT§i GMNac karkMrti RBMEdn nigsiTb§i ru mi a EdlbegátI eLIgedayPaKh‘nu . tamFmμta eKlay
eRKOgpSMeTAtamrUbmnþeFVmI bÚð eTAtameQμaHmðbÚ nImyY ². b:Eu nþcgu ePAGac nigEtgEtbEnßm b¤ éleRKOgpSMedIm,IeFV[I mðbÚ
kñgú cannImyY ² manrsCatiBei ssrbs;va. müa:gvijeTot eKRtUvEteRCIserIsmuxmðbÚ nImyY ² edayRbugRby½tñ edIm,I
bEnßmelImxu mðbÚ mYyeTot eBalKWkarbBa©lÚ KñanUvPaKh‘nu samBaØ nig PaKh‘nu burmi a nig Gnu)atbMNlu mUlniFpi aÞ l;.
3>2 hirBaØb,TanmUlniFipÞal;
3>2>1 karbegáItPaKh‘unmUlniFipÞal;
bBaØtþikMNt;PaKh‘unmUlniFipÞal;manEcgkñúglkçnþik³Rkumh‘un. lkçnþik³erobrab;BIfñak; ¬b¤RbePT¦énPaKh‘un
mUlniFpi aÞ l;myY cMnnY Edl)anGnuBaØatsMrab;RbePTnImyY ² nigsiTb§i ru mi a karkMrti siT§i nigsiTe§i FobKñaénfñak;nmI yY ².
kalNalkçnkiþ ³ GnuBaØat[RkumRbwkSaPi)al ecjlk;PaKh‘nu mUlniFpi aÞ l; eKehAfaPaKh‘nu enaH {RtUv)anGnuBaØat} .
PaKh‘nu TaMgenaH {RtUv)anecjlk;} enAeBl)anlk;eTA[m©as;PaKh‘nu ehIyehAfa {PaKh‘nu skmμ} enAeBlm©as;
PaKh‘nu kan;kab;. PaKh‘nu RtUv)anGnuBaØat nig ecjlk;edayGnuelameTAtamlkçnkiþ ³ tamFmμta Gnuvtþtam
esckþsI eRmcsmUhPaBrbs; RkumRbwkSaPi)al KWCa {karecjlk;EdlmansuBlPaB} . PaKh‘nu Edl {)anecjlk;
b:Eu nþElgCaPaKh‘nu skmμ} enAeBlRkumh‘nu Tijykvij kñgú krNIenHeKehAfa {PaKh‘nu bMrgu } .
eRkABIvFi anmUldæanEdllkçnkiþ ³RtUvEtkMNt;fañ k;PaKh‘nu mYy b¤eRcIn EdlGMNace)aHeqñatrYmKña nigsiTe§i lI karCMrHbBa¢I
lkçnkiþ ³TMenIbEcgBIsTi n§i gi GMNacénPaKh‘nu mUlniFi pÞal;eRcIn b¤tci eTAtamkarsMercrbs;Gkñ eFVEI pnkar .
3>2>2 FatupSMmUldæanénPaKh‘unmUlniFipÞal;
PaKh‘nu mUlniFpi aÞ l;manrUbmnþxsu ²Kña b:Eu nþFatupSMTaMgenaHRtUv)ankMNt;Casþgd; ar dUcxageRkamenH ³
k- PaKlaP KWCakarbg;R)ak;edayRkumh‘nu eTA[m©as;PaKh‘nu mUlniFpi aÞ l; RsbtamsmamaRténR)ak;
cMeNj. karTUTat;PaKlaPGaceFVeI LIgeRcInEbb rYmmanCa sac;R)ak; RTBüsm,tþi PaKh‘nu samBaØ
PaKh‘nu burmi a bMNlu rab;TaMgsiTp§i kw RsavIskIÁ gúñ eBlmankarhamXat;. tamc,ab;Rkumh‘nu GaemrikaMg
karRbkasEbgEckPaKlaP KWCaqnÞanusTi r§i bs;RkumRbwkSaPi)aledayRtUveKarBtamkMrti RBMEdnEdl
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 33

Ep¥ktamlT§PaBTUTat;hri BaØvtßrú bs;Rkumh‘nu .

x- sTi r§i lM ayRkmu hnu‘ ¬CYnkalehAfa siTC§i rM HbBa¢¦I KWCasiTT§i TYlkarEbgEckCasac;R)ak; b¤Cavtßú BIRkumh‘nu
eTA[m©as;PaKh‘unmUlniFpi aÞ l; Ep¥ktamsmamaRténRTBüskmμkúñgeBlrMlayRkumh‘un. lkçnkiþ ³
Rkumh‘nu GacbBa¢ak; cMnnY R)ak;EdlRtUvbg;enAeBlCMrHbBa¢I nig GaTiPaBénkarTUTat;dcU Ca {PaKh‘nu cas;}
RtUvTTYlkarTUTat;mnu {PaKh‘nu fμ}I .
K- sTi e§i )aHeqañ t pþlG; N M ac[m©as;PaKh‘nu e)aHeqñatkñgú bBaðaCaeRcIn rab;TaMgkareRCIserIsGPi)al nigkar
Gnumt½ Rbtibtþki arBiessrbs;Rkumh‘nu EdlesñeI LIgedayRkumRbwkSaPi)al dUcCaviesaFnkmμlkçnkiþ ³
karbegátI fñak;PaKh‘nu fμI karbBa©lÚ Rkumh‘nu nigkarlk;RTBüskmμTaMgGs;rbs;Rkumh‘nu . tamFmμta siT§i
e)aHeqñatsmamaRteTAnwgcMnnY PaKh‘nu b:Eu nþCnY kalKμansmamaRt b¤manlkçxNÐpgEdr. CYnkalPaKh‘nu
mansiTe§i )aHeqñatRtwmEtbBaðamYycMnnY dUcCakare)aHeqñatsMercykGPi)al2rUb kñgú cMeNamGPi)al 5rUb.
X- sTi b§i rÚþ fañ k; m©as;PaKh‘nu mansiTb§i rÚþ PaKh‘nu rbs;eKBIRbePTmYyeTARbePTepSg kñgú Rkumh‘nu . eKGackMrti
siTE§i dlpþle; dayRkumh‘nu enH edIm,I[GaceRbI)anEtcMeBaHRBwtkiþ arN_myY cMnnY nigkñgú kMLgú eBlBiess.
Ca]TahrN_ siTb§i rÚþ fñak; CYnkalGaceRbI)anEtkñgú kMLgú eBlxøeI Rkayecjlk;PaKh‘nu b¤RbsinebIRkumh‘nu
minEbgEckPaKlaP kñgú cMnnY RtImas¼ qñaEM dl)ankMNt;.
g- sTi e§i laHykvji m©as;PaKh‘nu mansiTb§i gç[M m©as;PaKh‘nu ÉeTot ¬b¤Rkumh‘nu ¦ TijPaKh‘nu BIxnÜø vij.
eTaHbICasiTe§i nHpþle; daym©as;PaKh‘nu déT b¤Rkumh‘nu kþI k¾RtUvkMNt;faGaceRbI)antamqnÞanusTi r§i bs;
m©as;sTi e§i nH b¤Etkñgú RBwtkiþ arN_ nigkMLgú eBlBiessb:eu NÑaH. eKGackMNt;témøelaHvijkñgú lkçnkiþ ³
b¤kNM t;edayRkumRbwkSaPi)al ebIKaμ nEcgkñgú lkçnkiþ ³.
c- sTi b§i ru mi a siTe§i nH GnuBaØat[m©as;PaKh‘nu )ankmμsTi e§i lIPaKh‘nu kalNaRkumh‘nu ecjlk;PaKh‘nu fμI dUecñH
PaKh‘nu bEnßmminrMlaysmamaRtplRbeyaCn_ma© s;PaKh‘nu ¬e)aHeqñat nigkmμsTi ¦§i elIPaKh‘nu kñgú Rkumh‘nu
Edl)anecjlk;rcY nigPaKh‘nu skmμeT. ]TahrN_ m©as;PaKh‘nu kan;kab;PaKh‘nu samBaØ 300 kñgú cMeNam
PaKh‘nu 1000 ehIyRkumh‘nu )anesñeI cjPaKh‘nu samBaØ 200 siTb§i ru mi a GaceFVmI a© s;PaKh‘nu TTYl)an
PaKh‘nu 60eTot tamtémøEdlecjlk; dUecñHvarkSa[m©as;PaKh‘nu enAEtman 30° dEdl.
kalNaeKcat;Tku CaTidPæ aBbgábe; nAkñgú kmμsTi P§i aKh‘nu bc©bú ,nñenHCaTUeTAbBaðasiTb§i ru mi aCasiTE§i cgkñgú c,ab;. enAkñgú
RbeTsxøH siTe§i nHekIteLIgedaysVy½ Rbvtiþ RbsinebIlkçnkiþ ³ min)anEcgc,as;epSgeTot ¬{bBaØtdiþ ksiTb§i ru mi a}¦eT.
enAkñgú RbeTsepSgeTot siTe§i nH minekIteLIgedaysVy½ Rbvtieþ T elIkElgEtlkçnkiþ ³)anEcgc,as; ¬{bBaØtsiþ Ti §i
burmi a}¦. siTb§i ru mi a eFV[I karecjlk;PaKh‘nu fμmI anPaBsμKú sμaj CaBiesskñgú krNIEdlPaKh‘nu rbs;Rkumh‘nu
kan;kab;edaysaFarNCn.
eTaHbICakñgú eBlEdlmansiTb§i ru mi akþI k¾sTi ei§ nHmineRbI)anRKb;saß nPaBEdr. mankarelIkElgTUeTAmYycMnnY dUcCa
enAeBlecjlk;PaKh‘nu Catémøtbsñg esvakmμcat;Ecg b¤CafñrÚ nwgRTBüEdlminEmnsac;R)ak;.
GacmanFatupSMdéTeTotEdr dUcCasiTT§i TYlB½tm’ an karkMrti elIkarepÞr nigsiTE§i tgtaMgGPi)alkñgú RkumRbwkSaPi)al .
34 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ
3>2>3 RbePTepSg²énPaKh‘unmUlniFipÞal;³ PaKh‘unsamBaØ nig PaKh‘unburima
eKbBa©lÚ FatupSMPaKh‘nu mUlniFpi aÞ l; tamrebobeRcInya:g . eyIgmanrUbmnþxsu ²Kña BImbÚð canFmμta {PaKh‘nu samBaØ}
eTArUbmnþmbÚð TMenIb {PaKh‘nu burmi aKμansemøgeqñat KμankarcUlrYmbgÁrbþrÚ fñak;)an GacelaHvij)an}. PaKh‘nu nImyY ²
manrUbmnþkN M t;kgúñ lkçnkiþ ³Rkumh‘nu EdlehAfafñak;PaKh‘nu . PaKh‘nu kñgú fñak;dcU Kña mansiT§i nigGMNacdUcKña
elIkElgEtfñak;enaHRtUvEbgEckCaGnufañ k;Edlehafaes‘r.I es‘rnI mI yY ²manGtþsBaØaNdac;BKI añ ehIy siTk§i rM ti RBMEdn
nig siTb§i ru mi aénPaKh‘nu nImyY ² xusKñaBIfañ k;enH Etkñgú kMrti EdlmanEcg.
Cajwkjab;lkçnkiþ ³Rkumh‘nu ebIkcMh[RkumRbwkSaPi)alkMNt;nvU siTn§i gi GMNacénes‘rI ¬b¤fañ k;PaKh‘nu ¦ edayKμankar
seRmcBIma© s;PaKh‘nu . RkumRbwkSaPi)alRtUvseRmceTAtamGMNacEdllkçnkiþ ³TuksiT[§i . cMNcu enHpþll; T§PaB[
Rkumh‘nu Gaclk;PaKh‘nu CaBiess PaKh‘nu burmi atamtémøTpI SaredaymincaM)ac;qgø kat;ntI vi Fi EI kERblkçnkiþ ³Evgq¶ayeLIy.
PaKh‘nu mUlniFpi aÞ l;EdleKTTYlsÁal;TeU TA manBIrRbePTKWPaKh‘nu samBaØ nig PaKh‘nu burmi a.
1/ PaKhnu‘ samBaØ tMNag[plRbeyaCn_kmμsTi ci§ gu eRkayrbs;Rkumhun‘ mann½yfa GV²I EdlenAesssl;BI
karTUTat;bNþgw TamTarrbs;\NTayk m©as;bN M lu nig m©as;PaKh‘nu burmi aRKb;cnM nY . m©as;PaKh‘nu
samBaØ TTYl)anEtzan³CaGñkrg;caMTTYlcMENkkñgú lMdab;cgu eRkayb:eu NÑaH. PaKlaPénPaKh‘nu samBaØ
KμankicF© anaGVeI T ebIRkumRbwkSaPi)alminRbkasEbgEckkñgú qñaN M amYyeT KμansiTb§i gÁrkñgú karTTYlenA
eBleRkayeT. ebIRkumh‘nu RtUv)anrMlay m©as;PaKh‘nu samBaØmansiT§i elIkarCMrHbBa¢cI eM BaHEtRTBüskmμ
CMrHbBa¢I EdlenAsl;bnÞab;BsI g{bMNlu cas;} rbs;\NTaykm©as;bN M lu nig m©as;PaKh‘nu burmi a
RKb;cnM nY ehIy. m©as;PaKh‘nu samBaØRtUv)anbegátI eLIg sMrab;saß nPaBfμI {mineTog} rbs;eK tamry³
siTe§i )aHeqñat nig siTT§i TYlR)ak;PaKlaP nig siTC§i rM HbBa¢I EdlGacmantémøxs< ; enAeBlEdlGaCIvkmμ
eCaKC½y.
c,ab;RbeTsxøHdak;krM ti elIsTi b§i rÚþ fñak;ngi siTe§i laHvijénPaKh‘nu samBaØ. RTwsEIþ dlKaMRTc,ab;enHKW m©as;PaKh‘nu Fmμta
EdlTMngCaGacTTYlB½tm’ anépÞkgúñ nigynþkarRkumh‘nu tamry³kare)aHeqñat minKYrpþll; T§PaB[temøgI fñak;BcI gu eRkay
ehIyeCosBIzan³Kμan siTb§i ru mi a tamry³karbþrÚ fñak; {eLIgx<sC; ag}PaKh‘nu cas; b¤ bgç[M Rkumh‘nu TijPaKh‘nu vijeLIy.
eKGacecjlk;PaKh‘nu samBaØeRcInfñak;. fñak;xHø GacmansiTT§i TYlPaKlaP Biess dUcCasiTT§i TYlPaKlaPBIrdg én
PaKlaP EfmelIcEM NkEdlTTYlBIfañ k;PaKh‘nu mUldæan. PaKh‘nu FmμtaEdlKμansemøgeqñat RtUvbegátI eLIgkñgú bMNg
TTYlcMENkBIR)ak;ceM Nj edayKμanb:HBal;dl;GN M ace)aHeqñatkñgú PaKh‘nu FmμtaeLIy .
eKGacecjlk;PaKh‘nu samBaØeTA[GñkenAxagkúgñ ¬tamFmμtakñgú RkumEdlmanGñkkan;kab;Cti sñTi ¦i§ Gñkvinei yaK
ÉkCnenAxageRkAmYycMnnY tUc ¬Cajwkjab; enAeBlbegátI Rkumh‘nu dMbgU ¦ b¤ eTA[Gñkvinei yaKeRcIn xageRkAEdleFVI
CMnjY PaKh‘nu rbs;eKkñgú TIpSar CYjdUrsaFarN³.
2- PaKhnu‘ bru mi a KWCakUnkat;rvagbMNlu nig PaKh‘nu Fmμta. PaKh‘nu enHTTYlPaKlaPtamcMnnY kMNt; nig
siTB§i kI arCMrHbBa¢tI amkarkMNt;Edr. vamanGaTiPaB Cag nigCa{lMdab;xs< }; CagPaKh‘nu samBaØceM BaHsiT§i
elIPaKlaPnigsiTe§i lI karCMrHbBa¢I b:Eu nþenAbnÞab;BI nigkñgú {lMdab;Tab} CagkarTamTarrbs;ma© s;bN M lu
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 35

nig\NTayk. esckþsI eM rcEbgEckPaKlaPeTA[PaKh‘nu burmi a CaqnÞanusTi r§i bs;RkumRbwkSaPi)al

ehIykarsMercminEbgEckBuEM mnCaGMeBIkh M su eT.
eKEtgEtEcgBIPaKlaPburmi aenAelIbN ½ PÑ aKh‘nu dUcCa {burmi a 10dulaø r} mann½yfa PaKh‘nu 1 mansiTT§i TYl 10
dulaø rkñgú 1qñaM munkarTUTat;PaKlaPeTA[PaKh‘nu samBaØ }burmi a 15°} mann½yfa 15°éntémøcarwkelIbN ½ éÑ n
PaKh‘nu burmi a ¬dUcerobrab;xageRkam¦ b¤témøEdl)ankMNt;RtUvEtbg;mnu eK. burmi aCMrHbBa¢I tamFmμtakMNt;tamtémø
PaKh‘nu ¬CaTUeTAesμnI gw témøcarwkelIbN ½ Ñ b¤ témøkN M t;EtCYnkalrab;bBa©lÚ nUvbuBlV aPCMrHbBa¢pI g¦ EdlRtUvEtbg;
enAeBlrMlay munnwgTUTat;R)ak;eTA[PaKh‘nu samBaØ .
tamFmμta PaKlaPPaKh‘nu burmi a sßti kñgú GMNacsMercrbs;RkumRbwkSaPi)aldUcKñanwgPaKh‘nu FmμtaEdr b:Eu nþkrNIxHø
eKEcgCabBaØteþi nAkñgú lkçnkiþ ³ edIm,IkN M t;karbg;PaKlaP CakatBVkci .© eTaHbICakarEbgEckPaKlaPBuEM mnCa
katBVkci k© e¾ day k¾ma© s;PaKh‘nu burmi a Gacman {siTr§i kM li eTAmux} kñgú karTTTYlPaKlaP ebIRkumRbwkSaPi)alBM)u an
RbkasEbgEckkñgú qñaN M amYyeT. bBaðaenHvaGaRs½yelIPaKh‘nu burmi aenHmansiTb§i gÁr KμansiTb§i gÁr b¤bgÁr mYyEpñk.
ebIPaKh‘nu burmi a {mansiTb§i gÁr} ehIyRkumRbwkSaPi)alBM)u anRbkasEckPaKlaP 1qñaM Rkumh‘nu mankatBVkci b© nþ
nigbgÁr kñgú karTUTat; PaKlaPEdlenACMBak;mnu nwg EbgEck PaKlaPNamYynaeBlGnaKt. ]TarhN_ ebIPaKlaP
minRtUv)anbg;[ {burmi abgÁr 10 dulaø r} kñgú qñaTM 1I nigTI2 eKminGacEbgEckPaKlaP ¬sMrab;PaKh‘nu burmi a nig
Fmμta¦ kñgú qñaTM 3I b¤ qñaN
M amYyeRkaymkeT elIkElgEtRkumh‘nu )anbg;R)ak;bgÁr 20dulaø r eTA[m©as;PaKh‘nu burmi a
Camun. ebIPaKh‘nu burmi a {KμansiTb§i gÁr}eT Rkumh‘nu mankatBVkci r© kM li cMeBaHPaKlaPEdlCMBak; PaKlaPKμansiTb§i gÁr
RtUv)at;bg;kgúñ qñaEM dlKμan karRbkasEck PaKlaP. PaKh‘nu {burmi abgÁrmYyEpñk} enAcenøaH RbePTTaMgBIrenH
kñgú RbePTenH PaKlaP EdlCMBak;bgÁrEtkñgú krNIEdlmanR)ak;ceM Njkñgú qñaEM dl)anknøgputeTA .
eRkABIkarbegátI PaKlaPburmi a lkçnkiþ ³ b¤xbBaØtbiþ egátI PaKh‘nu burmi a GacEcgbegátI siTr§i mY cMENk eBalKWsTi P§i aKh‘nu
burmi akñgú karrYmcMENkCamYyPaKh‘nu Fmμta cMeBaH PaKlaPNamYyEdlRbkasEbgEcksMrab; PaKh‘nu Fmμta .
eTaHbICaPaKh‘nu burmi aBMmu ansiTe§i )aHeqñatkþI k¾eKGacpþls; Ti e§i nHkñgú c,ab; b¤lkçnkiþ ³)anEdr. c,ab;RbeTs EtgEtpþl;
siT[§i PaKh‘nu burmi aGace)aHeqñatkñgú Rbtibtþki arsMxan;² dUcCa karbBa©lÚ Rkumh‘nu b¤ viesaFnkmμlkçnkiþ ³EdllubbM)at;
b¤rlM ay {]tþmPaBPaKh‘nu }. müa:gvijeTotCa]TahrN_ xbBaØtbþi egátI PaKh‘nu burmi aEtgEtEcgfaPaKh‘nu burmi a
RtUvmansemøgeqñat ebIRkumh‘nu BM)u anEckPaKlaPkúgñ ry³eBl 2qñabM nþbnÞab;Kañ .
PaKh‘nu burmi aGacmansiTb§i rÚþ fñak; EdlGnuBaØat[m©as;PaKh‘nu burmi amanCMerIsbþrÚ fñak;PaKh‘nu burmi arbs;eKeTAfñak;
epSgeTot dUcCaPaKh‘nu samBaØCaedIm.
tamBit m©as;PaKh‘nu burmi a GacdUrsiTP§i aKlaP Edl)ankMNt;CamYysiTe§i )aHeqñat nig siTe§i lIRTBüesssl;)an Edl
GaceFV[I kan;Etmantémøkgúñ krNI EdlGaCIvkmμ mancMeNjeRcIn. eRkABIkarkMNt;Gnu)at ¬GRta¦ EdlRtUvdUrenaH
xbBaØtbþi egátI PaKh‘nu burmi a EtgEtEcgBIbBaØth þi amkarrMlaycMeBaHkardUrfñak; Edl)anekIteLIgelIcnM nY PaKh‘nu
samBaØskmμ cab;taMgBIeBlecjlk;PaKh‘nu burmi a.
tamCMerIsrbs;RkumRbwkSaPi)al b¤ma© s;PaKh‘nu eKGacGnuBaØat[PaKh‘nu burmi a mansiTe§i laHvij)an. Rkumh‘nu EtgEt
rkSasiTe§i laHvij ¬{Tijykvij}¦ enAeBlEdlGñkeFVI Epnkaryl;eXIjfaPaKlaP énPaKh‘nu burmi aenH Gacnwgman
36 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ
témøxs< C; aghirBaØb,Tan epSgeTot. kalNam©as;PaKh‘nu burmi a CaGñkmansiTe§i laHvij ¬{lk;ykluyvij}¦
Rkumh‘nu EtgEtFanakatBVkci T© ji edaykMNt;mlU niFbi rM gu RtwmkMrti mYy EdlRkumh‘nu kat;ecjBIR)ak;ceM NjsMrab; kar
elaHykvij. eKminGaceRbImlU niFbi rM gu edIm,ITTU at;PaKlaP b¤ karEbgEckeLIy.
3>3> eKalbMNgénnItiviFIcuHbBa¢I
karcuHbBa¢bI eM rIeKalbMNgTaMgLaydUcxageRkamenH ³
k- munnwgcab;epþmI GaCIvkmμeKRtUvBinti üemIlfa etIRkumh‘nu mansmtßPaBhirBaØvtßú man»kassmRsbkñgú kar
seRmceCaKC½y nigmankarRKb;RKgeTAtameKalbMNgc,ab;Edr b¤eT.
x- begátI ÉksarsaFarN³rbs;Rkumh‘nu sRmab;[buKlÁ Bak;Bn½ B§ ni ti üemIl munnwgeFVGI aCIvkmμCamYy b¤
bNþak;Tnu kñgú Rkumh‘nu enH.
K- karBarTl;ngw karRKb;EkøgbnøM nigkarekjRbvBa©hri BaØvtßú nig
X- pþll; T§PaBBinti üemIlCabnþelIRkumh‘nu tamynþkarpSarPaKh‘nu nig kartamdanTaMgRsugBIGaCJaFrTTYl
bnÞkú PaKh‘nu nigpSarPaKh‘nu .
tamFmμtaeKtRmUv[Rkumh‘nu Edl)ancuHbBa¢rI cY eFVcI rnþkareTogTat;nvU B½tm’ an EdlcaM)ac;kgúñ karcuHbBa¢I .
3>4 RbePTRkumh‘unEdlRtUvcuHbBa¢I
3>4>1 Rkumh‘unmhaCn
mUlehtuEdleKehAfaRkumh‘nu mhaCn KWedaysareKGacepÞrPaKh‘nu )anedayesrI kñgú cMeNamsaFarNCn.
ebIRkumh‘nu {)ancuHbBa¢}I kñgú pSarPaKh‘nu eKGacCYjdUrPaKh‘nu kñgú pSarenaH)an. rdæaPi)alkm<Cú amanEpnkarbegátI
pSarh‘nu kñgú ry³eBl 4 eTA 5qñaM xagmuxenH. TIpSarenHpþll; T§PaB[Rkumh‘nu begánI edImTun)angayRsYl . Rkumh‘nu
TaMgGs; RtUvEtdak;BaküsMeu TAGaCJaFrTTYlbnÞkú PaKhun‘ nig pSarPaKhun‘ muneBlcuHbBa¢.I tamkarGnuvtþn_ man
EtRkumh‘nu FM²eTEdlmansiTs§i cuM Hu bBa¢.I m©as;PaKh‘nu PaKeRcInénRkumh‘nu mhaCn nwgrYmcMENkR)ak;edayKμan
cUlrYmkñgú karRKb;RKg.
edIm,IcHu bBa¢CI aRkumh‘nu mhaCn Rkumh‘nu RtUvbMeBjlkçN³vinci y½ä 4 dUcxageRkamenH³
k- lkçnkiþ ³Rkumh‘nu RtUvEtEcgc,as;faCaRkumh‘nu mhaCn
x- namkrN_RtUvbBa¢ak;BTI Rmg;CaRkumh‘nu mhaCn edaydak;Bakü {mhaCn} enAxageRkaynamkrN_
K- edImTuncuHbBa¢rI bs;Rkumh‘nu minRtUvticCagcMnnY Gb,brimaEdlc,ab;kN M t; nig
X- RtUvEtmankarTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti .
3>4>2 Rkumh‘unÉkCn
Rkumh‘nu cuHbBa¢EI dlBubM eM BjtamlkçNvinci y½ä TaMg4 dUcmanEcgxagelI KWCaRkumh‘nu ÉkCn. tamFmμta Rkumh‘nu
RbePTenH begátI eLIgedayÉkkmμsTi k§i r b¤Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi E§i dlcg;)anGtßRbeyaCn_ ¬dUcCakarTTYlxusRtUvman
kMrti ¦ EdlekIteLIgBIkarbegátI CaRkumh‘nu . cab;taMgBIkarGnuvtþnb_ BaØtsiþ BIþ RI kumh‘nu ÉkCnTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti qñaM
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 37

1992 eKGacbegátI Rkumh‘nu ÉkCn edaymansmaCikEtmñak;)an b:Eu nþEtgtaMgelxaFikarRkumh‘nu pgEdr.

karkan;kab;PaKh‘nu kñgú Rkumh‘nu ÉkCn tamFmμtavakMrti eTAtamGñkcUlrYmkñgú GaCIvkmμ ¬CYnkalsmaCikRKYsar¦.
ebImni TaMgGs;eT manm©as;PaKh‘nu PaKeRcIncUlrYmkñgú karcat;EcgGaCIvkmμ. karepÞrPaKh‘nu nwgRtUvRKb;RKgeday
viFanRkumh‘nu . ebIsmaCikNamñak;cakecj smaCikenaHGacRtUvlk;PaKh‘nu rbs;xnÜø eTA[smaCikkñgú Rkumh‘nu b¤RtUv
mankarGnuBaØatBIRkumh‘nu munnwgepÞrPaKh‘nu eTA[ttiyCn.
Rkumh‘nu ÉkCnGacsMcu Hu bBa¢CI aRkumh‘nu mhaCn)an RbsinebIRkumh‘nu manlT§PaBbMeBjtamlkçNvinci y½ä sMxan;² .
3>4>3 Rkumh‘unhUlDig nigbuRtsm<½n§
enABak;kNþalstvtSTI 20 dMeNIrkarrYmKñaénRkumh‘nu mhaCnmankarekIneLIgCaTUeTA. Rkumh‘nu hUlDigmYy
RtYtRtaelIRkumh‘nu ¬buRtsm<n½ ¦§ epSgeTot. TMnak;TnM genH ekIteLIgkalNaRkumh‘nu hUlDig mansmtßPaBRtYtRta
elIsTi e§i )aHeqñatPaKeRcIn enAkñgú buRtsm<n½ .§ Rkumh‘nu hUlDigk¾mankatBVkci b© kRsayKNnIbBa©lÚ Kña nig KNnIpaÞ l;
rbs;xnÜø Edr.
3þ >5 plvi)akénkarbegáItRkumh‘un
eKcat;Tku fa Rkumh‘nu RtUv)anbegátI enAeBlcuHbBa¢rI cY . karcuHbBa¢eI nH manGanuPaBelIhri BaØvtßú nigkarTTYlxusTUeTA
rbs;Rkumh‘nu GPi)alRkumh‘nu m©as;PaKh‘nu nigGñkxageRkA EdleFVGI aCIvkmμCamYyRkumh‘nu b¤TTYlGnuPaBBIcN M at;
rbs;Rkumh‘nu .
3>5>1 m©as;PaKh‘unGacmankarTTYlxusRtUvmankMrit cMeBaHbMNulRkumh‘un
Rkumh‘nu mankarTTYlxusRtUvKμankMrti cMeBaH\NTayk b:Eu nþkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;ma© s;PaKh‘nu GacmankMrti .
c,ab;Rkumh‘nu BMGu nuBaØateGaym©as;PaKh‘nu rYcBIkarTTYlxusRtUvKμankMrti TaMgRsugeT edaysarbBaðaenHnwgCMrju [man
skmμPaBKμankarTTYlxusRtUv. karTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti rbs;ma© s;PaKh‘nu cMeBaHRkumh‘nu enAeBlcuHbBa¢RI kumh‘nu
GacmankMrti RtwmtémøedImTun EdleK)anvinei yaK. karkMrti karTTYlxusRtUv cat;Tku CaplRbeyaCn_saFarN³
edaysarvaCMrju dl;karvinei yaKenAkñgú Rkumh‘nu dUecñHvaCMrju [mankarBRgIkesdækci © .
karTTYlxusRtUvGacmankMrti eTAtamPaKh‘nu b¤kci F© ana. Rkumh‘nu PaKeRcInRbmUledImTuntamviFeI nH. ebIRkumh‘nu BMu
GacmanlT§PaBTUTat;bN M lu )ancMnnY R)ak;Gtibri ma EdleKGacsM[u m©as;PaKh‘nu bg; KWTkw R)ak;EdleKenACMBak;éfø
PaKh‘nu RbsinebIman. karxatbg;rbs;eK KWkrM ti RtwmEttémøPaKh‘nu kalNaeK)ancUlCasmaCikRkumh‘nu .
3>5>2 Rkumh‘unGacmankarTTYlxusRtUvtampøÚvc,ab;
k- bTelμsI RBhμTNÐ. eRkABIkarelIkElgTaMgenH eKGacecaTRbkan;Rkumh‘nu BIbTRBhμTNÐ Edl)anRbRBwtþ
kñgú eBlGnuvtþskmμPaBRkumh‘nu . ]TahrN_ EtgEtmankarecaTRbkan;RbqaMgnwgkarRbIesckþGI Fib,ay
EkøgBIBaNiCk¢ mμ karbMBanc,ab;sBIþ sI xu PaBnigsuvtßPi aB nig c,ab;Tb;saá t;karbMBlu brisaß n .
38 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

x- bTBüsnkmμ. Rkumh‘nu mankarTTYlxusRtUvmineTogTat;ceM BaHbTelμsI Büsnkmμrbs;nei yaCit nig

Pñak;garEdlbgáreLIgkñgú GaNtikþ ci s© nüarbs;eK. kalNa c,ab;bgÁab;[mankatBVkci E© dlBMGu acepÞr)an
¬]> edIm,Isvu tßPi aBnieyaCit¦ mkelIRkumh‘nu Rkumh‘nu enAEtmankarTTYlxusRtUvpÞal;eTaHbICakarGnþray
bgáredayttiyCnk¾eday .
K- karbMBankics© nüa. CaTUeTARkumh‘nu mankarTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkics© nüadUcKñanwgrUbvnþbKu lÁ Edr.
3>5>3 kmμsiTi§ nig karcat;Ecg
Rkumh‘nu CakmμsTi r§i bs;ma© s;PaKh‘nu nigcat;EcgedayGPi)al. enAkñgú Rkumh‘nu tUc m©as;PaKh‘nu nig Gñkcat;Ecg GacCa
mnusSdEdl b:Eu nþCaTUeTAm©as;PaKh‘nu BumM ansiTb§i gÁab;bBa¢aelIvFi cI at;EcgRkumh‘nu RbcaMéf¶eT ehIyGacKμansiTei§ )aHeqñat
kñgú kicR© bCMNu amYyrbs;Rkumh‘nu pg edaysareKGackMrti siTm§i a© s;PaKh‘nu kñgú fñak;xHø enAkñgú bTbBa¢aépÞkgúñ Rkumh‘nu .
3>5>4 GtßiPaBRkumh‘un
kalNacuHbBa¢rI YcehIy Rkumh‘unbnþGtßPi aBrhUtTal;EtmannItvi Fi CI MrHbBa¢eI dIm,IbBa©bC; vI ti Rkumh‘un.
{karCMrHbBa¢}I mann½yfaCakarRbmUlpþnMú vU edImTunnigRTBüskmμrbs;Rkumh‘nu . bnÞab;mkEbgEckRTBü
TaMgenHeTA[m©as;bN M lu nig m©as;PaKh‘nu GnuelameTAtamviFanGaTiPaBhμgw ma:tm; yY . m©as;PaKh‘nu
Gac nig EtgEtxatbg;Tnu vinei yaK ebImni TaMgGs;eT k¾xatPaKeRcInEdrkñgú krNICrM HbBa¢RI kumh‘nu .
3>6 RbeyaCn_énkarbegáItCaRkumh‘uncuHbBa¢I
kareFV[I GaCIvkmμkaø yeTACaRkumh‘nu cuHbBa¢I GacCadMeNIrkarl¥ sMrab;kmμsTi k§i r TaMgGs;.
3>6>1 karTTYlxusRtUvmankMriténGñkvinieyaK
vinei yaKinkñgú Rkumh‘nu TTYlxusRtUvmankMrti GackMrti RBMEdnTTYlxusRtUvrbs;xnÜø kñgú Rkumh‘nu )an. eKminGacbþgw CMrH
bBa¢vI ni ei yaKin edIm,IykR)ak;eTATUTat;bN M lu Rkumh‘nu eLIy.
3>6>2 lT§PaBepÞrPaKh‘un
kalNam©as;PaKh‘nu Qb;enAkñgú Rkumh‘nu kardkxønÜ ecjenHKμanplvi)akGVeI lIGaCIvkmμeLIy b:Eu nþvaGaceFVRI kumh‘nu
rMlay ebIvaCaRkumh‘nu shkmμsTi .§i PaKh‘nu kñgú Rkumh‘nu GacRtUv)anepÞrtamkarlk; b¤tamviFeI pSgeTA[m©as;
PaKh‘nu fμ.I enAkñgú Rkumh‘nu mhaCn siTe§i pÞrenHKμankarhamR)amGVeI T ehIykarlk;PaKh‘nu GaceFVeI LIgkñgú pSar
PaKh‘nu . viFanRkumh‘nu TTYlxusRtUvmankMrti GackMrti RBMEdnmYycMnnY edIm,IkarBarTMnak;TnM gpÞal;xnÜø CitsñTi i§ énm©as;
PaKh‘nu mYycMnnY tUc EdlcUlrYmskmμkgúñ karcat;EcgGaCIvkmμ.
3>6>3 Bn§dar
karbBa©lÚ nig karbMEbkplRbeyaCn_hri BaØvtßCú abnþbnÞab;ecjBIplRbeyaCn_hri BaØvtßpú aÞ l;xnÜø rbs;ma© s;PaKh‘nu
Gacbgðajc,as;famanplRbeyaCn_ceM BaHbBaðaBn§dar.
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 39

3>6>4 siTi§kmμsiTi§dac;edayELk
RTBüskmμénGaCIvkmμKCW aRTBüsm,tipþ aÞ l;rbs;Rkumh‘nu . eKalkarN_enHmanKuNRbeyaCn_epSg²mYycMnnY .
]TahrN_ m©as;PaKh‘nu EdldkxønÜ ecjminGacrMxanGaCIvkmμ edaykarTamTarykRTBüskmμNamYyCarbs;xnÜø
)aneT. m©as;PaKh‘nu enHmansiTT§i amTarEtplRbeyaCn_hri BaØvtßtú amtémøbc©bú ,nñbeu: NÑaH. dUcKñaenHEdr ebIRkumh‘nu
RtUvCMrHbBa¢I m©as;PaKh‘nu minGacRtUv)anbþgw CMrHbBa¢I kalNaRkumh‘nu KμanRTBüskmμesssl;srM ab;TTU at;bN M lu
TaMgRsugeLIy. eKnwgxatbg;EtGVI EdlCaplRbeyaCn_hri BaØvtßeú nAkñgú Rkumh‘nu Etb:eu NÑaH.
3>6>5 karRbmUledImTun
GaCIvkmμEdlmin)anbegátI CaRkumh‘nu mankMrti xøagM cMeBaHkarTTYledImTunfμ.I eKmanCMerIsEtBIrb:eu NÑaH KWkarbegánI cMnnY
m©as;PaKh‘nu b¤TTYlR)ak;km©BI FI naKar. karbBa©lÚ m©as;PaKh‘nu fμeI dIm,IbegánI edImTun GacnaM[mankarEbgEckR)ak;
cMeNjkan;EtTUlTM lU ay b¤kG¾ ackan;EttictYcpgEdr. R)ak;km©BI FI naKarGacmankarR)ak;xs< ; ehIytamFmμta
Bi)aknwgTTYl)an ebImni mandak;RTBüÉkCnrbs;ma© s;PaKh‘nu CaRTBüFanatamGIbu EU: tk. Rkumh‘nu mhaCn Gacx©RI )ak;
EdlFanaedaypþls; Ti X §i at;Tku elIRTBüskmμRkumh‘nu nig¼b¤ RbkasCasaFarN³edIm,ITak;TajR)ak;km©I tamkarecj
lk;bN ½ bÑ N
M lu .
RbEhlmanEtRkumh‘nu EdlmanRTBüskmμeRcInRKb;RKan;edIm,IFanaR)ak;km©bI eu: NÑaH EdlGacTTYl)anGtßRbeyaCn_
xagelIenH)an. tamFmμta eKtRmUv[m©as;PaKh‘nu kñgú Rkumh‘nu ÉkCntUc² dak;RTBüsm,tipþ aÞ l;xnÜø tamkics© nüa
GubI EU: tk edIm,IFanabMNlu enH .
3>6>6 nirnþrPaBénRkumh‘un
kalNacuHbBa¢rI cY ehIy Rkumh‘nu bnþGtßPi aBrbs;xnÜø edayminTak;Tni nwgkarEkERbsmaCikPaBGVeI T. manEtdMeNIrkar
CMrHbBa¢mI yY Kt; EdlGacbBa©bG; tßPi aBRkumh‘nu )an.
IV. kareRCIserIsTRmg;Rkumh‘unshkmμsiTi§ nig Rkumh‘unmUlFn
ebI sM nig vFu cg;rmY cMENkkñgú karRKb;RKg nig EbgEckR)ak;ceM Njkñgú haglk;paá mYy eKTMngCaRtUveRCIserIsrvag
TRmg;Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi §i Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi m§i ankMrti b¤ Rkumh‘nu mUlFn. eTaHbICaGñkeFVEI pnkarRkumh‘nu Gac
sRmbsRmYlTRmg;nmI yY ²eTAtamesckþRI tUvkark¾eday k¾eKminGaceCosvagcritlkçN³xøH dUcCakarbegátI Rkumh‘nu
karTTYlxusRtUv nigBn§dar)anEdr. cMNcu epSgeTot tRmUv[GñkeFVEI pnkar kMNt;ry³eBlénkarRKb;RKg nig kar
epÞrsiTk§i mμsTi .§i
4>1 vi s alKm ³ karbegá I t ni g GaNtþ i
k- Rkmu hnu‘ shkmsμ Ti T§i eU TA RtUv)anbegátI eLIgedaybuKlÁ BIrb¤eRcInenAeBlNak¾)an edIm,IrmY KñaeFVGI aCIvkmμ
CashkmμsTi k§i r edayrYmcMENkkñgú karcat;Ecg nig EbgEckR)ak;ceM Nj. mincaM)ac;manÉksarpøvÚ c,ab;
sMrab;begátI eT. elIkElgEtmankarRBmeRBogepSgBIenH Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi T§i eU TARtUvrMlay kalNa
40 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

shkmμsTi k§i rNamñak;TTYlY mrNPaB FnkS½y b¤dkxønÜ ecjBIRkumh‘nu . edayKμanEpnkar eKk¾Kaμ nkar
FanafashkmμsTi k§i rnwgminlaElg nig TamTarsMCu rM HbBa¢GI aCIvkmμEdr.
x- Rkmu hnu‘ shkmsμ Ti m§i ankrM ti RtUv)anbegátI eLIgenAeBl)antmálk; ci R© BmeRBogenAm®nþrI bs;rdæ . Rkumh‘nu
shkmμsTi m§i ankMrti manGaNtþei TAtamkarRBmeRBogrbs;PaKI b¤ebIKaμ nkicR© BmeRBogeT GacbnþGaNtiþ
rhUtdl;eBlEdlshkmμsTi k§i rTUeTAdkxønÜ ecj.
K- Rkmu hnu‘ mlU Fn RtUv)anbegátI eLIgenAeBl)antmáll; kçnkiþ ³enAm®nþrI bs;rdæ. Rkumh‘nu mUlFn man
GtßPi aBKμankalkMNt; edayminKitfamanbBaðaGVeI kIteLIgcMeBaHm©as;PaKh‘nu GPi)al b¤m®nþRI kumh‘nu
eLIy.
4>2 karcat;Ecg³ GMNacP¢ab;katBVkic©nigkarRKb;RKgGaCIvkmμ
k- Rkmu hnu‘ shkmsμ Ti T§i eU TA³ shkmμsTi k§i rmñak;²CaPñak;garrbs;shkmμsTi k§i rd¾éTeTotTaMgGs; ehIyGac
P¢ab;katBVkci e© TAnwgRkumh‘nu eTaHCatamry³eFVGI aCIvkmμEdlmankarÉkPaBBIshkmμsTi k§i rÉeTot ¬GMNac
Cak;lak;¦ b¤tamkareXIjpÞal;EPñkrbs;ttiyCnkñgú kareFVGI aCIvkmμrbs;Rkumh‘nu ¬GMNacCak;Esþg¦. elIk
ElgEtmankarRBmeRBogepSgBIenH mtiPaKeRcInénshkmμsTi k§i rseRmcelIbBaðaFmμtarbs;Rkumh‘nu
shkmμsTi §i b:Eu nþceM BaHkrNIBei ss b¤pyúÞ BIGEIV dlmanEcgkñgú kicR© BmeRBog RtUvmansemøgCaÉkcän½ Þ .
x- Rkmu hnu‘ shkmsμ Ti m§i ankrM ti ³ cMeBaHGaCIvkmμFmμta manEtshkmμsTi k§i rTUeTAeT EdlmanGMNacP¢ab;
katBVkci e© TAnwgRkumh‘nu . shkmμsTi k§i rmankMrti manGMNac e)aHeqñatEtelIbBaðaEdl)ankMNt;beu: NÑaH
K- Rkmu hnu‘ mlU Fn³ Rkumh‘nu enHmanrcnasm<n½ R§ Kb;RKgfñak;kNþal . GaCIvkmμrbs;Rkumh‘nu enH RtUv)an
cat;Ecg nigRKb;RKgedayRkumRbwkSaPi)al. m®nþRI kumh‘nu Gnuvtþneya)ayRkumh‘nu EdlseRmceday
RkumRbwkSaPi)al. m©as;PaKh‘nu e)aHeqñateRCIserIsRkumRbwkSaPi)al nigkMNt;nvU lkçN³Biess énbBaða
sMxan;² b:Eu nþma© s;PaKh‘nu minGaceFVGI EIV dlP¢ab;katBVkci e© TARkumh‘nu )aneT.
4>3 karepÞrkmμsiTi§³ edayesrI b¤ mankMrit
k- Rkmu hnu‘ shkmsμ Ti T§i eU TA³shkmμsTi k§i rmñak;²minGacepÞrkmμsTi k§i gúñ Rkumh‘nu )aneT elIgElgEtmankar
ÉkPaBBIshkmμsTi k§i rTaMgGs; b¤ kicR© BmeRBogRkumh‘nu shkmμsTi G§i nuBaØat[mankarepÞrenaH.
x- Rkmu hnu‘ shkmsμ Ti m§i ankrM ti ³ shkmμsTi k§i rTUeTAminGacepÞrkmμsTi k§i gúñ Rkumh‘nu )aneT elIgElgEtman
karÉkPaBBIshkmμsTi k§i rTUeTA nigshkmμsTi k§i rmankMrti TaMgGs; b¤ kicR© BmeRBogRkumh‘nu shkmμsTi §i
GnuBaØat[mankarepÞrenaH. plRbeyaCn_rbs;shkmμsTi k§i rmankMrti GacepÞr)anedayesrI.
K- Rkmu hnu‘ mlU Fn PaKh‘nu Rkumh‘nu enHGacepÞr)anedayesrI elIkElgEtmankarhamR)am Calay
lkçNG_ kSr.
4>4 karTTYlxusRtUv³ KμankMrit b¤ mankMrit
k- Rkmu hnu‘ shkmsμ Ti T§i eU TA³ shkmμsTi k§i rTUeTA mankarTTYlxusRtUvKμankMrti . RTBüsm,tipþ aÞ l;xnÜø rbs;eK
RtUvrghaniPy½ BIkatBVkci T© aMgGs; eTaHbICavaekIteLIgBIkci s© nüa b¤ bgáredaykMhsu ¬Büsnkmμ¦ rbs;
shkmμsTi k§i r b¤ rbs;nei yaCitRkumh‘nu kþ.I
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 41

x- Rkmu hnu‘ shkmsμ Ti m§i ankrM ti ³ ya:gehacNas;RtUvmanshkmμsTi k§i rTUeTAmñak; EdlmankarTTYlxusRtUv

KμankMrti . shkmμsTi k§i rmankMrti mankarTTYlxusRtUvRtwmEtcMnnY R)ak;vni ei yaKrbs;eK drabNaeKBM)u an
{cUlrYmRKb;RKgGaCIvkmμ} eT.
K- Rkmu hnu‘ mlU Fn³ m©as;PaKh‘nu mankarTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti cMeBaHkatBVkci R© kumh‘nu . m®nþRI kumh‘nu nig
GPi)al k¾mankarTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti Edr kñgú eBlEdleFVkI artagnamRkumh‘nu . smaCikRkumh‘nu Gac
xatbg;EtRtwmTunEdleK)anvinei yaK elIkElgEtmankarbnøeM )akR)as; b¤GsmFm’ EdlbgðajBIkar
{TmøayExlRkumh‘nu }. Cajwkjab; m©as;bN M lu FMénRkumh‘nu tUcTamTar[m©as;PaKh‘nu pþlk; ci F© ana
edaybuKlÁ cMeBaHkatBVkci R© kumh‘nu edIm,IbnßykarTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti rbs;Rkumh‘nu .
4>5 BnÐdar³ KμanCab;Bn§ b¤ Bn§eTVdg
k- Rkmu hnu‘ shkmsμ Ti T§i eU TA³ minEmnCanItbi Ku lÁ EdlCab;Bn§tamc,ab;sBIþ BI n§elIR)ak;cN M lU eT. Rkumh‘nu
shkmμsTi §i dMeNIrkarCaGñkcmøgBn§dar. R)ak;cN M lU R)ak;kat;ecj nig\NTanhUrqøgeTAshkmμsTi k§i r
EdlCaGñkRtUvbg;Bn§ eTaHbICaeK)anTTYl b¤B)uM anTTYlplcMeNjTaMgenHk¾eday. Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi §i
dak;Bt½ m’ ankñgú ÉksarRbkasbg;Bn§ Edlerobrab;BBI t½ m’ anhirBaØvtßTú aMgGs;.
x- Rkmu hnu‘ shkmsμ Ti m§i ankrM ti ³ Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi m§i ankMrti RtUv)ancat;Tku Ca Rkumh‘nu EdlCab;Bn§. b:Eu nþ
eKGac)at;bg;RbeyaCn_rcY Bn§ RbsinebIRkumh‘nu shkmμsTi m§i ankMrti manrcnasm<n½ d§ cU Rkumh‘nu mUlFn.
K- Rkmu hnu‘ mlU Fn ³ Rkumh‘nu enHCanItbi Ku lÁ EdlCab;Bn§. c,ab;Bn§dark¾ykBn§elI PaKlaPénm©as;PaKh‘nu
b¤ elIGEIV dlm©as;PaKh‘nu )anTTYlBIkarEbgEck. edaysareKminGacykBn§elIPaKlaPecjBIRkumh‘nu
)an manBn§eTVdg mþgeKKit Bn§elIR)ak;ceM Nj ¬rbs;Rkumh‘nu ¦ ehIyenAeBlEbgEckeTA[m©as;PaKh‘nu
CaPaKlaP RtUvKitBn§mgþ eTotecjBIma© s;PaKh‘nu .
\LÚvenHGñk)andwgc,as;BpI lvi)aktampøvÚ c,ab;epSg²énkareFVGI aCIvkmμ kñgú TRmg;bEI dl)anerobrab;kgúñ CMBkU enH.
edIm,ICaCMnyY dl;Gkñ eyIgsUmeFVtI arageRbobeFob CUndUcxagenH .
V. RbvtþiRkumh‘unmUlFn
5>1 RbB½n§Gg;eKøs
cMnnY vinei yaKinkan;kab;Rkumh‘nu mankarekIneLIgenATVbI Gwrb:u nig Gaemrik edaysarTMnak;TnM gpÞal;eTAnwgkMeNIn
énTRmg;Rkumh‘nu . RbPBedIménTRmg;Rkumh‘nu KWcab;BmI ankarbegátI Rkumh‘nu CMnjY FM² Rkumh‘nu GaNaniKm nigRkumh‘nu
dwkCBa¢nÚ . Rkumh‘nu TaMgenH rab;bBa©lÚ TaMgRkumh‘nu East India Company rbs;RbeTsGg;eKøs Edl)anbegátI eLIg
enAqñaM 1600 )anTTYlsiTC§i anItbi uKlÁ ÉkraCüRsbc,ab; tamraCRkitüBiessrbs;mhakSRténRbeTskMeNIt
Rkumh‘nu . Rkumh‘nu TTYl)annItbi Ku lÁ ki lkçN³ÉkraCü rIÉGPi)al nigvinei yaKinTTYl)ankarTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti .
karBRgIkBaNiCk¢ mμ )annaM[mantRmUvkarRkumh‘nu ekIneLIg EdlGacRbmUledImTunBIvni ei yaKincMnnY eRcIn)an rhUtdl;
naM[ekItman Rkumh‘nu PaKh‘nu mUlFn ¬joint stock compnay¦ TMenIbenAstvtSTI17. Rkumh‘nu TaMgenH RbmUl
edImTunBIvni ei yaKinCaeRcIn b:Eu nþvamin)anbegátI karTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti dl;vni ei yaKinTaMgenaHeLIy. b:Eu nþeKGacepÞr
42 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

PaKh‘nu edayesrI nig karcat;EcgRtUvRbKl;eTA[KNkmμakarEdleRCIserIsedaym©as;PaKh‘nu . kñgú stvtSTI 18

Rkumh‘nu TaMgLay)ancab;epþmI EcgBIkarTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti enAkñgú lkçnkiþ ³rbs;eK ehIytulakark¾)anTTYlsÁal;
karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;ma© s;PaKh‘nu eTAtamGRtasmamaRtPaKh‘nu pgEdr. kñgú qñaM 1844 Rkumh‘nu PaKh‘nu mUlFn rYm
man Rkumh‘nu Edlmanm©as;PaKh‘nu eRcIn nigkarRKb;RKgfñak;kNþal RtUv)anGnuBaØat[cuHbBa¢eI nARbeTsGg;eKøs. ebI
eRbobeFobc,ab;enATVbI GWrbu: PaKeRcIn EdlenAtRmUv[mansm,TanBiess BIkariyaFib,etyürdæ sMrab;cuHbBa¢I
Rkumh‘nu nImyY ² enHCaesrIPavUbnIykmμdF¾ mM yY . enATIbBa©b; kñgú qñaM 1856 Rkumh‘nu PaKh‘nu mUlFn RtUv)an[cuHbBa¢I
CaRkumh‘nu TTYlxusRtUvmankMrti d¾rabNa eK)anbMeBjtamlkçxNÐEdlmanEcg.
5>2 RbB½n§shrdæGamrik
TRmg;Rkumh‘nu enAshrdæGaemrik k¾mankarGPivDÆn_tamrebobRsedogKñaenHEdr. tamBit PaKeRcInénc,ab;dbM gU man
edImkMeNItmkBIRbB½nc§ ,ab; Common Law rbs;Gg;eKøs. enAqñaM 1787 Rkumh‘nu CaeRcInEdl)anEcgkñgú c,ab;
Gg;eKøs bnþskmμPaBGaNaniKm nigBaNiCk¢ mμenAshrdæGaemrik. eRkayBITTYl)anÉkraCü rdæPaKeRcIn)ansMerc
fa Rkumh‘nu ÉkCnGacRtUv)anbegátI Ettamc,ab;rdæbeu: NÑaH. dUcCaenARbeTsGg;eKøs Rkumh‘nu PaKh‘nu mUlFn )anvivdþ
eTACa Rkumh‘nu ÉkCnedayKμankarRtYtRtaBIrdæ b¤karcuHbBa¢eI LIy. eKmin)anepÞrkarTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti b¤mannIti
bi Ku lÁ ki lkçN³dac;edayELkeT. b:Eu nþeRcInqñaeM Rkaymk tulakar)anTTYlsÁal;krM ti énkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;ma© s;
PaKh‘nu tamlkçnkiþ ³ ehIyseRmcfamankarTTYlxusEtRtwmGRtaTwkR)ak;éføPaKh‘nu b:eNÑaH. enABak;kNþal
stvtSTI 19 c,ab;Rkumh‘nu rbs;RbeTsCaeRcIn )anEcgBIkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;ma© s;PaKh‘nu RtwmTwkR)ak;éføPaKh‘nu
kñgú Rkumh‘nu PaKh‘nu mUlFn .
5>3 RkmBaNiC¢kmμ)araMg
RkmBaNiCk¢ mμ)araMg ¬qñaM 1807¦ KWCabBaØtcþi ,ab;Bsi aþ rdMbgU eKEdlniyayBI Rkumh‘nu PaKh‘nu mUlFn. RkmenH
)angakecjq¶ayBIRbB½nR§ béBNIyc_ ,ab; octroi system Edlpþls; Ti [§i Rkumh‘nu nImyY ² manbuBsV Ti §i nig)andak;ecj
nUvRbB½ns§ m,Tan. b:Eu nþRbB½ne§ nH enAEtmann½yfaRkumh‘nu nImyY ² RtUvmankarÉkPaBBiess BIkariyaFibetyürdæ
edIm,IbegátI Ca Rkumh‘nu TTYlxusRtUvmankMrti .
pÞyú eTAvij RbB½nc§ Hu bBa¢EI dlGnuBaØat[Rkumh‘nu bMeBjtamlkçxNÐ EdlEcgkñgú c,ab;fa[cuHbBa¢eI dayesrI eTIbEt)an
Gnuvtþ 60 qñaM eRkaymkb:eu NÑaH. kñgú eBlCamYyKñaenH shRKinÉkCn )aneRbIR)as;ya:gTUlTM lU aynUvTRmg;Rsb
c,ab;myY eTot KWTRmg;knU kat;rvag Rkumh‘nu TTYlxusRtUvmankMrti nigRkumh‘nu TTYlxusRtUvKμankMrti .
Rkumh‘nu société en commandite EdlGacdUcKñanwgRkumh‘nu shkmμsTi m§i ankMrti begátI karTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti
cMeBaHvinei yaKinCaeRcIn. b:uEnþRtUvEtmanshkmμsTi k§i rmñak;TTYlxusRtUvTaMgRsug EdlFanaedayRTBüpÞal;xnÜø
TaMgGs;. karkMNt;EbbenH GnuBaØat[Rkumh‘nu RbmUledImTunBIvni ei yaKineRcIn nigCYykat;paþ c;ecalkardak;kh M ti
EdlGnuvtþ cMeBaHRkumh‘nu EdlmankarTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti TaMgRsug.
eRkays®gÁamNab:eU LGug RkmBaNiCk¢ mμ)araMg )anGnuvtþenAkúgñ RbeTsCaeRcIn enATVbI GWrbu: . c,ab;GalømW g: d; bM gU Edl
niyayBIRkumh‘nu PaKh‘nu mUlFn RtUv)anGnumt½ enAqñaM 1943 . c,ab;enHykKMrtU amc,ab;)araMgkñgú karRbkan;ykRbB½n§
sm,Tan.
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 43

RbPB ³ Beckerath ¬qñaM 1951¦ Blumberg ¬qñaM 1993¦

PaBxusKñarvagRkumh‘unshkmμsiTi§ nigRkumh‘unmUlFn

Rkumhu‘nshkmμsiTi§ Rkumh‘unmUlFn
karbegáIt
tamFmμtaRtUvmankicR© BmeRBogRkumh‘nu shkmμsTi §i b:Eu nþ Rkumh‘nu minTan;Gs;GtßPi aB rhUtTal;Et)an bBa©b;
BMEu mnCakarcaM)ac;eT. GMeBIrbs;PaKI ¬eFVGI aCIvkmμrmY Kña nItvi Fi CI rM HbBa¢I sBVRKb;.
EdlmanKMnti EsVgrkR)ak;ceM Nj¦ nwgbegátI )anCa
Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi .§i
smaCik
ya:gticBIr. GacmanEtmñak; cMeBaHRkumh‘nu ÉkCn.
KμankMNt;BcI nM nY Gtibrima . KμankMNt;BcI nM nY Gtibrima .
nItibuKÁliklkçN³
Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi B§i mMu annItbi Ku lÁ ki lkçN³dac;eday bnÞab;B)I ancuHbBa¢I Rkumh‘nu man nItbi Ku lÁ ki lkçN³
ELkBIshkmμsTi ki§ r shkmμsTi k§i rmankarTTYlxusRtUv dac;edayELkBI m©as;PaKh‘nu . eKBMGu acbgç[M m©as;
mineTogcMeBaHkarbMBanc,ab;svuI li EdlbNþal eLIg PaKh‘nu TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHskmμPaB xusc,ab;)aneT.
edayshkmμsTi é§i dKUr kñgú eBleFVGI aCIvkmμRkumh‘nu .
ral;shkmμsTi k§i r GacmankarTTYlxusRtUvpÞal;xnÜø cMeBaH
bTelμsI RBhμTNÐ Tak;Tni nwgGaCIvkmμ .
karTTYlxusRtUv
shkmμsTi ki§ rmankarTTYlxusRtUvKμankMrti elIkElg karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;Rkumh‘nu KWKaμ n kMrti . smaCik
)ancuHbBa¢CI a Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi T§i TYlxusRtUvman kMrti . GacmankarTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti cMeBaHbMNlu Rkumh‘nu .
karRtYtBinitünigkarpSBVpSay
karcat;EcgRkumh‘nu shkmμsTi §i BMRu tUv)anBinti üeday karcat;EcgRkumh‘nu RtUv)anBinti ü edaym®nþcI Hu bBa¢I
GMNacxageRkAeT . KNnIRkumh‘nu nig Éksard¾éTeTot tamry³r)aykarN_RbcaMqañ .M cMNcu Biess nig KNnIxHø
RtUvrkSaCakarsm¶at;srM ab;shkmμsTi k§i r. RtUvebIkcMh[ saFarNCnBinti ü.
karbBa©b;
karbMeBjkmμvtßGú aCIvkmμ putGaNtiþ smaCiklaElg eRkayBI)anbegátI Rkumh‘nu manGtßPi aBCabnþ . vaBuGM s;
FnkS½y viklcritþ b¤mrNPaBrbs; smaCik. GtßPi aBeT elIkElgEt b¤rhUtTal;EtdMeNIrkarpøvÚ c,ab;
Tak;Tni nwgkarCMrHbBa¢)I anbBa©bs; BVRKb; .
44 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

karGPivDÆn_c,ab;Rkumh‘nu edaymanlkçN³Biess rYmKñanUvkarTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti nItbi Ku lÁ ki lkçN³dac;edayELk

nig lT§PaBRbmUlmUlniFBi vI ni ei yaKinFM²eRcIn )anbgðaj[eXIjfavaCasmiTpi§ ld¾caM)ac; .
b:Eu nþnni añ kareq<aHeTArkkarkat;bnßykarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;ma© s;PaKh‘nu edayEcgenAkñgú lkçnkiþ ³ enARbeTsGg;eKøs
nig shrdæGaemrikenAcugstvtSTI 18 nigedImstvtSTI 19 bgðaj[eXIjfa vinei yaKinmankarRBYy)armÖxaø gM BI
kMrti énkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;eK ehIytulakark¾)anTTYlsÁal;karRBYy)armÖenHEdr. karGnumt½ c,ab;Tmøab;CabnþbnÞab;
EdlEcgBIkarTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti nig esrIPaBénkarcuHbBa¢I KwCaCMhancugeRkayénkarvivdþnc_ ,ab;Rkumh‘nu .
5>4 RbB½ n § G asI u
c,ab;Rkumh‘nu CamUldæan RtUv)anGnumt½ enAGasImu ni yUrb:nu aμ neRkayBI {karbegátI } TRmg;Rkumh‘nu nig karbBa©lÚ kñgú c,ab;
enAbs©mw RbeTs. munekItRBwtkiþ arN_enH esdækci C© aeRcInenAGasuI )anbegátI karTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti mYyEpñkrYceTA
ehIy. ]TahrN_sxM an;myY Kw Rkumh‘nu cMrHu RKYsarhiNÚÐ (Hindu joint family firm) EdlkMNt;fa manEtemRKYsareT
eTIbmankarTTYlxusRtUvpÞal;xnÜø rIÉsmaCikdéTeTotmankarTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti .
Rkumh‘nu tamRbePTbs©mw RbeTs EdlmanFatupSMcm,génkarTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti rbs;ma© s;PaKh‘nu GacCYjdUr
PaKh‘nu )anedayesrI nig nItbi Ku lÁ ki lkçN³dac;edayELk RtUv)anbegátI eLIgenAstvtSTI 19 kñgú sm½yGaNaniKm
b¤CaEpñkényuTs§ aRsþTeM nIbkmμ EdlekItecjkarTTYlsÁal;c,ab;nana dUcCac,ab;Rkumh‘nu BIbs©mw RbeTs.
kñgú ry³eBlCayUrmkehIy Edlesdækci T© aMgLaycmøgFatupSMénc,ab;Rkumh‘nu ecjBIRbPBepSg² nigbEnßmcMNcu
Biess eTAkñgú c,ab;Rkumh‘nu rbs;xnÜø EdlCaFatupSMfañ k;caM)ac; . karkMNt;ykRbPBeRcIn KWCaktþasMxan;srM ab;GPivDÆ
c,ab;Rkumh‘nu nig pSarPaKh‘nu enAGasInu aqñaM 1960.
5>4>1 RbeTsCb:un
enAkñgú RbeTsCb:nu eK)anykc,ab;Rkumh‘nu edImrbs;RbeTsGalømW g: ; eTAEkERb nig sRmbsRmYleTAtamtRmUvkar kñgú
RbeTs eRkayBIGnumt½ RkmBaNiCk¢ mμ. kñgú sm½yEdlGaemrikcUlkan;kab; RkmBaNiCk¢ mμmyY EpñkEdlniyayBI
c,ab;Rkumh‘nu RtUv)anEkERbesÞrI TaMgRsug edaybBa©lÚ nUvbBaØtTþi aMgLayénc,ab;Rkumh‘nu rbs;GaemrikaMg. eRkaymk
eK)aneRbIKrM cU ,ab;breTs edIm,IEkERbbnþbnÞab; k¾bEu: nþeK)anbBa©lÚ nUvbTb,BaØtEiþ dlqøHú bBa©agM BIplRbeyaCn_Cati Edl
mincmøgBIKrM bU reTs.
5>4>2 RbeTskUer:
edaysarkUer:enAeRkamGaNaniKmCb:nu ¬BIqañ M 1910-1945¦ RbeTsenH)anTTYlRkmBaNiCk¢ mμdbM gU rbs;eKBI
RbeTsCb:nu . kareFVvI ei saFnkmμRkmBaNiCk¢ mμkgúñ qña1M 962 )ancmøgecjBIc,ab;Rkumh‘nu Cb:nu ehIyk¾manbBa©lÚ
EpñkxøH énc,ab;Rkumh‘nu GaemrikEdr.
5>4>3 RbeTsma:eLsIu
RbeTsm:aeLsITu TYlmt’kc,ab;Rkumh‘nu Gg;eKøs b:Eu nþeRkaymkcmøgtamc,ab; rbs;GRU sþalImyY cMnnY FM. c,ab;Rkumh‘nu
ma:eLsIu qñaM 1965 KWmanmUldæanecjBIc,ab; Rkumh‘nu qñaM 1961 rbs;rdæ jÚv esAf_ ev:lS.
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 45

6>5 KMrURKb;RKgRkumh‘un
eKGacEbgEckKMréU nkarRKb;RKgRkumh‘nu sMxan;² bYnxus² KñasMrab;esdækci e© nAkñgú KMrrU bs;eyIg kñgú kMLgú qñaM 1960 dl;
1995 ¬1¦ karRKb;RKgRkumh‘nu rdæ ¬2¦ karRKb;RKgRkumh‘nu ÉkCneTAtamkarENnaMrbs;rdæ ¬3¦ karRKb;RKg
Rkumh‘nu rbs;RKYsar nig ¬4¦ karRKb;RKgRkumh‘nu CakmμsTi r§i bs;vni ei yaKin ¬minEmnCarbs;RKYsar¦ .
rcnasm<n½ R§ Kb;RKgTaMgenH manplbc©y½ xus² KñasMrab;karrkRbPBhirBaØb,Tanrbs;Rkumh‘nu sRmab;kmμvtßú Funkic©
nig xwmø sarénkmμnyi am EdlkMNt;BkI arRKb;RKgrbs;Rkumh‘nu .
- 6>5>1 karRKb;RKgRkumh‘unrdæ
karENnaMrbs;rdænaqñaM 1960 )anpþlP; aBR)akdCaeRcInEdlvinei yaKin nig Rkumh‘nu RtUvkar tamry³
briyakasGaCIvkmμmanesßrPaB nig GacTsSn_Tay)an. b:Eu nþkgúñ eBlEdlmankarEkERbbriyakas
GaCIvkmμqab;rh½skñgú b:nu aμ nqñafM ²Iμ enH karENnaMrbs;rdæ)anEkERbBIRbPBesßrPaB nig TMnku citeþ TACa]bsKÁ
karTTYlxusRtUv nig karcuHbBa¢eI nAbs©mw RbeTs
karTTYlxusRtUvtamGRtaPaKh‘nu m©as;PaKh‘nu TaMgGs;man
RbeTs b¤ma© s;PaKh‘nu PaKeRcInTTYl karTTY
l xu
s RtU
v mankM
r t
i RbB½nc§ Hu bBa¢I Rkumh‘nu
xusRtUvmankMrti
Gg;eKøs stvtSTI 18 1856 1844
)araMg 1807 1807 1867
GalømW g: ; 1843 1843 1870
shrdæGaemrik edImstvtSTI 19 tRmUvedayc,ab;
jÚv y:k 1811 Bak;kNþal stvtSTI 19 Bak;kNþal stvtSTI 19
jÚv cWsuI 1816
xnNikFixtw 1823
EdlraraMgdl;karGPivDÆn_GaCIvkmμeTAvij. b:Eu nþeþ daysarkMeNInénkarRbkYtRbECg GMNacRtYtRtarbs;rdæ
)anGPivDÆn_BRI bPBesßrPaB eTACabnÞkú EdleFVRI kumh‘nu )at;bg;PaBGacbt;Ebn)an kñgú kareqøyI tbeTAnwg
crnþTpI Sar.
- 6>5>2 karRKb;RKgRkumh‘unrbs;RKYsar
karEbkCaBIrnUvTMnak;TnM gmYyEpñk KWesckþTI ku citþ nig kmμsTi R§i KYsar nig c,ab;saFarN³ dUcCac,ab;
Rkumh‘nu h‘nu nig müa:geToteKEtgEteRbIedIm,IBN’na BIPaBxusKñarvagkarRKb;RKgRkumh‘nu enAGasIu nig enA
bs©mw RbeTs. lT§plénkarsikSabgðajfa karbMEbkCaBIrenHbgár[mankarP½nRþ cLM. vabgðajfaKMrU
RKb;RKgTaMgBIrKWmanPaBxusKñaRsLH. pÞyú eTAvij bTBiesaFn_Gas‘anbgðajfa karbMEbkTaMgBIrenH
GacbMeBj[Kña eTAvijeTAmk kñgú xN³EdlRkumh‘nu rbs;RKYsarPaKeRcInenAGasu)I andwgfa TRmg;Rkumh‘nu
manRbeyaCn_ dUecñHehIyeK)anerobcMbegátI Rkumh‘nu CaeRcIneTACaRkumh‘nu mUlFn.
46 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

tamRTWsIþ karbegátI edImTunEp¥kelIesckþTI ku citþ nig sac;jati KWRtUvkMrti edayTMhsM maCikRKYsarnigFnFanEdlRKYsar

GacRbmUl)an. b:Eu nþRkumh‘nu rbs;RKYsarTaMgenaH )anrkeXIjmeFüa)ayedImkat;ecjRBMEdnTaMgenHedaybBa©lÚ Kña
nUv]bkrN_c,ab;CamYynwgKMrRU Kb;RKgtamRbéBNIy._ RkumGaCIvkmμÉkCnFMCageK EdlmanenARbeTs\NÐa saFarN
rdækeU r: ma:eLsIu nigétva:n; )anrIkduHdalecjBIGaCIkmμRKYsar.
eKeXIjPsþtú agénkarRKb;RKgedayRKYsarc,as;CageK enAkñgú Rkumh‘nu GaCIvkmμcrM Hu enAsaFarNrdækeU r: ¬thechaebol¦
EdlvivdþecjBIRkumh‘nu EdlRKb;RKgedayRKYsar. enARbeTsma:eLsIu mankarsikSamYy )anbgðajfa 1PaK3 én
Rkumh‘nu Edl)ancuHbBa¢kI gúñ pSarPaKh‘nu ]sSahkmμkLU aLaMBrY KWRKb;RKgedayRkumRKYsarma:eLsIu edImkMeNIt cin.
karbnþkmμsTi R§i KYsarkñgú dMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_esdækci T© aMgRsug qøHú bBa©agM nUvplRbeyaCn_eTAvijeTAmkénkarRKb;RKg
edayRKYsar nig TRmg;Rkumh‘nu EdlGnuBaØat[smaCikRKYsarmankarTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti . Rkumh‘nu EdlRKb;RKg
edayRKYsar)anBwgEp¥kesÞrI TaMgRsugeTAelIR)ak;kat;Tku CaRbPBhirBaØvtß.ú enAkñgú esdækci x© Hø dUcCasaFarNrdækeU r:
Rkumh‘nu EdlRKb;RKgedayRKYsar )anTTYlGtßRbeyaCn_B\I NTanviPaCn_Edlrdæplþ s; rM ab;]sSahkmμTsi edAmYy
cMnnY ehIyk¾TTYl)anRbeyaCn_kN M t;GRtakarR)ak;rbs;rdæEdr. pÞyú eTAvij karecjlk;PaKh‘nu CasaFarN³BI
GaCIvkmμ EdlRKb;RKgedayRKYsar nig CYjdUr PaKh‘nu CasaFarN³Ca)atuPtU ekItmankñgú eBlfμ²I .
kñgú ry³eBlCag 10 eTA 15qñaM Rkumh‘nu EdlRKb;RKgedayRKYsar )aneRbIpSarmUlniFpi aÞ l;CaRbPBénhirBaØvtßú b:Eu nþeK
)anrkmeFüa)aybegánI mUlniFi edaymincaM)ac;e)aHbg;ecalkarRKb;RKg fVeI bIkúgñ ry³eBlyUrGEg¥gninañ karenH
mineCaKC½yCanick© e¾ day .
- 6>5>3 karRKb;RKgRkumh‘unkan;kab;edayvinieyaKin
karsikSaEdleRbITni nñ y½ mkBIRbeTs 40 enACMvu ji BiPBelak )anbgðajfa KuNPaBénkarkarBarm©as;
PaKh‘nu man\T§Bi leTAelIkarRbmUlpþkMú mμsTi e§i nAkñgú Rkumh‘nu FM². eK)anGHGagfa vaman\T§Bi lxøagM eTAelI
lT§PaBRkumh‘nu kñgú karRbmUlmUlniFBi RI bPBxageRkA.
RbeTsEdleRbIRbB½n§ Common Law KitCamFüm)anpþlk; ci k© arkarBardl;ma© s;PaKh‘nu eRcInCagRbeTsEdl
Rbkan;RbB½nc§ ,ab; Civil Law. kñgú cMeNamRbeTsRbkan;RbB½n§ Civil Law eBalKWRbeTsEdlmanmt’kc,ab;
BIRbeTsGalømW g: ; CaTUeTA)andMeNIrkarl¥CagRbeTsEdlmanmt’kc,ab;B)I araMg.
shrdæGaemrik)anedIrtYnaMmxu eKkñgú karEklMGkarkarBarvinei yaKin. RbeTsCaeRcIn rab;TaMgRbeTsRbkan;RbB½nc§ ,ab;
Civil Law k¾)ancmøgtamRbB½nc § ,ab;Gg;eKøs-GaemrikaMg CabnþbnÞab;. Ca]TahrN_ manRbeTsCb:nu saFarNrdækeU r:
nig étva:n; Edl)ancmøgtamRbPBc,ab;rbs;RbeTs Civil Law.
lMdab;énRBwtkiþ arN_enH)anbMBanelIcN M at;fañ k;manlkçN³samBaØénRbeTs EdlGnuelameTAtamRbPBRbB½nc§ ,ab;
RKb;RKgkarkarBarvinei yaKin. karviPaKelIkarkarBarvinei yaKinEdlmanEcgkñgú c,ab;rbs;RbeTs 6 kñgú ]TahrN_
rbs;eyIg bgðajPsþútagc,as;fa visalPaB nigRbePTénkarkarBarvinei yaKin KμanTak;TgeTAnwgRbPBedIm
RbB½nc§ ,ab;énRbeTseT .
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 47

karkarBarm©as;PaKh‘nu manBIrRbePTKW karkarBarkñgú c,ab; nigkarkarBarkñgú nItvi Fi .I karkarBarkñgú c,ab; begátI r)aMgelI
kareRCotcUl ¬dUcCalkçxNÐTnu Gb,rbrma¦ nig¼b¤ karkMrti RBMEdnskmμPaBRkumh‘nu EdlGnuBaØat. mYyEpñkFM én
bTb,BaØteiþ nHRtUvGnuvtþedayrdæ. m®nþcI Hu bBa¢CI aGñkFananUvkareKarBtamlkçxNÐenH enAeBlbegátI Rkumh‘nu nig enA
eBltRmUv[cuHbBa¢I kalNamankarEkERblkçnkiþ ³Rkumh‘un. kñúgkrNIxHø m©as;PaKh‘unGacmansiTC§i MTas;ngw
esckþsI eRmcEdl)aneFVeI LIgbMBanelIbTb,BaØteiþ nH. karkarBarkñgú nItvi Fi I kMNt;ByI nþkar sMrab;GnuvtþkarkarBardl;
m©as;PaKh‘un. vaminBwgEp¥kelIkarRtYtBinti üedayrdæeT b:uEnþvapþln; Uv]bkrN_edIm,I[m©as;PaKh‘unkarBarpl
RbeyaCn_rbs;eK tamry³kare)aHeqñat siTv§i aytémø nig kartva:eRcIneToteTAtulakar.
VI. sßanPaBbc©úb,nñénshRKasenAkm<úCa
bc©bú ,nñenH enAkm<Cú amanc,ab;sBIþ sI hRKasBaNiCk¢ mμEdlcUlCaFrmanrYcehIy. b:Eu nþrþ aCrdæaPi)alkm<Cú a )anebþCaJ
ksagc,ab;myY cMnnY eTot dUcCac,ab;sBIþ FI nkS½y c,ab;sBIþ kI ci s© nüa nigc,ab;sBIþ RI btibtþki arEdlmankicF© ana Edl
c,ab;TaMgenHminTan;)anGnumt½ edaysßab½nnItbi BaØteiþ nAeLIy. c,ab;sBIþ sI hRKasBaNiCk¢ mμ )anerobcMeLIgeday
RksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ nig)anGnumt½ edayrdæsPaCati nig RBwTs§ PaenAEx ]sPa qña2M 005. bBaðaRkumh‘nu epSg² dUcU Ca
karcuHbBa¢I nigkarRKb;RKgRkumh‘unRtUv)anEcgkñúgc,ab;sBIþ vI Fi anBaNiCk¢ mμ nig bBa¢BI aNiCk¢ mμqañ M1995 nig
viesaFnkmμkgúñ qñaM 1999 RBmTaMgsaracrN_ENnaMrbs;RksYgBaNiCk¢ mμsBIþ kI arcuHbBa¢qI añ M 1997. c,ab;sBIþ vI Fi an
BaNiCk¢ mμ nig bBa¢BI aNiCk¢ mμEcgBIlkçxNÐénkarcuHbBa¢BI aNiCk¢ mμ nig karEfrkSabBa¢RI kumh‘nu . saracrN_ENnaM
niyaysMxan;BTI Rmg;shRKas siT§i nig katBVkci r© bs;ma© s;PaKh‘nu . saracrN_enHBMmu an EcgBIkarRKb;RKgRkumh‘nu
b:Eu nþmanEcgenAkñgú c,ab;sBIþ sI hRKasBaNiCk¢ mμ. c,ab;sBIþ vI Fi anBaNiCk¢ mμ nig bBa¢BI aNiCk¢ mμEcgEtBIRkumh‘nu
Cab;Bn§elIR)ak;ceM Nj ]TahrN_ Rkumh‘nu EdlmanR)ak;ceM NjRbcaMqañ eM lIsBI 6lanerol ¬1/500dulaø r¦ nig Kμan
GnuPaBelIshRKaseRkApøvÚ kareT. edaysarkarcuHbBa¢BI aNiCk¢ mμ siT§i nig katBVkci E© dlekItecjBIkarcuHbBa¢eI nH
manGnuPaBEtelIshRKasxñatmFüm nigxñatFM ehIymanEtshRKaskm<Cú a mYycMnnY tUcb:eu NÑaHEdlsßti enAeRkam
c,ab;enH.
6>1 RbB½n§cuHbBa¢IBaNiC¢kmμ
tamc,ab;sBIþ vI Fi anBaNiCk¢ mμngi bBa¢BI aNiCk¢ mμ nigviesaFnkmμ BaNiCk¢ r nigRkumh‘nu BaNiCk¢ mμEdlmanTIsañ k;FM
enAkñgú RBHraCaNacRkkm<Cú aRtUvcuHbBa¢I elIkElgEtBaNiCk¢ r EdlminCab;Bn§elIR)ak;ceM Nj. Rkumh‘nu TTYlxusRtUv
mankMrti RtUvcuHbBa¢eI nAkariyal½ynItki mμénRksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ . tamc,ab;enH m©as;shRKasÉkbuKlÁ EdlCab;Bn§elI
R)ak;ceM Nj RtUvcuHbBa¢eI nAmnÞrI BaNiCk¢ mμextþ-Rkugrbs;RksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ b¤enAkariyal½ynItki mμ. b:Eu nþkgúñ kar
Gnuvtþnt_ amFmμta ÉkkmμsTi k§i rmincuHbBa¢eI T. edaysarc,ab;tRmUv[cuHbBa¢EI tshRKasEdlCab;Bn§ dUecñH shRKas
xñattUc nig mFümCaeRcIn BM)u ancuHbBa¢eI T. tamRksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ cMnnY kMNt;srM ab;Kti Bn§elIshRKasKW R)ak;ceM Nj
RbcaMqañ eM lIsBI 6lanerol ¬1/500dulaø r¦. ebIR)ak;ceM NjTabCagenH eKmintRmUv[shRKascuHbBa¢eI T. kñgú kar
Gnuvtþn_ eKBMsu egátemIlcMnnY kMNt;eT ehIykarcuHbBa¢KI GW aRs½yelIbBaðafa etIshRKasmanbMNgeFVGI aCIvkmμnaMclU b¤
naMecj b¤ RtUvkarcuHbBa¢eI dIm,I eFVGI aCIvkmμCamYyshRKasFM² b¤Rkumh‘nu breTsb¤eT.
tamc,ab;sBIþ vI Fi anBaNiCk¢ mμ nig bBa¢BI aNiCk¢ mμEdl)anGnumt½ kñgú qñaM 1995 manEtshRKasEdlCab;Bn§elIR)ak;
48 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ
cMeNjeTEdlRtUvcuHbBa¢eI nARksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ. dUecñH manEtshRKasEdlbMeBjtamcMnnY kMNt;srM ab;plrbrRbcaMqañ M
tamrbbBiteT EdlRtUvcuHbBa¢BI aNiCk¢ mμ . b:Eu nþbBaðaenHBMmu anEcgenAkñgú c,ab;sBIþ I viFanBaNiCk¢ mμ nig bBa¢BI aNiCk¢ mμ
eT shRKasEdl)ancuHbBa¢RI tUvbg;Bn§elIR)ak;ceM NjtamrUbmnþrbbBit mann½yfaeKRtUvdak;CnU r)aykarN_sBIþ RI )ak;
cMNlU [)aneTogTat; ehIyRtUvbg;Bn§kat;Tku 1° elIR)ak;ceM NjRbcaMEx. shRKasTaMgenH k¾RtUvCab;GakrelI
témøbEnßmpgEdr.
enAkñgú saracrN_ENnaM RksYgBaNiCk¢ mμGnuBaØat[TRmg;shRKascuHbBa¢dI cU xageRkamenH CashRKasBaNiCk¢ mμ
EdlCab;Bn§ ³
k- shRKasÉkkmsμ Ti §³i CashRKasEdlbegátI nigdMeNIrkaredaybuKlÁ Etmñak; ehIyCam©as;edImTun TaMgGs;
nig TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHGaCIvkmμshRKas .
x- Rkmu hnu‘ shkmsμ Ti T§i eU TA³ CakicR© BmeRBogrvagbuKlÁ BIr b¤eRcIn edIm,IeFVsI kmμPaBBaNiCk¢ mμ . shkmμ
siTk§i rTUeTAmankarTTYlxusRtUvrYmKña nigKμankMrti cMeBaHbMNlu Rkumh‘nu . karepÞrkmμsTi P§i aKh‘nu RtUvmankar
RBmeRBogCaÉkcän½ BÞ sI hkmμsTi k§i r TUeTATaMgGs;.
K- Rkmu hnu‘ shkmsμ Ti m§i ankrM ti ³ EdlCakicR© BmeRBogrvagbuKlÁ BIr b¤ eRcInedIm,IeFVsI kmμPaBBaNiCk¢ mμ. man
smaCikBIrEbbKW shkmμsTi k§i rTUeTA nigshkmμsTi k§i rmankMrti . shkmμsTi k§i rTUeTAmankarTTYlxusRtUv
rYmKña nig KμankMrti elIRTBüsm,tipþ aÞ l;xnÜø cMeBaHbMNlu Rkumh‘nu . kmμsTi k§i rmankMrti TTYlxusRtUvRtwmEt
cMnnY Tun EdleK)anbg; ehIyKμansiTc§i at;Ecg nigRKb;RKgelIGaCIvkmμeT.
X- Rkmu hnu‘ ÉkCnTTlY xsu RtvU mankrM ti ³ begátI eLIgedaylkçnkiþ ³rvagbuKlÁ BIr b¤ eRcIn edIm,IeFVsI kmμPaB
BaNiCk¢ mμ b:Eu nþmni RtUvmansmaCikelIsBI30nak;eT. m©as;PaKh‘nu mankarTTYlxusRtUvRtwmEtéfø PaKh‘nu
Edl)anTijkñgú Rkumh‘nu . Rkumh‘nu ÉkCnTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti Gaccat;EcgedayGPi)almñak; b¤eRcIn
EdlCam©as;PaKh‘nu . eKGacepÞrPaKh‘nu eTAsmaCikepSgenAkñgú Rkumh‘nu EtminGaclk;eTA[saFarNCn
)aneLIy ehIykarepÞrenaHRtUveFVeI LIgRsbtamlkçnkiþ ³Rkumh‘nu .
g- Rkmu hnu‘ Ékkmsμ Ti T§i TlY xsu RtvU mankrM ti ³ CaTRmg;Bei ssénRkumh‘nu ÉkCnTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti Edlman
m©as;PaKh‘nu Etmñak; .
c- Rkmu hnu‘ ÉkCnmhaCnTTlY xsu RtvU mankrM ti ³ CashRKasEdlbegátI edaym©as;PaKh‘nu elIsBI30nak;.
m©as;PaKh‘nu mankarTTYlxusRtUvRtwmEtéføPaKh‘nu Edl)anTijkñgú Rkumh‘nu . eKGacepÞrPaKh‘nu eTA
saFarNCnRsbeTAtamc,ab;RKb;RKgTIpSaredImTun. RkbxNÐc,ab;TpI SaredImTunminTan;)anbegátI enA
eLIyeT. Rkumh‘nu mhaCnTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti RtUvmanRkumRbwkSaPI)al EdlmansmaCikya:gtic BIrrUb
EdleRCIserIsedaym©as;PaKh‘nu .
q- karyi aly½ tN M ag³ kariyal½yCatMNagrbs;shRKasbreTs EdlbegátI eLIgedIm,IEsVgrkTIpSar nigGac
cuHkics© nüaCamYyshRKaskñgú Rsuk Etkñgú krNIEdlmankarGnuBaØatBIRkumh‘nu edIm. kariyal½ytMNag
minGaceFVGI aCIvkmμTji lk; pþle; svaCaGaCIB RbcaM nigplitkmμ b¤kargarsMNg;enAkm<Cú a)aneLIy.
C- saxaRkmu hnu‘ breTs³ saxaRkumh‘nu GaceFVsI kmμPaBdUcKñanwgkariyal½ytMNagEdr ehIyGaceFVGI aCIvkmμ
Tij lk; pþle; svaCaGaCIBRbcaM nigplitkmμ b¤kargarsMNg; enAkm<Cú a)an .
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 49

Q- bRu tsmn½< ³§ buRtsm<n½ K§ CW aRkumh‘nu TTYlxusRtUvmankMrti EdlmanedImTunya:gtic 51°énedImTun RtUv)an

kan;kab;edayRkumh‘nu breTs nigmansiT§i nigkatBVkci d© cU Rkumh‘nu TTYlxusRtUvmankMrti Edr.
enAEx]sPa qñaM 2002 RksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ)anecjRbkas edIm,IEklMGnItvi Fi tI amdanskmμPaBEdlTak;Tni nwgCMnjY
esvakmμ nig BaNiCk¢ mμ. tamRbkasenH shRKasTaMgGs; Edlmin)anvaytémøelIR)ak;ceM Nj b¤Kaμ nkatBVkci ©
cuHbBa¢BI aNiCk¢ mμ RtUvEtmanGaCJab½NÑ edIm,IRbkbGaCIvkmμ nig esvakmμBmI nÞrI BaNiCk¢ mμextþ-Rkug . GaCJab½NÑ
GaCIvkmμ mansuBlPaBmYyqñaM ehIypþlG; N M ac[RksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ nigmnIBÞ aNiCk¢ mμextþ-RkugRtYtBinti ü ral;
skmμPaBBaNiCk¢ mμ nig GaCIvkmμ edayshkarCamYym®nþRþI ksYgepSgeTot.
VII. xøwmsarTUeTA énc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ
c,ab;sBIþ sI hRKasBaNiCk¢ mμ kMNt;nvU TRmg;ntI bi Ku lÁ 4RbePT KWRkumh‘nu shkmμsTi T§i eU TA Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi §i
mankMrti Rkumh‘nu ÉkCnTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti nig Rkumh‘nu mhaCnTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti . c,ab;enHmanvisalPaB
EtelIntI bi Ku lÁ EdlbegátI eLIgedIm,IeFVsI kmμPaBBaNiCk¢ mμ nig EsVgrkR)ak;ceM Njb:eu NÑaH. c,ab;enHKμanvisalPaB
elIkarbegátI GgÁkarminEsVgrkR)ak;ceM NjeT.
bTb,BaØtEþi dlTak;Tni nwgRkumh‘nu shkmμsTi T§i eU TA nigRkumh‘nu shkmμsTi m§i ankMrti KWykmkBIRbPBc,ab;rm:U augM -
GaløWm:g; ¬Romano-Germanic origin¦. dUecñHkúgñ EpñkenH c,ab;sBIþ sI hRKasBaNiCk¢ mμRsbnwgRbB½ns§ vuI li én
RBHraCaNacRkkm<Cú a. RkmBaNiCk¢ mμkm<Cú a qñaM 1951 ¬viesaFnkmμqañ M 1961¦Edlcmøgtamc,ab;)araMg nig
Rkmrdæb,evNIehÁbki RtUv)aneRbICaKMrkU gúñ karerobcMbTb,BaØtRþi kumh‘nu shkmμsTi .§i
Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi T§i eU TA ¬”société en nom collectif”¦ KWCakicR© BmeRBogrvagbuKlÁ BIr b¤eRcIn Edlman
shkmμsTi k§i rBIRbePT. shkmμsTi k§i rmñak;²mankarTTYlxusRtUvrYmKñapg nig dac;edayELkBIKañ pg cMeBaHm©as;
bMNlu Rkumh‘nu . shkmμsTi k§i rTaMgGs; CaGñkcat;EcgGaCIvkmμrbs;Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi .§i kñgú karGnuvtþnG_ aCIvkmμ
Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi §i esckþsI eRmcrbs;shkmμsTi ki§ rmñak;²cgP¢ab;katBVkci e© TAnwgRkumh‘nu shkmμsTi .§i
Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi m§i ankMrti ¬ ”société en commandite”¦ KWCakicR© BmeRBog rvagbuKlÁ BIrb¤eRcIn. shkmμsTi k§i r
TUeTA ¬ ”commandite”¦ mankarTTYlxusRtUvrYmKñapg nig dac;edayELkBIKañ pg ehIymanEtshkmμsTi k§i rRbePT
enHeT EdlmansiTc§i at;EcgGaCIvkmμRkumh‘nu shkmμsTi .§i shkmμsTi k§i rmankMrti ¬ ”commanditaires”¦ mankar
TTYlRtwmEtPaKTun EdleK)anbg;kgúñ Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi .§i shkmμsTi k§i rmankMrti BMmu ansiTc§i at;EcgelIkci k© ar rbs;
Rkumh‘nu shkmμsTi e§i LIy.
bTb,BaØtEþi dlTak;Tni nwgRkumh‘nu ÉkCnTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti nigRkumh‘nu mhaCnTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti KWykmkBI
RbPBc,ab;Gg;eKøa-sak;hSwn ¬ Anglo-Saxion origin¦ . c,ab;Rkumh‘nu CMBkU TI 8 énrdædlw v½r shrdæGaemrik nig c,ab;
Rkumh‘nu rbs;RbeTskaNada CMBkU C-44 RtUv)aneRbICaKMrkU gúñ karerobcMbTb,BaØtRþi kumh‘nu enH .
kareRCIserIsykTsSnTanRkumh‘nu ¬ Anglo-Saxion origin¦ CMnsY TsSnTan ¬ société par actions¦ rbs;)araMg
KWedIm,IgayRsYlpþle; htuplenAeBleRbobeFob ynþkarc,ab;nanaEdlEcgBIkarbegátI nItbi Ku lÁ RbePTenH. c,ab;
50 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ
R; kumh‘nu tamRbB½n§ Anglo-Saxion pþln; vU PaBgayRsYlkñgú karGnuvtþn_ RBmTaMgkarRKb;RKg. RbeTsCb:nu )ansMerc
dUcKñaenHEdr EdlGgÁc,ab;TeU TAyktamRbB½n§ Romano-Germanic origin.
eKGacbegátI Rkumh‘nu ÉkCnTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti nig Rkumh‘nu mhaCnTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti edaykartmáll; kçnkiþ ³
CamYynaykTTYlbnÞkú Rkumh‘nu . tamRbéBNIyc_ ,ab; Anglo-Saxion eKminGacbegátI Rkumh‘nu tamkics© nüarvag
buKlÁ nana)aneT. karbegátI Rkumh‘nu KWRtUvbMeBjlkçxNÐtmáll; kçnkiþ ³Rkumh‘nu nig ecjviBaØab½RtbegátI Rkumh‘nu .
kñgú karecjviBaØabnb½RtenH naykTTYlbnÞkú Rkumh‘nu GnuBaØatkarbegátI nItbi Ku lÁ mYy. viBaØabnb½Rt begátI Rkumh‘nu
KWdcU Kñanwg {sMbRu tkMeNIt} rbs;ntI bi Ku lÁ Edr. Rkumh‘nu minEmnCamnusSeT vaCabuKlÁ GrUbeI TAtamTRmg;rbs;va .
PaBxusKñacm,grvagRkumh‘nu ÉkCnTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti nig Rkumh‘nu mhaCnTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti KwRkumh‘nu
mhaCnTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti Gacecjlk;PaKh‘nu CasaFarNCn)an ehIyeKGaclk;)anenAkñgú ynþkarTIpSar
PaKh‘nu . Rkumh‘nu ÉkCnTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti BuGM acecjlk;PaKh‘nu eTA[saFarNCn)aneT.
∗∗∗∗∗
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 51

CMBUk
karedaHRsayvivaTeRkApøÚvtulakar
4
I. esckþIepþIm
etIBaküfa {dMeNaHRsayvivaTeRkApøvÚ tulakar} mann½ydUcemþc ehIyvadMeNIrkaredayrebobNa?
CMBkU enHnwgBnül;edaysegçbBImlU ehtu EdlviFeI daHRsayeRkABIRbB½nt§ lu akarFmμta RtUv)anGPivDÆn_eLIg nig
BicarNaelIdeM NIrkarénkarpSHpSavivaT edayeRbobeFobeTAnwgdMeNIrkartulakarGaCJaKti. eyIgnwgeyageTArk
esckþRI Bagc,ab;sBIþ kI arpSHpSarvivaTeRkApøvÚ tulakar EdlkMBgu rg;caMrdæsPaGnumt½ . CMBkU enHnwgBicarNaelIPaBxus
Kñarvagsn§ankmμ nigkarsRmuHsRmYlRBmTaMgGFib,ayBisaþ rBIrebob nigeBlNaEdleKRtUvykmkeRbI.
CaTUeTAeKTTYlsÁal;fa briyakaspøvÚ karéntulakarGaCJaKti BuEM mnRckecjEdlsmRsbEtmYy nigcaM)ac;EdlkMNt;
sMrab;vvi aTTaMgGs;EdlRtUvmankarvinci y½ä eLIy. edaysarmankarTTYlsÁal;ehtukarN_enH eK)anbegátI viFI
edaHRsaykñgú eKalbMNgBiess KWeCosvagnItvi Fi tI lu akarEdlsμKú sμaj. dMeNaHRsayTaMgenHRtUv)aneKehAfa
nItvi Fi eI daHRsayvivaTeRkApøvÚ tulakar.
viFeI daHRsayvivaTmundMbgU nigcMNas;CageKKWmCÄtþkmμ. mCÄtþkmμKCW anItvi Fi I EdlPaKIvvi aTbBa¢nÚ bBaðaeTAkñgú smtßkci ©
rbs;PaKITbI eI dIm,IedaHRsay edaymindak;BakübNþgw eTAtulakar. viFeI nHdMeNIrkarya:gl¥kgúñ visy½ BaNiCk¢ mμ nig
]sSahkmμ ehIytulakar)anTTYlsÁal;BRI bsiTP§i aBpøvÚ c,ab;énviFeI nHCayUrmkehIy. kñgú karGnuvtþnG_ aCIvkmμsm½y
TMenIb va)ankøayeTACaTmøab;GnuvtþCaTUeTAsMrab;kci s© nüaBaNiCk¢ mμ edaykarbBa©lÚ xEcgCak;lak; kñgú karykvivaT
GnaKteTAedaHRsayedaymCÄtþkmμ .
KYrkt;sKM al;fafVeI bItlu akarnwgTTYlsÁal;RbsiTP§ aB énxbBaØtEþi dlbBa¢nÚ vivaTGnaKt eTAmCÄtþkmμ ehIynwgdak;[
Rbtibtþti amnUvesckþsI eRmcEdleFVeI LIgRtwmRtUvk¾eday k¾xbBaØteþi naH minxusKñaBIlkçxNÐepSgeTotkñgú kics© nüaEdr
ehIytamviFanFmμtaénc,ab;sBþI kI ci s© nüa tulakarGaclubecalkarb:nu b:ggakecjBIytu aþ Fikartulakar edaycat;Tku
fa pÞyú nwgeKalneya)aysaFarN³. tulakark¾Kaμ nCMTas;ngw buKlÁ EdledaHRsayvivaTrbs;eK tameKalkarN_
sμRKcitEþ dr buE: nþtlu akarrkSatYnaTItamdannItvi Fi eI naHedayRbugRby½t.ñ
eyIgRtUvBicarNaelIvFi eI daHRsayvivaTepSgeTot dUcCasn§ankmμ nig sRmuHsRmYl EdlCaynþkareRkApøvÚ karbMptu
kñgú cMeNamynþkarTaMgLay. sn§ankmμ KWCadMeNIrkar EdlPaKITbI eI dIrtYCas<ansMrab;PaKIvvi aTBIrR)aRs½yTak;Tg nig
crcaKña sMedAQandl;deM NaHRsayrYmelIbBaða. karsRmuHsRmYlCaynþkarEdlbnþCh M a‘ nelIsn§ankmμ ehIypþl;
GMNac [sn§ankarIelIksMeNIBmI lU ehtuedIm,IRsuHRsYlKña nig mUldæanedIm,IQandl;karRBmeRBogcugeRkaymYy.
b:Eu nþntI vi Fi TI aMgBIrenHmancMNcu exSayRtg;GgÁehtuEdlfa fVeI bIntI vi Fi TI aMg2enH GacnaM[mankaredaHRsayvivaTk¾eday
k¾vvi aTTaMgGs;mni EmnsuTE§ tQandl;karRBmeRBogcugeRkayenaHEdr. kalebIdeM NIrkaredayeCaKC½y vaCaviFsI aRsþ
52 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

l¥bpM tu kñgú karedaHRsaybBaða eRBaHvaCadMeNirkarEdlPaKIvvi aTCaGñkkMNt;deM NaHRsayrbs;eK ehIyeKRtUvEt

eKarBtamlT§plenaH. bBaðaKWfa nItvi Fi TI aMgenH KμanGMNaccgP¢ab;katBVkci © ehIyminnaM[manlT§plCanice© T.
II. mCÄtþkmμ
2>1>
þ témøénmCÄtþkmμ
Caerogral;qañ M EtgEtmanRbtibtiGþ aCIvkmμrab;lanekIteLIg. CaGkuslkarExVgKMnti KñaEtgEtekIteLIgecjBI
Rbtibtikþ arTaMgenH. vivaTPaKeRcInRtUv)anedaHRsayedaymCÄtþkmμ tamkardak;CnU vivaTedaysμRKciteþ TAbuKlÁ
GBüaRkitmñak; b¤eRcIn edIm,IEsVgrkesckþsI eRmccugeRkayEdlmanRbsiTPi§ aBcgP¢ab;katBVkci .© bTBiesaFn_bgðajfa
mCÄtþkmμKCW a meFüa)aymanRbsiTP§ aBsMrab;edaHRsayvivaTCaÉkCnqab;rh½s bt;Ebn)an nigsnSMséM c.
bc©bú ,nñ mCÄtþkmμ)ankøayeTACaviFsI aRsþCeM rIsTImyY éndMeNaHRsayvivaT EdlcgP¢ab;katBVkci k© gúñ cMeNamkics© nüa
GnþrCatiCaeRcIn. vaCanItvi Fi ÉI kCn EdltRmUv[mankarRBmeRBogBIPaKITaMgGs; ehIyCaFmμtamankMNt;kgúñ xEcg
mCÄtþkmμ b¤ karRBmeRBogkñgú kics© nüarbs;eK b:Eu nþeKGaceFVkI ci R© BmeRBogenaHenAeBlvivaT)anekIteLIgehIyk¾)an.
mCÄtþkmμ pþl»; kas[PaKImanesrIPaBeRCIserIsviFeI daHRsayvivaT EdlpSarP¢ab;eTAnwgesckþRI tUvkarBitR)akd
rbs;eK. PaKIkm¾ anesrIPaBkñgú kareRCIserIsc,ab;mkGnuvtþevTikaPasa nig kareRCIserIsnItvi Fi mI CÄtþkmμpgEdr tam
viFanGnþrCati nItvi Fi EI tÉgdUcCa viFan UNCITRAL b¤ viFan ICC b¤vFi ancMeBaHkic© ¬ad hoc rules¦ TaMgRsug.
PaKIkG¾ aceRCIserIsmCÄtþkrrbs;eK EdlFanakarbegátI )anCasalaCMrHkþEI dlmanKuNvuDÆiRtwmRtUv nigbTBiesaFn_
c,as;las;.
KWesrIPaBénkareRCIserIsenHehIy EdlBRgwgFatupSMsxM an;²énmCÄtþkmμGnþrCati dUcCakardak;[Rbtibtþti am PaKI
RtYtRtadMeNIrkar GBüaRkitPaB ÉkCnPaB karsm¶at; RbsiTP§ aBénkarcMNay nig PaBqab;rh½s.
2>2> karGnuvtþn_esckþIseRmcmCÄtþkmμ
cMeBaHPaKICaeRcInEdlTTYlrg\TiB§ lBIdeM NaHRsaycugeRkayEdlmanRbsiTPi§ aBcgP¢ab;katBVkci © )anGHGagfa
karGnuvtþnG_ acCaktþaCMrju nigCakarRbQmmuxsRmab;BkY eK.
viFanénsßab½nmCÄtþkmμGnþrCatiF²M Ecgc,as;faral;esckþsI eRmcmCÄtþkmμ KWCaesckþsI eRmccugeRkay nigman
RbsiTPi§ aBcgP¢ab;katBVkci © ehIyRtUvGnuvtþtamedayKμankarBnüaeBl. edayÉkPaBeKarBtamviFanTaMgenaH tam
Fmμta PaKIks¾ xu citlþ bu ecalsiTb§i gwþ ]T§rN_BGI gÁesckþI eTAtulakarCatiEdlGacmansmtßkci e© FVsI vnkarelIbNþgw
]T§rN_. tamBitPaKIGacEcgBIdeM NIrkar]T§rN_kgúñ kicR© BmeRBogmCÄtþkmμ)anRbsinebIeKcg;. b:Eu nþmankal³eTs³
mankMrti mYycMnnY EdltulakarGaclubecal b¤EkERbesckþsI eRmcrbs;mCÄtþkr edaysarmankMhsu nItvi Fi FI n¶ F; r¶
b¤deM NIrkarkþmI CÄtþkmμmni RtwmRtUv. mankarTTYlsÁal;CaGnþrCatifa kal³eTs³TaMgenHmansarsMxan;edIm,I[man
PaBsmRsb nig yutFiþ m’.
kñgú krNIEdlPaKIcaj;mni eKarBtamesckþsI eRmcRbqaMgnwgxønÜ eKcat;Tku fa karbgç[M Rbtibtþti am manPaBgayRsYl
CagkarGnuvtþns_ alRkmenAkñgú tulakarCatienAkñgú yutaþ FikarepSgeTot. kñgú krNIPaKeRcIn PaKIQHñ GacnwgTukciteþ lI
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 53

bTb,BaØtéþi nGnusBaØaGgÁkarshRbCaCatisBIþ kI arTTYlsÁal; nig karGnuvtþne_ sckþsI eRmcmCÄtþkrbreTs ¬1958¦

ehAkat;fa ¬{GnusBaØaRkugjUvy:k}¦ sn§si BaØasþBI kI arGnuvtþne_ sckþsI eRmcmCÄtþkrbreTsGnþrCati EdleFVsI c©ab½n
nigTTYlykedayRbeTsCag 150 .
PaKIEdlcg;[mankarGnuvtþne_ sckþsI eRmc RtUvEtFanafamCÄtþkmμRtUvbegátI eLIg¬nigesckþsI eRmcRtUv)aneFVeI LIg¦ enA
kñgú RbeTsCasmaCikGnusBaØa ehIykarGnuvtþnR_ bqaMgnwgRTBüskmμrbs;PaKIcaj; Edlsßti enAkñgú RbeTsCasmaCikmYy
epSgeTot.
2>3> PaKImankarRtYtRta
mCÄtþkmμGnuBaØat[PaKImankarRtYtRtakñgú kRmitmYyFMelIdeM NIrkar. enAcMNcu cab;epþmI nItvi Fi eI nH GnuBaØat[PaKI
begátI viFsI aRsþ edaHRsayvivaT EdlminP¢ab;katBVkci e© daynItvi Fi I nig kalviPaKtulakarEdlmanPaBtwgrwg.
PaKIGacÉkPaBeRCIserIskñgú cMeNamnItvi Fi CI aeRcIn rab;TaMgbBaðacMnnY mCÄtþkr KuNvuDÆirbs;GaCJakNþal nigevTika nig
PasaeRbIkgúñ mCÄtþkmμ kalviPaK nig esckþRI tUvkarsvnkarpÞal;mat; b¤ viFeI pSgBIenH.
2>4> PaKIEtgtaMgmCÄtþkr
kñgú mCÄtþkmμ PaKIGaceRCIserIsecARkm EdlehAfamCÄtþkr [eFVsI vnakarelI vivaTrbs;eK.
PaKImanesrIPaB seRmcBIcnM nY mCÄtþkrEdlnwgvinci y½ä vivaTrbs;xnÜø . b:Eu nþtamFmμta eKeRCIserIsykmCÄtþkr cMnnY
ess edIm,I[esckþsI eRmccugeRkay CaesckþsI eRmcsßaBr. tamFmμtaPaKIEtgEteRCIserIsykcMnnY 3nak; b:Eu nþPaKI
CaeRcInEtgEtÉkPaBKña eRbImCÄtþkrEtmñak;. dMeNIrkarFmμtasMrab;eRCIserIsmCÄtþkrKW PaKInmI yY ²EtgtaMgmCÄtþkr
mñak;bnÞab;mkmCÄtþkrTaMgBIrEdlPaKI)anEtgtaMgeRCIserIsmCÄtþkrTIb.I enHCanItvi Fi sI rM ab;eRbIkalNaPaKI min)an
kMNt;BnI tI vi Fi eI RCIserIsmCÄtþkr.
sßab½nmCÄtþkmμCaeRcIn dUcCasmaKmmCÄtþkmμGaemrikaMg sPaBaNiCk¢ mμGnþrCati nig mCÄmNÐlmCÄtþkmμGnþrCati
RkugLúgd_ )ancuHbBa¢mI CÄtþkrEdlmanKuNvuDÆixs< k; gúñ visy½ epSg²EdlPaKIGaceRCIserIs)an. pÞyú eTAvij ebIPaKI min)an
kMNt;BnI tI vi Fi eI RCIserIsmCÄtþkreT eBlenaHsßab½nTaMgenH b¤c,ab;enHEcgBIynþkaredIm,IEttaMgmCÄtþkr sMrab;PaKI.
PaKInmI yY ² GactRmUvtamcitrþ bs;xnÜø )an edaysarmCÄtþkrEdlxønÜ EtgtaMgmanbTBiesaFn_ngi cMeNHdwgc,as;las;
kñgú visy½ EdlvivaTenaHekIteLIg. eKk¾GacEtgtaMgmCÄtþkr edaysarEtcMeNHdwg b¤karyl;dgw BIc,ab;Cati b¤c,ab;
Biess rbs;rdñ nig¼b¤PasaEdlTak;Tni nwgvivaTpgEdr.
dUcKñaenHEdr eKGacEcgCak;lak; b¤ÉkPaBKñafamCÄtþkrminRtUvmansBa¢atidcU PaKINamYyénvivaTeLIy. b:Eu nþelIk
ElgEtPaKIÉkPaBKñaepSgBIenH KμanbuKlÁ Namñak; GacRtUv)anhammin[eFVCI amCÄtþkredaysarmUlehtusBa¢atién
buKlÁ enaHeLIy.
b:Eu nþmCÄtþkrEdlPaKIEtgtaMg minEmnCatMNagrbs;PaKIEdlEtgtaMgxønÜ enaHeT. mCÄtþkrRtUvEtbBa¢ak; nigrkSarCMhr
ÉkraCü nigGBüaRkwt. eKtRmUv[mCÄtþkrcuHhtßelxaelIesckþRI bkasfa Kμankal³eTs³NamYy EdlxønÜ mankar
sgS½ysmRsbBIGBüaRkwtüPaBeLIy . mCÄtþkrmñak;²mankatBVkci C© abnþkgúñ karRbkasBIral;GgÁehtuEdlGac[
54 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ
mankarsgS½y BIGBüaRkwtüPaB ebIehtukarN_enaHekIteLIgkñgú dMeNIrkarmCÄtþkmμ.
2>5> GBüaRkwtüPaB
PaKIénkicR© BmeRBogGnþrCatiGacRBYy)armÖfa tulakarCatirbs;RbeTsEdleKcuHkics© nüa GacmanPaBlMeGogtam
sPavKti b¤ Cak;EsþgeTAelIPaKIEdlmansBa¢atidcU Kña. eTaHbICakarRBYy)armÖenHman b¤Kaμ nmUldæanc,as;kkIþ e¾ KGac
emIleXIjfamCÄtþkmμ manGBüaRkitüPaBeRcInCagtulakar.
CaTUeTA kics© nüaEcgc,as;fa kics© nüaRtUvRKb;RKgedayc,ab;Catiényutaþ Fikarrbs;PaKINamYy. evTikamCÄtþkmμ
enAkñgú RbeTsTI 3 EdlKμanPaKINamYyCab;Bak;Bn½ § Gacpþln; vU briyakasGBüaRkwtüsMrab;edaHRsayvivaT .
dUcKñaenHEdr ebIevTikaenHsßti enAkñgú RbeTsrbs;PaKImyY eKminGacFanamin[mankarsgS½yBIPaBlMeGogedaysar
sBa¢atimCÄtþkr)aneT. eKGacBRgwgGBüaRkwtüPaBedaysar karRbkasTTYlsÁal;vFi anrbs;saß b½nmCÄtþkmμ
GnþrCatiÉkraCü.
2>6> PaBÉkCn nig karrkSakarsm¶at;
vivaTenAtulakarEtgEtebIkcMhcMeBaHsaFarNCn nigsarB½tm’ an. pÞyú eTAvij dMeNIrkarmCÄtþkmμ RbRBwteþ TACaÉkCn
dUecñHGtþsBaØaNPaKI nigkarCMrHkþeI rOgra:vénvivaT RtUvrkSaCakarsm¶at;. lkçN³BiessenHGnuBaØat[PaKIrkSa
TMnak;TnM gGaCIvkmμrbs;eK)an ehIykaredaHRsayvivaTeFVeI LIgCaÉkCn kM)aMgBIEPñksaFarNCn nig sarBt’man.
karedaHRsayvivaTEbbenHGacCYyrkSakarsm¶at;BaNiCk¢ mμ ehIykñgú krNIxHø CYysßabnaTMnak;TnM gBaNiCk¢ mμ
eLIgvij. vak¾plþ b; riyakasEdlmanRbeyaCn_[Qandl;deM NaHRsaypgEdr .
mCÄtþkmμ dMeNIrkarkñgú lkçN³CakarÉkCn nigsm¶at; edaysardMeNIrkarenHRbRBwteþ TAkñgú briyakasminsUvpøvÚ kardUc
dUckrNIvvi aTTUeTAenAkñgú tulakar.
2>7> cM N aymanRbsi T § P aB ni g qab; r h½ s
mankarKaMRTxøagM elImCÄtþkmμGnþrCati edaysarfa CMerIsenHeFV[I cMNaymanRbsiTP§ aBebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgbNþgw
eTAtulakar enAkñgú yutaþ Fikarnana kalNaeKBicarNaéføcN M aytamRkmxNÐ énkarviPaKkarcMNay¼plcMeNj.
CaTUeTA eKgayRsYlkñgú kareFV[I PaKI EdlmansBa¢atiepSgKñacUlrYmkúgñ evTikamCÄtþkmμEdlÉkraCü BIcN M cu cab;epþmI
CagkarcUlrYmkñgú tulakarCatirbs;PaKINamYy. dUecñH témøcab;epþmI dMeNIrkarkþI nig karerobcMsNM eMu rOgRtUvcMNaytic
CagbNþgw enAtulakar.CaBiessenAcugbBa©bé; nerOgkþI ¬snμtf; aKμandMeNaHRsay¦ PaKITnM gCaeKarBtamesckþsI eRmc
eRcInCag b¤ TMngCacg;dak;[Rbtibtþti ameRcInCagsalRkmtulakarényutaþ FikarmYy enAtulakarrbs;PaKImyY eTot.
dUecñH PaKIEdlQñHkñgú mCÄtþkmμ minsUvCYbeCaKC½yedayKμann½y EdlCabBaðaEtgEtrMxan\tQb;Qrkñgú bNþgw
GnþrCatieT.
ktþafa eBlevlaCamasR)ak; ¬eTaHbImanPaBsÞak;esÞrI minsmRsb GacnwgcMNayeRcIn kñgú ry³eBlyUrkþ¦I manPaB
bt;Ebn ehIyPaKIRtYtRtaelImCÄtþkmμenH )anpþll; T§PaB[PaKI nig dMeNIrkarmCÄtþkmμGacGnumt½ ykkalviPaK
nItvi Fi h
I gwμ ma:tt; amEdleKcg;)an ehIysnSMséM céføcN
M ayCaeRcIn. mCÄtþkmμGacmannItvi Fi xI Iø eTAtambMNgrbs;
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 55

PaKI rIÉdMeNIrkarkþtI lu akar RtUveKarBtamnItvi Fi EI vgGnøay nighμgw ma:t.;

karecjesckþsI eRmccugeRkayPaKeRcInbMptu KWCakarbBa©bd; eM NIrkarkþI pÞyú BIsalRkmtulakarsaladMbgU Edlman
bNþgw ]T§rN_eRcInlMdab;fañ k; Edlfñak;nmI yY ²RtUvcMNayR)ak;Rbdab;keIþ RcIn nigTamTareBlevlaEdlPaKImni GacRKb;
RKg)an. kñgú kal³eTs³CaeRcIn vivaTkics© nüaEtgEtBak;Bn½ n§ gw karbMBanPaKxøHénkics© nüa. dUecñHkics© nüa nig
katBVkci É© eTotenAEtbnþ. dUecñHvivaT RtUvkarmandMeNaHRsayqab;rh½s edIm,IGnuBaØat[PaKIbnþTnM ak;TnM gRsbc,ab;
nigTMnak;TnM gGaCIvkmμrbs;eK)an . RbsinebIPaKIRtUvEts‘RU TaMngw nItvi Fi ]I T§rN_Evg eBlenaH TMnak;TnM gGaCIvkmμkR¾ tUv
rg;caM EdlbNþal[xatbg;RbeyaCn_esdækci © nig mankarraMgsÞHxøagM .
III. karpSHpSa
3>1> niymn½yénkarpSHpSa
karpSHpSa KWCakarbnþnvU dMeNIrkarcrca EdlenAkñgú enaHPaKITbI nI aMKPU aKIvvi aT[CYbKñaedIm,IedaHRsaybBaða. GñkpSHpSa
tarag k - lkçN³sMxan;²énmCÄtþkmμ

 CadMeNIrkareFVeI sckþsI eRmc

mCÄtþkmμ  manPaKIT3I GBüaRkitücUlrYm ³

bKu lÁ Rkmu Rbkw SamCÄtkþ mμ salamCÄtkþ mμ
 esckþsI eRmcP¢ab;katBVkci ©

mCÄtþkmμtamGMNacKtiytu iþ
 mCÄtþkmμtamGMNacKtiytu Ciþ amCÄtþkmμEdlc,ab;tRmUv.
mCÄtþkmμCakatBVkci ©
 mCÄtþkmμCakatBVkci p© su ecjBIkarRBmeRBogeday sμR½ Kcitþ rbs; PaKI
kñgú kicR© BmeRBogrYm edIm,Idak;vvi aT EdlekItecjBI kics© nüa eTAPaKITI
3 edIm,IedaHRsay. PaKI)anÉkPaBKña muneBlman vivaT ekIteLIg.

mCÄtþkmμedaysμR½ kcitþ
 kñgú krNImCÄtþkmμedaysμR½ Kcitþ kmμkr nig GñkRKb;RKgÉkPaBKñafa
bBaðaEdleKKμankarÉkPaB RtUvdak;CnU eTAedaHRsayeday
mCÄtþkmμ. mann½yfa PaKIRBmeRBogdak;vvi aTCUnPaKITI 3
edaHRsay enAeBlmanvivaT.
56 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

tarag x - GtßRbeyaCn_énmCÄtþkmμ
k> evTikarGBüaRkitü
 GtßRbeyaCn_cm,génmCÄtþkmμ KWedaysarvabegátI evTika
GBüaRkwtü lubbM)at;GtßRbeyaCn_ {tulakarkñgú Rsuk} Edlman
TMnak;TnM gCamYyKUvvi aT. manTMnak;TnM gCamYyKUvvi aT.
GtßRbeyaCn_énmCÄtþkmμ
x> karsnSMeBlevlanigkarcMNay
 CaTUeTAeKTTYlsÁal;famCÄtþkmμdeM NIrkarqab;rh½snig cMNay

R)ak;tci CagtulakarCaBiesscMeBaHvivaTEdltUcnigminsUvsμKú sμaj.

K> kartMNag[PaKIEdlGacbt;Ebn)an
 kñg ú yutaþ FikarCaeRcIn mintRmUv[sμakþeI nAkñgú dMeNIrkarmCÄtþkmμman
karTTYlsÁal; BIKN³emFavIényutaþ Fikar EdleFVmI CÄtþkmμenaH
eLIy. tamBitPaKImni caM)ac;manemFavI tMNageT.
 dUecñH Rkumh‘n u GacCYlsμakþeI nAkñgú Rkumh‘nu b¤bKu lÁ ki EdlmancMeNH
bec©keTsedIm,IeFVmI CÄtþkmμvvi aTenAkñgú Rsuk b¤ enAbreTs)an.
karsnSM éføcN M ay KWekIteLIgedaykareRbI emFavICnM ajdEdleRcIn
dg b¤ buKlÁ ki déTeTotEdlyl;dgw BIdeM NIrkarmCÄtþkmμ nig bBaða
vivaT EdlekIteLIgjwkjab; kñgú kics© nüarbs;Rkumh‘nu .
X> mCÄtþkrmanCMnajkñúgvis½y b¤ ]sSahkmμ
 eKGaceRCIserIsmCÄtþkrEdlmincaM)ac;CaemFavI EtCaGk ñ manCMnaj
Biess EdlCajwkjab;manbTBiesaFn_ eRcInCag ecARkmkñgú visy½
EdlmanvivaT nigyl;dgw c,as;BRI bePTbBaða énvivaT. dUecñHehIyeK
eRbIeBltickñgú {karGb;r}M mCÄtþkr. ktþaenHmansarsMxan;CaBiess
kalNabBaðaTak;Tni nwgTmøab;BaNiCk¢ mμ KuNPaBTMnji b¤karGnuvtþn_
kics© nüa nig ehtukarN_bec©keTsÉeTotEdlBak;Bn½ .§
g> lkçN³eRkApøvÚ kar
 viFanbec©keTs nItvi Fi I nig Psþtú ag minRtUveKarBtamviFanhμgw ma:t;
Canice© T ehIymincaM)ac;cat;Tku CabBaðaGgÁc,ab;Edr.
c> mCÄtþkrmincaM)ac;Gnuvtþtamc,ab;eT
 edIm,IQandl;esckþs I eRmc mCÄtþkrxøHmanTMenarepþatelIsmF’m
én sßanPaB. kñgú karseRmcEbbenH eKGacminyk vinFanc,ab;dcU
CakareRCIserIsc,ab;rbs;PaKIngi karhamR)amkñgú kics© nüa.
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 57

tarag K - kareRbobeFobdMeNIrkarmCÄtþkmμ nig tulakar

dMeNIrkarmCÄtþkmμ dMeNIrkartulakar
 kalviPaKsvnakarGacbt;Ebn)an GnuBaØat[man  karkMNt;kalviPaK RtUveKarBtamRbtiTni tulakar
dMeNaHRsayvivaTqab;rh½s. EdleBareBjeTAedaysMNeMu rOg.
 tamFmμtamCÄtþkrmincUlrYmBiPakSa rkdMeNaH  Cajwkjab; ecARkmedIrtYskmμkgúñ karCMrju [man
RsayeT. dMeNaHRsay .
 eTaHbICamankaredaHdUrÉksarCajwkjab; rvag PaKIkIþ
k¾mni tRmUv[mankarRsavRCavdéTeToteT ¬elIkElg  karRsavRCavkat;bnßy»kasénkarPJak;epIl¥ nig
EtmanEcgc,as;las;¦karminRsavRCavenH GnuBaØat[ CYyemFavIkgúñ karerobcMsN
M eMu rOg EtvaGacnaM[
mankarcab;epþmI svnakar Pøam² b:Eu nþGacbnþkgúñ mankarlM)akcMeBaHPaKI EdlmanhirBaØvtßtú ci tYc.
ry³eBlEvg.
 tamTmøab;RtUvmanemFavIRKb;krNI elIkElgEt
 mincaM)ac;manemFavIkarBarPaKIeT . erOgtUc².
 ebIeRbIGkñ c,ab; CnenaHmincaM)ac;CasmaCik én  emFavIRtUvEtCasmaCikKN³emFavI edIm,ICrM HkþeI nA
KN³emFavI eKGaceRbIGkñ tMNagEdlminEmn tulakar)an b¤ RtUvEtTTYlsÁal;edaytulakar.
CaemFavI)an.
 erOgkþGI acseRmcedaybuKlÁ EdlmanCMnaj kñgú  erOgkþGI acseRmcedayecARkm b¤ KN³vinci y½ä
]sSahkmμ nig yl;dgw BIkmμvtßéú nvivaT . EdlKμanCMnajBiess kñgú visy½ EdlmanvivaT.
 mCÄtþkrmincaM)ac;CaemFavIeT .  ecARkmesÞrI EtTaMgGs;RtUvEtCaemFavIeT .
 karvinci y½ä edayKN³vinci y½ä bgðajnUvPaBeRKaHfñak;
 mCÄtþkrGacecjesckþsI eRmcsRmuHsRmYl . énkarecjsalRkm CaBiesscMeBaHcugcemøyI Rkumh‘nu
breTsFM².
 RtUvEteKarBtamviFannItvi Fi I nig viFanPsþtú ag CaBiess
 mincaM)ac;eKarBtamviFannItvi Fi dI cU Ca viFan Psþtú ag. enAkñgú karCMnu CuM rM HedayKN³vinci y½ä .
 mCÄtþkrmincaM)ac;eKarBtamc,ab;RKb;RKgvivaT dUcCa
 ecARkmRtUvEteKarBtamc,ab;. eKGacbþgw esIerI
kareRCIserIsc,ab;rbs;PaKI ehIyeKminGacbþgw esIerI
{kMhsu qÁg} PaKeRcIn)aneT. {kMhsu qÁg} PaKeRcIn)an .

 tamFmμtamCÄtþkreFVkI arCaÉkCn ehIysarBt’man  tulakarebIksvnakarcMh nig saFarN³cMeBaH

minGac TTYl)anÉksar b¤ Psþtú agEdl Bak;Bn½ e§ T . sarB½tm’ an.
 manmUlehtusrM ab;]T§rN_elIesckþsI eRmc mankMrti
xøagM nig minEsVgrkmeFüa)ayedIm,IBni ti ü GgÁesckþéI n manmUlehtupvÚø c,ab;srM ab;bgwþ ]T§rN_ .
esckþsI eRmc .
58 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

 CaTUeTAbNþgw eTAtulakarmankarrMxan nig kat;paþ c;

 mCÄtþkmμmanplRbeyaCn_srM ab;karedaHRsayvivaT
ehIy GnuBaØat[PaKIrkSaTMnak;TnM gmitPþ aB)an . TMnak;TnM gkargarrbs;PaKI eRcInCagkaredaHRsay
eday mCÄtþkmμ .
 mCÄtþkrGackMNt;RbePTsMNg dUcCasMNgtam  tulakarmankMrti edaysarbBaðabec©keTs
smFm’ EdltulakarminGaceFV)I an . Tak;Tni nwglkçN³énesckþsI eRmc EdleKGaceFV)I an.
 eKGacGnuBaØat[mCÄtþkrkMNt;RbePTdMeNaHRsay  tulakarEtgEtRtUveKarBRBMEdndMeNaHRsay
EdleqøyI tbeTAnwgvivaT. EdlkMNt;eday c,ab;ngi eKalkarN_smFm’.

tarag X- karerobcMsvnakarmCÄtþkmμ
buKlÁ EdlTTYlxusRtUveFVEI pnkar nig GnuvtþkarbgðajBIkrNIvvi aTrbs;PaKIenAmCÄtþkmμ ¬eTaHCabuKlÁ enaHCaemFavI b¤
GaCIvkrkþ¦I RtUvEterobcM[)anc,as;las; sMrab;svnakarmCÄtþkmμ. RtUvEtmankarykcitTþ ku dak; nigRbugRby½tñ
dUcKña nwgkarerobcMsNM eMu rOgeTAtulakarEdr. mankarENnaMBCI h
M a‘nnanadUcxageRkamenH ³
 mCÄtþkrRtUvEsVgyl;BCI h M rrbs;PaKITaMgBIr.
 RtUvsMPasn_CamYymnusSEdlyl;dg w BIvvi aT [)aneRcIntam
EdlGac eFVeI TA)an .
 viPaKFatupSMénerOgkþEI dlRtUvbgðajPsþt ú ag nig
 kMNt;meFüa)ayRbesIrbMpt u edIm,IbBa¢ak;BFI atupSMnmI yY ² .
CMha‘nEdlRtUveRbIsrM ab;erobcMsvnakar
 RtUvRsg;ykcMNcu sMxan;²Edlman ³
 bBa¢b I Baðngi sakSI ¬edaymanesckþsI egçb ksiNEdl)an
eRKagTuk
 kMNt;RtasMrab;EføgkarN_paÞ l;mat;ng i karBinti üsakSI nig
 B½tm’ anepSgeTotEdlmanRbeyaCn_dl;svnakar.
 RtUvsMPasn_CamYysakSIEdlmanskþanuBl.
 RtUvRsg;ykcMNc u sMxan;²EdlsakSIRtUvbBa¢ak;Psþtú ag.
 RtUvR)akdfasakSIyl;Bt I nY aTIrbs;eKkñgú karbgðajBIkrNI
nigman TMnku citeþ lIksiNEdleKnwgbBa¢ak;.
 RtUvRbmUl nig erobcMÉksarPsþt ú agEdlGñkcg;eRbICaÉksar
bgðajkñgú svnakar.
 BicarNafa etIRtUv[mCÄtþkreTABinti üTIEnøgeRkABIbnÞbs; vnakar
b¤eT RtUvGnuBaØat[Binti üelIkdMbgU elIFatupSMsxM an;²énvivaT.
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 59

 RtUvpþld; NM gw nig rMlkw sakSIGBM kI alviPaKénsvnakarRBmTaMg

sakSICnM sY GñkEdlminGacbgðajxønÜ )an edIm,IeRtomkñgú krNI
EdlcaM)ac;.
 kñgú kMLgú eBlsvnakarcUrbnþkarBiPakSaCamYybuKlÁ ki rYmkargar.
karBiPakSaTaMgenHGacpþln; vU B½tm’ an EdlmantémøsrM ab;eRbI
bdiesFGMNHGMNag rbs;KbU dibkçtamry³karsYrcemøyI b¤ sakSI
KUbdibkç .

tarag g- KMrUlMdab;lMedayéndMeNIrkarmCÄtþkmμ

 tamviFanTUeTA dMeNIrkarkþmI CÄtþkmμ GnuvtþRsbKñanwgCMhanén

bNþgw enA tulakar.
 svnakarRtUvebIkedaymanvtþmanPaKITaMgsgxag .

KMrlU dM ab;leM dayéndMeNIrkarmCÄtþkmμ

TI 1³
karerobcMsarNamunsvnakar ¬esckþEI føgkarN_ebIksvnakar¦
 sarNamunsvnakarRtUvEtc,as; CaesckþEI føgkarN_Rtg;²GMBI

erOgkþrI bs;PaKI .
 RtUvBiPakSaBIGgÁehtuEdlBak;Bn ½ § ¬]TahrN_ PaKIBak;Bn½ n§ gW
RBwtkiþ arN_ EdlnaM[ekItvivaT¦
 bBa¢rI ayxbBaØtk þi ci s© nüaEdlTak;Tni RbsinebIman
 RtUvBN’naBIPsþg ú tagEdlnwgRtUvbgðajeLIgedIm,IKaMRTerOgkþI nig
 Bnül;ehtuplEdlKaMRTesckþs I nñdi aæ nrbs;PaKI .
 svnakarrbs;edImecaTk¾RtUvBnül; nigbBa¢ak;ml U ehtuénsMNg
EdlkMBgu TamTarEdr .
TI 2³
esckþEI føgkarN_ebIksvnakar
 mCÄtþkrnwgebIksvnakaredayENnaMxn Üø bBa¢ak;BnI tI vi Fi I nig elIk
eLIgnUvesckþsI egçbBIsaß nPaBénvivaT.
60 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

TI 3³ TI 3³
 kareFVeI sckþEI føgkarN_ ebIk
esckþEI føgkarN_ebIksvnakar
svnakar maneKalbMNg  esckþEI føgkarN_ebIksvnakarrbs;PaKInm I yY ².
kMNt;nvU cMNcu sMxan;²én erOgkþI  eKGacsþab;esckþEI føgkarN_ebIksvnakarpÞal;mat;Cn M sY b¤
edIm,I[mCÄtþkryl;dgw BIbribT bEnßmelIsarNamunsvnakar. esckþEI føgkarN_paÞ l;mat;man
edIm,I[mankar[témøelI sarsMxan;kalNamCÄtþkmμtcU eRbIry³eBlxøI kúgñ krNIEdlKμan
Psþtú agEdlRtUvdak;CnU . karerobcMsarNamunsvnakar.
 dUcKñanwgsarNamunsvnakarEdr esckþEI føgkarN_ebIksvnakar

RtUverobrab;GBM ³I
 kal³eTs³énvivaT

 xbBaØtk þi ci s© nüaEdlPaKITku citeþ lI RbsinebIman

 Psþt ú agEdlPaKIngw RtUvpþl;
 ehtuplEdlnaMeTArklT§plEdlPaKIcg;)an .

 sMNgEdlPaKIEsVgrk.

TI 4³
kareRbIÉksarPsþtú ag
 PaKIEdlcab;epþm I erOgkþCI aGñkkMNt;GNM HGMNag tamry³sakSI
enArs; lixti Eføgsc©a Éksar nigkMNt;ehtuRtYtBinti ü*.
 ÉksarPsþt ú agrYmmankics© nüaEdlCaedImcménvivaT lixti
eqøyI qøg viky½ b½Rt GnusSarN³ nigkMNt;RtaTinanuelx KWCaEpñk
sMxan;CageK enAkñgú erOgkþmI CÄtþkmμ.
TI 5³
karBinti üsakSIkgúñ dMeNIrkarmCÄtþkmμ
 PaKeRcInénsMNeMu rOgPaKI RbEhlCaekItecjBIkarsYrsakSI eday

pÞal;.
 karBint i üedaypÞal;enAkñgú mCÄtþkmμ KWdcU KñanwgkarsYrcemøyI kñgú kar
CMnCMu rM HenAtulakarEdrxusEtdMeNIrkarenHmanlkçN³eRkApøvÚ karCag
 eKGacGnuBaØat[eRbIsN M rY nMamux enAkñgú karsYrcemøyI pÞal; Ca
BiesselIerOgra:vdMbgU ² b¤erOgra:vKμanvivaT.
 sakSICn M ajEtgEtmanRbeyaCn_kgúñ karbBa¢ak;BsI N M eMu rOgmCÄtþkmμ.
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 61

TI 6³
cemøIy nig cemøIybdiesF
 PaKImaç geTotGaceqøy I tb bnÞab;BmI ancemøyI bdiesFrbs;
PaKIT1I .
 PaKIng w pþlP; sþtú agedIm,IKaMRTTsSn³rbs;xnÜø . Psþtú agenH
GacTak;Tni nwgGgÁehtu b¤bTb,BaØtCþi aFrman.
 kñg
ú vivaTGMBpI lRbeyaCn_ Cajwkjab;eKpþlP; sþtú ag GMBI
lT§PaBTUTat; dUcCaéføcN M aysñak;GaRs½y nigéføRTRTg;
CIvPaB nigtamTmøab; GnuvtþnE_ dlmankarTTYlsÁal;.
kñgú eBlPaKIbgðajnUverOgkþI mCÄtþkrGacsM[u bMPBWø bI BaðamYy
cMnnY EdlxønÜ cg;dgw .
TI 7³
esckþEI føgkarN_bTi svnakar
 svnakar GacRtUv)anbiTedayesckþEI føgkarN_bTi rbs;PaKI nImyY ²
EdlsegçbBIcN M cu TsSn³rbs;eK nig karsgátF; n¶ e; lIcN
M cu Biess².
 tamFmμta tMNagrbs;cg u cemøyI KWCabuKlÁ TI1 EdlRtUveFVeI sckþI
GHGagpÞal;mat;.
 dUcKñanwgesckþEI føgkarN_ebIkEdr esckþG I HGagenHRtUvEtmankar
BiPakSa c,as;las;BcI NM cu sMxan;² énsMNeuM rOgrbs;PaKI
 RbEhl CaRtUveyageTArkPsþtú agEdlbBa¢ak;BcI N
M cu TaMgenaH nig
PaKIbdibkçelIkeLIgnUvkarbdiesFelIcN
M cu sMxan;² .

* enAkñgú erOgkþsI Kúμ sμaj eKGacedaHRsaybBaðamþgmYy² b¤CaRkumcMeBaHbBaðaTak;TgKña edaymincaM)ac;[PaKIelIkBI

bBaðaTaMgGs;EtmþgeT ehIybnÞab;mkPaKImaç geFVdI eU cñaHEdr. ebIeKGnuvtþtamrebobenH eKRtUveKarBtamlMdab;leM day
mYycMnnY dUcCakarelIkeLIgnUvbBaðadMbgU EdlmanB½tm’ anEdlRtUvkaredIm,Iyl;BbI BaðaepSgeTot. eRkABIGNM HGMNag
EdlPaKI )andak;CnU PaKI b¤mCÄtþkrGacGeBa¢jI GñkCMnaj edIm,Iplþ k; arbMPbWø Enßm ehIymCÄtþkrGaceTARtYtBinti ü
dl;kEnøgekItehtu. karBinti üenHmansarsMxan;CaBiess krNIEdlman vivaTBIlkçxNÐkargar.
62 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

tarag c- esckþIseRmcrbs;mCÄtþkmμ
k> lkçxNÐbec©keTs
 esckþsI eRmcRtUvEteFVeI LIgCalaylkçNG_ kSr nigcuHhtßelxa
edaymCÄtþkrEdleFVeI sckþsI eRmcenaH .
 tamFmμta esckþs I eRmcRtUvEteFVeI LIgedaysemøgPaKeRcInén
mCÄtþkr.
lkçxNÐénesckþsI eRmc
mCÄtþkmμEdlmansuBlPaB
x> lkçxNÐKtiyutþi
 mCÄtþkmμvvi aTBIplRbeyaCn_  esckþs I eRmcRtUvEtCakarvinci y½ä elIGgÁesckþéI nvivaT .
minEmnCabBaðark[eXIjfa  cMeBaHmux esckþs I eRmcRtUvEtedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgGs;kgúñ vivaT eTaH
GñkNaxus GñkNaRtUv enaHeT bICakarTamTar b¤ karTamTartbvij. karbBa©lÚ esckþEI føgkarN_
b:Eu nþvaCaviFrI ktulüPaB rvagkar kñgú esckþsI eRmc edIm,I[esckþsI eRmcenH køayCadMeNaHRsay
TamTarplRbeyaCn_ rbs;PaKI TaMgRsugénkarTamTarTaMgGs;rbs;PaKI EdlbegátI )anCaesckþI
TaMgsgxag nigTMnak;TnM g snñdi aæ nfaCaesckþsI eRmcTaMgRsugBitR)akd.
kargarGnaKtrbs;eK.  esckþsI eRmcRtUvEtc,as;las;RKb;RKan; edIm,I [PaKIdgw faRtUveFVGI IV
edIm,I eKarBtamesckþsI eRmcenaH.
 esckþs I eRmcenHGacCakarbBa¢ak;eLIgvijnUvesckþsI eRmcEdl)an eFVI
rYcehIyb¤GacBnül;bEnßmBImlU ehtuénkareFVeI sckþsI eRmcenaHk¾)an.
 tamFmμta esckþs I eRmcRtUvbBa¢ak;BrI y³eBlsuBlPaB.
K> RbePTsMNgEdlGackMNt;kgúñ esckþsI eRmc

sMNgCaR)ak; sMNgsmFm’
 mCÄtþkmμGacbgÁab;[ecjsMNgCaR)ak;dcU xageRkamenH ³  tamxEcgBImCÄtþkmμTlU TM lU ayTaMgsMNgsmFm’
 sNM gCmcW¶ ti þ ³ esckþsI eRmcGacbgÁab;[sgCm¶cW ti Cþ aR)ak;)an. nigsMNgCm¶cW ti þ Kwstiß enAkñgú GMNacsMerc rbs;
 sNM gCav)i ak ³ mCÄtþkmμGacseRmc[ecjsMNgCavi)ak mCÄtþkr. sMNgsmFm’Gacrab;bBa©lÚ RbePT dUc
ebIPaKI)anGnuBaØat[mCÄtþkreFVdI eU cñaH tamry³xEcgBI mCÄtþkmμ xageRkam ¬EtminkMrti EtRbePTTaMgenHeT¦ ³
TUlTM lU ay eday)aneyageTArkviFan rbs;saß b½nEdlGnuBaØat  karbeM BjkatBkV ci C© akl; ak³; esckþsI eM rcGac
[mansMNgEbbenH b¤sN M gepSgBIenH . bgÁab;[PaKIbeM BjkatBVkci © ¬b¤bBaÄb;GeM BINa
 sNM gCakarR)ak; ³ mCÄtþkmμGacseRmc[ecjsMNgCakar mYyEdl)ankMNt;¦.
 karbegt Iá kci s© nüaCaf³Iμ mCÄtþkr GacbegátI kic©
R)ak; eTaHbICaPaKImni )anTamTark¾eday .
snüaeLIgvij b¤bgÁab;[lubecalkics© nüa.
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 63

X> karGnuvtþne_ sckþsI Merc

 esckþs I eRmcrbs;mCÄtþkmμ manRbsiT§Pi aBcgP¢ab;katBVkci e© lIPaKITaMgsgxag.
 b:Eu nþGacmankrNIEdlPaKImy Y bdiesFminRBmGnuvtþtamesckþsI eRmcenHEdr. eBlenaHPaKImaç geTotGacbþgw eTA
tulakar edIm,Is[uM GnuvtþesckþseRmcmCÄtþkmμenaH.

minmanlUklan;kgúñ dMeNIrkarBiPakSa b¤kgúñ dMeNIrkaredaHRsayeT b:Eu nþedIrtYCaPñak;garGnþrkarI edIm,IENnMa[PaKI

vivaTRtUvKña . tYnaTIds_ xM an;rbs;Gkñ pSHpSa KWxti xMnaM [PaKIvvi aTQaneTAdl;cN
M cu RBmeRBogmYy edaykarbnßynUv
evahasaRsþEdlExVgKMnti KñanigPaBtwgEtgebIkcMh[mankarR)aRs½yTak;Tg nigsMrM lY [mankarcrcaCabnþeTAeTot.
tamn½yRtg; karpSHpSamann½yxusKañBkI arsRmuHsRmYl Edlkñgú enaHPaKITbI I mankarcYlrYmskmμCag nigmanbMNg
elIkeLIgnUvsMeNI nigviFsI a®sþsrM ab;edaHRsaybBaðaCak;Esþg .
karpSHpSaxusKñapgEdrBImCÄtþkmμ Edlkñgú enaHPaKITbI I CaPaKIGBüaRkwt RtUvBicarNaeTAelIehtuplEdlCasMGag
rbs;PaKITaM gBIr rYcehIyecjesckþIseRmcEdlmanRbsiTP§ aBeTAelIPaKITaM gLaykñgú vivaTenaH.
3>2> karpSHpSaCakatBVkic© nig karpSHpSaedaysμRK½citþ
karpSHpSaCakatBVkci © mann½yfaCadMeNIrkarEdlmanlkçN³cMa)ac;edayxanmin)andUcCakatBVkci r© bs;PaKIvvi aT kñgú
karcUlrYmkicR© bCMpu SHpSaenAeBl)anTTYlkarGeBa¢jI b¤karhamXat;mni [PaKITaM genaHerobcMCakUdkmμ b¤Lkúu eGA
edayminmanbMNgeFVkI arpSHpSaCamun . enHminmann½yfa dMeNIrkarTMagmUltMrvU [mankarRBmeRBogTMagGs;
enaHeT.
müa:gvijeTot karpSHpSaedaysμR½ Kcitþ KWCadMeNIrkarEdlPaKITaM gGs;mansiT§i esrIPaBeBjeljkñgú karyl;RBm
b¤mni yl;RBmcUlrYmkñgú kicR© bCMpu SHpSa. mUlehtuEdl bNþal[mankarpSHpSaedaysμRK½cti þ KWbNþalmkBIktþaEdl
KμanRbeyaCn_kgúñ karxitxMeFV[I ekItmaneLIgnUvkarpSHpSa ebIsni CaPaKITaM genaHBMmu ankarcab;GarmμNe_ dayBitR)akd.
3>4 etInrNaGaceFVICaGñkpSHpSa)an?
IV. karsRmuHsRmYl
4>1> lkçN³sm,tþisMxan;énkarsRmuHsRmYl
emFavIRtUvyl;pgEdrBItnY aTIrbs;Gkñ sRmuHsRmYl dUecñHeKGaceRtomxÜnø eK nig[GtifCi nrbs;eKeRtomxønÜ [)an
RtwmRtUv edIm,IQancUleTArkdMNak;kalsRmuHsRmYl nigedIm,ITajykplRbeyaCn_GtibrimaBIkarCYyeFVGI nþraKmn_
rbs;PaKIT3I . GñkdMeNIrkarEdlCajwkjab; b¤ mþgmþaledIrtYCaGñksRmuHsRmYl RtUvdwgpgEdrBIbec©keTs EdlGñk
sRmuHsRmYleCaKC½y)aneRbIR)as;.
eTaHCamankarsRmuHsRmYleRcInRbePTsMrab;vvi aTxus²Kñak_eday k_enAmanlkçN³sm,tþri mY mYycMnnY sMrab;TRmg;
énkarsRmuHsRmYlPaKeRcInEdr . karBinti üemIllkçN³rYmenH KWCaTegVdI m¾ ansar³RbeyaCn_edIm,IEsVgyl;BdI eM NIr
karsRmuHsRmYl.
64 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

3>3> lkçN³BiessénkarpSHpSa
 CadMeNIrkarksagsnþPi aB
 karpSHpSaCakatBVkci ©
karpSHpSa KWCa  KWCakarbnþnvU dMeNIrkarcrca
 karpSHpSaedaysμRK½ctiþ
 minEmnCadMeNIrkarGnuvtþnc_ ,ab;mann½yfaCYydl;PaKITaM gGs;
kñgú karkat;bnßynUvkarExVgKMnti Kña EsVgrkkarRBmeRBog nig
dMeNaHRsaymYyRbkbedaymitPþ aB .

 PaKITbI GI BüaRkwtücUlrYm

 CakarcrcaEdlmanCMnyY

 cab;epþmI enAeBlkarcrcaQandl;karKMagsÞH

 CakarGnþraKmn_RbkbedayyfaRkmenAkñgú vivaT

 lT§plénkarpSHpSaRKb;RKgedayPaKIvvi aT

 CadMeNIrkarEdlGacbt;EbneTAtamkal³eTs³

 CadMeNIrkarEdlmanhaniPy½ Tab

 CaFmμtamanlkçN³sm¶at;
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 65

4>2> karQancUlkarsRmuHsRmYl
muxgarsMxan;²rbs;Gkñ pSHpSa
 GñkpSHpSamantYnaTIsxM an;kgúñ karCYyPaKI EsVgrkdMeNaHRsay
sMrab;bBa©bb; Baðarbs;eK. b:Eu nþmantYnaTIbnÞab;bnSMCaeRcIn Edl
GacekIteLIgkñgú eBlpSHpSa.
 GñkbMerI[PaKIvvi aT minEmnCam©as;rbs;PaKIvvi aTeT
karpSHpSa KWCa  GñksRmbsRmYl minEmnCaecARkmeT
 minEmnCaemFavI[PaKINamYyeLIy
 GñkGb;rEM dl³
o beRgonPaKITaM gBIr[dwgBICh
M rrbs;eKnImyY ²
o beRgon[PaKITaM gBIr)andwgBItfPaBénBiPBEdlkMBg
u dMeNIrkar
o beRgonxønÜ Ég[dwgBIChM rrbs;PaKInmI yY ²
 RbPBB½tm’ an nigKMnti
 GñkxitxMRbwgERbgrkplRbeyaCn_krM ti GtibrimasMrab;PaKITaM gBIr
 GñkbkERbsMrab;bBa¢nÚ B½tm’ anBICh
M rPaKImyY eTAPaKImyY eTot
 katalIkrEdlEkERbTMnak;TnM grvagPaKITaM gGs;
 buKlÁ CMnajCMrju [PaKIbgðajBICeM rIsrbs;eKnigKitkñgú n½yTUlay
 GñkviPaKEdlbMEbkbBaða nigsßanPaB[eTACasmasFatutcU ²
 GñkCYy[epþatGarmμNe_ lIGEIV dlsMxan;ngi Bak;Bn½ §
 GñkcMraj;Bt½ m’ an ¬CYy[PaKIbrÚþ BIbBaðaTUeTAmkCabBaðaCak;lak;¦
 GñkEdlGacpøas;brÚþ bBaðamYyeTACabBaðamYy ¬]TahrN_ karTUTat;
kargarelIsem:ag eTACakarTUTat;elIeBlQb;¦
66 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

 GñksRmbsRmYlEdlENnMa[PaKICECkKña
 GñkeFVeI sckþsI nñdi aæ n nigbUksrubelIbBaðaTMagLayEdlPaKI bgðaj
ehIyerobcMCasMNÉuM ksarmYyEdlsmRsb
 GñkerobcMsRmYlbriyakas ehIyCMrju [mankics© hkar nig
manplRbeyaCn_rmY
 GñknMamuxelIrebobvar³ minEmnnMamuxPaKIeT

 GñkrkSaB½tm’ anGaRkk;mni [ B¤BPI aKImyY eTAPaKImyY

 GñkrgkMhsu CaTisedAEdlRtUvcab;kh
M su nig benÞas
 bNþajTak;Tg
 minRtUveFVeI sckþsI eRmcNamYyeTAelIvvi aTeT GñkpSHpSaRKan;Et
CYyPaKIkgúñ karEsVgrkdMeNaHRsayedaymitPþ aBEtb:eu NaÑH .
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 67

TImYy
 PaKIGacÉkPaBKñaCamuneTAelIbBaðaNamYy faebIman vivaT
ekItmaneLIgnaeBlGnaKt enaHeK nwgedaHRsay vivaT edaykar
sRmuHsRmYlehIyeK)ankarbBa©lÚ vaküxNÐénkarÉkPaBenaH
eTAkñgú kics© nüarbs;eK.
TIBIr
ekIteLIg  PaKIGacÉkPaBfa enAeBlNaEdlmanvivaTekIteLIg enaH
karsRmuHsRmYl eday eKRtUvedaHRsayvivaTrbs;eK edaykarsRmuHsRmYl.
TIbI
 RbsinebIPaKImanvivaTrYcehIyk_eday Ettulakar b¤ ecARkm
GactMrvU [PaKIclU rYm eFVkI arsRmuHsRmYltamry³ viFantulakar
b¤ dIkarrbs;ecARkm.

4>3 plRbeyaCn_énkarsRmuHsRmYl

k- edaysμRK½citþ
 dMeNIrkarsRmuHsRmYl CadMeNIrkaredaysμR½ KcitTþ aMgRsug dUecñH
PaKInmI yY ²GacedIrecjmineFVkI arsRmuHsRmYlenAeBlNak_)an .
karsRmuHsRmYl
x- minGaccgP¢ab;katBVkci ©
 GñksRmuHsRmYlBMm u ansiTG§i N
M ackMNt;deM NaHRsay[PaKITaM g
Gs;TTYlykenaHeT eTaHbIPaKIQandl;karRBmeRBogKña k_kar
RBmeRBogKñaenaHCaFmμtamanRbsiTP§ aBcgP¢ab; edaysarbBaða
c,ab;kci s© nüab:eu NaÑH. karcUlrYmkñgú dMeNIrkarsRmuHsRmYl
minEmnmann½yfa eyIgGacTat;ecalnUvCMerIsNamYyenaHeT
pÞyú eTAvijPaKIGacbnþeTArkkaredaHRsayvivaTtam ry³mCÄtþkmμ
b¤dak;BakübNþgw eTAtulakar ebIkarsRmuHsRmYlminTTYl
eCaKC½y.
68 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

K- karcMNay nig karsnSMeBlevla

 CaBiess enAeBlEdlPaKIedaHRsayvivaTtamry³karsRmuH

sRmYlenAdMNak;kaldMbgU enaHPaKITaM genaHGacsnSMeBlevla

nig R)ak;)an edaykarecosvagBIdeM NIrkarTamTarsMNg nig
dMeNIrkarkþdI y_ rU GEgVg nig yUrCagenHeTAeTotenAkúgñ dMeNIrkar
mCÄtþkmμ . karsRmuHsRmYl GacdMeNIrkartamkalkMNt; nig
GacbBa©bk; gúñ ry³eBlxøI ehIy karedaHRsay)ankñgú dMNak;
kaldMbgU enH nwgCYykat;bnßycMNaytampøvÚ c,ab; )any:ageRcIn
bMptu .

X- Parb,TayIGaccUlrYm)an
 Parb,TayIGacbn§rÚ GarmμNr_ bs;eK GacniyayedaypÞal;Ca

mYyPaKImyY eTot nigGaccUlrYmy:agskmμeTAkñgú karedaHRsay

vivaT .

g- karsm¶at;
 karGHGagrbs;PaKIenAkñgú dMeNIrkarsRmuHsRmYl nig lkçxNÐén
karRBmeRBogcugeRkay RtUv)anrkSaTukCakarsm¶at; nigCaEpñk
mYyéndMeNIrkarsRmuHsRmYl b:Eu nþPaKIénvivaTGacEckrMElk
B½tm’ anenH eTAvijeTAmk)an .

4>4 PaBdUcKña nigPaBxusKñarvagkarsRmuHsRmYl nigmCÄtþkmμ

bBa¢ak;PaBdUcKña nigPaBxusKñarvagkarsRmuHsRmYl nigmCÄtþkmμ³

karsRmuHsRmYl mCÄtþkmμ
 CakarcrcaEdlmankarCYyCMrj u  karvinci y½ä
 PaKIseRmcfaRbsinebIdeM NaHRsayNamYy)anseRmc
 mCÄtþkrecjesckþsI eRmcEdlmanRbsiTP§ aBCasßaBr
dMeNaHRsayenaHnwgmanRbsiTP§ aB GñksRmuHsRmYl siT§i rbs;PaKImankMNt;kgúñ karbþgw ]T§rN_ kñgú RbBn§t½ lu akar
BMmu ansiTb§i gç[M eFVkI aredaHRsayeT.
 PaKICaGñkRKb;RKgelIlT§plénkarsRmuHsRmYl.  PaKITaM gGs;Kaμ nsiTk§i gúñ karRKb;RKglT§pl.
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 69

 dMeNIrkarsRmuHsRmYl CadMeNIrkars½Rμ Kcitþ dUecñHPaKI  eTaHbICaPaKITaM gGs; RBmeRBogKñaedaysμRK½cti eþ TA

TMagGs;mansiTd§i kfyRKb;eBlevla elIdeM NIrkarmCÄtþkmμke_ day k_bEu: nþenAeBl cab;epþmI
PaKImni GacdkxønÜ ecjBIdeM NIrkarenH )aneT.
 tYnaTIrbs;Gkñ sRmuHsRmYl KWCyY kMNt;BGI tþsBaØaN  tYnaTIrbs;mCÄtþkr KWRtUvsþab;karpþlP ; sþtú ag nig
énbBaða TajykplRbeyaCn_ EsVgrkCMerIsepSg² ecjesckþsI eRmc .
begátI CMerIs nig sRmYldl;karcrca .
 PaKImanlT§PaBbn§rÜ GarmμN_ niyayerOg cYlrYmkñg ú  PaKITaM gGs;GacbgðajerOgkIeþ dayeFVsI m,f .
dMeNIrkaredaHRsaybBaða .
 PaKICb Y CamYyGñksRmuHsRmYlkúgñ eBlRbCMru mY Kña nig kñgú  mCÄtþkrGaceFVsI vnakarsþab;karbgðajPsþtú ag .
eBlRbCMeu dayELk .
 karRBmeRBogNamYyGacseRmc)an edayEp¥keTAelI  esckþsI eRmcrbs;mCÄtþkr Ep¥keTAelIPsþtú ag nig c,ab; -
plRbeyaCn_rbs;PaKI . r)aykarN_ .
 dMeNIrkarsRmuHsRmYlnwgsRmYldl;deM NaHRsay  kñg
ú kal³eTs³mYycMnnY mCÄtþkmμplþ n; vU lT§pl Ca
QñH¼QñH lT§plEdlTTYl)an eBjciteþ TAvij karseRmcEbb { QñH¼caj;{ .
eTAmkedayrkSa nigbegátI TMnak;TnM grvagPaKI TaMgGs; .
 cMNayTab . GacmancMNayticCagkarbþgw eTAtulakar EtCanicC© akal
k_mni dUecñHEdr .
 GacdMeNIrkartamkalkMNt; nig GacbBa©b) ; any:ag  CaerOy ² elOn nig GacbBa©bm; nu kalkMNt; Cagkar
qab;rh½s . dak;bNþgw eTAedaHRsaytampøvÚ tulakar b:Eu nþRtUvcMNay
eBlevlaeRcInCagdMeNIrkarsRmuHsRmYl .
 sm½yRbCMu karcrca nig kicR© BmeRBog manlkçN³  dMeNIrkarsvnakar CadMeNIrkarÉkCn b:Eu nþmn i cMa)ac;fa rkSa
CaÉkCn nig rkSa)annUvkarsm¶at; CakarsMgat;eLIy ehIyesckþsI eRmc nig dMeNIrkarkþGI ac
eFVeI LIgCasaFarN³CaBiess enAeBlecjesckþsI eRmc.
 eRbIR)as;PaKITb I I CaPaKIGBüaRkwtümanviCa¢ CIv³  eRbIR)as;PaKITb I I CaPaKIGBüaRkwtümanviCa¢ CIv³
 GacvaytMél)anedayÉkraCüenAeBlNak_)an kñg ú eBlman  GacvaytMél)anedayÉkraCüenAeBlNak_)an kñgú eBl
vivaTenH tamsMeNIrbs;PaKI nig Edl)an TTYlGaNtþeí day manvivaTenH tamsMeNIrbs;PaKITaMgGs; nig Edl)an
bTbBaØtéiþ nkics© nüa b¤dkI arbs;tlu akar . TTYlGaNtþei dayxbBaØtéiþ nkics© nüa b¤dkI arbs;tlu akar .
70 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

karCMTas; kareqøyI tb
 edaysarkarsRmuHsRmYlCadMeNIrkar sμRK½ct i þ nig  eKeCOCak;fa karsRmuHsRmYlvivaTnwgTTYl)aneCaKC½y

minP¢ab;katBVkci © dUecñHCaerOy² eKKitfa dMeNIrkar x<sb; pM tu tamkar):an;saμ nmanRbEhlBI 80 eTA 90°.

sRmuHsRmYl nwgbegátI [mankarcMNayeBlevla karsRmuHsRmYlGacdMeNIrkar tamkalkMNt; elOn
eRcInehIyk_bNþal[mancMNayeRcInpgEdr . nigCaerOy²RtUvcMNayEtBIrbIem:agEt b:eu NaÑH CarYmKW
pþll; T§plCadMeNaHRsayedayeCaKC½y kñgú eBlsRmuH
sRmYl b¤eRkayBIeBlRbCMPu aøm. CaBiess karsRmuH
sRmYl eRcInEtCadMeNIrkarcugeRkay dUecñHGacsnSMeBl
kñgú karedaHRsayvivaT. karedaHRsay)anqab;enH Gac
kat;bnßycMNaytampøvÚ c,ab;)anCaeRcIn .
 karsRmuHsRmYlEdl)anesñsI euM nH nwgGaccat;  edaysarkarsRmuHsRmYlecHEtekIneLIgenaH eFV[ I emFavI
TukCasMeNIseuM daHRsayvivaT b¤ CasBaØa CaeRcInTTYl)annUvkaresñsI [uM eFVkI arsRmuHsRmYl eRBaH
énPaBexSayrbs;PaKImyY eTot . GtifCi n rbs;eKnwgesñsI [uM eFVI nig¼ b¤ edaysarman kic©
snüakan;EteRcIntMrvU [manxEcg sþBI kI arsRmuHsRmYl.
 karsRmuHsRmYlminGacdMeNIrkareTA)aneT ebI 
enHGacCaeBlevlaEdll¥bpM tu sMrab;eFVkI arsRmuHsRmYl.
PaKI)anpSarP¢ab;CaeRsceTAnwg karcrcaedIm,I GñksRmuHsRmYlGacCYydl;PaKI edaynMamknUvTsSn³fμI
rkdMeNaHRsay ehIymin)anseRmc . CYydl;PaKI kñgú karR)aRs½yTak;Tg nig[PaKITaM genaH
yl;BpI lRbeyaCn_Bti R)akdrbs;PaKInmI yY ² nigbegátI
lT§plfμ.I
 karsRmuHsRmYlnwgtMrvU [GtifC
i n RtUvbeBa©j B½tm’ an  PaKIGaceFVkI arseRmcfaGVEI dlxønÜ KYrbeBa©j ehIyGac
EdlnwgbMpaø jeKalCMhrbs;Kat; kñgú bNþgw eTAtulakar. beBa©jB½tm’ ansm¶at; EdlminKYrbeBa©j[GñksRmuH
sRmYl)andwgkñgú sm½yRbCMsu m¶at; EdlmankarFanafa
min[PaKImyY eTotdwg . CakarBitNas; karsRmuHsRmYl
EdleCaKC½y nwgtMrvU [R)ab;Bt½ m’ anxøH b:Eu nþBt½ m’ anTMag
enaH Gacrk)ankñgú dMeNIrkarkþI nig RbEhlCakñgú dMeNIrkar
mCÄtþkmμ.
 RbsinebIkarsRmuHsRmYlmin)ansMerc GtifC i n Gac  sUm,IEtkñgú karsRmuHsRmYlEdlmineCaKC½yk_eday
RtLb;rkRCugdMeNaHRsayNamYyepSgeTot. k_Gkñ cUlrYm CaFmμta mankareBjcitbþ pM tu eTAnwg
dMeNIrkarenH ehIykareBjciteþ nHGacnMa eTArkdMeNaH
RsayCaeRcInEx b¤ qñaM bnÞab;BkI arsRmuHsRmYl. kar
sRmuHsRmYlGacnMaeTArkkarRBmeRBog mYyEpñkénbBaða
NamYy b¤ GgÁehtu kñgú krNIenH vakat;bnßyvisalPaB
énvivaTenaH .
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 71

CMBUk
GMBIFnkS½y nigGsaFnPaB
5
I. esckþIepþIm
CMBkU enHniyayBITnM ak;TnM grvagkUnbMNlu ¬GñkEdlCMBak;lyu ¦ nigm©as;bN M lu ¬GñkEdleKCMBak;lyu ¦. CaBiess
eyIgRBYy)armÖERkgTMnak;TnM genHkøayeTACa)ak;Ebk. vaTak;Tni nwgTMnak;TnM gkUnbMNlu ¼m©as;bN M lu EdlRcbUk
Rcbl; nig karb:nu b:grbs;c,ab; kñgú karedaHRsaysiTni§ gi plRbeyaCn_EdlmanvivaT ehIyRtUvEtedaHRsaykalNa
kUnbMNlu minmanFnFanRKb;RKan;srM ab;sgm©as;bN M lu .
enAkñgú sgÁmd¾sKúμ sμaj nig RcbUkRcbl;rbs;eyIgenH mnusSesÞrI RKb;Kañ GacCakUnbMNlu b¤ma© s;bN M lu kñgú Rbtibtikþ ar
CaeRcIn. ]TahrN_ GñkeRbIR)as;EdlTTYlR)ak;bN M ac; EdlcUlrYmkñgú kick© arGaCIvkmμsamBaØ TMngCamansßanPaBdUc
Kñanwgm©as;bNM lu pgEdr ¬dUcCaR)ak;bNM ac;EdlnieyaCkenACMBak; b¤ R)ak;beBaØeI nAFnaKar¦ nig CakUnbMNlu ¬dUcCa
haglk;TnM ji EdleKTUTat;CamUlb,Tanb½Rt b¤Rkumh‘nu pÁtp; gÁ e; svaeRbIR)as;EdlTarR)ak;enAdMNac;Ex¦. enAEpñkmçag
eToténTMnak;TnM g GacmanRkumh‘nu FMEdlmanskmμPaBsμKú sμaj Tak;Tni nwgTMnak;TnM geRcInGenk EdlRkumh‘nu
CMBak;eK b¤eKCMBak;lyu Rkumh‘nu .
buKlÁ Edlmansm,C¢BaسsgbMNlu nigEdlkMBgu EtTUTat;katBVkci T© aMgGs; TMngCa minehAedaybMepøsI faCa
{kUnbMNlu }eT. eTaHbICaBaküenHmann½ytamc,ab;fadUecñaHkþI ¬RKan;EtkMNt;ehAfaPaKIknU bMNlu EdlCMBak;katBVkci ©
bg;R)ak;¦ vaGacmankaremIlgay edaysareKEtgEteRbIBaküenHsMrab;Gkñ EdlCMBak;R)ak; nigsMrab;Gkñ Edlmin)an
bg;R)ak; enAeBlEdldl;kalkMNt;sgpgEdr. enAkñgú c,ab;enH kUnbMNlu KwGkñ Kμan lT§PaBsgR)ak; ehIyeKEtgEt
b:nu b:geRbIBaküfa {kUnbMNlu } EdlPaKImni eBjcit.þ b:Eu nþKrY cgcaMfa eyIgBinti üemIlEtEpñkexμAggwténTMnak;TnM g
rvagkUnbMNlu ¼ m©as;bN M lu EdlkUnbMNlu PaKeRcInCaGñkrwgmaM mansaFnPaB kñgú karrMedaHkatBVkci r© bs;eK.
II. sßanPaBénsiTi§m©as;bMNulenAkm<úCa
2>1 TsSnTUeTAGMBIRbB½n§siTi§m©as;bMNulkm<úCa
bc©bú ,nñenHkm<Cú aminTan;manRkbxNÐTlU TM lU ayGMBsI Ti m§i a© s;bN
M lu nigKμanc,ab;sBIþ FI nkS½y b¤ c,ab;sBIþ GI saFnPaB
eT. siTn§i gi katBVkci r© bs;PaKIkgúñ TMnak;TnM gBaNiCk¢ mμ CaTUeTAEcgtictYckñgú c,ab;ngi bTdæannanadUcxageRkam³
1> RkbxNcÐ ,abs; BIþ sI hRKassaFarN³
k- c,ab;sBIþ sI hlkçnkiþ ³énshRKassaFarN³ elx 0696¼03 cuHéf¶TI 17 Exmifnu a qñaM 1996
nig lixti bTdæanGnuvtþnana nig
x- GnuRkitüelx 42 sþBI sI vnkrénshRKassaFarN³ cuHéf¶TI 6 ExsIha qñaM 1997
72 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

2> c,abn; gi lxi ti bTdaæ nsBIþ BI aNCi k¢ mμ

k- c,ab;sBIþ vI Fi anBaNiCk¢ mμ nig bBa¢BI aNiCk¢ mμ EdlRbkaseGayeRbIeday RBHraCRkmelx
ns¼rkm¼0695¼04 cuHéf¶TI 17 Exmifnu a qñaM 1995 nigviesaFkmμbnþbnÞab;
x- saracrN_ENnaM elx 360 rbs;RksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ cuHéf¶TI 28 Extula qñaM 1998.
3> c,abn; gi lxi ti bTdaæ nsBIþ kI arvni ei yaK
k- c,ab;sBIþ vI ni ei yaKénRBHraCaNacRkkm<Cú a Exmifnu a qñaM 1994 niglixti bTdæan Gnuvtþnana
x- RBHraCRkmelx ns¼rkm¼0699¼04 cuHéf¶TI 17 Exmifnu a qñaM 1999 sþBI kI arTTYlsÁal;
smaCikPaBRBHraCaNacRkkm<Cú akñgú kicR© BmeRBogBhuPaKI sþBI kI arFanakarvinei yaK
K- kicR© BmeRBogsþBI kI arCMrju nig karkarBarvinei yaK
X- GnusBaØasþBI kI arTTYlsÁal; nig karGnuvtþne_ sckþsI eRmcmCÄtþkrbreTs ¬GnusBaØa
{RkugjÚvy:k¦ nig
g- GnuRkwtüelx 11¼GnRk¼bk sþBI kI arsagsg; Rbtibtþki ar epÞr cuHéf¶TI 13 qñaM 1998
4> c,abs; BIþ RI KHw saß nFana
k- c,ab;sBIþ RI KwHsßanFnaKarnighirBaØvtßú EdlRbkaseGayeRbIedayRBHraCRkmelx ns¼rkm¼
1199¼ 13 cuHéf¶TI 3 Exvickiä a qñaM 1999 nig
x- c,ab;sBIþ kI arbþrÚ rUbyi b½NbÑ reTs EdlRbkaseGayeRbIedayRBHraCRkm elx Cs¼rkm¼
0897¼03 cuHéf¶TI 5 ExsIha qñaM 1997 nig
5> c,abP; mU )i al
k- c,ab;PmU )i al EdlRbkaseGayeRbIedayRBHraCRkmelx ns¼rkm¼ 0801¼14 cuHéf¶TI 30
ExsIha qñaM 2001.
2>2> siTi§tamkic©snüa³ Rkwtüc,ab;elx 38 Rk>c sþIBIkic©snüanig
‘ karTTYlxusRtUveRkAkic©snüa
Rkwtüc,ab;elx 38 Rk>c> kMNt;BRI kbxNÐmlU dæansMrab;karkarBarsiTm§i a© s;bN M lu tamkics© nüaR)atiePaKclnvtß.ú
2>3> si T i § e lI R TBüsm,ti þ ³ c,ab; P U m i ) al
enHCac,ab; EdleKrg;caMyrU mkehIy eRBaHvaGacCYyCMrju CaviCm¢ an[km<Cú a eKogKredImTuneRcInEfmeTotedaykar
eRbIR)as;FnFandI. c,ab;enHRtUv)anRbkaseGayeRbI nig cUlCaFrman enAéf¶T3I 0 ExsIha qña2M 001. c,ab;enH
maneKalbMNg kMNt;rbbkmμsTi G§i clvtßeú nAkm<Cú a. c,ab;PmU )i alfμEI cgBIkarkarBartampøvÚ c,ab;énkarbegátI siT§i
R)atiePaKelIkmμsTi d§i I kat;bnßyvivaTdIFIø sRmYldl;karRKb;RKgdIFIø tamkarbBa¢ak;nvU rbbkmμsTi §i nig begátI karkarBar
RTBüsm,tirþ dæ. cMNcu xageRkamenHmansarsMxan;Bei sscMeBaHm©as;bN M lu ³
1> kmsμ Ti ³§i manEtrUbvnþbKu lÁ nig nItbi Ku lÁ EdlmansBa¢atiCaExμreT EdlmansiTk§i an;kab;deI nAkm<Cú a. dUecñHbuKlÁ
b¤GgÁPaBnanaEdlGacmankmμsTi e§i lIdeI nAkm<Cú a mandUcCa BlrdæExμr smUhPaBEdndIsaFarN³ RKwHsßansaFarN³
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 73

shKmn_km<Cú a b¤ smaKmkm<Cú a shRKassaFarN³ shRKassIvu li km<Cú a b¤shRKasBaNiCk¢ mμkm<Cú a nig ral;

GgÁkarkm<Cú aEdlc,ab;TTYlsÁal;faCanItbi Ku lÁ . shRKasEdlcuHbBa¢eI nAkm<Cú a ehIymanPaKh‘nu 51° b¤elIs
BIenH RtUv)ankan;kab;tamc,ab;ExμrkMNt; GacCam©as;kmμsTi e§i lId)I an. manEtkmμsTi P§i aKh‘nu EdlEcgkñgú lkçnkiþ ³
Rkumh‘nu eT EdlGacykCakar)an. ral;kci R© BmeRBogÉkCnrvagm©as;PaKh‘nu Edlmanxømw sarpÞyú nwglkçnkiþ ³enH
RtUvcat;Tku CaemaX³. ebImankarEkERbPaKryénPaKh‘nu EdlkMNt;kgúñ lkçnkiþ ³ dl;krM ti mYyEdleFV[I shRKas
ElgmansBa¢atiCaExμr shRKasenaHmankatBVkci E© klkçnkiþ ³edIm,IeGayRsbeTAtamkal³eTs³Cak;Esþg ehIyRtUv
CUndMNgw eTAsßab½nmansmtßkci B© vI ei saFnkmμenaHGnuelamtamc,ab;CaFrman.
2> karClY dI ³ c,ab;GnuBaØat[mankarCYldIsrM ab;ry³eBlxøI nigry³eBlEvg . kics© nüaCYlmanBIrRbePT KW
kics© nüaCYlKμankalkMNt; nigkics© nüaCYlmankalkMNt;. kics© nüaCYlmankalkMNt; rYmmankics© nüaCYl
ry³eBlxøEI dlpþls; Ti b§i nþGaNtiþ nigkics© nüary³eBlEvgsMrab;15qñaM b¤elIsBIenH . b:Eu nþbTb,BaØtéþi nc,ab;sBIþ I
vinei yaK EdlGnuBaØateGaymankics© nüaCYlsMrab;ry³eBl 70qñaM KWCameFüa)ayRbesIrbMptu kñgú kareFV[I CnbreTs
mansiTe§i lIdFI RIø bkbedaysuvtßPi aB.
3> sm,TandI ³ c,ab;PmU )i almin)anEcgBIbBaðaénkarCYldIEdlTak;Tni xøagM eTAnwgkarvinei yaKedaypÞal;BbI reTseT
b:Eu nþc,ab;enHmanEcgBIsm,TandI. sm,TandIKCW aTRmg;EdleKeRcIn EteRbIedIm,ITTYl)ansiTe§i lIdI kñgú eKalbMNgeFVI
GaCIvkmμ sMrab;eKalbMNg]sSahkmμCak;lak; dUcCaGaCIvkmμkab;eQI ksikmμxañ tFMCaedIm. c,ab;bBa¢ak;fasm,TandI
KWCaTRmg;énsiTk§i an;kab;dEI dlc,ab;GnuBaØat EtRtUveKarBtamlkçxNÐmyY cMnnY . cMNcu BiessEdleFV[I Gñkvinei yaK
cab;GarmμNK_ kW arkMrti TMhdM I 10/000hikta EdlnwgGnuBaØatsMrab;sm,Tan ksi-]sSahkmμ. sm,TanmintRmUv [
mankarepÞrkmμsTi e§i T ¬vaRKan;EtCasiTe§i RbIR)as;dtI amkics© nüa¦ dUecñHvaminEmnCakarbMBanelIbBaØtEþi dlhamkmμsTi i§
CnbeTseT. c,ab;kK¾ aμ nTTYlsÁal;sm,TansMrab;karGPivDÆn_]sSahkmμ BaNiCk¢ mμ b:Eu nþngw RtUvkMNt; nigRKb;RKg
eday GnuRkwtü.
4> karbBaa© GM clnvtúß ³ c,ab;PmU )i alk¾)anGnuBaØat[kmμsTi k§i reRbIdCI aRTBüFana edIm,IFanakarsgbMNlu tamry³
kics© nüaGIbu EU: tk ¬kics© nüabBa©aGM clnvtߦú .
2>4> c,ab;Rkumh‘un
RkbxNÐc,ab;TeU TAsMrab;RKb;RKgRbtibtikþ arBaNiCk¢ mμ nigTMnak;TnM gkics© nüa EdlcaM)ac;srM ab;karRbRBwteþ TAén
RbB½nT§ pI Sar minTan;)anEcgTUlTM lU ayenAeLIyeT kñgú RBHraCaNacRkkm<Cú a. bc©bú ,nñenH shRKasBaNiCk¢ mμ Edl
eFVGI aCIvkmμ enATUTaMgRbeTs RtUv)anRKb;RKgedayc,ab;sBIþ vI Fi anBaNiCk¢ mμ nig bBa¢BI aNiCk¢ mμ Edl)anGnumt½ naéf¶TI
3 Ex]sPa qñaM 1995 nigviesaFnkmμkgúñ qñaM 1999 nigsaracrN_ENnaMelx 360 sþBI kI ar cuHbBa¢sI hRKas
BaNiCk¢ mμenARksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ cuHéf¶TI 3 ExFñÚ qñaM 1997RBmTMagc,ab;sBIþ sI hRKasBaNiCk¢ mμEdl)anGnumt½ enAEx
]sPa 2005 .
dUcEdleyIg)andwgnabc©bú ,nñenH TRmg;Rkumh‘nu mancritlkçN³sMxan;²CaeRcIn . TRmg;enHpþl[; Rkumh‘nu nUv
nItbi Ku lÁ kçN³ÉkraCü EdlGac[Rkumh‘nu seRmcbþgw b¤ RtUveKbþgw kñgú namRkumh‘nu pÞal;. vanaM[vinei yaKin man
karTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti Edltamry³karTTYlxusRtUvenHeKGacRbmUledImTunBIvni ei yaKinCaeRcIn)an. TRmg;enH
74 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

kMNt;BsI Ti §i nigkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;smaCiksMxan;²kñgú Rkumh‘nu dUcCam©as;Rkumh‘nu Gñkcat;Ecgkar nig m©as;

PaKh‘nu . eTaHbICasaracrN_ENnaMelx 360 )anbMeBjcMncu xVHxatkñgú c,ab;myY cMnnY edayEcgBIvFi anc,ab;Tak;Tni
nwgkarbegátI nItbi Ku lÁ epSg² EdlmansiTe§i FVsI kmμPaBBaNiCk¢ mμenAkm<Cú akþI k¾keM NInskmμPaBBaNiCk¢ mμenH )annaM[
raCrdæaPi)al snñdi aæ nfaRbB½nb§ c©bú ,nñenHminRKb;RKan;eT. edaysarbc©bú ,nñenH km<Cú aminTan;manc,ab;sBIþ FI nkS½y
b¤GsaFnPaBenAeLIydUecñaH naykdæannItki mμénRksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ )ansikSaBinti üemIlTmøab;GnuvtþnF_ nkS½y eday
Ep¥ktameKalkarN_ENnaMépÞkgúuñ EdldkRsg;ecjBIesckþRI Bagc,ab;sBIþ FI nkS½y EdleroberogedayGñkCMnajkar
rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak.
Rkumh‘nu GacRtUv)anrMlaytamqnÞ³rbs;ma© s;PaKh‘nu TaMgGs; b¤tamesckþsI eRmcrbs;tlu akar. RbsinebIRkumh‘nu eFVI
Rbtibtikþ arxatR)ak;elIsBIbPI aKbYn ¬3¼4¦énedImTunrbs;xnÜø c,ab;tRmUv[GPi)alekaHRbCMumhasnñ)i atedIm,I
sMercelIbBaðafaetIRtUvrMlay b¤mni RtUvrMlayRkumh‘nu . esckþsI eRmcrbs;mhasnñ)i atRtUvEteFVeI LIgCasaFarN³.
kalNaGPi)almin)anekaHRbCMmu hasnñ)i ateT PaKIBak;Bn½ m§ ansiTb§i gwþ eTAtulakar edIm,IsruM lM ayRkumh‘nu . karEtg
taMg GñkCMrHbBa¢mI añ k; b¤eRcIn CasiTr§i bs;mhasnñ)i at . kñgú cMeNamRkumh‘nu 6/000 Edl)ancuHbBa¢kI gúñ ry³eBl 10
qñamM kenH manRkumh‘nu RbEhl 620 RtUv)anCMrHbBa¢CI apøvÚ kar niglubecjBIbBa¢BI aNiCk¢ mμkm<Cú a.
2>5> c,ab;sþIBIvinieyaK
¬1¦ karCrM HbBaI¢ b¤ saþ rsm,TaRkmu hnu‘ tamc,abs; BIþ vI ei yaK³ cMeBaHRkumh‘nu karvinei yaKEdlbegátI eLIgtamc,ab;
sþBI vI ni ei yaK RtUvGnuvtþtambTb,BaØtbþi EnßmeTot. kñgú krNI EdlRkumh‘nu vinei yaKmanbMNgbBa©bs; kmμPaB enAkñgú
RBHraCaNacRkkm<Cú a Rkumh‘nu RtUvEtpþlB; t½ m’ aneTARkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_km<Cú a tamry³lixti Gnusdi æ b¤lxi ti RbKl;
pÞal;éd edaybBa¢ak;BmI lU ehtuénesckþsI eRmcenaH ehIycuHhtßelxaedayvinei yaKin b¤lxi ti rbs;emFavItN M ag.
kñgú krNI mansMeNIsruM lM ayRkumh‘nu eRkApøvÚ tulakar b¤ edaysμR½ Kcitþ vinei yaKinRtUvEtpþlP; sþtú agCUn RkumRbwkSa
GPivDÆn_km<Cú afa Rkumh‘nu )anTUTat;ma© s;bN M lu sMxan;² GñkTamTar nigkarTamTarrbs;RksYgesdækci © nig hirBaØvtßú mun
nwgGnuBaØat[vinei yaKinrMlayRkumh‘nu CapøvÚ karGnuelamtamc,ab;BaNiCk¢ mμkm<Cú a. kalNamankarGnuBaØat [
vinei yaKinrMlayRkumh‘nu b¤shRKasCapøvÚ kar eTaHCakarrMlaykñgú b¤eRkAnItvi Fi tI lu akarkþI vinei yaKin GacepÞr
RTBüskmμenAesssl;eTAbreTs b¤ eRbIenAkñgú RBHraCaNacRkkm<Cú a)an. b:Eu nþRbsinebIRkumh‘nu EdlrMlayenaH )an
eRbIR)as;eRKOgcRk nig ]bkrN_ Edl)annaMclU edayrYcBn§tci CagR)aMqañ M Rkumh‘nu enaHmankatBVkci b© g;Bn§naMclU cMeBaH
eRKOgcRknig]bkrN_TaMgenaH.
¬2¦ kareFmIV atPu mU ni vi tnþ m_ lU nFi i ³ c,ab;sBIþ vI ni ei yaK nigkicR© BmeRBog Fanakarvinei yaKTaMgLay Edlkm<Cú a)aneFVI
eLIgCamYyRbeTsepSgmYycMnnY ehIyrdæsPakm<Cú a)anpþls; c©ab½nrYc ehIyGnuBaØat[mankarx©bI lu BIbreTs
nigmatuPmU ni vi tþnm_ lU niFei dayesrI. b:Eu nþc,ab;sBIþ kI arbþrÚ rUbyi b½NbÑ reTsqña1M 997 begátI rUbmnþfmIμ yY cMnnY Edl
eKRtUveKarBtam. rUbmnþTaMgenaHrYmman ³
lMhrU edImTunEdlTak;Tni nwgkarvinei yaKbreTsenAkm<Cú a RtUv)anRKb;RKgedayc,ab;sBIþ vI ni ei yaK. kalNamankar
CMrHbBa¢RI kumh‘nu vinei yaKbreTs Gnuelamtamc,ab;sBIþ vI ni ei yaK TwkR)ak;EdlenAsl;BkI arCMrHbBa¢eI nH GacRtUv)anepÞr
edayesrI6. karepÞrEdlTak;Tni nwgkarvinei yaKb¤ karCMrHbBa¢kI arvinei yaK RtUveFVeI LIgtamGnþrkarIEdlmankarGnuBaØat
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 75

dUcmanEcgenAkñgú maRta 5 énc,ab;bc©bú ,nñ. bnÞab;mkGnþrkarIEdlmankarGnuBaØat RtUvraykarN_ CUnFnaKarkNþal

BITkw R)ak;epÞrEdlesμI b¤elIsBImyY ryBan; ¬100/000¦dulaø rshrdæ.
krNsI ki Sabcbú© ,nTñ akT; ni ngw karCrM HbBaFI¢ naKar-ntI vi Fi TI eU TA
enAeBlEdlFnaKar)anTTYlkarGnuBaØatBIFnaKarCatiénkm<Cú a edIm,IeFVGI aCIvkmμFnaKar FnaKarRtUvEtcuHbBa¢tI am
c,ab;sBIþ vI Fi anBaNiCk¢ mμngi bBa¢BI aNiCk¢ mμ EdlRKb;RKgedayRksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ .
fVeI bIGacnaM[mankarPJak;ep¥lI kþI eyIgRtUvEtbBa¢ak;BsI aß nPaBEdlfa karKμanc,ab;sBIþ FI nkS½yenAkm<Cú aminEmnCa
]bsKÁFMkúgñ karCMrHbBa¢eI T. karCMrHbBa¢FI naKareFVeI LIgRsbeTAtambTb,BaØtéþi nc,ab;sBIþ RI KwHsßanFnaKar nig
hirBaØvtß.ú b:Eu nþc,ab;sBIþ RI KwHsßanFnaKar nig hirBaØvtßmni )anEcgc,as;BvI Fi anCak;lak;Tak;Tni nwgPaBFnkS½yenH ehIy
tamFmμta GñkCMrHbBa¢RI tUvEtbEgVrerOgeTA[smtßkci t© amc,ab;sBIþ FI nkS½y. edaysarKμanc,ab;enHenAkmúC< a GñkCMrH
bBa¢RI tUvEtEp¥kelIntI vi Fi sI BIþ vI Fi anFnkS½yGnþrCati. nigeyageTArkc,ab;rbs;RbeTsepSgeTot nigeyageTArk
{eKalkarN_ENnaMFnkS½y} EdlcgRkgedayFnaKarBiPBelakpgEdr.
kñgú karviPaKc,ab;ngi GtßbTc,ab; eyIgGacsnñdi aæ nfamankarÉkPaBKñaCaGnþrCati enAeBledaHRsaybBaðaFnkS½y
EdlGnuBaØat[GñkCMrHbBa¢GI nuvtþParkice© nAkm<Cú a. bnÞab;BkI arEtgtaMgGñkCMrHbBa¢I nItvi Fi mI anCMhandUcxageRkam ³
1> karkN M tR; TBüskm³μ Gnuelamtamc,ab;sBIþ RI KwHsßanFnaKar nighirBaØvtßú GñkCMrHbBa¢RI tUvEterobcMr)aykarN_
vaytémø nigcuHbBa¢RI TBüskmμEdl)anrkeXIj .
2> karkN M tT; TlY xsu RtvU ³ r)aykarN_vaytémø RtUvEtraybBa¢ak;BkI arTTYlxusRtUvrbs;FnaKar.
3> ynkþ arEdlGkñ CrM HbBaeI¢ RbRI )ase; dmI ,kI N M tm; a© sR; )akb; eBaIØ ngi ma© sb; N
M lu EdlmansTi §i TTlY karEbgEckmlU nFi i
¬vFi anGnrþ Cat¦i .
edaysarKμanc,ab;sBIþ FI nkS½yEdlEcgGMBmI eFüa)ayCak;lak;edIm,IeFVbI Ba¢I m©as;R)ak;beBaؼI m©as;bN M lu kñgú eKal
bMNgsgR)ak;beBaؼI bMNlu CacaM)ac;eyIgRtUvEtykviFanGnþrCatimksRmbeTAtamsßanPaBrbs;km<Cú a. kareFVdI eU cñH
KWedIm,IeKarBeTAtameKalkarN_énc,ab;s; BIþ FI nkS½y edIm,IFana[mankarykcitTþ ku dak;esμPI aBKñarvagm©as;R)ak;beBaØI
nig m©as;bN M lu kalNanItbi Ku lÁ sßti kñgú sßanPaBCMrHbBa¢.I
kñgú eKalbMNgenH karkMNt;bNþgw TamTarBIcN M cu eBlNamYyteTAmuxCaktþasMxan;bpM tu nigeFI[V nIti vi Fi GI ac
TsSn_Tay)an mantmøaPaB manRbsiTP§ aB nig GacmanR)ak;TTU at;)an.
eyIgsUmCUn]TarN_GBM vI Fi sI aRsþcHu bBa¢bI N;gwþ TamTardUcxageRkam ³
k- GñkCMrHbBa¢I cab;epþmI CUndMNgw dl;saFarNCn edaycuHpSaytamsarB½tm’ anEdlcracrTUlM
TUlaykñgú RbeTs ]TahrN_ RBwtbþ R½ t Dw EXmbUDa edlI ¬The Cambodia Daily¦ b¤rsμkI m<Cú a.
esckþCI nU dMNgw dl;saFarNCnGacmanxømw sardUcxageRkamenH ³
 GñkCMrHbBa¢RI tUv)anEtgtaMgedayeTsaPi)alénFnaKarCatién km<Cú a enAéf¶TI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>.
 RtUvmansMeNIs[uM m©as;R)ak;beBaØnI gi m©as;bN M lu rbs;FnaKar {X} dak;bNþgw TamTarrbs;
76 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

eKtamkalbriecäTCak;lak;myY . lixti enH Kb,IbBa¢ak;fa karmin)andak;bNþgw TamTar

munéf¶ptu kMNt; GaceFV[I bN;gwþ TamTar køayeTACaemaX³. esñsI euM Gaydak;Bt½ m’ an nig
r)aykarN_TaMgGs;EdlTak;Tni nwgKNnIFnaKarCUn GñkCMrHbBa¢.I
 RtUvmansMeNIs[uM m©as;R)ak;beBaؼI m©as;bN M lu epJbI Nþgw TamTarrbs;eKeTAGas½ydæan³
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> .
 RtUvpþle; lxTUrs½BrÞ bs;bKu lÁ EdlRtUvTak;Tg EdlCanieyaCitrbs;FnaKar sMrab;kar
saksYr.
x- GñkCMrHbBa¢RI tUvcuHbBa¢bI N;gwþ TamTar EdlbgðajCUnedaymanPsþtú ag BIma© s;R)ak;beBaؼI m©as;
bMNlu . CaTUeTAPsþtú agTaMgenaHrYmmankarpþl; c,ab;cmøgesovePAFnaKar nigGtþsBaØaNb½NÑ
rbs;ma© s;R)ak;beBaØ.I B½tm’ anTaMgenH nwgRtUvBinti üepÞogpÞat;CamYybBa¢I nig Éksarrbs;
FnaKar.
4> karTTU atE; dleFeIV LgI edayGkñ CrM HbBaI¢ ¬tamvFi anc,abs; BIþ RI KHw saß nFnaKar ngi hri BavØ t¦úß ³ edaymankarÉkPaB
BIFnaKarCatiénkm<Cú a nig GnuelamtamlMdab;bBu sV Ti E§i dlEcgkñgú maRta64 énc,ab;sBIþ RI KwHsßanFnaKar nig hirBaØvtßú
GñkCMrHbBa¢RI tUvTUTat;R)ak;Ex nieyaCit nig R)ak;beBaØEI dldak;mnu eKnUvTwkR)ak; 1/000/000 erol edayTUTat;CaEpñk.
kñgú eKalbMNgTUTat;R)ak;eTA[m©as;R)ak;beBaؼI m©as;bN M lu GñkCMrHbBa¢GI aceRbIntI vi Fi dI cU xageRkamenH ³
 lixti CUndMNgw ¬tamsarB½tm’ an¦ dl;ma© s;R)ak;beBaؼI m©as;bN M lu fanwg mankarTUTat;R)ak;dbM gU
cMnnY >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> b¤>>>>>>>>>° én>>>>>>>>>enAkalbriecäT nig TIkEnøgCak;lak;myY .
 karTUTat;RtUveFVeI LIgcMeBaHm©as;R)ak;beBaØEI dl)anbgðajPsþtú ag. CaTUeTA Psþtú agTaMgenaH rYm
mankarpþlc; ,ab;cmøgesovePAFnaKar nig GtþsBaØaNb½NrÑ bs;ma© s;R)ak;beBaØI . B½tm’ anTaMgenH
nwgRtUvBinti üepÞógpÞat;CamYybBa¢nI gi Éksarrbs;FnaKar .
5> skmPμ aBbnaÞ b; ³
k- GñkCMrHbBa¢RI tUvEtlk;LayLúgRTBüskmμ ¬clnvtßnú gi Gclnvtߦú rbs;FnaKar. nItvi Fi eI nH
RtUvEtmanPaBGacTsSn_Tay)an mantmøaPaB manRbsiTP§ aB nigGacmanR)ak;TTU at;)an.
x- GñkCMrHbBa¢RI tUvGnuvtþntI vi Fi RI bmUlR)ak;BkI nU bMNlu PaKeRcIn CaGñkx©RI )ak;BFI naKar nig karBar
bNþgw EdlmanbMNgRbqaMgnwgFnaKar kareFVdI eU cñaHKWedIm,ICaplRbeyaCn_smUhPaBm©as;
R)ak;beBaؼI m©as;bN M lu .
bnÞab;BlI k;LayLúgRTBüskmμrbs;FnaKar nigRbmUlR)ak;EdlCMBak;FnaKar edaymankarÉkPaBBIFnaKarCatién
km<Cú a GñkCMrHbBa¢RI tUvEtEbgEckR)ak;eTA[m©as;R)ak;beBaؼI m©as;bN M lu .
bBaað Cakl; ak; ³
1> eyIgKμanc,ab;EdlEcgBIkarbBa¢ak;karpþls; uBlPaB nigkarbBa¢ak;témøénbNþgw karvaytémøesckþI
snñdi aæ nrbs;Gkñ CMrHbBa¢eI T .
2> cMeBaHkarlk; b¤karLayLúgRTBürUbrI bs;FnaKar RtUvGnuvtþtamcMNcu xageRkam ³
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 77

k- clnvtß³ú eyIgminmanc,ab;nyi ayBIbBaðaenHeT. karCUndMNgw CasaFarN³ cat;Tku fa RKb;

RKan;. b½NcÑ Hu bBa¢yI anynþ GacnwgbBa¢ak;edayRksYgsaFarNkar nigdwkCBa¢nÚ .
x- GaKar³ minmanc,ab;nyi ayBIbBaðaenHeT. b½NkÑ mμsTi §i nigbgáan;édbg;Bn§ GacnwgbBa¢ak;eday
RksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmμ nig sMNg;. eKGacsMku arbBa¢ak;elIbN ½ eÑ nHenAmnÞrI surei yadI
raCFanIPeMñ Bj. c,ab;tRmUv[dak;Éksarc,ab;edImbgðajtulakar ¬RbsinebIman¦ ebIKaμ nc,ab;
edImRtUvmankarbBa¢ak;fa)ancmøgRtwmRtUvtamc,ab;edImBIsalaRkug .
3> karbgwþ RbqagM knU bN M lU
k- R)ak;km©RI sbc,ab;
bNþgw rdæb,evNI ³ eyIgminTan;manRkmnItvi Fi rI dæb,evNI EdlGacGHGagc,as;)aneT elIkElg
EtyktamTmøab;Gnuvtþnk_ gúñ RkmnItvi Fi cI as; munTsvtSn_qañ M 1970.
x- R)ak;km©EI køgbnøM
bNþgw RBhμTNг eyIgmanc,ab;Gnu‘ tak; qña1M 992 EdlEcgBIRbB½nt§ lu akar nigRkmRBhμTNÐ nig
nItvi Fi RI BhμTNÐ.
4> eyIgminTan;manc,ab;nyi ayBIkare)aHBump< Say EdlTak;Tni nwgsiTr§i bs;ma© s;bN M lu eT.
III. c,ab;sþIBIFnkS½ynigma:RkUesdækic©
eTaHbICac,ab;sBþI FI nkS½yrbs;RbeTsTaMgLayxusKñakñgú cMNcu sMxan;²kþI tamTsSn³ma:RkUesdækci © rbbFnkS½y
PaKeRcInEdlmanRbsiTP§ aB maneKalbMNgTUeTABIrdUcKña. eKalbN M gTeU TAT1I KkW arEbgEckhanPi y½ rvagGkñ
clU rmY kgúñ esdkæ ci T© pI SartamvFi mI yY EdlGacTsSnT_ ay)an mansmFm’ ngi tmaø PaB. karsMercdl;eKalbMNgenH
mansarsMxan; kñgú karksagTMnku citkþ gúñ RbB½n\§ NTan nigeRCamERCgkMeNInesdækci s© rM ab;CaRbeyaCn_dl;Gkñ
cUlrYmTaMgGs;. ]TahrN_ kñgú TMnak;TnM grvagm©as;bN M lu nigkUnbMNlu lT§PaBEdlm©as;bN M lu Gaccab;epþmI bNþgw
FnkS½yRbqaMgnwgkUnbMNlu EdlCameFüa)aydak;eGayRbtibtþti amkarTamTar vakat;bnßyhaniPy½ kñgú kareGayx©I
ehIytamry³enH vabegánI nUvvtþman\NTan nigeFVeI Gaymankarvinei yaKCaTUeTA . eRkABIenH c,ab;sBþI FI nkS½y k¾man
eKalbMNgEbgEckhaniPy½ kñgú cMeNamm©as;bN M lu RBmTaMgrvagm©as;bNM lu nigm©as;mlU niFpi aÞ l; nig sMrab;pl
RbeyaCn_Gkñ x©RI )ak;pgEdr. ]TahrN_ ebIc,ab;sBþI FI nkS½ypþlk; arkarBarBiess dl;ma© s;bN M Eu dlmankicF© ana ebI
eRbobeFobnwgm©as;bMNulEdlKμankicF© ana RbRBwtkþ mμenHkarBardl;témøRTBüFana EdlminGacTTYl)an
b¤mni Gacbg;karR)ak; sMrab;\NTanEdlKμanRTBüFana)an edaysarhaniPy½ én\NTanrbs;eK .
 PaBGacTsSnT_ ay)an³ RbeTsnImyY ²seRmceRCIserIsykeKalneya)ayepSg²Kña GMBvI Fi EI dlc,ab;sBþI I
FnkS½yrbs;eK EbgEckhaniPy½ rvagGñkcUlrYm. b:Eu nþedayminKitBICeM rIsxusKñaTaMgenH eKTTYlsÁal;Ca
TUeTAfa viFanEbgEcghaniPy½ RtUvEtEcgeGay)anc,as;las;enAkñgú c,ab; ehIyRtUvGnuvtþesμPI aBKñarvag
buKlÁ nig RKwsaß nEdlmankatBVkci e© KarBviFanTaMgenH. bTBiesaFn_)anbgðajfa eTaHbICaRbeTs seRmc
ykCMerIsEbgEckhaniPy½ GVkI e¾ day k_Gkñ cUlrYmEtgEtGaccat;vFi ankarnana)an ¬dUcCakarEktRmUvtémø¦
78 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

edIm,ICyY RKb;RKghaniPy½ cMeBaHmux RbsinebIvFi anTaMgenHGacTsSn_Tay)an. pÞyú eTAvij kalNaviFan

b¤ karGnuvtþnv_ Fi anTaMgenH KμanPaBc,as;las; PaBminc,as;las;enHnwgbM)at;TnM ku citrþ bs;Gkñ cUlrYm TaMg
Gs; nig eFV[I eKraErkkñgú karseRmcpþl\; NTan nig vinei yaK. c,ab;RtUvEtkarBarnigGnuvtþsTi m§i nu FnkS½y
nig siTt§i amkics© nüakñgú kMrti Gtibrima EdlGaceFVeI TA)an.
 RbRBtw kþ meμ sPIμ aBKañ ³ lkçN³rYméndMeNIrkarkþFI nkS½yKWlkçN³smUhPaB. vaxusKñaBIc,ab;epSgeTot
¬]TahrN_ c,ab;sBIþ kI arrwbGUs¦ c,ab;sBþI FI nkS½yRtUv)antak;EtgeLIgedIm,IedaHRsaysßanPaBEdl
kUnbMNlu ElgmanlT§PaBsgbMNlu eTA[m©as;bN M lu TaMgGs;)an ¬KWmni cMeBaHEtm©as;bN M lu mñak;eT¦
ehIykñgú bribTenH c,ab;kN M t;ByI nþkarEdlpþln; vU RbRBwtkþ mμsmFm’ceM BaHm©as;bN M lu TaMgGs;. KYrkt;
sMKal;faRbRBwtkþ mμsmFm’ minEmnmann½yfaRbRBwtkþ mμesμPI aBKñaeT . pÞyú eTAvij kúgñ bribTEdlfa
m©as;bN M lu Cab;CBM ak;ngw viFanc,ab;BaNiCk¢ mμxsu ²Kña CamYykUnbMNlu ¬]TahrN_ tamry³karpþlR; TBü
Fana¦ RbRBwtkþ mμxsu Kñarvagm©as;bN M lu EdlminbegátI sßanPaBdUcKña KWmansarsMxan;dcU KñanwgbBaða
smFm’. b:Eu nþedIm,ICaRbeyaCn_rbs;ma© s;bN M lu c,ab;sBþI FI nkS½yEcgBIkarbnøeM )akR)as; nigkarlMeGog
EdlEtgEtekIteLIgkñgú bribTénvibtþh i ri BaØvtß.ú CaBiesseTAeTot edaysar\NTan nig karvinei yaK
GnþrCati manPaBcaM)ac; c,ab;RtUvEtFanakM[u mankarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgm©as;bN M lu breTs. enATIbBa©b;
nItvi Fi sI mUhPaB Gacpþlk; arFanadl;ma© s;bN M lu fa bBaðanwgRtUvedaHRsaytameKalkarN_smFm’ngi
RtwmRtUvtamviF.I ]TahrN_ GPi)albeNþaHGasn GacecjesckþEI føgkarN_EdleFVmI ni [TIpSarrMeCIbrMClY .
 tmaø PaB ³ cMNcu EdlTak;TgxøagM nwgPaBGacTsSn_Tay)an nigsmFm’ KWtmøaPaB. kñgú kMLgú eBlcab;epþmI
nItvi Fi FI nkS½y PaKIEdlBak;Bn½ R§ tUvEtTTYl)annUvB½tm’ anRKb;RKan;edIm,I[eKGaceRbIsTi r§i bs;eKtamc,ab;
enH)an. dUecñH m©as;bN M lu RtUvEtTTYl)annUvlixti CUndMNgw RKb;RKan;BkI ci R© bCMEu dlRtUveFVeI sckþsI eRmc
ehIyRtUvEtTTYl)anBt’manRKb;RKan;BkI UnbMNuledIm,IFana[kUnbMNul)andwgBIesckþsI eRmcenaH.
kalNasßab½nEdlTTYlbnÞkú Gnuvtþc,ab; ¬mantulakar nigGPi)albeNþaHGasnñ EtgtaMgedaytulakar¦
eFVeI sckþsI eRmc CakarcaM)ac; c,ab;RtUvEtEcgBIkarENnaMkgúñ kareRbIqnÞanusTi §i ehIyc,ab;tRmUv[dMeNIrkar
kþeI nAtulakarRtUvEteFVCI asaFarN³ ehIymUlehtuénkareFVeI sckþsI eRmcrbs;tlu akar RtUvEtcuHpSayCa
saFarN³.
 eKalbN M gT2I énc,abF; nkSy½ KeW dmI ,kI arBarngi BRgkI témsø rM abC; aRbeyaCnr_ bsP; aKBI akB; n½ T§ agM Gs; ngi
esdkæ ci T© eU TA. tamBiteKalbMNgenHKWCaktþaEdlnwgsMercfa etIRtUvbnþkarsþasm,Tarbs;shRKas
kUnbMNlu b¤ bnþkarCMrHbBa¢sI hRKas. b:Eu nþvak¾CaeKalbMNgd¾sxM an;énnItvi Fi EI dlRtUveRbI sMrab;CrM HbBa¢I
shRKasEdlminGacsþarsm,Ta)anpgEdr. karseRmceKalbMNgénkarBRgIktémø EtgEtekIteLIg
bnÞab;BkI arbMeBjeKalbMNgénkarEbgEckhaniPy½ edaysmFm’. ]TahrN_ karlubecalRbtibtþki ar
EkøgbnøEM dlekIteLIgmuncab;epþmI dMeNIrkarFnkS½y edIm,IFanamanRbRBwtkþ mμsmFm’ nigBRgwgtémøénRTBü
skmμ rbs;knU bMNlu pgEdr. b:Eu nþGacmanPaBtantwgrvageKalbMNgTaMgenH . ]TahrN_ karlubecal
Rbtibtþki arBImnu EdlrYmTaMgRbtibtikþ arKμankarEkøgbnøpM genaH vaGacb:HBal;dl;eKalbMNgénPaBGac
TsSn_Tay)an énTMnak;TnM gBaNiCk¢ mμ.
eyIgRtUvseRmceRCIserIsykeKalneya)aymYycMnnY enAeBlkMNt;vFi anc,ab;sBþI FI nkS½yEdlTak;Tni nwgviFI eFVI
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 79

[eKalbMNgxagelImantulüPaBeTAvijeTAmk. eRkABIenHeyIgRtUvkMNt;fa GñkNaCaGñkTTYlRbeyaCn_BtI émøEdl

RtUv)anBRgIk³ RbeTsxøHyl;fa nItvi Fi sI aþ rsm,Ta KWplþ l; T§PaB[BRgwgtémøénkarTamTarrbs;ma© s;bN M lu tamry³
témøGaCIvkmμ EdlenAbnþrbs;shRKas. RbeTsdéTeTotk¾)ancat;Tku faCameFüa)aypþl; {»kaselIkTI2}
dl;ma© s;PaKh‘nu nigGgÁPaB cat;Ecgrbs;knU bMNlu .
tamTsSnvisy½ rbs;Gkñ eFVeI Kalneya)ayesdækci © nigtameKalbMNgxagelI c,ab;sBþI FI nkS½yEdlmanRbsiTP§ aB
GacedIrtYya:gsMxan;enAkñgú visy½ mYycMnnY . CaTUeTA viFanEdlc,ab;enHkMNt;elIknU bMNlu KWCakarbegánI PaBRbkYt
RbECgvisy½ shRKas nig sRmYldl;karpþl\; NTan . CaBiesskñgú krNIEdlshRKasCarbs;rdæ kartRmUv[
shRKasenH eKarBtamviFanc,ab;sBþI FI nkS½y KWCakarbgðajsBaØac,as;BkI rM ti énkarKaMRThirBaØvtßsú aFarN³.
V. EpñksMxan;²BIr énc,ab;sIþBIFnkS½y³ karCMrHbBa¢I nig karsþarsm,Ta
c,ab;sBþI FI nkS½ymancMNcu sMxan;kgúñ karkMNt;nvU siT§i nig katBVkci r© bs;PaKI elIknU bMNlu EdlminGacsgbMNlu )an.
kalNa kUnbMNlu KμanlT§PaBsgbMNlu enAeBlEdldl;kalkMNt;sg ¬]> {GsaFnPaB}¦ tamFmμtaEtgEt
mankarTamTarmYycMnnY elIRTBüskmμ dUcCakarTarR)ak;km©mI ni Tan;sg viky½ b½Rt éføQlÜñ Bn§dar b¤R)ak;ExminTan;
TUTat;CaedIm. edIm,ITTU at;karTamTarTaMgenaH karCMrHbBa¢eI lIRTBüTaMgGs;rbs;knU bMNlu nigkarEbgEckplénkar
CMrHbBa¢I GacmankarcaM)ac; . kñgú krNITaMgenaHm©as;bN M lu GacTTYl)anEtcMENkéntémømFüménkarTamTarrbs;eK
b:eu NÑaH .
b:Eu nþCnY kal karCMrHbBa¢eI lIRTBüskmμrbs;knU bMNlu minGacCaviFankarEdlkUnbMNlu nig m©as;bN M lu eBjcitCþ anic©
enaHeT . pÞyú eTAvijkarsþarsm,TaRbtibtþki ar b¤ taragtulükarrbs;knU bMNlu k¾GacRbmUl)anR)ak;RKb;cnM nY edIm,I
sgm©as;bN M lu b¤ ya:gehacNas;kG¾ ac)anR)ak;eRcInCagR)ak;EdlTTYl)anBIkarCMrHbBa¢pI gEdr . GaRs½yehtuenH
rbbc,ab;sBþI FI nkS½ysm½yTMenIbPaKeRcIn nwgEcgkMNt;ByI nþkarsMrab; {sþarsm,Ta} kUnbMNlu GsaFnPaBtamry³
karerobcMeLIgvijnUvkick© arGaCIvkmμrbs;knU bMNlu .
5>1> nItiviFICMrHbBa¢I
PaBcaM)ac;énkarCMrHbBa¢GI acpuHecjBITsSnvisy½ eRcInxus²Kña. tamTsSnvisy½ mYy eKyl;fanItvi Fi TI aMgenH
CakaredaHRsaybBaðarvagm©as;bN M lu nana. CaBiess kñgú krNIEdlRTBüskmμrbs;knU bMNlu minRKb;RKan;srM ab;
TUTat;bN M lu enaHyuTs§ a®sþRbesIrbMptu rbs;ma© s;bNM lu mñak;² KWRtUvRbjab;cat;vFi ankarpøvÚ c,ab;edIm,Irbw GUs nigXat;
TukRTBüskmμenaH edIm,Ik[Mu m©as;bN M lu ÉeTot man»kascat;vFi ankarEbbenH)an. kalNamanGakb,kiryi aEbb
enHekIteLIg eTAtammUlehtuTsSnvisy½ rbs;ma© s;bN M lu mñak;² {karRbNaMgKñarwbGUsenH} minbMerIplRbeyaCn_rmY
rbs;ma© s;bN M lu eT ehIybNþgw rbs;ma© s;bNM lu minRtwmEteFV[I mancMNayeRcInb:eu NÑaHeT b:Eu nþ)anbMEbkRTBüsm,tiþ
rbs;knU bMNlu Kμanreboberobry EdlGacnaM[)at;bg;témøCaR)ak;srM ab;ma© s;bN M lu TaMgGs;pgEdr.
nItvi Fi CI MrHbBa¢RI twmRtUv nig manRbsiTP§ aBGacedaHRsaybBaðarvagm©as;bMNulTaMgLaytamkarkMNt;ntI vi Fi I
smUhPaBenAkñgú bNþgw EdlBüayamseRmcnUvRbRBwtkiþ mμsmFm’rvagm©as;bN M lu TaMgLay edIm,IBRgIkRTBüskmμ
EdlRtUvEbgEckeTA[m©as;bN M lu . tamFmμta eKGacseRmceKalbMNgenH edaykarbgÁab;[m©as;bN M lu BüÜr
80 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

lT§PaBGnuvtþsTi r§i bs;eKRbqaMgnwgkUnbMNlu nigkarEtgtaMgGñkCMrHbBa¢ÉI kraCü EdlmanParkicc© m,gkñgú karBRgIg

témøRTBüskmμrbs;knU bMNlu muneBlEbgEckeTA[m©as;bN M lu .
tamTsSnvisy½ TUlayCagenH nigtamkarBiPakSaxagedIm nItvi Fi CI rM HbBa¢eI nH begátI )anCakmøagM viny½ d¾sxM an;myY
EdlCaFatupSMcaM)ac;énTMnak;TnM grvagkUnbMNlu nig m©as;bN M lu EdlmancirPaB. ]TahrN_ tamkarkMNt;nvU ynþkar
RtwmRtUv nigGacTsSn_Tay)an EdleKGacGnuvtþsTi m§i a© s;bMNul)an nItvi Fi TI aMgenHpþlC; Unm©as;bMNulnUvPaB
gayRsYld¾sxM an;enAeBlEdleKseRmcpþlR; )ak;km©I . tammeFüa)ayenH eKGaccat;Tku favaCakarelIkkMBs;pl
RbeyaCn_rbs;ma© s;bN M lu TaMgGs;kgúñ esdækci C© ati edaysarvasMrlY dl;karpþl\; NTan nig karGPivDÆn_TpI Sar
hirBaØvtß.ú
5>2> nI t i v i F I s þ a rsm,Ta
eRkABIntI vi Fi CI rM HbBa¢I eK)ankMNt;ntI vi Fi sI aþ rsm,TaedIm,Iplþ »; kas[shRKaskUnbMNlu mansßanPaBsmRsb edIm,I
rMedaHxønÜ ecjBIbBaðahirBaØvtßbú eNþaHGasnñ b¤bN M lu F¶nF; r¶ Gcié®nþy_ nigebIcaM)ac;plþ »; kas[shRKasenH EksMrlY
rcnasm<n½ R§ btibtþki ar nigTMnak;TnM gCamYym©as;bN M lu . dUc)ankt;sKM al;xagelI kalNaGacsþarsm,Ta)an
m©as;bN M lu EtgEteBjcitcþ eM BaHdMeNaHRsayenH eRBaHtémøEdlTTYl)anBIkarbnþGaCIvkmμshRKasGacBRgwg
témøénkarTamTarbs;eK.
manehtuplmYycMnnY EdlbBa¢ak;fa nitvi Fi sI aþ rsm,TaGacpþln; vU ynþkardl;shRKaskUnbMNlu sþarsm,Ta EdlbMerI
plRbeyaCn_dl;PaKITaMgGs;EdlcUlrYmkñgú visy½ esdækci © ³
 TI1 karsþarsm,TaeRkApøvÚ tulakar RtUvmankaryl;RBmCaÉkcän½ BÞ mI a© s;bN M lu TaMgGs;. edaymankMeNIn
pSaredImTun nigkarekIneLIgnUvcMnnY nigRbePTm©as;bN M lu TaMgkUnbMNlu nigm©as;bN M lu TaMgenaHGacnwg
BwgEp¥kelIbTb,BaØtéþi nkarsþarsm,TaCapøvÚ kar Edlpþll; T§PaB[kUnbMNlu nigm©as;bN M lu PaKeRcIn
GnuvtþEpnkarsþarsm,TatamkarÉkPaBrbs;ma© s;bN M lu PaKeRcIn.
 TI2 enAkñgú esdækci T© eM nIb kRmwtEdltémøénshRKaskUnbMNlu GacRtUv)anBRgIk tamry³karCMrHbBa¢eI lI
RTBüskmμ RtUv)aneKkat;bnßyPaKeRcIn . kñgú kal³eTs³ EdltémøRkumh‘nu ekIneLIgEp¥ktamcMeNH
bec©keTs nigkitsiþ BÞGaCIvkmμ eRkABIRTBüskmμrbU vnþ karrkSaTukFnFanmnusS nigTMnak;TnM gGaCIvkmμ
rbs;shRKas GacCaktþacaM)ac; sMrab;ma© s;bN M lu Edlcg;BRgIktémøénkarTamTarrbs;xnÜø .
 TI3 eKGaccat;Tku fanItvi Fi sI aþ rsm,Ta manplRbeyaCn_xagesdækci © kñgú ry³eBlEvg edaysarvaelIk
Twkcit[þ kUnbMNlu sþarsm,TamuneBl Edlvibtþh i ri BaØvtßkú aø yeTACabBaðaF¶nF; r¶ . müa:geTot RbeTsxøH
yl;fa nItvi Fi eI nHbMerIplRbeyaCn_sgÁm)anTUlayedaykarpþl»; kasTI2dl;knU bMNlu ehIy»kasenH
CMrju [mankMeNInvisy½ ÉkCnnigvNѳxagshRKin.
 TIbBa©b; nigRbEhlCacMNcu sMxan;dcU KñanwgkarkMNt;c,ab;esdækci P© aKeRcInEdr RbsiTP§ aBesdækci m© ni Emn
CaktþaBicarNaEtmYysMrab;eFVcI ,ab;sBþI FI nkS½yeLIy. manktþasgÁm nig ktþaneya)ayEdleKeKarB
kalNamanbTb,BaØtsþi aþ rsm,TaCapøvÚ kar nigCaBiesskarkarBarnieyaCitrbs;shRKasEdlmanbBaða.
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 81

karBicarNaTaMgenHehIy EdlBnül;BmI lU ehtuénkarkMNt;bTb,BaØtsþi aþ rsm,TaxusKñaBIRbeTsmYyeTA

RbeTsmYyeTot.
5>3> TMnak;TMngrvagkarCMrHbBa¢Inigkarsþarsm,Ta
fVeI bICajwkjab;eKyl;fanItvi Fi CI rM HbBa¢I nignItvi Fi sI aþ rsm,TaxusKñakþI EttamBitvamancMNcu dUcKña nigmankarBak;Bn½ K§ añ
d¾sxM an; ebIBni ti ütamnItvi Fi I nig lkçNKtiytu Eþi dlkMNt;edaynItvi Fi TI aMgBIrenH .
edaysareKalbMNgénnItvi Fi CI rM HbBa¢xI su KñaBIeKalbMNgnItvi Fi sI aþ rsm,Ta dUecñHkarkMNt;fashRKaskUnbMNlu Gac
rs;ran)an b¤mni )an ya:gehacNas;tamRTwscIþ ,ab; k_RtUvEtkMNt;faetIRtUveRbIntI vi Fi N I amYyEdr. b:Eu nþtameKalkarN_
Gnuvtþ Cajwkjab;enAeBlcab;epþmI nItvi Fi I eKminGacR)ab;)anfa etIRtUvCMrHbBa¢I b¤saþ rsm,TakUnbMNlu enaHeT. dUecñH
enAkñgú RbeTsCaeRcIn eBlcab;epþmI dMeNIrkarerOgkþI eKEtgEtGnuBaØat[PaKIeRCIserIsrvagnItvi Fi CI rM HbBa¢I nig nItvi Fi I
sþarsm,Ta.
b:Eu nþkalNam©as;bN M lu cab;epþmI erOgkþCI rM HbBa¢RI bqaMgnwgkUnbMNlu c,ab;EtgEtbegátI ynþkarmYycMnnY EdlGnuBaØat
eGaybþrÚ nItvi Fi eI nHeTACanItvi Fi sI aþ rsm,Ta)an . pÞyú eTAvijkñgú kal³eTs³EdlkUnbMNlu cg;karBarxønÜ edaycab;epþmI
nItvi Fi sI aþ rsm,Ta c,ab;EtgEtpþlm; eFüa)ayeGayPaKIGacbþrÚ nItvi Fi eI naHeTACanItvi Fi CI HM bBa¢)I an ebIeKseRmcfamin
Gacsþarsm,TaedayeCaKC½y)an. dUecñH tamviFanTUeTA fVeI bIntI vi Fi CI rM HbBa¢I nignItvi Fi sI aþ rsm,TaRtUv)anbkRsay nig
BiPakSa faCanItvi Fi dI ac;edayELkBIKañ kþI tamFmμtaeKeRbIntI vi Fi eI nHbnþbnÞab;Kañ eBalKWntI vi Fi CI rM HbBa¢nI gw cab;epþmI Et
kñgú krNIEdlkicR© bwgERbgsþarsm,Ta ¬pøvÚ kar b¤eRkApøvÚ kar¦ braC½y .
cMeBaHbBaðaKtiytu Eiþ dlnItvi Fi TI aMgenHRtUvEtkMNt; k¾mancMNcu CaeRcIndUcKñaEdr. ya:gehacNas;myY cMENk KWeday
sarGgÁehtuEdlfa PaBxusKñarvag {nItvi Fi CI rM HbBa¢}I nig {nItvi Fi sI aþ rsm,Ta} minsUvc,as;las;. etIeKGaccat;Tku fa
karlk;shRKaskUnbMNlu faCaGaCIvkmμkBM gu bnþedayviFN I a? tamTsSnvisy½ mYyeKGaccat;Tku faCa karsþar
sm,Ta BIeRBaHshRKasenAbnþskmμPaBrbs;va ehIyrkSaTuknieyaCitdEdl. tamTsSnvisy½ mYyeTot eKGaccat;
TukfaCakarCMrHbBa¢RI TBüskmμrbs;knU bMNlu edaysarRkumh‘nu EdlCam©as;RTBüskmμenaH RtUv)anCMrHbBa¢I ehIy
shRKas ¬kñgú rUbPaBCaGgÁPaBesdækci ¦© CakmμsTi r§i bs;bKu lÁ fμ.I kñgú krNIPaKeRcIn ebIkarlk;shRKasrYmTaMg
GaCIvkmμkBM gu bnþ RtUv)ancat;Tku faGacnaM[Qandl;ntI vi Fi FI nkS½y karbnþGtßPi aBrbs;shRKaskøayeTACaman
cMNcu bBaðasMxan;dcU KñanwgnItvi Fi sI aþ rsm,TaEdr dUecñHRtUvmankick© arBardUcKñaTak;Tni nwgkarBüÜrbNþgw m©as;bN M lu
nigRbRBwtkþ mμelIkci s© nüa.
5>4> rbbGsaFnPaBtamesckþIRBagc,ab;sþIBIFnkS½yfμI
rcnasm<n½ é§ nrbbGsaFnPaBEdlc,ab;enH)ankMNt;srM ab;RbeTskm<Cú a KWeKarBeTAtamGVEI dlEtgEtehA Cajwkjab;
fa {dMeNaHRsayeTal}. tamc,ab;enH ral;deM NIrkarkþFI nkS½y edayminKitfamanbMNgcab;epþmI nItvi Fi sI aþ rsm,Ta b¤
nItvi Fi CI rM HbBa¢I elIshRKaskUnbMNlu eLIy KWRtUveFVeI LIgtamc,ab;enHeTAtamRkbxNÐsxM an;²c,ab;dcU Kña ]TahrN_
mUlehtuebIksMNeMu rOgdUcKña viFandUcKñasMrab;karBüÜrbNþgw rbs;ma© s;bN M lu mñak;² viFandUcKñacMeBaHRbRBwtkþ mμkci s© nüa
82 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

b¤GBM kI arepÞrEdlxUcplRbeyaCn_ nigGPi)albeNþaHGasnñEdlmanmuxgarsMxan;EtmYy.l. c,ab;)ankMNt;

ykdMeNaHRsayenHsMrab;RbeTskm<Cú a edaysarvamannItvi Fi sI amBaØ nigkarGnuvtþnR_ tg;² EdlCaktþaBicarNasMxan;
RsbtamdMNak;kalGPivDÆn_ nigsmtßPaBsßab½nkñgú karGnuvtþnc_ ,ab;f²Iμ rbs;km<Cú a . CaBiess c,ab;enHEcgBI
Rß kbxNÐdcU Kña sMrab;ntI vi Fi FI nkS½yTaMgGs;EdlminKitfavaRtUvbBa©be; dayCMrHbBa¢I b¤saþ rsm,TaeTehIypþln; vU kar
karBartamCMerIs Edlmanehtuplesdækci r© vagkarCMrHbBa¢nI gi karsþarsm,Ta KWvaminR)ascakBIPaBxusKñaénRkbxNÐ
c,ab; ehIyPaKIEdlmanplRbeyaCn_ minRtUv)anGnuBaØateGayeRbIntI vi Fi CI ayuTs§ a®sþsrM ab;CaRbeyaCn_paÞ l;xnÜø
eLIy .
karebIksMNeuM rOgFnkS½ytamc,ab;enH CakarkMNt;kLM gú dMbgU én {karsegát} nig {karvaytémø} ÉkraCüelIsaß nPaB
hirBaØvtßrú bs;knU bMNlu Edlmanry³eBlcenøaHBI 30éf¶eTA 60éf¶ Kitcab;BeI BlebIksMNeMu rOg. kñgú kMLgú eBlenH
minGacsnñdi aæ n)anfa etIshRKaskUnbMNlu RtUvsþarsm,Ta b¤CrM HbBa¢eI LIy. nItvi Fi eI nHEbgEckeTACakarCMrHbBa¢I b¤
karsþasm,Ta kalNamankarseRmcfa Gacsþarsm,TaeTA)an ehIymankaryl;RBmeRcInCagkarCMrHbBa¢.I kar
seRmcfa RtUvsþasm,TashRKaskUnbMNlu tamry³ {Epnkarsþarsm,Ta} b¤karCMrHbBa¢RI tUveFVeI LIgedaym©as;bN M lu
TaMgLaykñgú {kicR© bCMeu daycMhrbs;ma© s;bN M lu } Edlc,ab;Ecgfa RtUvEtR)arB§eLIgkñgú ry³eBl 30-60éf¶ Kit
cab;BéI f¶ebIksMNeuM rOg. bnÞab;mknItvi Fi eI nH RtUvGnuvtþeq<aHeTArkkarsþarsm,TakUnbMNlu edaykarGnuvtþn_ {Epnkar
sþarsm,Ta} b¤eq<aHeTArkkarCMrHbBa¢I tamviFanBiessEdlGnuvtþceM BaHlT§plén nItvi Fi FI nkS½yTaMgenH.
c,ab;enH)anerobcMeLIgedayEp¥kelIÉksareyagsþBI TI møab;GnuvtþGnþrCatilb¥ pM tu CaeRcInkñgú bribTc,ab;FnkS½y.
kñgú karerobcMc,ab;enH eyIg)aneRbIÉksaryagCaBiess KWc,ab;sBIþ FI nkS½yrbs;RbeTsGPivDÆn_ nigRbeTskMBgu
GPivDÆn_ edayykcitTþ ku dak;CaBiesselIkarGPivDÆn_enAGasuI . GñkeFVcI ,ab;k)¾ anBicarNaelIGnusasn_dbM gU ² én
kargarkMENTRmg;c,ab;sBIþ FI nkS½y EdlkMBgu bnþrbs;KNkmμakarGgÁkarshRbCaCati TTYlbnÞkú c,ab;BaNiCk¢ mμ
GnþrCati ¬UNCITRAL¦. CalT§pl bTb,BaØtcþi ,ab;enHKWRsedogKñanwgbTb,BaØtcþi ,ab; rbs;ytu aþ FikarEdlmankar
rIkcMerInkñgú BiPBelakEdr . kalNaeKBinti üc,ab;enH GñkCMnajc,ab;sBIþ FI nkS½ynwg)aneXIj nigyl;BbI Tb,BaØtþi
dUcKñaTaMgenaH.
kñúgry³eBlBIrbIqañ MknøgmkenH km<úCa)aneFVkI arEkTRmg;c,ab;CaeRcIn ehIy)anGnumt½ c,ab;sMxan;²Tak;Tni nwg
skmμPaBBaNiCk¢ mμ nig vinei yaKbreTs. esckþRI Bagc,ab;enH KWCaCMha‘nmYyeToteq<aHeTArkTisedAkMENTRmg;Edr.
*******
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 83

CMBUk
GMBIRbtibtþikarEdlmankic©Fana
6
I. esckþIepþIm
RbB½nR§ btibtikþ arEdlmankicF© ana KWCaRbB½nv§ Fi anTMenIbEdlsRmYldl;kareRbIclnRTBüedIm,IFanakatBVkci .© kar
begátI RbB½nR§ btibtikþ arEdlmankicF© ana pþln; vU mUldæand¾sxM an;srM ab;skmμPaBhirBaØvtßnú gi BaNiCk¢ mμ tamry³kar
begátI mUldæan siT§i nig katBVkci r© bs;ma© s;bNM lu nig kUnbMNlu . RbB½nR§ btibtikþ arEdlmankicF© anaEdldMeNIrkarl¥
begánI plcMeNjesdækci n© gi BaNiCk¢ mμdF¾ eM Fgdl;ma© s;bN M lu nig kUnbMNlu edaysarvakat;bnßyéføcN M ay
Rbtibtþki ar nigcMNaydMeNIrkarrbs;ma© s;bN M lu nigkUnbMNlu .
ehtGu kIV R¾ tvU ykcti Tþ ku dake; lcI lnRTBü? RbPB\NTanGaCIvkmμ KWmanEtkicF© anaedaybuKlÁ \NTanFanaedaykar
bBa©aGM clnRTBü nig\NTanFanaedayclnRTBü. kicF© anaedaybuKlÁ minRKb;RKan;edIm,IbeM BjesckþRI tUvkar
GaCIvkmμeT elIkElgEtGaCIvkmμtcU ². \NTanEdlFanaedayGclnRTBü k¾mankMrti BIeRBaHdIkmμsTi m§i anticNas;
ehIymnusSEdlmandICakmμsTi i§ k¾manticEdr . dUecñHclnRTBü KWCaRbPBcm,gén\NTanGaCIvkmμenAkñgú esdækci ©
rbs;RbeTsCaeRcIn . b:Eu nþc,ab;km<Cú aminTan;)anEcgkMNt;BkI arGPivDÆn_edaykareRbIR)as;clnRTBüedIm,IBRgIk
GaCIvkmμ nig\NTansMrab;Gkñ eRbIR)as;enAeLIyeT.
hirBaØb,Tanclnvtßú GnuBaØat[shRKinEdlmanRbvtþli ¥ nig manEpnkarGaCIvkmμc,as;las; TTYl)anTunsMrab;
GaCIvkmμ edaymincaM)ac;mankmμsTi d§i I . hirBaØb,Tanclnvtßú manRbCaFibetyüedaysarvaGnuBaØat[mnusScUlrYm
kñgú skmμPaBesdækci k© an;EteRcIneLIg.
II. sßanPaBc,ab;sþIBIRbtibtþikarEdlmankic©Fana enAkm<úCa
km<Cú aminTan;deM NIrkarRbB½nR§ btibtikþ arEdlmankicF© anaeT edaysarmUldæanc,ab;sBIþ RI btibtþki arEdlmankicF© ana
minTan;RtUv)andak;eGayGnuvtþenAeLIy. karKμanmUldæanc,ab;srM ab;RbB½nR§ btibtikþ arEdlmankicF© ana nig ehdæa
rcnasm<n½ h § ri BaØvtßeú pSgeTot )annaM[karGnuvtþc,ab;ngi kics© nüamanPaBminR)akd. bBaðaenH KYbpSMCamYyPaBTn;
exSayEpñksßab½n nig FnFanmnusSrbs;km<Cú apg begátI )anCa]bsKÁelIkarGPivDÆn_vsi y½ hirBaØvtßú EdlkMBgu sßti kñgú
dMNak;dbM gU eTot.
visy½ FnaKarkm<Cú a EdlmankmøagM xøagM kñgú visy½ hirBaØvtßú )anpþl\; NTanmankMrti dl;RkumGñkx©RI )ak;myY cMnnY tUc.
eRkABIenH edaysarkarKμanehdæarcnasm<n½ c§ ,ab; eTIbeFV[I sßab½nminbMerIhri BaØvtßú minTan;mankarGPivDÆn_enAeLIy.
RbB½nR§ btibtþki arEdlmankicF© anaEdlmanRbsiTP§ aB nwgCMrujRbtibtþki arvisy½ FnaKar nignaMeGaymeFüa)ay
hirBaØvtßeú RcIneTotekIteLIgenAkm<Cú a.
84 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

III. RbPBedIménsiTi§R)atiePaKelIclnRTBü
3>1> karbBa©aMclnRTBü
karbBa©acM lnRTBü RbEhlCaRbtibtþki arcas;CageK EdleKeRbIclnRTBüedIm,IFanakatBVkci © . karbBa©acM lnRTBü
RtUv)aneKeRbItamc,ab;rmU: au gM EdlnaM[manc,ab;svuI li ehIyTIbpM tu )aneRCotcUlmkkñgú RBHraCaNacRkkm<Cú a.
CarYm Gñkdak;bBa©aGM acdak;bBa©acM lnRTBüedIm,IFanakatBVkci m© yY . GñkTTYlbBa©aM mankatBVkci k© an;kab;RTBübBa©aM
kñgú xN³EdlRTBübBa©aRM tUvcat;Tku faCaRTBüFana. enAeBlPaKIknU bMNlu minsgR)ak; GñkTTYlbBa©aGM aclk; RTBü
bBa©aeM hIyykpl)anBIkarlk;enaH mkTUTat;bN M lu . ebIGkñ TTYlbBa©aQM b;kan;kab;RTBübBa©aM muneBlkatBVkci © RtUv
)anGnuvtþ GñkTTYlbBa©akM n¾ gw )at;bg;sTi k§i gúñ CMrHRTBübBa©aM kñgú krNIEdlPaKIknU bMNlu minsgR)ak;.
]TahrN_ kUnbMNlu )andak;cei Ba©onmasedIm,IFanakatBVkci .© m©as;bN M lu ykcieBa©onenaH eTAkan;kab;ehIypþlR; )ak;
km©.I enAeBlEdlkUnbMNlu minsgR)ak; m©as;bN M lu lk;cei Ba©onenaH . kUnbMNlu RtUvCMBak;R)ak;EdlCaplsgrvag
R)ak;EdlTTYl)anBIkarlk; nig smtulüénbMNlu . ebIéfølk;cei Ba©onelIsBIsmtulü m©as;bN M lu RtUvsgR)ak; enaH
eTAkUnbMNlu vij.
karbBa©acM lnRTBüdMeNIrkarl¥ceM BaHRTBüFanamYycMnnY dUcCacieBa©onmasCaedIm . c,ab;sBIþ kI arbBa©acM lnRTBüKWCa
mUldæanén]sSahkmμbBa©aM EdlenAmaneRbIenAeLIykñgú RbeTsmYycMnnY rhUtdl;bc©bú ,nñenH. b:Eu nþlkçxNÐénkar
kan;kab; KWmni smRsbeT kalNaeKcg;[kUnbMNlu kan;kab;RTBübBa©a.M elaksa®sþacarü Karl Kreuzer )an bBa¢ak;
edaysegçbfa³
{karbBa©acM lnRTBü KWCasiTR§i )atiePaKelIclnRTBüEdlmanRbvtiCþ ayUrmkehIyenaH RtUv)at;bg;TnM ak;
TMng kñgú karGnuvtþnr_ bs;vaRKb;TkI Enøgsm½y]sSahUbnIykmμ nig GnþrCatUbnIykmμesdækci e© RBaHkarepÞr
karkan;kab;EdlCalkçxNÐcaM)ac; énkarbegátI kics© nüabBa©aeM naH minbMeBjtamlkçxNÐtRmUvénesdækci ©
TMenIbeT. tamFmμta kUnbMNlu RtUvkarRTBüFanaedIm,IskmμPaBGaCIvkmμrbs;xnÜø ehIym©as;bN M lu cat;Tku
fakarkan;kab;nvU rUbvtßFú ana ¬edaypÞal;¦ CabnÞkú sμKú sμaj}.
niyayedaysegçbkñgú bribTBaNiCk¢ mμTeM nIbPaKeRcIn eKminGacTTYlyklkçxNÐpvÚø karénkarbBa©acM lnRTBüenH
eT.
3>2> GIub:UEtk
sUm,IEtGñkc,ab;rm:U augM k¾TTYlsÁal;fa karbBa©acM lnRTBüenHmankMrti Edr . c,ab;rmU: aMgu )anbegátI TRmg;Rbtibtþki armYy
EdlehAfa {GIbu EU: tk} edIm,Ib)M at;plvi)akénkarRbqaMgBaNiCk¢ mμ edaylkçxNÐkan;kab;énkarbBa©acM lnRTBü.
GIbu EU: tkKWCakarsnüafa nwgdak;RTBüFanakatBVkci © edaymincaM)ac;epÞrRTBüeTAGñkTTYlbBa©akM an;kab; eBalKWkar
bBa©acM lnRTBüEdlKμankarkan;kab;RTBü . tamc,ab;rmU: augM GIbu EU: tkGacEcgBIsTi T§i eU TAelIRTBüskmμrbs;knU bMNlu
rab;bBa©lÚ TaMgRTBüskmμGnaKt.
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 85

tamBit bBaðaénkardak;RTBüCaGIbu EU: tk KWvabegátI siTR§i )atiePaKGaf’k)M aMg . siTr§i bs;ma© s;bN M lu elIRTBüRtUv)anlak;
kM)aMgBIsaFarNCn. ya:gehacNas; karGnuvtþne_ nH naMeGaymanbBaðasMxan;²BIr. TI1 vaeFVbI H: Bal;dl;kareFVI
esckþsI eRmcrbs;GnaKtm©as;bN M lu edaysarkgVHB½tm’ anbegátI CahaniPy½ Edldak;sm<aFelI\NTan. TI2 va
begátI PaBminR)akdEfmeTot Edlfam©as;bN M lu bc©b,nñngi GnaKtGacTamTarsiTe§i lIRTBüEtmYyenaH . etIGkñ Na
manGaTiPaB kñgú krNIEdlmanvivaTrvagGñkTamTarEdlRbECgKña ?
xN³Edlc,ab;GbuI E:U tkGPivDÆn_ RbB½nc§ ,ab;BüayamkMrti GnuPaBGviCm¢ anénsiTR§i )atiePaKsm¶at;. enAkñgú RbeTsxøH
RTBüdak;GbuI EU: tk KWkrM ti RtwmEtdIbeu: NÑaH . eKGaceCosvagsiTR§i )atiePaKsm¶at; b¤bnßyGanuPaBGviCm¢ an)an tamry³
karbBa¢ak;elIbN ½ kÑ mμsTi §i b¤karkt;RtasiTR§i )atiePaKenAkñgú sßab½n. CaGkusl karkMrti enHminpþlC; eM rIssMrab;karbBa©aM
clnRTBüeLIy. kñgú karb:nu b:gedaHRsaybBaðaGaf’k)M aMgenH RbeTsxøH )anTTYlsÁal;sTi G§i buI EU: tk EtenAeBl
LayLúgRTBüFanab:eu NÑaH . viFanenHKaMRTbuKlÁ Edlkan;kab;bN ½ Ñ b¤sTi e§i lIRTBümuneBlGnuvtþ EdlbMpaø jtémø
Rø TBüEdlCaRTBüFanarbs;ma© s;bN M lu EdlmankicF© ana . eK)ansMralGnuPaBminl¥énsiTR§i )atiePaKGaf’k)M aMg [)an
R)akd b:Eu nþvaCakarkat;bnßykarFanarbs;ma© s;bN M lu FMeFg EdlGacTTYl)antémøRTBüenAeBlkUnbMNlu min
sgR)ak;.
dUcKñanwgkarbBa©acM lnRTBüEdr GIbu EU: tknaMmknUvlkçxNÐTRmg;EbbbT nigplvi)akEpñknItvi Fi EI dlRbqaMgnwgesckþI
RtUvkarxagBaNiCk¢ mμ. eTaHCaya:gNakþI karbBa©acM lnvtßú nigGIbu E:U tkenAEtrs;ran ehIykøayeTACaEpñkmYyénRbB½n§
c,ab;bs©mw RbeTsTaMgkñgú rbbc,ab; Civil Law nig Common Law. eK)anrkeXIjviFanénkarbBa©acM lnvtßú nig
GIbu E:U tk enAkñgú Rkmrdæb,evNIExμrkñgú sm½yGaNaniKm. karbBa©acM lnvtßú nigGIbu E:U tk manEcgenAkñgú Rkmrdæb,evNI
rbs;km<Cú aEdl)anEckpSayedIm,ITTYleyabl; nigEksRmYlenAExtula qñaM 2002 .
VI. hirBaØb,TanclnvtßúnigTMnak;TMngeTAnwgEpñkesdækic©
kareRbIclnvtßkú gúñ rUbPaBbBa©acM lnRTBünigGIbu EU: tk CaRTBüFanamanedImkMeNItmkBIsm½yr:mU aMgu . TRmg;bru aN
TaMgenHbegátI nUvbBaðaCaeRcIn kñgú xN³EdltRmUvkarBaNiCk¢ mμ kan;EtsμKú sμajxøagM ehIyRbB½nc§ ,ab;tamRbéBNIy_
¬dUcCa c,ab; Civil Law nig Common Law¦ )anEcgedaHRsaybBaðaenHRbhak;RbEhlKña tamry³karrIksayén
TRmg;EbbbT nigkarcuHbBa¢nI ana . b:Eu nþkarrIksayTRmg;EbbbT c,ab;Bei ss nigkarcuHbBa¢I min)ansMralplvi)ak
GaRkk;énkarbBa©acM lnRTBünigGIbu EU: tk)aneLIy. ehtudeU cñH viFsI aRsþénhirBaØb,TanclnRTBü)ankøayeTACa
karrMxanminGacbt;Ebn)an nigcMNayeRcIn.
eK)anbegátI dMeNaHRsayfμnI aBak;kNþalstvtSTI20 EdleKsÁal;fa CaRbtibtþki arEdlmankicF© ana . bnÞab;BI
dMeNaHRsayfμeI nH bgðajBIeCaKC½yenAkñgú yutaþ FikarCaeRcIn Edlrab;TaMgRbeTsFM tUc RbeTsGñkman nigRbeTs
RkIRkmk dMeNaHRsayenH)aneFV[I RbeTsCaeRcInykcitTþ ku dak; . c,ab;sBIþ RI btibtikþ arEdlmankicF© ana KWCaRbB½n§
énviFanEdlsMrlY kareRbIR)as;clnRTBüedIm,IFanakatBVkci .©
enAkñgú RbeTsmYycMnnY Edl c,ab;sBIþ RI btibtikþ arEdlmankicF© anamanRbsiTP§ aB nigGnuvtþ)anl¥ eKniymeRbIRbePT
hirBaØb,TandUcxageRkam³
86 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

1> hirBaØb,TanCa]bkrN_³ eFV[I ]sSahkmμbc©bú ,nñrs;ranmanCIvti eLIgvij )anbegánI »kassMrab;]sSahkmμ

fμ²I begánI nUvplitkmμ nigEklMGesvakmμrdæaPi)al.
2> hirBaØb,TansareBIPNг CMrujnUv»kaslk;dMu nig lk;rayedIm,ICYy[GñkpÁtp; gÁ T; TYl)anTMnji
sMrab;lk;CnU saFarNCn pþll; T§PaB[GaCIvkmμdeM NIrkarcab;epþmI BIedImTuntictYc)an.
3> hirBaØb,TanKNnIRtUvTTYl³ GnuBaØat[man\NTanEp¥ktamKNnIrbs;Rkumh‘nu mYy tamry³karpþlT; nu
dMeNIrkarcaM)ac;srM ab;eFV[I shRKasTTYl)aneCaKC½y EklMGlMhsU ac;R)ak;kgúñ karlk;duM karlk;ray
kardwkCBa¢nÚ visy½ pþle; svakmμ nig ]sSahkmμepSgeTot .
4> hirBaØb,TansRmab;EklMGsMNg;GaKar³ begánI \NTansMrab;Tji ma:snuI fμI GNþgÚ sñb; ma:snuI bUmTwk
CeNþrI ynþ ma:snuI RtCak; nig]bkrN_epSgeTot . hirBaØb,TanenHbegánI témødI nigGaKar ehIybegátI kargar
kñgú visy½ lk;drU kartemøgI nigkarEfTaM.
5> hirBaØb,TanksiplnigstVBahn³ CMrju RbsiTP§ aBxagksikmμ Tinpñ ltamry³karpþll; h M rU sac;R)ak; Edl
mankarcaM)ac;srM ab;rdUvdaMdHu nig kal³eTs³EdlRbQmnwgksikr.
6> hirBaØb,TanTMnji eRbIR)as;³ begánI lT§PaBTTYl)an\NTanedIm,ITji sMPar³ nig eRKOgsgðarim begánI
CIvPaBrs;enA nig begátI kargarkñgú visy½ lk;drU pÁtp; gÁ T; nM ji nigkarEfTaM.
V. c,ab;nigBaNiC¢kmμ³ karkMritRBMEdnedaysarTRmg;EbbT
tRmUvkarBaNiCk¢ mμ)ankøayeTACabBaðasμKú sμajcab;taMgBIkarbegátI RbB½nb§ Ba©acM lnvtßú nigGIbu E:U tk . siTRi§ )atiePaK
Gaf’k)M aMg )anbegátI karKMramkMEhgkan;EtxøagM cMeBaHGnaKtm©as;bN M lu kñgú xN³EdlRbtibtþki armanTMhkM an;EtFM nig
RTBüFanaekIntémøeRcIn . CaBiess kalNaRbtibtþki arkan;EtsμKú sμaj nigmantémøxs< ; m©as;bN M lu kan;Etmankar
)armÖeRcInBIkarTamTarelIRTBüFanaEtmYynaeBlGnaKt. TIbpM tu eKeXIjfa RTBüGrUb)I ankøayeTACaRbPBRTBü
Fanad¾manskþanuBlnigmantémø fVeI bIRTBüGrUbmI ni bMeBjtamRkbxNÐpvÚø karEdlGnuvtþceM BaHsiTR§i )atiePaKRTBürUbkI ¾
eday.
lkçxNÐpvÚø karénc,ab;ngi tRmUvkarGnuvtþBaNiCk¢ mμ )anbegátI PaBtantwgkñgú bribTénkareRbIclnRTBüCavtßFú ana.
c,ab;maneKalbMNgedaHRsayPaBtantwgenH tammeFüa)ay CaeRcInEdlbgðajfa lT§PaBTTYl)aneCaKC½y man
kMrti xus² Kña .
5>1> karrIksayénTRmg;EbbbT
enAkñgú c,ab;bs©mw RbeTs TaMgkñgú RbB½nc§ ,ab; Civil Law nig Common Law mancemøyI mYysRmab;edaHRsaybBaða
enH KWkarbegátI TRmg;EbbbTfμ²I sMrab;begátI siTR§i )atiePaKelIclnRTBü . ]TahrN_ kñgú Bak;kNþalstvtSTI 20 enA
shrdæGaemrik CaTUeTAeK)aneRbITRmg;dcU xageRkam³
1> karbBa©acM lnvtß³ú siTk§i mμsTi e§i lIclnRTBürbs;knU bMNlu GaRs½yeTAtamkarkan;kab;rbs;PaKIma© s;
bMNlu tamxømw sardUc)anBiPakSaxagedIm.
2> kics© nüalk;manlkçxNг CaTRmg;énRbtibtikþ arEdlEp¥kelIsTi k§i mμsTi E§i dleRbICaRTBüFana. Gñklk;
TMnji enArkSasiTk§i mμsTi e§i lITnM ji Edl)anlk;edaycat;Tku CaRTBüFana. kmμsTi n§i gw RtUvepÞreTA[GñkTij
enAeBlEdlPaKI)ansgbMNlu kñgú kicF© anaenaHRKb;cnM nY .
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 87

3> karbBa©asM Ti e§i lIclnvtß³ú KWTRmg;énRbtibtikþ arEdlEp¥kelIsTi m§i ni EmnkmμsTi e§i lIclnvtßú RsedogKña
nwgkardak;bBa©abM N ½ kÑ mμsTi d§i EI dr. PaKIma© s;bNM lu GacrwbGUssiTe§i lIkarbBa©asM Ti c§i lnvtßú edIm,ITTU at;
bMNlu )ankñgú krNIEdlkUnbMNlu minsgR)ak;.
4> Gnub,TansiT³§i KWTRmg;Rbtibtþki arEdlbegátI eLIgsMrab;GnuvtþceM BaHRTBüGrUbI Edltamry³TRmg;enH
siTT§i TYlR)ak;myY Epñk b¤TaMgRsugrbs;bKu lÁ RtUv)anepÞreTAbuKlÁ epSgkñgú rUbPaBCavtßFú ana. RbEhlCa
edaysarTsSnTanRTBüGrUbI CaTsSn³fμI eTIb)anCaeK)andak;kh M ti eRcIn nigbnþdak;kh
M ti F¶nF; r¶ kñgú RbB½n§
c,ab; CaeRcInrhUtdl;sBVéf¶enH.
5> karTijKNnIRkumh‘nu ³ KWTRmg;Rbtibtþki arEdlGñkpþlh ; ri BaØvtßú Edl)anpþle; dImTuneTAeGayRkumh‘nu tam
ry³karTijKNnIkgúñ Rkumh‘nu enH ¬edaymincaM)ac; TTYlykGnub,TanKNnI¦ .
6> bgáan;édRtws³þ KWTRmg;Rbtibtþki arEdlbegátI eLIgsMrab;srM lY hirb,TansareBIPNÐ. GñkpÁtp; gÁ R; bKl;
sareBIPNÐeTA[Gñklk;kúgñ namGñkpþlh ; ri BaØvtßú Edltambec©keTs buKlÁ enHkan;kab;kmμsTi ei§ lI
sareBIPNÐenaH ehIyCaGñk)anecjbgáan;édeTA[Gñklk;edIm,IbBa¢ak;faeK)an {pþlT; nM ku cit}þ CUnGñklk;
edIm,Ilk;TnM ji enaH.
7> beBaØTI ku lk;³ KWTRmg;Rbtibtþki arEdleKEtgEteRbIsrM lY dl;hri BaØb,Tan sareBIPNÐ. GñkepJTI nM ji Tuklk;
RbKl;TMnji eTA[GñkTTYlTMnji Tuklk; edayKμankarepÞrkmμsTi e§i lITMnji enaHeTA[GñkTTYlTMnji Tuk
lk;eT edayeKsgÇwmfa nwgeRbIsTi k§i mμsTi ei§ naHCakarkarBar kñgú krNIEdlGñkTTYlTMnji Tuklk; man
vibtþhi ri BaØvtß.ú
enAkñgú RbeTsTaMgLayEdleRbIRbB½nc§ ,ab; Civil Law eKEtgEtmanmeFüa)ayedaHRsaydUcKña. emFavIQaø sév
)anbegátI TRmg;kan;EteRcIneLIgedIm,ICYy[m©as;bMNulTTYlplcMeNjelIPaKIdéTeTot tamkareRbIRTwscIþ ,ab;
eRcInrYmKña . kics© nüalk;manlkçxNÐCaTRmg;EdleKeRbICaTUeTAenAkñgú RbeTsEdleRbIRbB½nc§ ,ab; Civil Law ehIy
kics© nüaepJTI nM ji Tuklk; KWCalkçN³BiessEdlmanEcgenAkñgú Rkmrdæb,evNICaeRcIn. c,ab;)araMg)anEcgkMNt;
BITRmg;Cag 12 sMrab;sTi R§i )atiePaKenAkñgú c,ab;Bei ss nig lixti bTdæannanaeRkABIRkmrdæb,evNI)araMg. pÞyú eTAvij
GalømW g: m; anTMenarBwgEp¥kxøagM eTAelIkarbkRsayrbs;tlu akarcMeBaHkarepÞrb½NkÑ mμsTi §i CameFüa)ayénkarpþl;
siTR§i )atiePaK eTA[m©as;bN M lu EtminEcgkñgú c,ab;Bei sseT.
bc©bú nñenH karkMhti elIkareRbIclnRTBünigRTBüGrUbCI aRTBüFana manPaBxusKña BIRbeTsEdleRbIRbB½nc§ ,ab; Civil
Law BImy Y eTAmYy. eyIgminGacniyayfaman {dMeNaHRsayc,ab; Civil Law mYy} sMrab;eRbIclnvtßCú aRTBü
FanaenaHeT ¬karniyayfa man {dMeNaHRsayc,ab; Commom Law mYy} kñgú erOgenHk¾mni RtwmRtUvEdr¦. RbEhl
CaKμanviFanTUeTAeT b:Eu nþbBaaØvnþCaeRcIn)aneFVeI sckþsI egátTUeTAmYy . enAkñgú RbeTsEdlRbkan;RbB½nG§ alømW g: ;
k¾CaRbeTsEdlRbkan;RbB½nc§ ,ab; Common Law Edr CaTUeTAeKTTYlsÁal;fa GacyksiTT§i TYlR)ak;naeBlGnaKt
eTAFanakatBVkci )© an . b:Eu nþenAkñgú RbeTs Rbkan;RbB½nc§ ,ab;)araMg-LaTInvij eKkRmnwgeXIjeRbIbec©keTsd¾man
sarsMxan;enHNas;. RbB½nc§ ,ab;xHø )ancat;BcI N M at;fañ k;bnÞab;bnSMénsiTR§i )atiePaK ¬dUcCaRbeTsGalømW g: ; Cb:nu
endWELn sVtI hSWELn sátú ELn GaRhVki xagt,Úg b:LU jÚ rUsSI¦ú rIÉGñkviPaKc,ab;yl;fa cat;Tku CaRbPBsMxan;énsiT§i
R)atiePaK ¬dUcCaRbeTsEblhSúkI luchSwmbWk RbeTsCaeRcIn kñgú TVbI GaemrikLaTIn b‘lu hÁarI rUm: a:nI GtItsaFarNrdæ
yUehÁasøavI eRkc nigeGs,aj¦ .
88 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

CaGkuslTRmg;f²Iμ CaeRcInEdlRtUv)ankMNt;tamRTwsxIþ su ²Kña EtgEtnaM[manplvi)akExVgKña cMeBaHm©as;bN M lu .

m©as;bN M lu Edlmanb½NkÑ mμsTi R§i sbc,ab;elIRTBüFana GacsMku arGnuvtþns_ Ti )§i anqab;Cag nigcMNayticCag
m©as;bN M lu Edlkan;kab;sTi R§i )atiePaK eRkABIkmμsTi .§i m©as;bN M lu Gaccaj; b¤QHñ m©as;bN M lu epSgeTot GaRs½y
elITRmg;EdleK)aneRCIserIseTaHbICaplRbeyaCn_esdækci B© RI btibtikþ arenaHdUcKña edayminKitBITRmg;ke¾ day.
5>2> karrIksayénc,ab;BiessnigkarcuHbBa¢I
RbtikmμTBI rI eTAnwgcMNcu xVHxatkñgú c,ab;CaRbéBNIye_ nH KWkarbegátI nUvkariyal½ycuHbBa¢I . eRkABIKN u vibtidþ e¾ RcIn
rbs;va karbBa©acM lnvtßmú anKuNsm,tiBþ ei ssmYy KWlkçxNÐtRmUvénkarkan;kab; )anTb;saá t;karbnøeM )akR)as;ceM BaH
m©as;bN M lu epSgeTot . kUnbMNlu Edl)andak;bBa©acM ei Ba©ónmas minGacykcieBa©onmasenaHeTAbBa©aCM amYyPaKI
mYyeTot)aneT. eKalbMNgsMxan;énkarcuHbBa¢I KWrkSaB½tm’ anBIkmμsTi e§i lIRTBüskmμnana. eTaHbICakarbegátI RbB½n§
cuHbBa¢kI mμsTi §i vamincaM)ac;kgúñ eKalbMNgsMrlY \NTan b¤karRbkasBIsTi R§i )atiePaKkþI Cajwkjab;vaEtgEtdMeNIrkar
l¥ceM BaHsiTR§i )atiePaK EdlBwgEp¥kelIsTi k§i mμsTi .§i karcuHbBa¢kI mμsTi §i vabgárlkçN³[m©as;bN M lu GacrkeXIj)an
GaceRbICnM sY lkçxNÐénkarkan;kab;tamkarbBa©acM lnvtß)ú anya:gsmRsb.
RbB½nc§ Hu bBa¢RI tUv)anrIksayenAkñgú RbeTsEdleRbIc,ab; Civil Law nigRbeTseRbIc,ab; Common Law.
kariyal½ycuHbBa¢nI ava yanynþ nigynþehaH )ankøayeTACa bBaðaFmμta nig TMngCamanGtßny½ TUeTAEdr. c,ab;Bei ss
eRkABIRkmrdæb,evNI GacbegátI kariyal½ycuHbBa¢sI rM ab;CnU dMNgw BIsTi R§i )atiePaKelI]bkrN_]sSahkmμ Edlman
karniym. eK)anyl;dgw BIkarcuHbBa¢dI FI Iø EdlpþlK; rM GU nuvtþsrM ab;karcuHbBa¢cI lnRTBü . enARbeTs)araMgeK)anbþrÚ
kariyal½ycuHbBa¢dI eI TACakariyal½ycuHbBa¢cI lnRTBüsMrab;beM rIeKalbMNgCaeRcIn. stVeKarbs;eragcRkTwkedaHeKa
ERKedkrbs;sNæaKar tuTeU TAkñgú kariyal½y RtUv)ancat;Tku CaclnRTBü. karkMNt;kgúñ c,ab;deU cñH )anbegátI nUvRTBü
Fana CaeRcInsMrab;dak;bBa©aM ehIybEnßmclnRTBüeTAelIRTBüFanaEdleKmanRsab;elId.I CaGkusl karGnuvtþn_ min
)ansMrlY dl;hri BaØb,TanclnRTBüdUcc,ab;)anEcgeT ehIyvaKμanRbeyaCn_srM ab;eRbICa]bkrN_cm,gCMnsY dI)an
eLIy .
meFüa)ayrbs;RbeTsEdleRbIc,ab; Civil Law minÉkPaBnwgviFankarenHeLIy. ]TahrN_ RbeTssVsúI man
bTBiesaFn_ 90qñaM kñgú karcuHbBa¢RI btibtikþ arEp¥kelIkarrkSaTukb½NkÑ mμsTi é§i nvtßFú ana. karcuHbBa¢sI Ti R§i )atiePaK rbs;
sVsúI )anekItmunRkmÉkPaBBaNiCk¢ mμshrdæGaemrikRbEhlknøHstvtS. pÞyú eTAvijRbeTsGalømW gu: EdlenACit
nwgsVsIú nigmanesdækci F© CM ageKbMptu enAGWrbu: mankarBwgEp¥ktictYcelIRbB½nc§ Hu bBa¢I ehIymanectnac,as;kgúñ
kars‘RU TaM nigsiTR§i )atiePaKGaf’k)M aMg .
karrIksayRbB½nc§ Hu bBa¢I TaMgenAkñgú RbeTseRbIc,ab; Civil Law nigRbeTseRbI c,ab; Common Law manskþanuBl
kñgú karelIkkMBs;hri BaØb,TanclnRTBü edaysarvamanskþanuBlbgðajBIsTi k§i mμsTi d§i l;saFarNCn. CaGkusl
skþanuBlenHkRmnwgekItmanNas;. eKEtgEtGnuvtþRbB½nc§ Hu bBa¢EI dlbgárkarrMxan manRkdassñameRcIn kariyaFib
etyü éføcN M ayx<s; nigkarBnüaeBl. eKEtgEteRbIRbB½nc§ Hu bBa¢dI CI aKMrU edayminKitBIcN M cu xusKñacm,grvagkar
begátI siTR§i )atiePaKelIdI ¬EdlenAmYykEnøgnigsßti esßr¦ rIÉclnRTBü ¬EtgEtbþrÚ rUbenAeBleKykvaeTAplit Ekécñ
lk; b¤ briePaK¦ .
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 89

enATIbpM tu karrIksayTRmg;c,ab;Bei ssnigRbB½nc§ Hu bBa¢I min)anbegátI RbB½nl§ C¥ nM sY karkan;kab;tamc,ab;sBIþ kI arbBa©aM

clRTBüeGay)anR)akdeT . skþanuBlénhirBaØb,Tanclnvtßú enAmankMrti enAeLIy TaMgkñgú yutaþ Fikarc,ab; Civil
Law k¾dc U Ca Common Law Edr . lkçxNÐTRmg;EbbbTGviCm¢ an nigplvi)aknItvi Fi EI dlCakareqøyI tbeTAnwgkar
bBa©acM lnvtßú nigGIbu EU: tk )andak;Tm¶ny; a:gF¶ne; TAelIBaNiCk¢ mμedaysarbBaðaekItecjBITRmg;bru aNEdleKb:nu b:g
EklMG.
5>3 kMENTRmg;dMbUg³ karRbkan;muxgarsMxan;CagTRmg;enAshrdæGaemrik nig kaNada
kñgú TsvtSqñaM 1950 emFavIBaNiCk¢ mμenAshrdæGaemrik)ancab;epþmI eFVkI arBinti üCaRbB½n§ elITRmg;TaMgLayEdl
eKeRbIsrM ab;dak;clnvtßCú aRTBüFana. karBinti ü)aneRbIeBlCagmYyTsvtS. eK)andwgfa mankarritt,itminsm
RsbelIskmμPaBBaNiCk¢ mμ edaysarmanTRmg;EbbbTeRcIn cMNayeRcIn Gnuvtþxsu KñaBIytu aþ FikarmYyeTAyutaþ Fikar
mYyeTot xVHPaBR)akd nig Bi)akdak;[Rbtibtitþ am. eK)anbegátI meFüa)ayfμI CameFüa)ayEdleKmin)aneXIj TaMg
enAkñgú RbB½nc§ ,ab; Civil Law nig Common Law. meFüa)ayfμeI nH Rbkan;ykmuxgarsMxan;CagTRmg; . meFüa)ay
enHRtUv)anEcgenAkñgú maRta 9 énRkmÉkPaBBaNiCk¢ mμshrdæGaemrik EdlCalT§plkargarénsnñsi TI mRnþfI añ k;
CatisBIþ cI ,ab;ÉkPaBrbs;rdæ . cMNcu sMxan;²énmeFüa)ayfμeI nHrYmman³
1> karbegátI siTk§i mμsTi §i ¬siTR§i )atiePaK¦ EtmYyelIRTBürUbnI gi RTBüGrUbRI Kb;RbePT ¬eRkABIdnI gi GaKar¦.
2> karsMrlY nigeFV[I mankarÉkPaBnUvviFanEdlTak;Tni nwgsiTR§i )atiePaKEtmYy EdlbegátI fμ.I
3> karcuHpSayBIGtßPi aBénsiTR§i )atiePaK EdlsamBaØ gayRsYl cMNaytic edayKμankarrMxanBIrdæaPi)al.
4> karbegátI viFanGaTiPaBBisaþ rsMrab;RKb;RKgvivaTGnaKtrvagm©as;bN M lu nigedaHRsayvivaTRbkbedayPaB
R)akd nigeCosvagbNþgw EdlmincaM)ac;.
5> begánI »kasedIm,Ima© s;bN M lu mansiTT§i TYl)antémøBRI TBüFana kñgú krNIEdl kUnbMNlu minsgR)ak;.
Cayfaehtu rdæTaMg50rbs;shrdæGaemrik)anGnumt½ RkmÉkPaBBaNiCk¢ mμenAedIm TsvtSqñaM 1960.
kariyal½ytmálÉ; ksarCacMNcu sMxan;énRbB½nf§ eIμ nH. kariyal½ytmálb; eM rIeKalbMNgBIr . TI1 kartmálR; )ab;
GnaKtm©as;bN M lu fa m©as;bN
M lu epSgeTotGacmansiTR§i )atiePaK elIRTBüFanaenHrYceTAehIy. TI 2 kartmálb; egátI
kalbriecäTGaTiPaBrbs;ma© s;bN M lu kñgú krNImanvivaTrvagm©as;bN M lu EdlRbqaMgKñaelIRTBüFanaEtmYy.
lkçxNÐtRmUvénkartmálm; anlkçN³samBaØngi cMNayR)ak;tci . m©as;bN M lu RKan;Ettmáll; xi ti CUndMNgw samBaØ
EdlEcgBIGtþsBaØaNm©as;bN M lu nigkUnbMNlu nigesckþGI Fib,ayBIRTBüFana. mincaM)ac;bgðajkics© nüax©RI )ak;
CaPsþtú ageT mincaM)ac;mansakSI b¤karbBa¢ak;BsI arkarI b¤m®nþeI pSgeToteT . mincaM)ac;plþ B; t½ m’ anhirBaØvtßdú l;kariya
l½ytmále; LIy . KμankarBinti ü b¤karÉkPaBBIkariyaFibetyüeTAelIxmwø sarénlixti CUndMNgw eT. CaBiess lixti
CUndMNgw BIsTi R§i )atiePaKminEmnCaGaCJab½NEÑ dlrdæaPi)alGacpþl; b¤pa¥ kTukeLIy . kMNt;Rtaénkariyal½ytmál; Ca
kMNt;RtasaFarN³ sMrab;bKu lÁ RKb;rbU Binti üemIledayKμankarerIseGIg . sBVéf¶enH eKEtgEttmált; amGinu eFIENt
edayKμankarGnþraKmn_BmI ®nIrþ dæaPi)aleLIy.
90 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

kariyal½ytmálm; ankarTTYlxusRtUvmankMrti . kariyal½yenHkt;RtakalbriecäT nigeBlevlaénkartmál; cuHelx

BiesssMrab;kartmál; nig eFVbI Ba¢eI QμaHkUnbMNlu eTAtamGkçrRkm. lixti CUndMNgw Edl)antmálm; anRbsiTP§ aB5qñaM
nigGacEktRmUvsMbu nþ b¤sbuM Ba©b; )an.
kñgú TsvtSqñaM 1990 extþPaKeRcInrbs;RbeTskaNada)anGnumt½ c,ab;sBIþ sI Ti R§i )atiePaKclnRTBü edayEp¥kelI
eKalkarN_dcU Kña nwgRkmÉkPaBBaNiCk¢ mμ edaymankarsMrlY 1¦ BicarNaelIsaß nPaBBiessenAkaNada nig 2¦
eCosvagvivaTEdlCabTBiesaFn_rbs;GaemrikaMgkñgú TsvtSmun². extþehÁbci EdlRbkan;c,ab; Civil Law )an Gnumt½
viesaFnkmμFeM FgeTAelIRkmrdæb,evNI rYmTaMgkarbegátI kariyal½ytmál; EdlseRmceFVkI arEkTRmg;dcU Kñakñgú extþ
epSg²eTotEdl)anGnumt½ c,ab;sBIþ sI Ti R§i )atiePaKclnRTBü.
bc©bú ,nñenH ebIeRbobeFobnwgmeFüa)aytamRbvtþsi aRsþkgúñ ry³eBlRbEhlknøHstvtSmkenH meFüa)ayEp¥ktam
muxgar )anbgðajedayxønÜ ÉgfaCameFüa)ayelIkkMBs;skmμPaBesdækci © Ep¥kelIkareRbIclnRTBürUbI nig GrUbI Ca
RTBüFana. »kasTTYl\NTan RtUv)anBRgIkya:geRcIn ehIy\LÚvenHclnvtßCú aRTBüFanamanKuNsm,tþi
sRmab;FanaeFVmI anGRtakarR)ak;Tab Cag\NTanFanaedaykicF© anaedaybuKlÁ . eKalkarN_ {Rbkan;mxu garsMxan;
CagTRmg;} CaeKalkarN_ EdlviskV rsm½yTMenIbTTYlsÁal; ehIymansarsMxan;dcU KñacMeBaHemFavI BaNiCk¢ mμ .
5>4> kM E NTRmg; T I 2³ GW r u : b GasI u ni g Gnþ r Cati
enAeBlEdlkMEpgEb‘kLaMgdYlrlM RbCaCatielakxaglic )ancab;epImþ xitxMRbwgERbgya:gxøagM edIm,I CYysþaresdækci ©
rbs;bNþaRbeTsGWrbu: xagekIt. karTTYl)an\NTan KWCabBaðasMxan;myY . FnaKarGWrbu: sMrab;karsþareLIgvij nig
karGPivDÆn_ )anekaHRbCuKM NkmμaFikartRmg;Tsi énGñkCMnajc,ab;GrW bu: ¬rYmTaMgsaRsþacarüc,ab;kaNadamñak;¦ edIm,I
ENnaMFnaKarenH[begátI yuTs§ aRsþsrM ab;plþ h ; ri BaØb,TanclnRTBü. KNkmμaFikartRmg;Tsi GacGnumt½ KMrU Na
mYyEdlxønÜ eBjciteþ T edaysarmanKMrxU su ²KñaCaeRcInenAGWrbu: RtUv)aneKeRCIserIseLIg . lT§plkargarrbs;eK
KWCac,ab;KrM sU BþI RI btibtikþ arEdlmankicF© ana rbs;FnaKarGWrbu: sMrab;karsþareLIgvijnigkarGPivDÆn_ . eKalkarN_ én
c,ab;KrM sU BþI RI btibtikþ ar EdlmankicF© anarbs;FnaKarGWrbu: sMrab;karsþareLIgvij nigkarGPivDÆn¾rmY bBa©lÚ TaMg³
¬ 1 ¦ siTR§i )atiePaKEtmYy CasiTe§i btikPNÐEdlGacGnuvtþelIRTBüFanarUbyI nigGrUbyI edIm,I FanakatBVkci .©
¬2¦ lkçxNÐpvÚø karticbMptu sRmab;karbegItá siTR§i )atiePaK
¬3¦ niymn½ybt;Ebn)anGMBbI N M lu EdlmankicF© ana nigRTBüFana
¬4¦ kartmálp; SayCasaFarNsamBaØedIm,I eCosvagsiTR§i )atiePaKGaf’k)M aMg nig
¬5¦ siTG§i nuvtþmanPaBTUlTM lU ay .
eKalkarN_sxM an;²énc,ab;KrM sU BþI RI btibtikþ arEdlmankicF© anarbs;FnaKarGWrbu: sMrab;karsþareLIgvij nigkarGPivDÆn_
tamBitvaCakarÉkPaBykmeFüa)aymuxgarmkCMnsY meFüa)ayTRmg;tamRbéBNIyé_ nyutaþ Fikarc,ab; Common
Law nig Civil Law.

enAGWrb:u kNþalnigxagekIt manRbeTsCaeRcIn)aneqøyI tb cab;epImþ BIRbeTsb:LU jÚ enAqñaM 1995 nig eRkaymk

manRbeTsCaeRcInepSg²KñadUcCa G‘al;)anI b‘lu hÁarI hughÁarI LatvI lItBY aJa: søvÚ a:KI nig G‘yu ERkn.
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 91

kñgú eBlfI²μ enH FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu )aneFVkI arpSBVpSayBIkarGnuvtþne_ nAkñgú GasIu GMBeI KalkarN_RbtibtiEþ dlman
kicF© ana nigmuxgarrbs;kariyal½ytmáls; Ti R§i )atiePaK . kMENTRmg;c,ab;Rbtibtikþ arEdlmankicF© anaenAGasIu
KWkarbegánI skþanuBlRTBüFana EdlcuHpSayedayFnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIeu nAqña2M 000 karviPaKelIc,ab;EdlmanRsab;
nig»kassMrab;kEM NTRmg;enAkñgú RbeTsmYycMnnY . karENnaMGBM kI arcuHbBaIc¢ lnRTBü )anpSBVpSay edayFnaKar
GPivDÆn_GasIeu nAqña2M 003 )anbgðaj[eXIjfaetImaneKalkarN_ya:gNa cMeBaHkariyal½ytmáls; Ti R§i )atiePaK
EdlykKMrtU ammeFüa)aymuxgarénc,ab;sBþI RI btibtikþ arEdlmankicF© ana EdlKMreU nHGaceRbI)anesÞrI EtRKb;RbeTs
eTaHbICamankal³eTs³minsIsu gVak;Kañ k_eday.
\LÚvenH GasI)u anBicarNaelIkarGnumt½ b¤ karGnuvtþnc_ ,ab;sBþI RI btibtikþ arEdlmankicF© ana dUcCaenARbeTs km<Cú a
bg;kaø sEds \NÐa KICsi aß n Lav en)a:l; RsIlgáa nigevotNam . dUcKñaenHEdr RbeTsjÚvhSIEú Ln eTIbEt)anGnumt½
c,ab;sBþI RI btibtikþ arEdlmankicF© anaenAeBlfI²μ enH ehIymRnIeþ nAkñgú RbeTsGURsþalIkBM gu BicarNaerobcMesckþRI Bag
c,ab;enHmYyEdr.
kñúgry³eBlknøgmkenH TMngCamankarGnumt½ c,ab;sBþI RI btibtikþ arEdlmankicF© anaTMenIbmYyEdlRbkan;yk
muxgarsMxan;CagTRmg;enAbNþaRbeTsGWrbu: xaglic . ya:gehacNas; manGñkGFib,ayGalWmø g: m; yY rUb)anehA
lT§plenaHfaCa {vtßbú N M g} rbs;RbeTsGalWmø g: .; enAcRkPBGg;eKøs bnÞab;BmI ankarpSBVpSayr)aykarN_BrI
EdlmanGnusasn_GBM kI arGnumt½ elIKrM GU aemrikxageCIg KNkmμkarc,ab;rbs;cRkPBGg;eKøs)anpSBVpSaykaEstmYy
edIm,I CYyKaMRTdl;karEkTRmg;dF¾ .M
enAExmkra qña2M 002 KNkmμkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞkú c,ab;BaNiCk¢ mμGnþrCati )anGnumt½ GnusBaØamYy
sIBþ GI nub,TansiTG§i BM KI NnIRtUvTTYlkñgú BaNiCk¢ mμGnþrCati. bnÞab;BkI arsikSaCaeRcInqñamM k GnusBaØaenaH)anGnumt½
eKalkarN_TeM nIbsIBþ GI nub,Tan KNnI. pÞyú nwgviFanTMenomTMlab;enAkñgú c,ab; Civil Law nig Common Law
GnusBaØaenH GnuBaØat[manGnub,TanKNnIRtUvTTYl nigGnub,TanKNnIRtUvTTYlnaeBlGnaKt nig ¬eTaHbIKaμ n
lkçxNÐtRmUvk¾eday¦ eK)anTTYlsÁal;kartmálf; a CaviFsI mRsbmYy sMrab;eFVsI Ru kwtükmμsTi R§i )atiePaKelIKNnI
RtUvTTYl . müa:gvijeTot eKalkarN_c,ab;sBþI RI btibtikþ arEdlmankicF© anaTMenIbEdlTak;TgeTAnwgRTBüGrUbyI kMBgu
EtkøayCasþgd; arénBaNiCk¢ mμGnþrCati.
VI. hirBaØb,TanclnRTBütamc,ab;sIþBI RbtibtþikarEdlmankic©FanafμI
6>1> visalPaBnigeKalbMNgénc,ab;
eKalbMNgénesckIRþ Bagc,ab;sBþI RI btibtikþ arEdlmankicF© ana KWedIm,I CMrju skmμPaBesdækci © tamry³kareRbIbec©keTs
TMenIb sMrab;ykclnvtßúmkFanakatBVkci k© úgñ rUbPaBCaRTBüFana. edIm,ITTYlkMeNInesdækci © eyIgRtUvmanlT§PaB
TTYl\NTan.
CaTUeTAm©as;bN
M lu tRmUv[manR)atiePaKeFVCI alkçxNÐ\NTan . tamFmμta kicF© anaedaybuKlÁ minmanlkçN³RKb;RKan;
eT. GclRTBüKWCaTRmg;RTBüFanaTI1 Edlm©as;bN M lu RtUvkar b:Eu nþGkñ xIE© tgEtBumM anGclnRTBüedIm,I dak;Fana eLIy.
karBRgwgRbB½nT§ eM nIbsMrab;eRbIR)as;clnRTBü eFVCI aRTBüFanaGacnaM[mnusScUlrYmenAkñgú skmμPaBesdækci k© an;EteRcIn.
92 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

esckIRþ Bagc,ab;enHnwgBRgwgsiTR§i TBüsm,titþ amry³ 1¦ TRmg;EbbbTc,ab;samBaØ 2¦ begátI viFanc,as;las; sMrab;

edaHRsayvivaT 3¦ begátI RbB½np§ lþ B; t½ m’ ansaFarN³ EdlGacTukcit)þ an 4¦ BRgwgkarGnuvtþns_ Ti .§i lT§pl
KWeFVeI Gay manedImTuneRcInsMrab;Gkñ x©I EdlmanRTBüFanatic.
esckIRþ Bagc,ab;enH EckecjCabYnCMBkU . CBM kU TmI yY )ankMNt;GBM eI KalbMNg nigvisalPaBrbs;c,ab; nigdak; ecj
nUvviFanpøvÚ karmUldæanRKbdNþbe; lIkarbegItá R)atiePaKclnRTBü . visalPaBénesckþRI Bagc,ab;manlkçN³
TUlay. buKlÁ RKb;rbU RtUv)anGnuBaØat[pþl; b¤TTYlykR)atiePaKelIclnRTBüFana. RTBüFanaRtUv)aneKkMNt;
ya:gTUlTM lU ay. RTBüFanaGacCarUbyI dUcCa]bkrN_ sareBIPNÐ ¬pSarh‘nu enAkñgú BaNiCk¢ mμ¦ dMNaMdaMdHu b¤ stV
Bahn³. RTBüFanaGacCaRTBüGrUbyI dUcCaKNnI siTT§i TYlkarTUrTat;éføTnM ji b¤ kmμsTi b§i BaØaÉeTot. RTBüFana
GacCaclnRTBüEdltaMgP¢ab;ngw Gclnvtßú b¤TnM ji dUcCa Er: EdlCIkykecjmkBId.I rUbmnþEdltRmUv[begItá
R)atiePaKRtUvrkSaya:gsamBaØ edIm,I eCosvagkarcMNayeRcIn nigvivaTF¶nF; r¶ .
CBM kU 2 kMNt;Tku CamunnUvvivaTF¶nF; r¶ rvagm©as;bN M lu RbECgKñaedIm,I plRbeyaCn_ rYmTaMgm©as;bN M lu EdlmansiT§i
TamTarmun nigeRkayBIkarbegItá R)atiePaKelIclnRTBü. bnÞab;mk CMBkU enHnwgEcgGMBvI Fi anGaTiPaBlMGti Camun
sMrab;edaHRsayvivaTF¶nF; r¶ EdlGacekItman. viFanGaTiPaB maneKalbMNgpþl[; m©as;bN M lu nUvTMnku citEþ dlBYkeK
RtUveFVkI arseRmcCaviCm¢ anmYycMnnY FMedIm,I BRgIk\NTan. eyIgGacrMBgw )anlT§plenH BIeRBaHm©as;bN M lu manPaB
c,as;las;eRcInGMBlI T§plénCMelaHelIRTBüFana PaBc,as;las;EdlGacTb;saá t;CeM laHya:gl¥.
CBM kU 3 )anEcgGMBkI ariyal½ytmál.; kariyal½ytmálK; cW N M cu sMxan;énc,ab;sBþI IRbtibtikþ arEdlmankicF© ana. lixti
CUndMNgw EdleFVeI LIgedaym©as;bN M lu enAkñgú kariyal½ytmál; )anrMlkw dl;ma© s;bN M lu déTeTot[dwgfa mankarbwgþ
TamTarGMBcI lnRTBürbs;knU bMNlu mñak;. kalbriecäT nig eBlevlaGMBkI arCUndMNgw BIkartmál; Gacnwgpþlp; gEdr nUv
kalbriecäTGaTiPaBEdlmankarbwgþ TamTarRbqaMgKñaelIRTBüFanaEtmYyEdlRtUvvinci y½ä . matikarénlixti CUndMNgw
manlkçN³samBaØ RKan;EttRmUv[manEtGtþsBaØaNrbs;ma© s;bN M lu nigkUnbMNlu nigkarGFib,ayGMBRI TBüFana .
kariyal½ytmál; nwgminTTYlykc,ab;cmøgkicR© BmeRBogR)ak;kmIe© T ehIyk¾ngw KμanGMNacGVeI dIm,I RtYtBinti üGMBI
sPaBkarN_Bti PaBRsbc,ab; b¤PaBRtwmRtUvc,as;las;énÉksar. rMBgw faéføtmál; nwgmancMnnY tictYc. RbB½n§
Ginu FWNti KWCamUldæanBicarNamYy Edltamry³enHm©as;bN M lu GaccuHeQμaHBIkariyal½yrbs;BkY eK)an.
CBM kU 4 )anEcgGMBdI eM NaHRsayfIsμ rM ab;karGnuvtþnb_ Nwgþ TamTarelIRTBüFana. m©as;bN M lu RtUv)anFana edIm,I TTYl
)ansiTk§i an;kab;elIRTBüFanaenAeBlkUnbMNlu minsgR)ak;. m©as;bN M lu mansiTC§i rM HecalnUvRTBüFanaenaH . bec©k
eTsfIGμ acpþll; T§PaBelIkardak;[GnuvtþbNwgþ TamTarRTBüFanaGrUbyI dUcCaKNnI. b:Eu nþma© s;bN M lu mankatBVkci ©
edIm,I Gnuvtþ[)anRtwmRtUv ehIykUnbMNlu Gacnwgbwgþ m©as;bN M lu NaEdl)anrMelaPeTAelIkatBVkci r© bs;xnÜø . dMeNaH
RsayEdl)anEcgcMeBaHm©as;bN M lu enAkñgú CMBkU enH KWCakarbEnßmeTAelIdeM NaHRsayEdl)anEcgedayc,ab;.
m©as;bN M lu GacbnþeRbIR)as;c,ab;EdlmanRsab; edIm,I GnuvtþsTi r§i bs;xnÜø .
6>2> meFüa)ayénkarksagc,ab;sIþBIRbtibtþikarEdlmankic©Fana
esckþRI Bagc,ab;sBþI RI btibtikþ arEdlmankicF© ana erobcMedaymaneKaledATUlTM lU ayedIm,ITTYl)an\NTanGaCIvkmμ
tamry³yuTs§ aRsþ cMnnY 04.
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 93

yTu s§ aRsTþ 1I ³ begtáI [manPaBgayRslY dlv; Fi anTagM Lay srM abk; arbegtáI R)atei PaK
esckþRI Bagc,ab;begItá nUvviFansamBaØ nigCaviFanEtmYysMrab;karbegItá R)atiePaK elIRbePTclnRTBüNamYy.
 manrUbmnþGb,brimasMrab;begItá R)atiePaK. kicR© BmeRBogR)atiePaK mincaM)ac;eRbIBakübec©keTsBiess
nig mincaM)ac;manTRmg;Bei ssGVeI LIy.
 buKlÁ RKb;rbU Gacpþl; nig TTYlyksiTR§i )atiePaKelIclnRTBü. c,ab;enHminEmnGnuvtþsrM ab;EtFnaKar
b¤bKu lÁ RbePTBiessNamYyeLIy.
 RTBüFanaGacCaclnRTBüénRbePTNamYydUcCaRTBürUbyI nigGrUbyI Edlmankñgú eBlbc©bú ,nñ b¤ngw
TTYl)annaeBlGnaKt.
 kicR© BmeRBogEtmYy GacbegItá siTR§i )atiePaKelIRTBüFanaEdlekIteLIgnaeBlGnaKt bnßykarcMNay
nig rUbmnþénkarcuHhtßelxaelIvei saFnkmμkci R© BmeRBogR)ak;kmI© nigkareKarBtamlkçxNÐc,ab;
d¾éTeTot. tamc,ab;RbéBNIy_ kics© nüaepSg²mYycMnnY GactRmUv[pþlR; )atiePaKelIclnRTBüskmμ
kics© nüanImyY ² manlkçxNÐc,ab;pvÚø karrbs;va .
 viFangayRsYleFV[I témø\NTanGaCIvkmμcHu Tab.
yTu s§ aRsTþ 2I ³ RsaybPM GøW BM sI Ti m§i a© sb; N
M lu EdlRbqagM Kañ
 m©as;bN M lu cg;[manPaBc,as;las;. \NTaykcg;dgw c,as; BIsTi ri§ bs;eKTl;ngw \NTaykEdlRbqaMg
muneBlmanvivaT . kalNa\NTayk )andwgc,as;BsI Ti r§i bs;eK lT§PaBpþl; \NTank¾ekIneLIgEdr.
 Rkbx½NcÐ ,ab;bc©bú ,nñ)anbegItá nUvPaBminc,as;las;. kardak;clnRTBüeFVCI aRTBüFana GacGnuvtþeTAtam
kics© nüabBa©aM CYl kicR© BmeRBogCYl-Tij niglkçxNÐénc,ab;déTeTot. vaEtgEtmankarlM)ak ehIyCa
TUeTAminGaceFV[I m©as;bN M lu rkeXIjsßanPaBénclnRTBüeTAtamc,ab;CaFrmaneT. dUcKñaenHEdr ebI
m©as;bN M lu RKan;EteRbITRmg;Rbtibtikþ artamc,ab;GnaKt m©as;bN M lu GacsYrfa etInrNaGacTamTarsiT§i
GaTiPaBxøagM CageKelIRTBüFana?.
 c,ab;sBIþ RI btibtþkiþ arEdlmankicF© ana begátI viFanc,as;las;edIm,IkN
M t;GaTiPaB nigedIm,IedaHRsaykar
TamTarRbqaMgKñaelIRTBüFanaEtmYy .
 m©as;bN M lu GacvaytMél ehIyk¾GacbRgYmhaniPy½ rbs;eK)anEdr.
 lT§PaBTTYl\NTankan;EtekIneLIg kalNahaniPy½ RtUv)ankat;bnßy.
yTu s§ aRsTþ 3I ³ meFüa)aypSayBt½ m’ anTeM nbI - karyi aly½ tmlá ;
 m©as;bN M lu RtUvkarviFEI dlgayRsYl elOn c,as;las;ngi cMNaytic edIm,I kMNt;fa etImanGñkdéTmansiT§i
TamTarplRbeyaCn_elIRTBüFanaenaHb¤eT.
 kariyal½ytmálC; aGñkbMeBjnUveKalbMNgTaMgenH.
 kariyal½ytmálm; ni EmnCakarcuHbBa¢tI amRbéBNIy_ Edlbgá[mankaryWty:av nigkarcMNayeRcIntam
lkçxNÐpvÚø kar nigkarGnþraKmn_kariyal½yFibetyüeLIy.
94 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

 kartmáls; Ti R§i )atiePaKGaceFVeI LIgtamRbB½nG§ uinFWNti edaybuKlÁ EdlmanbMNgeRbIbec©kviTüaenH.

kartmálG; aceFVeI LIgenAkariyal½yrbs;ma© s;bN M lu enAeBlEdlkUnbMNlu )anbMeBjBaküsuxM R©I )ak;.
 c,ab;tRmUv[manEtkarCUndMNgw samBaØmyY b:eu NÑaH EdlbgðajBIGtþsBaØaNrbs;KPU aKI nigesckþI
GFib,ayGMBRI TBüFana.
 kariyal½ytmál; GacdMeNIrkartaméføesvarbs;Gkñ eRbI. c,ab;mni tRmUv[mankarbg;Bn§kat;Tku eT.
yTu s§ aRsTþ I 4 ³ karGnvu tmþ anRbsTi P§i aB
 mnusSPaKeRcIncUlcitbþ g;R)ak;éføcN M ayTan;eBl nigRKb;cnM nY Etmþgþ .
 b:Eu nþGkñ x©RI )ak;dl¾ ¥ bg;R)ak;éføcN
M ayEdlesñeI dayGñkx©RI )ak;EdlKμanlT§PaBbg; kalNaynþkþ arGnuvtþn_
enAexSay b¤Kaμ nRbsiTP§ aB.
 haniPy½ énkarGnuvtþnþ K_ aμ nRbsiTP§ aBnigcMNayeRcIn RtUvEtcat;Tku Caktþaþ BicarNasRmab;seRmcpþlþ R; )ak;
km©RI Kb;RbePT ehIyCaktþaþ EdlraraMgdl;karTTYl)an\NTan .
c,ab;sBIþ RI btibtþki arEdlmankicF© ana BRgwgnItvi Fi GI nuvtþnþ _ edayFananUvsiTr§i bs;\NTayk kñgú karkan;kab;RTBüFana
enAeBlEdlkUnbMNlu minsgR)ak;RKb;krNI ehIyFana[\NTaykmanlT§PaBlk;RTBüFana tamviFRI sbc,ab;
edIm,IykR)ak;TTU at;bN M lu EdlmankicF© ana. tamBit viFeI nHk¾beM rIplRbeyaCn_ m©as;bN
M lu nigGñkx©RI )ak;pgEdr.
6>3> plRbeyaCn_énc,ab;sIþBIRbtibtþikarEdlmankic©Fana
c,ab;sBIþ RI btibtþki arEdlmankicF© ana GacelIkkMBs;skmμPaBesdækci e© RcInRbePT dUcman]TahrN_myY cMnnY xag
eRkamenH ³
 hri BabØ ,Tan]bkrN³_ EdlCMrju GaCIvkmμTji -lk; eRKOgcRk kuBM üÚTr½ nig TMnji ÉeTot.
 hri BabØ ,TansareBPI N³Ð EdlCMrju eGaymanTMnji kan;EteRcInkñgú TIpSar .
 hri BabØ ,TanKNnRI tvU TTlY ³ edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaclnasac;R)ak;srM ab;BaNiCk¢ r GñknaMecjnigGñknaMclU .
 hri BabØ ,Tankski m³μ EdlCMrju dl;kardaMdHu nigkarEkécñksipl stVBahn³ nig TMnji Clpl .
 hri BabØ ,Tanclnvttúß agM Pa¢ b³; EdlCMrju karEklMGdIFIø nigGaKar .
 hri BabØ ,TanTnM ji eRbRI )as³; Edlpþlþ l; T§PaB[GñkeRbIR)as;GacmanTMnji nigesvakmμkan;EteRcIn .

*****
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 95

CMBUk
GMBIkmμsiTi§bBaØa
7
I. esckþIepþIm
kñgú ry³eBl2qñakM nøgeTAenH km<Cú a)aneCaKC½ykñgú kicR© bwgERbgbRBa©abvisy½ BaNiCk¢ mμeTAkñgú eKalneya)ay
GPivDÆn_Cati . karbRBa¢abvisy½ BaNiCk¢ mμkgúñ RbeTsmann½yfa CakarpþlP; aBc,as;las;xaø gM kñgú karP¢ab;TnM ak;TnM g
rvagBaNiCk¢ mμ nigeKalneya)ayBaNiCk¢ mμ dUcCakarvinei yaKehdæarcnasm<n½ h § ri BaØvtßú BaNiCk¢ mμ ehdðarcnasm<n½ §
sßab½nkñgú visy½ nana dUcCa GPi)alkicR© kumh‘nu nigrbbkmμsTi b§i BaØa . karbRBa¢abBaNiCk¢ mμeRkARbeTsmann½yfa
CakarelIkkMBs;kci s© hRbtibtþki aresdækci T© lU TM lU ay nigkarekogKrFnFan tamry³TMnak;TnM gesdækci © kñgú tMbn;
nigsklelak .
smahrNkmμesdækci m© ann½yfa CakarTTYlsÁal;karBiténBakü {sklPavUbnIykmμ} skmμPaBBaNiCk¢ mμenAkñgú
ry³eBl25qñakM nøgeTAenH EdlRTBüsm,tiRþ bePTfμrI mY man {cMeNHdwg} nig {karbegátI fμ}I )ankøayeTACamUldæan
sMxan;ényuTs§ aRsþGaCIvkmμrbs;shRKasFuntUcnigshRKasFunFM² eTATUTaMgBiPBelak . dUcKñanwgRTBüsm,tiþ kñgú
RbePTepSgeTotEdr RTBüenHGacgaynwgputsm½yElgsaksm nig enAdEdl². GVEI dleyIgeXIj kñgú karGPivDÆn_
RkbxNÐc,ab; Edl)anksagedIm,IEcgkMNt;nyi mn½y nigbBa©lÚ kmμsTi §i nig karRKb;RKgRTBüTaMgenH kñgú rUbPaBCa
RbkasnIyb½Rttkákmμ karsm¶at;Ep;kñ BaNiCk¢ mμ siTG§i kñ niBn§ nigma:k BaNiCn¢ am nigkmμsTi bi§ BaØadéTeTot RkbxNÐ
c,ab;)anpþl[; m©as;nvU siTT§i lU TM lU ayCagsiTk§i mμsTi e§i TAeTot .
kñúgkmμvFi GI PivDÆn_esdækci d© F¾ MeFgeFgenH eKcat;TukeKalneya)aynigc,ab;EdlTak;Tni nwgsiTk§i mμsTi b§i BaØaCa
]bkrN_sxM an; kñgú yuTs§ aRsþGPivDÆn_sgÁm viTüasaRsþ nigbec©keTsrbs;RbeTs TaMgkñgú ry³eBlxønI gi ry³eBl
mFüm. karkarBarkmμsTi bi§ BaØa)anl¥ nigmanRbsiTP§ aB KWCakarcaM)ac;bpM tu sMrab;karGPivDÆn_esdækci C© ati CMrju
karvinei yaKBIbreTs karepÞr nigkarpSBVpSaybec©kviTüa sMrab;begánI kargarnigR)ak;cN M lU kñgú Rsuk RBmTaMgsRmYl
dl;smahrNkmμesdækci k© m<Cú a eTAkñgú esdækci t© bM n; nigesdækci B© Pi Belak .
eTaHbImankarykcitTþ ku dak;elIbBaðaTaMgenHya:gNak¾eday k¾rdæaPi)al)anCYb]bsKÁxaghirBaØvtßú nigsmtßPaB
bec©keTs kñúgkareqøyI tbnwgkicR© bwgERbgTMenIbkmμc,ab;kmμsTi b§i BaØa edIm,IedIr[Tan;karGPivDÆn_GnþrCati nig
bec©kviTüafμ²I . CaBiessrdæaPi)al )anTTYlsÁal;nvU PaBcaM)ac;kgúñ karBRgwgynþkarGnuvtþ edIm,IRbqaMgnwgkarbMBan
nigkarEkøgbnø.M RtUvEteFVyI a:gNa[kgkmøagM nKr)al tulakar nigGaCJaFrKy mankaryl;dgw BItnY aTIds¾ xM an;rbs;
xønÜ kñgú karGnuvtþkmμsTi b§i BaØaenH. RtUvEtEbgEckFnFanRKb;RKan;eTA[sßab½nGnuvtþ edIm,I[sßab½nTaMgenaH Gac
bRgáabkarlYccmøg nigbNþajlYccmøgTUlTM lU ay edIm,IkarBarGñkniBn§ kvI vicRi tkr plitkrPaBynþ nigplitkr kñgú
Rsuk nig ]sSahkmμ software RBmTaMgnvkmμ nigkarécñRbDitfμ²I .
96 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

II. kareRbIkmμsiTi§bBaØasMrab;GaCIvkmμ
2>1 ehtuGVI)anCakmμsiTi§bBaØaTak;TggwgshRKasrbs;Gñk ?
kalNaniyayBIkarécñRbDit nig karbegátI fμrI bs;mnusS kmμsTi b§i BaØaKWG²IV EdlenACMvu ji xønÜ eyIg. ral;plitpl nig
esvakmμEdleyIgeRbIRbcaMéf¶ KWCalT§plénExSsgVak;écñRbDitFM b¤tcU dUcCakarbþrÚ mUd: b¤karEklMGEdleFV[I
plitplmanesa½PNPaB b¤beM BjmuxgardUceyIg)aneXIjsBVéf¶enH . sUmBicarNaplitplsamBaØmyY .
]TahrN_ b‘cí . manRbkasnIyb½Rttkákmμ Ladislao Biro’s Edll,I nig bBa¢ak;BkI arrkeXIjb‘cí sresr. elak
Ladislao Biro’s k¾dc U CaGñkÉeTotEdr )anEklMGplitpl nigm:dU rbs;va ehIymankarkarBarBIc,ab;elIkarEklMGenH
tamkmμsTi b§i BaØa. m:ak;BaNiCn¢ amenAelIbcí‘ rbs;Gkñ k¾CakmμsTi b§i BaØaEdr eRBaHva)anCYyeGayplitkrcracr kñgú
TIpSar nig TajykkarniymBIGtifCi npgEdr.
]TahrN_enHGacCakrNIdcU KñanwgplitplnigesvakmμPaKeRcInkñgú TIpSarEdr. eyIgykma:snuI cak;sDIu CI a]TahrN_.
karkarBarRbkasnIybRt½tkþ mμTMngCaTTYl)anBIEpñkbec©keTsénma:sunI cak;sDuI .I KMnUsm:UdsIuDGI acnwgRtUv)an
karBaredaysiTK§i nM rU ]sSahkmμ . eQμaHm:ak GacnwgRtUvkarBaredayBaNiCn¢ am ehIy bTePøgEdleKcak;kgúñ ma:snuI
enH RtUv)ankarBaredaysiTG§i kñ niBn§.
2>2 dUecñH etIkmμsiTi§bBaØab:HBal;dl;shRKasrbs;GñkedayrebobNa?
edayminKitdl;RbePTplitplEdlshRKasrbs;Gkñ plit b¤ esvakmμEdlshRKasrbs;Gkñ pþl; eKGacniyayfa
Gñk)aneRbIR)as; nigbegátI kmμsTi b§i BaØad¾eRcInCaRbcaM. enHCakrNIEdlGñkRtUvEtBicarNaCaRbB½nn§ vU CMha‘nEdlcaM)ac;
edIm,IkarBarcat;Ecg nigGnuvtþkmμsTi i§ edIm,ITTYl)anlT§plBaNiCk¢ mμGtibrimaBIkmμsTi .§i ebIGkñ eRbIkmμsTi bi§ BaØa
EdlCarbs;Gkñ déT GñkKYrEtBicarNaTijykkmμsTi e§i nH b¤Tji siTe§i RbIR)as;tamry³GaCJab½NÑ edIm,IeCosvag vivaT
nigbNþgw Edlpþlp; lvi)ak nigcMNayR)ak;eRcIn.
shRKasxñattUc nig mFümesÞrI EtTaMgGs;sTu E§ tmanBaNiCn¢ am b¤ma:kBaNiCk¢ mμ mYy b¤eRcIn ehIyKb,IBci arNa
karBarnamkrN_ nig ma:kTaMgenaHeGay)anKg;vgS. shRKasxñattUc nig mFüm PaKeRcInmanB½tm’ anGaCIvkmμman
témø rab;TaMgbBa¢GI tifCi n rhUtdl;yTu s§ aRsþénkarlk;EdlshRKascg;karBar . shRKasmYycMnnY FM)anbegátI
KMnrU rcnabTc,ab;edIm . rIÉshRKasepSgeTotCaGñkplit b¤CyY e)aHBump< Say pSBVpSay b¤lk;raynUvsñaédGñkniBn§
EdlmansiTG§i kñ niBn§. shRKasxøH)anbegátI b¤écñRbDitplitpl b¤esvakmμ.
kñgú krNITaMgGs;enH GñkCam©as;shRKasxñattUcnigmFüm RtUvEtBicarNarkmeFüa)ayRbesIrbMptu edIm,IeRbIRbB½n§
kmμsTi b§i BaØasMrab;CaRbeyaCn_rbs;Gkñ . cUrcgcaMfa kmμsTi b§i BaØaCYyshRKasrbs;Gkñ esÞrI EtRKb;Tdi Pæ aBénkar
GPivDÆn_GaCIvkmμ nigyuTs§ aRsþRbkYtRbECg cab;taMgBIkarEklMGplitplrhUtdl;KrM mU dU: plitpl BIkarpþle; sva
rhUtdl;karlk;esvakmμ nigBIRbmUlFnFanhirBaØvtßrú hUtdl;karnaMecj b¤karBRgIkGaCIvkmμ enAbreTstamry³kar
lk;GaCJab½NÑ b¤mlU niFBi aNiCk¢ mμ.
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 97

2>3> etIkmμsiTi§bBaØaGacBRgwgtémøTIpSarsMrab;shRKasrbs;GñkedayrebobNa?
Cajwkjab; eKminGacvaytémøsTi k§i mμsTi b§i BaØa)anRKb;RKan;eT ehIyshRKasPaKeRcInEtgEtvaytémøTabeBk
cMeBaHskþanuBlén»kasTTYlR)ak;ceM Nj naeBlGnaKt . b:Eu nþenAeBlEdlsiTk§i mμsTi b§i BaØaRtUv)anc,ab;karBar nig
mantRmUvkarplitplnig¼b¤ esvakmμEdlrkSasiTe§i nAkñgú TIpSar siTk§i mμsTi b§i BaØaGackøayeTACaRTBüskmμdm¾ antémø
énshRKas .
siTk§i mμsTi b§i BaØaGacbegánI R)ak;cNM lU dl;shRKas tamry³karpþlG; aCJab½NÑ karlk; b¤kareFVBI aNiCk¢ mμnvU plipl b¤
esvakmμEdlmansiT§i EdlGacbegánI PaKh‘nu rbs;shRKaskñgú TIpSarmYycMnnY FM b¤begánI kMrti R)ak;ceM NjpgEdr.
siTk§i mμsTi b§i BaØaGacbegánI témø b¤RTBüFnénshRKasrbs;Gkñ tamkarTak;Tajvinei yaKin b¤RKwHsßanhirBaØvtß.ú kñgú
krNImankarlk; karbBa©lÚ Rkumh‘nu b¤kar)anCakmμsTi §i RTBükmμsTi b§i BaØaGacbegánI témøshRKas)anya:geRcIn
ehIyPaKeRcIneKcat;Tku CaRTBücm,g b¤RTBüBitEdlmanémø.
dUecñH kareRbIRTBükmμsTi b§i BaØaCayuTs§ aRsþ GacbegánI lT§PaBRbkYtRbECgdl;shRKasrbs;Gkñ . shRKasxñat
tUc nig mFümRtUvEtdwgc,as;fa xønÜ RtUvRbQmmuxnwg]bsKÁ ehIycat;vFi ankaredIm,IeRbI nigkarBarsiTk§i mμsTi b§i BaØa
RKb;eBlEdlGaceFVeI TA)an. dUcKñanwgRTBüskmμrbU EI dr kmμsTi k§i rRtUvEtTTYl)an nigrkSaTuk TTYlxusRtUv vaytémø
tamdanhμgw ma:t; nigcat;EcgRTBükmμsTi b§i BaØaya:gRby½tñ edIm,ITajyktémøTaMgRsug)an. b:Eu nþ munnwgGaceFVI
EbbenH)an shRKasRtUvEtTTYlsÁal;témøénsiTk§i mμsTi b§i BaØa ehIycab;epþmI yl;fa vaCaRTBüGaCIvkmμdm¾ antémø.
2>4> si T i § k mμ b BaØ a CaRTBüGaCI v kmμ
eKGacEbgEckRTBüshRKaseTACaBIrRbePT KWRTBürUbI dUcCaGaKar eRKOgcRk RTBühirBaØvtßú nigehdæarcnasm<n½ § nig
RTBüGrUbI EdlrYmmanFnFanmnusS nigcMeNHeFVrI hUtdl;KnM ti ma:kplitpl KMnsU bøg; nigplGrUbEI dlekItecjBI
smtßPaBbegátI nigécñRbDitrbs;Rkumh‘nu . tamRbéBNIy_ RTBürUbEI tgEtbgðajBItémødlu énRkumh‘nu ehIyRtUv)aneK
cat;Tku CaktþasMxan;énkarkMNt;lT§PaBRbkYtRbECgrbs;shRKasenAkñgú TIpSar. sßanPaB)anbþrÚ esÞrI EtTaMgRsug
kñgú b:nu aμ nqñafM ²Iμ knøgeTAenH. edaysarkarekIneLIg kan;EtFMnvU bdivdþbec©kviTüaB½tm’ an nigkMeNInesdækci e© svakmμ
Rkumh‘nu TTYlsÁal;fa RTBüGrUbEI tgEtmantémøCagRTBürUbEI dleKman.
niyayedaysegçb XøagM nig eragcRkFM²kMBgu EtRtUv)anCMnsY edayKMnti écñRbDit nigRTBüGrUbkI m¾ an\T§Bi l EdlCa
RbPBcm,génR)ak;cN M lU sMrab;shRKaskan;EteRcIn TUTaMgBiPBelak. eTaHbICakñgú visy½ EdlRKbdNþbe; day
viFsI aRsþplittamRbéBNIyk_ Iþ k¾karbegátI fμI nigkarécñRbDitEdlKμanTIbBa©bk; BM gu køayeTACakUnesar eq<aHeTArk
karRbkYtRbECgenAkñgú TIpSarEdlmankarRbkYtRbECgxøagM minfaTIpSarkñgú Rsuk b¤TpI SarGnþrCatieLIy . dUecñHRTBü
GrUbQ I andl;dN M ak;kalsMxan; ehIyshRKasxñattUcnigmFümKb,IEsVgrkviFeI dIm,IeRbIRTBüGrUbrI bs;xnÜø [)an
RbesIrbMptu .
meFüa)aymYyEdlRtUveRbIRTBüenH KWRtUvmankarkarBartampøvÚ c,ab; cMeBaHRTBüGrUbI EdlbMeBjtamlkçxNÐkarBar
énsiTk§i mμsTi b§i BaØa rYmTaMgkarTTYl)ansiTk§i mμsTi b§i BaØa nigkarrkSasiTk§i mμsTi b§i BaØa . buKlÁ GacTTYl)ansiTk§i mμsTi §i
bBaØaelIRTBüGrUbI TaMgLaydUcxageRkamenH ³
98 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

 plitplnigdMeNIrkartkþkmμ ¬tamry³RbkasnIybRt½tkþkmμ nigm:EU dlmanGtßRbeyaCn_¦.

 sñaénvb,Fm’ sil,³ nigGkSrsaRsþ dUcCaRbB½ns§ vU Ev:kBM üÚTr½ nigkarRbmUlpþTMú ni niñ y½ ¬tamry³karkarBar
siTG§i kñ niBn§ nig siTR§i bhak;RbEhl¦.
 KMnrU bøg; rab;bBa©lÚ TaMgKMnrU bøgv; aynPNÐ ¬tamry³siTK§i nM rU ]sSahkmμ¦.
 pøaksBaØa ¬tamry³karkarBarma:k BaNiCn¢ amEdlmanma:ksmUhPaB nigma:kEdlmankarbBa¢ak;Etkñgú
krNIxHø tamry³ktþaPUmsi aRsþ ¬sUmGanxømw sarxageRkam¦.
 karEbgEckRbePTTMnji eTAtamKuNPaB b¤ekrþe× QμaH EdlTTYl)anBIRbPBPUmsi aRsþ ¬tamry³karkarBar
kMNt;sKM al;RbPBPUmsi aRsþ¦.
 karsm¶at;EpñkBaNiCk¢ mμ ¬tamry³karkarBarB½tm’ ansm¶at;BtI émøBaNiCk¢ mμ¦.
2>5 karkarBarsiTi§kmμsiTi§bBaØaedIm,IkarvinieyaK
kareFVvI ni ei yaKd¾RtwmRtUv KWCaktþasMxan;srM ab;eFV[I shRKasrbs;Gkñ mantémøxs< k; gúñ TIpSar. karvinei yaKelIsmÖar
RTBüsm,tiþ karGPivDÆn_plitplTIpSar nigRsavRCav GacBRgwgsßanPaBhirBaØvtßrú bs;Gkñ )an edaysarkarBRgIk
mUldæanRTBüskmμ nigkMeNInplitPaBnaeBlGnaKt. karTTYl)ansiTk§i mμsTi b§i BaØak¾GacmanpldUcKñaenHEdr.
TIpSar nwgvaytémøRkumh‘nu rbs;Gkñ Ep¥kelIRTBüskmμ Rbtibtþki arBaNiCk¢ mμbc©bú ,nñ nigR)ak;ceM NjGnaKt Edl)an
rMBgw Tuk. R)ak;ceM NjGnaKtenH Gacnwgrg\T§Bi lxøagM BIkarTTYl)anRbkasnIybRt½tkþkmμsxM an;². man]TahrN_
CaeRcInGMBsI hRKasxñattUc nigmFümEdl)anTTYltémøxs< k; gúñ TIpSarkñgú ry³eBlxøI EdlekItecjBIkarTTYl)an
RbkasnIybRt½tkþkmμsxM an;²elIbec©kviTüaFM².
dUcKñaenHEdr ma:kBaNiCn¢ amEdll¥ Edlmanekrieþ_ QμaH kñgú cMeNamGñkeRbIR)as; k¾GacBRgwgtémøbc©bú ,nñrbs;Rkumh‘nu
ehIyCaktþakMNt;EdleFV[I plitpl nigesvakmμrbs;Rkumh‘nu Gñk manPaBkan;EtTak;TajGñkeRbIR)as;EfmeTot .
dUecñHkarvinei yaK edIm,IEklMGrbbkmμsTi b§i BaØamansarsMxan;Cagc,ab;karBarRbqaMgnwgKURbkYtRbECgeTAeTot .
karvinei yaKenH CameFüa)aybegánI témøTpI Sar niglT§PaBTTYlR)ak;ceM NjnaeBlGnaKtrbs;Rkumh‘nu Gñk.
2>6> témøRTBükmμsiTi§bBaØa
karkarBartampøvÚ c,ab;elIsTi §ki mμsTi b§i BaØa mancMNcu sMxan;EdleFVeI GayRTBüGrUbI køayeTACasiTR§i TBüsm,tiTþ aMgRsug
eTaHbICavamanry³eBlkMNt;ke¾ day . karkarBarenH GaceFV[I shRKasrbs;Gkñ TamTarkmμsTi e§i lIRTBüGrUbI ehIy
GaceRbIkgúñ skþanuBlGtibrima)an . niyayedaysegçb karkarBarkmμsTi b§i BaØaGaceFVRI TBüGrUbI {manrYbPaBc,as;
las;myY kMrti } tamry³kareFV[I RTBüenHmantémøTaMgRsugEdleKGacCYjdUrkñgú TIpSar)an.
RbsinebIKMnti écñRbDit KMnUrbøg; nigpøaksBaØad¾l,Irbs;shRKasGñk minRtUv)anc,ab;karBarCakmμsTi b§i BaØaeT
eBlenaHRTBüTaMgenHnwgRtUv)anCndéTeRbIR)as;edayesrI nig KμankMrti RBMEdnGVeI LIy. b:Eu nþenAeBlEdlRTBüTaMgenH
RtUv)ankarBarCakmμsTi b§i BaØa vabegátI témøCak;EsþgsMrab;shRKasrbs;Gkñ edaysarvakøayeTAsiTR§i TBüsm,tiþ
EdlCndéT minGaceRbI b¤eFVGI aCIvkmμG)IV anelIkElgEtmankarGnuBaØatBIGkñ .
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 99

eyIgsegáteXIjGñkvinei yaK GaCIvkrpSarPaKh‘nu nig TIRbwkSarhirBaØvtßú kan;Etyl;c,as;GBM kI arBitenH nig)ancab;epþmI

[témøxs< e; lIsTi §ki mμsTi b§i BaØaenH. shRKasnana TUTaMgBiPBelakk¾)anTTYlsÁal;témøsTi §ki mμsTi b§i BaØarbs;eKkan;Et
eRcIneLIg ehIyeBlxøHeK)ancuHbBa©lÚ eTAkñgú taragsmtulüeTotpg . shRKasCaeRcIn rYmTaMg shRKasxñattUc nig
mFüm )annigkMBgu cab;epþmI eFIsV vnkmμelIbec©kviTüanigkmμsTi b§i BaØarbs;eKya:geTogTat;. kñgú krNImyY cMnnY eK)anrk
eXIjfa RTBükmμsTi b§i BaØa mantémøeRcInCagRTBüskmμrbU rI bs;eKeTotpg . krNIenH EtgEtmanCajwkjab;ceM BaH
Rkumh‘nu EdleFVRI btibtþki arkñgú visy½ cMeNHdwg nigkarécñRbDitkMrti x<s; b¤Rkumh‘nu Edlmanma:kl,Ixaø gM .
2>7> kareFVIsvnkmμelIRTBükmμsiTi§bBaØarbs;Gñk
meFüa)aymYy EdlshRKasrbs;Gkñ Rbkan;Ch M rrwgmaMkgúñ karkMNt;edImTun sMrab;TTYlR)ak;ceM NjEdlman
skþanuBl BIRTBükmμsTi b§i BaØa nigTajyktémø)anTaMgRsug KWGkñ RtUveFVsI vnkmμelIkmμsTi b§i BaØa. edIm,ITTYllT§pl
l¥ svnkmμenHRtUveFVeI LIgedaysvnkrxagkmμsTi b§i BaØa b:Eu nþCajwkjab;Gkñ GaceFVsI vnkmμRKadMbgU edayxønÜ Ég)an.
svnkmμdbM gU enHrYmman karkMNt;GtþsBaØaN kartamdan karvaytémøRTBükmμsTi b§i BaØakñgú shRKasrbs;Gkñ edIm,I
rkeGayeXIjfaGñk)aneRbIvaGs;lT§PaBb¤eT. qøgtamsvnkmμdbM gU enH shRKasrbs;Gkñ GaceFVeI sckþsI eRmc)an
c,as;las; kalNashRKasRtUv³
 TTlY )anRTBükmsμ Ti b§i BaaØ ³ karyl;dgw BIsTi §ki mμsTi b§i BaØakñgú Rkumh‘nu nigtémøénRTBüenH nwgCYy[Gñk
seRmcfaRtUvTTYl nigkarBarkmμsTi b§i BaØaRbePTNamYy nigfaetIRtUvcat;EcgRTBükmμsTi b§i BaØakñúg
shRKasrbs;Gkñ ya:gdUcemþc[)anRbesIrbMptu .
 karbBalÚ© Rkmu hnu‘ ngi karTTlY kmsμ Ti §i ³ karyl;dgw RtwmRtUvBIkmμsTi b§i BaØa EdlshRKasrbs;Gkñ man GacnaM
[mankarekIneLIgnUvtémøshRKasenH. krNIenHekIteLIgedaysarEtGñkvinei yaK nwgeFVkI arvaytémøRkumh‘nu
edayEp¥ktamKMeragR)ak;ceM NjnaeBlGnaKt EdlGaRs½ymYyPaKFM elIkareRbIR)as;RTBükmμsTi b§i BaØa.
 karplþ G; aCaJ bN ½ Ñ ³ shRKasrbs;Gkñ GacbegánI clnasac;R)ak; ¬R)ak;cN M lU ¦ edaykarecjGaCJab½NÑ [
ttiyCneRbIRTBükmμsTi b§i BaØarbs;xnÜø . svnkmμelIkmμsTi b§i BaØa GacCYy[shRKasrbs;Gkñ kMNt;nvU témø
RTBükmμsTi b§i BaØaEdlGñkman edIm,ITTYl)anGtßRbeyaCn_GtibrimaBIkci R© BmeRBogpþlG; aCJab½N.Ñ R)ak;cN M lU
EdlTTYl)anBIkarpþlG; aCJab½NeÑ nH manskþanuBlbegánI témøTpI SarénshRKasrbs;Gkñ .
 RTBüFana ³ eyIgGaceRbIRTBükmμsTi b§i BaØaEdlmanrcnasm<n½ l§ ¥ CaRTBüFana)an. kñgú krNIenH m©as;
bMNlu nwgeRbIRTBükmμsTi b§i BaØarbs;Gkñ edIm,IkN M t;témøR)ak; \NTanEdlRtUvpþl[; shRKasenH.
 karGnvu tnþ _ ³ kardwgc,as;BtI émøRTBükmμsTi b§i BaØarbs;Gkñ GacCYy[GñkeFVeI sckþsI eRmcfa etIvasmRsb
edIm,Ibgwþ RbqaMgnwgkarbMBan nigRtUvbþgw tamviFN I acMeBaHkrNI nImyY ² b¤eT.
 karkatb; nyß témø ³ bBa¢RI TBükmμsTi b§i BaØaEdlcat;Ecg)anl¥ nwgCYy[kMNt;)annUvRTBükmμsTi b§i BaØa
EdlhYssm½y ¬EdlGac[Gñkkat;bnßyéføcN M ayEfTaMRTBükmμsTi b§i BaØaEdlputsm½yenaH¦ ecosvag
karbMBanelIkmμsTi b§i BaØarbs;Gkñ déT.l. EdlcMNcu enHnwgnaMeGaymankarkat;bnßyéføcN M ay ya:g
R)akd.
karbegátI vb,Fm’énkarkMNt; nigkarbegátI kmμsTi b§i BaØa nigkareRbIR)as;RTBütamyuTs§ aRsþ shRKasGacbegánI R)ak;
cMNlU GacmaneRbobelIKRU bkYtRbECg nigkMNt;Ch M r)anl¥kgúñ TIpSar EdlTaMgenHCayuTs§ aRsþGacnaMeTArktémø
TIpSarx<ss; rM ab;shRKasrbs;Gkñ .
100 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

III. karerobcMsßab½n
rdæsPaCati KWCasßab½nrdæCan;xs< b; pM tu EdlmanGMNaceFVeI sckþsI eRmcEpñkeKalneya)ay nigrbbkmμsTi b§i BaØatam
ry³karGnumt½ c,ab;. manRksYgsMxan;² 4 EdlTTYlxusRtUvelIbBaðakmμsTi b§i BaØa ³
 RksYgBaNiCk¢ mμKCW asßab½nTTYlxusRtUvkñgú karksageKalneya)ay nigkarGnuvtþn_ EdlTak;Tni nwgma:k
BaNiCn¢ am c,ab;sBIþ kI arRbkYtRbECgedayesμaHRtg; kMNt;sKM al;RbPBPUmsi a®sþ B½tm’ ansm¶at; dUcCakar
sm¶at;EpñkBaNiCk¢ mμCaedIm.
 RksYg]sSahkmμEr: nigfamBl KWCasßab½nTTYlbnÞkú kick© arRbkasnIybRt½tkþkmμ viBaØabnbRt½mEU: dlman
GtßRbeyaCn_ nigKMnrU ]sSahkmμ nigkarkarBarBUCrukCç atiepSg².
 RksYgvb,Fm’ nigvicRi tsil,³ KWCasßab½nTTYlbnÞkú elIbBaðasiTG§i kñ niBn§ nigsiTR§i bhak;RbEhl. cMENkÉ
RksYgB½tm’ an TTYlbnÞkú elIkci k© aresatTsSn_ nigÉksarcak;pSay.
naykdæankmμsTi b§i BaØaénRksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ RtUv)anbegátI eLIgenAéf¶TI 22 ExkBaØa qñaM 1997 tamGnuRkwtüelx 54
edIm,IRKb;RKgrbbma:k BaNiCn¢ am EdlBImnu RKb;RKg edaykariyal½yma:kBaNiCn¢ am nigTMnak;TnM geRkARbeTsén
naykdæanBaNiCk¢ mμeRkARbeTs.
naykdæankmμsTi b§i BaØamankariyal½yBIrKW kariyal½ycuHbBa¢mI a:k nigkariyal½ypSBVpSaynigB½tm’ an . kariyal½y
TaMgenHmanParkicn© gi karTTYlxusRtUvdUcxageRkamenH ³
 Binti ünigpþlG; nusasn_elIeKalneya)aykmμsTi b§i BaØaCUnrdæmRnþRI ksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ nigraCrdæaPi)al.
 erobcMc,ab;ngi lixti bTdæankmμsTi b§i BaØanigsMrbsMrlY kics© hkarCMnyY bec©keTs kñgú visy½ kmμsTi b§i BaØa
CamYyshKmn_GnþrCati .
 Binti ütamdanelIvsi y½ kmμsTi b§i BaØasMxan;²bIenAkm<Cú a nigedIrtYCacMNcu kNþalCamYy RksYgBak;Bn½ e§ pSg
eTot .
 ksagnigEklMGrbbkmμsTi b§i BaØa CaBiess ma:kBaNiCn¢ am kMNt;sKM al;RbPBPUmsi aRsþ nigB½tm’ ansm¶at;
rab;bBa©lÚ TaMg karsm¶at;EpñkBaNiCk¢ mμ nig
 GnuvtþkatBVkci k© mμsTi b§i BaØarbs;rdæ dUcmanEcgkñgú kicR© BmeRBog nigGnusBaØanana Edlkm<Cú aCaPaKI.
naykdæankmμsTi b§i BaØa)ancuHbBa¢mI a:kbreTsnigma:kkñgú RsukCag 16/000ma:k Ep¥ktamRbkaselx 398 rbs; RksYg
BaNiCk¢ mμ cuHéf¶TI 15 ExFñÚ qñaM 1997 nigc,ab; sþBI mI a:kBaNiCn¢ am nigGMeBIénkarRbkYtRbECgminesμaHRtg;. kñgú mYy
qña²M RksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ )ancuHbBa¢mI a:kRbEhl 1/500 . RbeTsnaMmxu eKEdlcuHbBa¢mI a:kenAkm<Cú a KWshrdæGaemrik.
kñgú visy½ plitkmμngi EckcayExSPaBynþ Kμanc,ab;EdlEcgBIplitpl vb,Fm’¼ ]sSahkmμ b:Eu nþmanEtGnuRkwtümYy
EdlRKb;RKg ¬karplit karbBa©agM nig karEckcay¦ ExSPaBynþ nig¼b¤vDI GI U . TIpSarénkarplitExSPaBynþkBM gu Et
bnþdeM NIreTAmux.
muneBlGnumt½ c,ab;feIμ nH RkbxNÐc,ab;EdlTak;Tni nwgkarkarBarkmμsTi b§i BaØa )anEp¥ktam c,ab;BrI ³
 bTb,BaØtsþi BIþ RI bB½nt§ lu akar c,ab;RBhμTNÐ nignItvi Fi RI BhμTNÐsRmab;Gnuvtþ enAkm<Cú akñgú sm½yGnþrkal
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 101

cuHéf¶TI 10 ExkBaØa qñaM 1992. maRta 47³ GMeBIEkøgRtaRkdasR)ak;plbRt½ nigEdke)aH EtmRb_ nig ma:k
sBaØaepSg² nigmaRta 48³sþBI GI eM BIEkøgkmμsTi é§i nbBaØa . bTb,BaØtTiþ aMgenHRtUvGnumt½ sm½y GaCJaFr
GgÁkarshRbCaCati TTYlbnÞkú beNþaHGasnñenAkm<Cú a ¬G‘nu tak;¦ nig
 Rbkaselx 368 rbs;RksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ sþBI nI tI vi Fi éI nnaykdæankmμsTi b§i BaØa cuHéf¶TI 15 ExFñÚ qñaM 1997 .
karGnuvtþne_ rOgkþEI dlTak;Tni nwgkmμsTi b§i BaØarbs;km<Cú amankarlM)akNas; edaysareBlenH minmanRkmnItvi Fi I
rdæb,evNIEdlEcgBIntI vi Fi bI gwþ sMsu alRkmrdæb,evNI nItvi Fi GI nuvtþ nig nItvi Fi GI nuvtþbeNþaHGasnñ . bBaðaRBYy)armÖEdl
Tak;Tni nwgnItvi Fi rI dæb,evNI nig])aRs½ytampøvÚ tulakar viFankarbeNþaHGasnñ nItvi Fi rI dæ)alnigdMeNaHRsay viFankar
RBMEdnnwgnItvi Fi RI BhμTNÐ edIm,IGnuvtþelIbTb,BaØtéþi nkicR© BmeRBogGgÁkarBaNiCk¢ mμBPi Belak sþBI kI mμsTi b§i BaØa Edl
Tak;Tni nwgBaNiCk¢ mμ minTan;)anelIkmkBiPakSaCaRbB½n§ enAeLIyeT.
IV. GñkeFVIeKalneya)ay)anedIreq<aHeTArk karGPivDÆn_kmμsiTi§bBaØa
karCMrju kMENTRmg;kmμsTi b§i BaØa )anekItecjBI\T§Bi lxageRkARbeTs ehIy)ancab;epþmI ecjdMeNIrdMbgU edaykic©
RBmeRBogeTVPaKIsBIþ kI arkarBarsiTk§i mμsTi bi§ BaØa nig BaNiCk¢ mμ ¬BTA¦ Edl)ancuHhtßelxaenAshrdæGaemrik kñgú qñaM
1996. smaCikPaB enAkñgú GgÁkarRbcaMtbM n; nigGgÁkarGnþrCati dUcCa ASEAN nig WIPO man\T§Bi lxøagM mkelI
karGPivDÆn_kmμsTi b§i BaØaenAkm<Cú a. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday k¾snÞHúu d¾Bti R)akd EdlenABIeRkaykarEkTMrg;kmμsTi bæi BaØa
)anekItmaneLIgRBmCamYynwgkarcUlCasmaCikénGgÁkarBaNiCk¢ mμBPi Belak k¾dcU CakarebþCaJ rbs;xnÜø eTAtamkic©
RBmeRBog TRIPS. smaCikGgÁkarBaNiCk¢ mμBPi BelakCaeRcIn )ansMEdgecjnUvesckþxI lV x; aV yrbs;BkY eK sþBI I
bBaðaenH ehIy)anCMrju RbeTskm<Cúu a[xitxMbEnßmeTot edIm,IbegátI )anCarbbmYyEdlsmRsbeTAnwg TRIPS kñgú
visy½ kmμsTi biæ BaØa edayELk kñgú visy½ sMxan;² énma:k BaNiCs¢ BaØa nigsiTG§i kñ niBn§.
edaysMGageTAelIkargarnanamkTl;eBlenH RBmTaMgkar)a:nR; bmaNpÞal;rbs;RbeTskm<Cúu a BYkeK)anBüayam
kMNt;nvU KMerageBlevlaEdlGacseRmc)anmYy edayKUsbBa¢ak;GBM vI Fi ankarEdlRbeTskm<Cúu aRtUveFVI edIm,I[kar
Gnuvtþnn_ vU rbbkmμsTi b§i BaØarbs;xnÜø RsbeTAtambTb,BaØatþCi ak;lak;nanarbs; TRIPS. tarageBlevla RtUv)andak;
bBa©lÚ eTAkñgú BiFsI arénkarcUlCasmaCikrbs;RbeTskm<Cú a edIm,IeFVCI akMNt;RtaénkareyaKyl;Kañ rvagRbeTskm<Cú a
nigPaKIEdleFVkI arCamYy faetIRbeTskm<úCaRtUveRbIGMLúgeBlGnþrkalenHya:gdUcemþc?. müa:geTot vak¾Ca
EpnkarmYysMrab;CnM yY Epñkbec©keTs EdlnwgeFV[I mankarRbRBwteþi TAtamkalevlaEdl)aneRKagTuk. tamry³kar
kMnt;eBlevla nig CMhaneq<aHeTArkkarRbRBwttiþ am eKyl;fa RbeTskmúCu< a KYrEtkMcat;ecalnUvPaBminCak;lak;srM ab;
BaNiCk¢ r nig vinei yaKini .
kmμvFi nI tI ki mμCati rbs;RbeTskm<Cúu a Edlkñgú enaHmankar)a:nR; bmaNsþBI CI nM yY karbec©keTsEdlRtUvkar nig kalevla
sMrab;Gnumt½ c,ab;kmμsTi bi§ BaØanImyY ² KWENnaMedaysckþsI egátTaMgenH kñgú visalPaBmYyd¾FeM Fg . kmμvFi eI nH CYykat;
bnßynUvPaBminCak;lak;kúgñ cMeNamvinei yaKin RBmTaMgCYYyeFV[I eKdwgGMBkI arebþCaJ rbs;RbeTskmúuC< a kñúgkareFV[I
c,ab;sBþI kI mμsTi bæi BaØa manGnuelamPaBTaMgRsugeTAnwgkicR© BmeRBognanarbs; WTO-TRIPS tamry³karGnumt½
nUvbTb,BaØatiGBM sI Ti eæi lIkmμsTi bæi BaØa k¾dcU CakarGnuvtþnc_ ,ab;TaMgenHEdr . RbeTskmúCu< a )anebþCaJ pgEdrfa nwgdak;bBa©lÚ
nUvKMerageBl sþBI vI Fi ankarnana EdlRbeTskm<Cuú aRtUveFVeI nAkñgú BiFsI arénkarcUlCasmaCik edIm,IeFV[I rbbkmμsTi bæi BaØa
manlkçN³smRsbCamYynwgbTb,BaØtriþ bs; TRIPS. sUmemIl taragEpnkarskmμPaBsþBI kI arGnuvtþnk_ ci R© BmeRBog
102 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

rbs; TRIPS RBmTaMgtaragsRmab;erobcMc,ab;nmI yY ² enAkñgú ]bsm<n½ é§ nCMBkU enH .

V. smaCikPaBenAkñúgGnusBaØakmμsiTiæbBaØaGnþrCatinigkic©RBmeRBogtMbn;
b¤ eTVPaKI
RbeTskmúCu< a)ankøayeTACasmaCikénGnusBaØakmμsTi b§i BaaØGnþrCati nigkicR© BmeRBogRbcaMtbM n; b¤ eTVPaKImyY cMnnY
ehIy )ankøayCasmaCikénGgÁkar WIPO enAéf¶TI 25 kkáda qña1M 995 ehIyk¾)anyl;RBmtamGnusBaØaRkug)a:rsI
enAéf¶TI 25 kBaØa qñaM 1998 pgEdr . RbeTskm<Cú a )ancUlrYmCapøvÚ kar enAkñgú RkbxNÐénkicR© BmeRBog ASEAN sþBI I
shRbtibtikþ arelIkmμsTi bæi BaØa enAéf¶TI 30 emsa qñaM 1999 . GnusSrN³énkareyaKyl;Kañ sþBI sI hRbtibtikþ ar
elIkmμsTi b§i BaØarvagRbeTskm<Cúu a nig RbeTséf k¾RtUv)anerobcMngi cuHhtßelxaenAéf¶TI 05 mina qñaM 1997 pgEdr .
kicR© BmeRBogBaNiCk¢ mμeTVrPaKI (BTA) CamYy s>r>Ga )ancuHhtßelxaenAéf¶TI 04 tula qñaM 1996 ehIycUlCa
Frman éf¶TI 25 tula qñaM 1996 . eKalbMNgénkicR© BmeRBogenaH KWseM dAeTArkTMnak;TnM gBaNiCk¢ mμ Edlman
plkéRmeTAvijeTAmk rvagRbeTsTaMgBIr nigedIm,Iplþ n; vU karkarBar RBmTaMgkardak;eGayRbtibtitþ am ya:gRtwmRtUv
nigmanRbsiTPiæ aBnUvsiTkæi mμsTi biæ BaØa . eyagtammaRta 11 rbs; BTA RbeTskm<Cú a RtUv)antMrvU [Rbtibtþti am
karebþCaJ EdlmanenAkñgú kicR© BmeRBogenaH kñgú kMrti Gb,brima ehIyRtUvP¢ab;xnÜø eTAnwg b¤clU rYmbegátI nUvsmaCikPaB
rbs;xnÜø eLIgvij eTAnwgGnusBaØanana dUcxageRkamenH ³
k/ GnusBaØaRkug GENEVA sþBI kI arkarBarplitkrfasftsMelg RbqaMgnwgkarlYcftcMlgfasrbs;BkY eK
edayKμankarGnuBaØat naqñaM 1971 ¬GnusBaØaTIRkug GENEVA¦
x/ GnusBaØaRkug BERNE sþBI kI arkarBarsñaédGkSrsaRsþngi sil,³¬Rkug)a:rsI qñaM1971 GnusBaØaRkug
BERNE¦
K/ GnusBaØaRkug)a:rsI sþBI kI arkarBarkmμsTi ]iæ sSahkmμ naqñaM 1967 ¬GnusBaØaRkug)a:rsI ¦/nwg
X/ GnusBaØaGnþrCati sþBI kI arkarBarBUCrukçCatiepSgnaqñaM 1978 ¬GnusBaØa UPOV¦ b¤GnusBaØaGnþrCati sMrab;
karBardl;BCU rukçCatiEbøknaqñaM 1991 ¬GnusBaØa UPOV¦
edaymankarGnumt½ fμ²I énc,ab;sBIþ sI Ti Giæ kñ niBn§ nig RbkasnIyb½Rttkákmμ RbeTskm<Cú a \LÚvenHkMBgu EterobcMxnÜø [ køay
CasmaCikrbs;GnusBaØaRkug BERNE nig sn§si BaØa shRbtibtikþ arGMBRI bkasnIyb½RttkákmμEfmeTot .
smaCikPaBrbs;RbeTskm<Cú a enAkñgú GnusBaØa WIPO nig GnusBaØaRkug)a:rsI )anGnuBaØati[km<Cú a kat;bnßyedaypÞal;nvU
esahuy‘ kñgú karGnuvtþn_ tamry³kareRbIR)as;nvU CMnajbec©keTs nigkmμvFi Gw PivDÆn_rbs;BkY eK . karcUlrYmenAkúgñ TIPañ k;gar
GgÁkarshRbCaCati dUcCa UNCTAD KWeRcInCatamry³karshkarenAkñgú vIsy½ CMnyY karbec¢keTs . RbeTskm<Cú a kal
BIGtItkal)anesñsI uM UNCTAD [TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHsikaç salahVkw hVnW nanasþBI bI BðaaepSg² EdlTak;TgeTAnwgkar
EkTRmg;sTi kæi mμsTi bæi BaØa .
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 103

kicR© BmeRBog TRIPS c,ab;ngi BRgagbTb,BaØatiBak;Bn§½ eBlevlasMrab;beM Bj

bTb,BaØatiTeU TA - karcUlrYmenAkñgú ³
karcUlrYmenAkñgú GnusBaØa - WIPO taMgBIqañ M 1995
- GnusBaØa Rkug)a:rsI taMgBIqañ M 1988 bnÞab;BkI arGnumt½
kmμsTi biæ BaØa - GnusBaØaRkug BERNE c,ab;sBIþ I siTGiæ kñ niBnæ
- GnusBaØaRkug GENEVA sþBI I fasftsMelg bnÞab;BkI arGnumt½ c,ab;sBIþ I
- GnusBaØaRkug BRUSSEL sþBI pI aá yrNb RbkasnIyb½Rttkákmμ
- snæsi BaØa shRbtibtþki arsþBI IRbkasnIybRt½tkákmμ kMBgu sßti eRkam
- GnusBaØaGnþrCati sþBI kI arBarBUCrukçCatiEbøk² karBicarNa
Epñk II, CMBkU 1 siTGiæ kñ niBnæ nig - c,ab;sBIþ I siTGiæ kñ niBnæ nig siTRiæ bhak;RbEhlcuHéf¶
siTRiæ bhak;RbEhl 05¼03¼2003
- BRgagGnuRkwtü nig bTbBa¢aGnuvtþ sþBI sI Ti Gæi kñ niBnæ - 2004
nig siTRæi bhak;RbEhl
Epñk II, CMBkU 2 ma:kBaNiCk¢ mμ - c,ab;sBIþ mI a:k/ BaNiCn¢ am nigGMeBI énkarRbkYt
RbECgminesμaHRtg; cuHéf¶ 7¼2¼2002
- GnuRkwtü nigbBa¢aGnuvtþc,ab;sBIþ I ma:k BaNiCn¢ am
nig GMeBIénkarRbkYtRbECgminesμaHRtg;
Epñk II, CMBkU 3 - esckþRI Bagc,ab;sBIþ kI N M t;sKM al;RbPB - 2004
kMNt;sKM al;RbPBPUmsi aRsþ PUmsi aRsþ - 2005
- esckþRI BagGnuRkwtü nig bTbBa¢aGnuvtþesckþRI Bag
c,ab;sBIþ kI N
M t;sKM al;RbPBPUmsi aRsþ
Epñk II, CMBkU 4 - c,ab;sBIþ I RbkasnIybRt½tkákmμ viBaØabnbRt½mEU: dl
KMnrU ]sSahkmμ manGtßRbeyaCn_ KMnrU ]sSahkmμcuHéf¶22¼1¼2003
Epñk II, CMBkU 5 - c,ab;sBIþ I RbkasnIybRt½tkákmμviBaØabnbRt½mEU: dl - 2005
RbkasnIybRt½tkákmμ manGtßRbeyaCn_KnM rU ]sSahkmμ cuHéf¶
22¼1¼2003 - 2006
- esckþRI Bagc,ab;sBIþ I karkarBarkarBarBUCrukçCati
Ebøk²
- esckþRI BagGnuRkwtü nigbTbBa¢a Gnuvtþc,ab;sBIþ I
karkarBarBUCrukçCatiEbøk²
Epñk II, CMBkU 6 rUbPaB - esckþRI Bagc,ab;sBIþ I rUbPaBCaRbB½nbæ gø r; bs; IC - 2006
CaRbB½nbæ gø r; bs; sIu¼GIu es ¦ - esckþRI BagGnuRkwtü nigbTbBa¢asMrab;GnuvtþesckþI
RBagc,ab;elIrbU PaBCaRbB½nbæ gø r; bs; IC Circuits.
104 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

Epñk II, CMBkU 7 - esckþRI Bagc,ab;sBIþ kI arkarBarB½tm’ ansm¶at; nig -2005

karkarBarB½tm’ ansm¶at; karsm¶at;EpñkBaNiCk¢ mμ
- esckþRI BagGnuRkwtüsþBI kI arkarBarB½tm’ ansm¶at; nig -2006
karsm¶at;EpñkBaNiCk¢ mμ
Epñk II, CMBkU 8 - c,ab;sBIþ I ma:k/ BaNiCn¢ am nigGMeBI énkarRbkYt
karRKb;RKgelIkarGnuvtþn_ RbECgminesμaHRtg; cuHéf¶ 7¼2¼2002
RbqaMgnwgkarRbkYtRbECg Edl - c,ab;sBIþ I RbkasnIybRt½tkákmμ viBaØabnbRt½mEU: dl
manenAkñgú GaCJab½NéÑ nkics© nüa manGtßRbeyaCn_ KMnrU ]sSahkmμ cuHéf¶
22¼1¼2003
- c,ab;sBIþ I siTGæi kñ niBnæ nig siTRæi bhak;RbEhl
cuHéf¶ 5¼3¼2003
Epñk III, CMBkU 2 - esckþRI BagRkm rdæb,evNI - 2004
nItvi Fi rI dæ)al nig rdæb,evNI - esckþRI BagRkmsþBI I nItvi Fi rI dæb,evNI
RBmTaMg])aRs½y - c,ab;sBIþ I ma:k/ BaNiCn¢ am nigGMeBIénkarRbkYt
¬viFankaredaHRsay ¦ RbECgminesμaHRtg; cuHéf¶ 7¼2¼2002
- c,ab;sBIþ I siTGæi kñ niBnæ nig siTRæi bhak;RbEhl
cuHéf¶ 5¼3¼2003
Epñk III, CMBkU 3 - c,ab;sBIþ I ma:k/ BaNiCn¢ am nigGMeBI énkarRbkYt
viFankarbeNþaHGasnñ RbECgminesμaHRtg; cuHéf¶ 7¼2¼2002
Epñk III, CMBkU 4 - c,ab;sBIþ I ma:k/ BaNiCn¢ am nigGMeBI énkarRbkYt - 2006
lkçxNÐt½ rM vU Biess EdlBak;Bn½ § RbECgminesμaHRtg; cuHéf¶ 7¼2¼2002
nwgviFankartamRckRBMEdn - c,ab;sBIþ I siTGæi kñ niBnæ nig Rbhak;RbEhl cuHéf¶
5¼3¼2003
Epñk III, CMBkU 5 - c,ab;sBIþ I ma:k/ BaNiCn¢ am nigGMeBI énkarRbkYt
nItvi Fi RI BhμTNÐ RbECg minesμaHRtg; cuHéf 7¼2¼2002
- c,ab;sBIþ I RbkasnIybRt½tkákmμ viBaØabnbRt½mEU: dl
manGtßRbeyaCn_ KMnrU ]sSahkmμcHu éf¶
21¼1¼2003
- c,ab;sBIþ I karRKb;RKg »sf
- c,ab;sBIþ I siTGæi kñ niBnæ nig siTRæi bhak;RbEhl
cuHéf¶ 5¼3¼2003
epSg² - ksagsmtßPaBdl;bKu lÁ ki sMxan;² EpñkkmμsTi æi -2006
bBaØa EdlzitenAkñgú visy½ kmμsTi bæi BaØaxagelI
RbPB ³ Cambodia's draft Accession Report: WT/ACC/SPEC/KHM/4/Rev.2
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 105

taragEpnkarskmμPaBsþBI kI arGnuvtþn_ kicR© BmeRBog TRIPS

VI. karGPivDÆn_c,ab;
karEkTRmg;sTi kæi mμsTi bæi BaØa TamTar[Gnumt½nvU c,ab;fsIμ BIþ sI Ti kæi mμsTi bæi BaØa EdlRsbeTAnwglkçxN ½ tÐ RmUvrbs;
WTO. kalEdlmanc,ab;mn i RKb;RKan; nwgeFV[I mankarlM)akkñgú kardak;bBa©lÚ nUvkarpøas;brÚþ nanaEdlRtUvkar edIm,I
KaMRTdl;ntI vi Fi fI ²Iμ .
c,ab;sBIþ mI a:k BaNiCn¢ am nigGMeBIénkarRbkYtRbECgminesμaHRtg; RtUv)anGnumt½ dak;[eRbIR)as;CapÚvø karnaéf¶TI 7
kum³Ö 2002 . ehIyc,ab;sBIþ IRbkasnIybRt½tkákmμ viBaØabnbRt½mEU: dlmanGtßRbeyaCn_ KMnrU ]sSahkmμ RBmTaMgc,ab;
sþBI sI Ti Gæi kñ niBn§ nig siTRæi bhak;RbEhl k¾RtUv)anGnumt½ nig dak;[eRbIR)as; CabnþbnÞab;pgEdr kalBI éf¶ 22 mkra
2003 nig 5 mina 2003 . kñgú cMeNamc,ab;sBIþ sI Ti kiæ mμsTi bæi BaØanImyY ² EdlnwgRtUvGnumt½ enaH manc,ab;sBIþ I kMNt;
sMKal;RbPBPUmsi aRsþ edayrab;bBa©lÚ TaMgkarehAeQμaHtamRbPBedIm c,ab;sBIþ kI arkarBarBUCrukCç atiEbøk² c,ab;sIþ
BIrbU PaBCaRbB½nb§ gø r; bs; IC ¬Gay sI¦u nigc,ab;sBIþ kI arkarBarB½tm’ ansm¶at; edayrab;bBa©lÚ TaMgkarsm¶at;Epñk
BaNiCk¢ mμpgEdr . sMrab;eBlenH vaKμankarcg¥lú bgðajNamYy EdlfaRbeTskm<Cú anwgBicarNakñgú eBlqab;²enH
GMBkI arGnumt½ c,ab;sBIþ kI arkarkarBarrlksBaØarbs;paá yrNb Edlsresr CalkçN³bMEbøg enaHeT .
bTb,BaØatisþ rM ab;dak;[Rbtibtitþ aménkicR© BmeRBog TRIPS tMrvU [smaCikmYy pþlC; a])aRs½y¬viFankaredaHRsay¦
rd§b,evNI k¾dcU CaRBhμTNÐpgEdr cMeBaHkarrMelaPbMBa siTki§ mμsTi bi§ BaØa . BYkeKk¾trM vU pgEdr [smaCiknana pþlC; a
meFüa)ay Edltamry³enaH GñkEdlkan;kab;sTi i§ GacTTYl)annUvshRbtibtikþ arBIGaCaJFrKy edIm,IraraMgdl;kar
naMclU nUvTMnji EdlrMelaPbMBan . EdlTak;Tni eTAnwgkardak;c,ab;sBIþ kI mμsTi bi§ BaØa [Rbtibtitþ amenaH KW RtUvmanc,ab;
nanaEdlTak;Tni eTAnwgKy RBmTaMgRkmrd§b,evNITeU TA nig nItvi Fi rI bs;tlu akarpgEdr . bmaNIyCaxømw sarénkar
karBar edayrab;bBa©lÚ TaMgnItvi Fi I sMrab;karTTYl)an nigkarEfrkSanUvsiTei§ lIkmμsTi bi§ BaØa .
6>1 karkarBarsiT§iGñkniBn§
c,ab;sBIþ sI Ti Gi§ kñ niBn§ nig siTRi§ bhak;RbEhl RtUv)anRkumRbwkSaKN³rd§mRnIþ Gnumt½ enAkñgú Ex mina qñaM 2002 ehIy
rd§sPa nig RBiTi siæ Pa )anGnumt½ kalBI éf¶TI 21 mkra qñaM 2003 . c,ab;sBIþ sI Ti Gi§ kñ niBn§ nigsiTRi§ bhak;RbEhl
k¾RtYv)anRbkal[eRbIkalBIéf¶TI 5 mina qñaM 2003 rYceRscehIyEdr . enAkñgú cenøaHenaH siTGi§ kñ niBn§RtUv)an
karBaredaymaRta 48 énbTb,BaØatisþ BIþ RI bB½nt§ lu akar c,ab;RBhμTNÐ nignItvi Fi RI BhμTNÐ sRmab;GnuvtþenARbeTs
kmúC< akñgú sm½yGnþrkalcuHéf¶TI 10 kBaØa qñaM 1992 .
c,ab;plþ n; vU karkarBarsiTGi§ kñ niBn§srM ab;sañ édGkSrsaRsþ/ nigÉksarviTüasaRsþngi sil,³/ GtþbTc,ab;CapøvÚ kar/ tulakar
nig rd§)al/ sñaédkñgú karniyaysþI ¬snñsi Ti / sunrÞ kfa/ Fm’eTsna . l. ¦ sñaédénvinadkmμ RBmTaMgePøgvinadkmμ/ sñaéd
nadsaRsþ nig mUKPasa/ karcgRkgePøgEdlman b¤ Kμan BaküeBcn_/ sñaéd esatTsSn_ Edlman b¤ KμansMelg RBmTaMg
rUbftEdldkRsg;ecjBI sñaéd TaMgenHpg/ KMnrU KMnrU pat;BN’/ sßabtükmμ/ cMlak;/ sñaédqøak;Cab; nwgeQI b¤ fμ/ sñaéd
CarUbPaB nig sil,³ karerobGkSrBum/< sñaéd kñgú karftrUb nig sñaéd EdlplitecjBI bec©keTs EdlRsedogeTAnwg
karftrUb/ sñaéd énsil,³Gnuvtþn/_ KMnrU rbMP/Wø kat/ bøg/; KMnrU vas RBmTaMgsñaéd BICati )øasÞkI Epñk PUmsi aRsþ/ zanelx
saRsþ/ sßabtükmμ nig viTüasaRsþ/ kmμvFi I kMBüÚTr½ / nig sñaédEdl EbkecjBI dUcCa karbkERbPasa/ karyklMnaMtamkar
bMEpøg BIsañ édmYy b¤ elIsBImyY EdlmanrYceRscehIy .
106 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

karkarBar)anpþlC; nU sMrab;myY Gayukal EdlGñkniBn§rs;enA nig 50qñaM bnÞab;mkeTot eRkayeBlEdl GñkniBn§

)anTTYlmrNPaB . c,ab;enaH pþln; vU PaBkarBarsiTri§ y³eBl 50qñaM cab;epþmI BI éf¶TI 1 mkra énqñaRM btiTni bnÞab;BI
kalbriecäTénkarsMercCasßaBr kardak;bgðajsñaéd CaelIkTI 1 b¤ karcak;pSBVpSayCaelIkTImyY . Tak;Tni eTAnwg
sñaédEdlmanBImun EdlminTan;kaø yCasm,tisþ aFarNenAeLIyenaH KMnti rbs;c,ab;sBIþ sI Ti Gi§ kñ niBn§ nigsiTi§
Rbhak;RbEhl KWRsbTaMgRsugtammaRta 1 dl; 2 rbs;GnusBaØaRkug BERNE edayrab;bBa©lÚ TaMgmaRta 18
pgEdr . CMBkU 5 ¬maRta 30 nig 31 ¦ nigCMBkU 6 ¬maRta 67 ¦ énc,ab;sBIþ I ma:k/ BaNiCn¢ am nigGMeBIén karRbkYt
RbECgminesμaHRtg; k¾nyi aypgEdr GMBrI y³eBlkarBarRBmTaMgkarRbkan;xa© b;ceM BaHsn§si BaØaGnþrCati . CakareqIyø
tbeTAnwgsMnrY Cak;lak;myY tMNagrbs;RbeTskm<Cú a)anbEnßmfa c,ab;enaH manbTbBaØatiþ sMrab;dak;[Rbtibtitþ am
sþBI kI arbMpaø jTMnji EdlrMelaPbMBanecal ¬maRta 58-66 ¦ .
c,ab;sBIþ sI Ti Gi§ kñ niBn§ nig siTRi§ bhak;RbEhl pþln; vU karkarBardl;karcgRkgTinnñ y½ ¬maRta 7 nig 21 ¦ kmμvFi I
kMBu üÚTr½ dUcCa sñaédGkSrsaRsþ siTCi§ lY kmμvFi kI BMu üÚTr½ / nigsiTpi§ aþ c;mxu rbs;Gkñ cak;pSay kñgú karGnuBaØatþ[cak;pSay
eLIgvij tammeFüa)aynana EdlmincaM)ac;eRbIExS ¬maRta 47 nig 48 ¦ .
6>2 BaNiC¢nam/ rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgesvama:k
c,ab;sBIþ I ma:k/ BaNiCn© am nigGMeBIénkarRbkYtRbECgminesμaHRtg; RtUv)andak;[eRbI enAéf¶TI 7 kumHÖ qñaM 2002 . GnuRkwtü
nigbTbBa¢asMrab;Gnuvtþc,ab;sBIþ BI aNiCn¢ am RtUv)anrMBgw fa nwgGnumt½ kñgú qñaM 2003 . eTAtamc,ab;enH kardak;BaküsucM Hu
bBa©mI a:k RtUvdak;CnU eTAEpñkkmμsTi bi§ BaØa naRksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ . kareRbIma:kedayBit²enaH KW minEmnCalkçxNÐsrM ab;kt;Rta
BaküsuCM apøvÚ kareLIy. GaTiPaBRtUv)anpþld; l;Gkñ Edl)andak;BaküsumM nu eK EdlmansuBlPaB b¤ GñkEdl RbkasTamTar
nUvGaTiPaBenaH taMgBItbM gU muneK . siTCi§ aGaTiPaB cMeBaHma:kEdl)ankt;RtaCapøvÚ kar enAkñgú RbeTsCasmaCikmYyeTot
énGnusBaØaRkug)a:rsI b¤ WTO k¾GacRtUvRbKl;[pgEdr edayQrelImlU dæanénkarbriecäT Edlkt;RtaCapøvÚ karmuneK dl;
Gñkdak;BaküsuRM sedogKña b¤Gkñ bnþevnrbs;BkY eK [Etkarkt;RtaCapøvÚ kar enAkñgú RbeTskm<Cú aenaH )aneFIeV LIgkñgú ry³eBl
6Ex bnÞab;BkI arkt;RtaCapøvÚ karelIkTImyY . BaNiCn¢ am RtUv)ankarBarkñgú ry³eBl 10qñaM ehIyGacsubM nþCafμI 10 qñamM gþ ²
CabnþerogrhUteTA . karxkxanmin)aneRbIma:k Edl)ancuHbBa¢eI lIsBI 5qñaM edayKμanehtupl EdlmansuBlPaBenaH Gac
naMeTArkkaremaXPaBkick© arkarBar . siTBi§ aNiCn¢ amGacepÞr b¤plþ s; Ti [i§ )an ehIyGñkkan;kab;sTi mi§ ansiTpi§ aþ c;mxu edIm,I
sueM TAGaCaJFrmansmtßkci [© edaHRsaykrNIreM laPbMBanepSg² . kareRbIBaNiCn© am edayGñkkan;kab;GaCJab½NÑ ¬Et
minEmnkarpþls; Ti i§ tamGaCJab½NbÑ eu: NÑaHeT ¦RtUv)ancat;Tku fa CaGMeBImyY énkareRbIR)as;ehIy .
karkarBarRtUvpþlC; nU dl;ma:kmYy EdlKμanlkçN³EbøkxusBIeK [Etma:kenaH RtUv)aneRbIya:gTUlTM lU ay ehIyman
kitsþi BÞlp¥ g enAkñgú RbeTskm<Cú a . ma:kEdll,Il,aj RtUv)ankarBarRsbeTAtammaRta 6sÞnÜ énGnusBaØaRkug)a:rsI nig maRta
16 énkicR© BmeRBog TRIPS nigmaRta 4 ¬g ¦¬c ¦ nigmaRta 14 ¬c ¦ énc,ab;sBIþ I ma:k/ BaNiCn¢ am nig GMeBIénkarRbkYt
RbECgminesμaHRtg; . RbeTskm<Cú a )aneFVRI btibtikþ ardak;[Rbtibtitþ amCaeRcInmkehIy sþBI I ma:k Edll,Il,ajenH RBmTaMg
)anGHGagbBa¢ak;nvU karebþCaJ rbs;RbeTskm<Cú a kñgú karRbkan;xa¢ b; nwgdak;[Rbtibtitþ amya:gmanRbsiTPi§ aBeTAnwgkaBVkci ©
GnþrCatirbs;RbeTskm<Cú a RBmCamYynwgc,ab;sBIþ kI mμsTi bi§ BaØarbs;xnÜø cMeBaHma:k Edll,Il,ajenHtamrebobmYy EdlyutFþi m’
nigmantmøaPaBnaeBlGnaKt . c,ab;enaH dak;bBa©lÚ pgEdrnUvbTbBaØatinþ ana EdlTakTineTAnwgkarRbkYtRbECgedaymin
yutFiþ m’edayrab;bBa©lÚ TaMgkarcg¥lú bgðaj b¤karecaTRbkan;edayKμanPsþtú ag EdlTMngCanaM[saFarN³Cnmankar yl;xsu .
Kμanc,ab;Cak;lak;NamYy sþBI kI arRbkYtRbECgedayGyutFiþ m’ RtUv)aneKRbemIlTukenAeLIyeT mkTl;eBlenH .
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 107

6>3 kMNt;sMKal;lkçN ³PUmisaRsþ edayrab;bBa©ÚlTaMg karehAtamRbPBedIm

enAeBlenH RbeTskm<Cú amin)ankarBardl;kN M t;sKM al;lkçN³PUmsi aRsþeLIy . c,ab;fIμ EdlRKbdNþbe; lIkmμvtßeú nH
edayrab;bBa©lÚ TaMgkarkarBarbEnßmeTot dl;karBarbgðajGMBI lkçN³PUmsi aRsþ cMeBaHRsaTMBaMg)ayCU nigRsaepSg
eTot RtUv)anrMBgw fa nwgdak;[eRbIkguñ qñaM 2005 .
6>4 KMnUr]sSahkmμ
KMnrU ]sSahkmμ RtUv)ankarBarRsbeTAtamc,ab;sBIþ IRbkasnIybRt½tkákmμ viBaØabnbRt½mEU: dlmanGtßRbeyaCn_ KMnrU
]sSahkmμ Edl)anRbkasdak;[eRbIkalBIéf¶ 22 mkra qña2M 003 . manEtKMnrU ]sSahkmμf²Iμ dUcCaKMnrU EdlminTan;
)anbgðajdl;sarFarN³Cn tamry³kare)aHBump< Say b¤ kareRbIR)as; munkalbriecäTCaGTiPaBenaHeT eTIbGaccuH
bBa¢)I antamc,ab;f.Iμ karkarBarKμanvisalPaBelIEpñknanaénrUbPaBmYyEdlbBa¢aCasarvnþ edaykarBicarNa Epñk
bec©keTseLIy . KMnrU ]sSahkmμfIμ EdlpÞyú nwgreboberobry b¤ sIlFm’sarFarN³ minGaccuHbBaI)¢ aneLIy .
BaküsucM Hu bBa¢RI tUvdak;CnU eTARksYg]sSahkmμ Er: nig famBl kalbriecäTCaGaTiPaB KWCakalbriecäTénkarkt;RtaCa
pøvÚ kar b¤ karGHGagTamTarCaelIkdMbgU . BaküsuRM tUv)an)anpSay edIm,ITku »kas[mankarCMTas;eTAnwgkarcuHbB¢aI
enaH . karkarBar)anpþlC; nU kúgñ ry³eBl 5qñaM ehIyGaceFVCI afμ)I ancMnnY 2dg. rUbPaB]sSahkmμ GacRtUv)anepÞr b¤
pþls; Ti [i§ )an. GñkCam©as; mansiTpi§ aþ c;mxu kñgú karsu[M GaCJaFrmansmtßkci © cat;vFi ankarRbqaMgnwgi karrMelaPbMBan
ehIy GacTamTarkarTUTat;pgEdr .
c,ab;km<Cú aEdlRsbKñaCamYynwgmaRta 26/1 énkicR© BmeRBog TRIPS sþBI GI kñ kan;kab;sTi éi§ nKMnrU ]sSahkmμ edIm,I
raraMgdl;karnaMclU nUvrbs;¼TMnji Edlman b¤manrUbragCarUbPaBEdlRtUvkarBar. c,ab;RbeTskm<Cú a )anFanasiTri§ bs;
Gñkkan;kab;kgúñ karhamR)ambuKluÁ TI 3 min[eFVGI aCIvkmμelIKnM rU ]sShkmμ Edl)ancuHbBa¢I rYcehIy dUcCatam ry³kareFV/I
karlk; b¤ karnaMclU rbs;¼TMnji Edldak;bBa©lÚ enA rUbPaB]sSahkmμenaH ¬CMBkU 42/1 énc,ab; ¦ .
6>5 RbkasnIybRt½tkákmμ
c,ab;sIBþ IRbkasnIybRt½tkákmμ viBaØabnbRt½mEU: dlmanGtßRbeyaCn_ KMnrU ]sSahkmμ RtUv)anRbkas[eRbIR)as; kalBIéf¶
22 mkra qañ2M 003 . esckIRþ BagénbTbBa¢asMrab;Gnuvtþnc_ ,ab;enH nwgcab;epþmI eLIgenARtImasTImyY énqñaM 2003.
c,ab;éllk[mankarkarBardl;RbkasnIybRt½tkákmμ sþBI kI arRbDitnana EdlTak;TgeTAnwgdMeNIkartkákmμ ehIy
EdlGaceFVeI kIttamlkçN³]sSahkmμ. RbkasnIybRt½tkákmμmni )anpþlC; nU eT sMrab;karrkeXIjfμ²I RTwsIþ viTüasaRsþ
nigviFI KNitsaRsþ eRKagkarN_ viFan nig rebobRbkbGaCIvkmμ eFVsI kmμPaBEpñkbBaØa b¤ karelgEl,g RBmTaMgkmμvFi I
kMBüÚTr½ rebobeFVeI raKvinci y½ä eFVkI arBüa)al eFVkI arvHkat;¼slüsaRsþ sMrab;Büa)almnusS nig stVelak karRbDit Edl
pÞyú eTAnwgreboberobrysaFarN³ b¤ sIlFm’/ nigrebobCIvsaRsþ kñgú karbgáat;BCU rukCç ati nig stVepSgBIrebobeRbI
emeraK k¾dcU Caplitplnana EdlekItmaneLIgBIrebobTaMgenH . CakareqøyI tbeTAnwgsMnrY Cak;lak;myY sþBI kI arelIk
Elg eK)anbEnßmfa esckþEI NnaMEdl)aneRbIkgúñ kmμvFi kI BM üÚTr½ EtminmankmμvFi ÉI kÉg² enaH KWmni smRsbsRmab;
[RbkasnIybRt½tkákmμkarBareT edayehtuplfa BYkvaKμankarGnuvtþnE_ pñk]sSahkmμ . PaBEbøk²KñaTaMgenH nwgRtUv
)anbMPkWø gúñ bTbBa¢aGnuvtþnc_ ,ab;enaH .
108 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

BaküsucM Hu bBa¢I RtUvdak;CnU RksYg]sSahkmμ Er: nig famBl ehIyGaTiPaB RtUv)anpþl[; eTAGñkEdlRtUvkt;RtaCapøvÚ
karmuneK b¤ GñkEdlTamTarsiTGi§ aTiPaBenaH . karsuMRbkasnIybRt½tkákmμ RtUvrgnUvkarBinti üCacaM)ac; cMeBaHTRmg;
nig xømw sar . RbkasnIybRt½tkákmμRtUv)anpþl[; luHRtaEtry³eBlénkarputkMNt;eRbI 18Ex )anknøgputeTArab;
cabBIkalbriecäTCaGaTiPaBmk ehIyRtUv)ankarBarkñgú ry³eBl 20qñaM rab;cab;BéI f¶Edlkt;RtaCapøvÚ karmk . Gñk
kan;kab;RbkasnIybRt½tkákmμ mansiTpiæ aþ c;mxu nwgepÞrRbkasnIybRt½tkákmμ b¤ pþls; Ti di§ l;va ehIyk¾Gacsu[M PaKIT3I
bBa©bn; vU karrMelaPbMBan k¾dcU CaTamTarnUvkarTUTat;pgEdr . bTb,BaØatisþ BIþ kI arpþlG; aCJab½NeÑ daybgçM EdlEcgenA
kñgú maRta 47-62 énc,ab;sBIþ IRbkasnIybRt½tkákmμ viBaØabnbRt½mEU: dlmanGtßRbeyaCn_ GacRtUvykmknUvGnuvtþkgúñ
ry³eBl 3qñaM bnÞab;BmI ni )aneRbIR)as;va b¤ RbsinebIplitplmYyEdlmanRbkasnIybRt½tkákmμ min)anplit
d; ak;lk;kgúñ cMnnY d¾RKb;RKan; edIm,IptÁ p; gÁ T; pI Sarrbs;RbeTskm<Cú a edayKμanehtupld¾mansuBlPaBeT/ k¾bE:u nþsrM ab;kar
eRbIR)as;PaKeRcIn sMrab;ptÁ p; gÁ T; pI Sarkñgú RsukEtb:eu NÑaH .
Tak;Tni eTAnwgviFankarRbqaMgnwg»sfEkøgkøay Gñkkan;kab;sTi i§ GaceRbIbTb,BaØatþki gúñ c,ab;sBIþ kI arRKb;RKgplitpl
»sf edIm,IkarBardl;sTi Ri§ sbc,ab;rbs;BkY Kat; . EdldwgGMBPI aBEbøkKñarvagplitplBit nig plitplEkøgkøay
enaH eK)ankt;sKM al;fa enAkñgú krNIénkarnaMclU nUv»sfEkøgkøayenaH Gñkkan;kab;sTi Gi§ acrkkarkarBarsiTri§ bs;
BYKeK tamc,ab;sBIþ BI aNiCn¢ am nig¼b¤ bTb,BaØatinþ anaénc,ab;sBIþ kI arRKb;RKgelIplitpl»sfsaRsþ . maRta 12
énc,ab;TI 2 enH manEcgGMBeI TasbBaØatþRi BhμTNÐ Biny½ CaR)ak;BI 20 dl; 50 lanerol nigCab;Bn§FnaKarBI 5 eTA
10qñaM sMrab;karplit karnaMclU karnaMecj karEckcay b¤ lk;fañ eM jon Edlmin)ancuHbBa¢I b¤»sf EdlRtUv)an eK
EkøgbnønM vU KuNPaBeRkambmaNIy b¤ hYskMNt;eRbI ehIyebIGBa©gw Gacman\TæBi lminl¥dl;sxu PaBrbs;mnusS .
i6>6 karkarBardl;BUCrukçCat
karkarBarBUCrukCç ati minRtUv)andak;bBa©lÚ enAkñgú c,ab;sBIþ IRbkasnIybRt½tkákmμ viBaØabnbRt½mEU: dlmanGtßRbeyaCn_ nig
KMnrU ]sSahkmμeLIy . ebIGBa©gw RbeTskm<Cú a min)anpþln; vU karkarBardl;BCU rukCç atienAeBlenHeT/ k¾bEu: nþesckþI
RBagc,ab;sBIþ kI arkarBarBUCrukCç atienHkMBgu zitenAkñgú dMNak;kalerobcM edaymankarCYy]btßmBI UPOV. tamkar
rMBgw Tuk c,ab;enHGacRtUv)andak;[eRbIenAqñaM 2005 .
6>7 rUbPaBCaRbB½n§bøg;rbs; IC¼Gaysu I
c,ab;sBIþ vI tßeú RbIR)as;EdlmanRbkasnIybRt½tkákmμrbs;RbeTskm<Cú a mineXIjmanbTb,BaØtN þi amYysMrab;karBardl;
rUbPaBCaRbB½nb§ gø r; bs; IC dUcEdlmaRta 35 énkicR© BmeRBogrbs; TRIPS tMrvU [maneLIy ehIyEsVgrk kar
bBa¢ak;fa bTb,BaØatiTþ aMgenHman b¤ GacnwgmanenAkñgú c,ab;myY epSgeTot. bBaaðenHnwgRtUv)ankarBar tamry³c,ab;
mYyfμI sþBI rI bU PaBCaRb½nb§ gø r; bs; GaysuI/IC.
6>8 lkçxNÐtMrUvsþIBIB½t’mansm¶at; edayrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgkarsm¶at;EpñkBaNiC¢kmμ nig
Tinñn½ysMrab;eFVIkarBiesaFn_pg
maRta 128 énc,ab;sBIþ IRbkasnIybRt½tkákmμ viBaØabnbRt½mEU: dlmanGtßRbeyaCn_ nig KMnrU ]sSahkmμ pþln; vU kar
karBardl;Tni nñ y½ sm¶at;. CabEnßmRbeTskm<Cú anwgerobcM RBmTaMgGnumt½ c,ab;myY epSgeTot sþBI kI arkarBarB½tm’ an
sm¶at; nigkarsm¶at;EpñkBaNiCk¢ mμ . sPamanKMeragnwgGnumt½ c,ab;enH kñgú qñaM 2005 .
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 109

VII. viFankarsMrab;bRgáabkarrMelaPsiT§ikmμsiT§ibBaØa
viFankarnana sMrab;bRgáabkarrMelaPsiTki§ mμsTi biæ BaØa RtUv)anerobcMeLIgedayEp¥kelIbTb,BaØatisþ BIþ RI bBn½t§ lu akar c,ab;
RBhμTN ½ Ð nItvi Fi R;I BhμTNÐsRmab;GnuvtþenARbeTskm<Cú a kñgú sm½yGnþrkalcuHéf¶ 10 kBaØa 1992 RBmTaMgesckþI
Rbkaselx 368 cuHéf¶TI 15 FñÚ 1997 sþBI vI Fi ankarnanasMrab;bRgáabkarrMelaPsiTki§ mμsTi bi§ BaØa enAkñgú RbeTskm<Cú a .
CabEnßmc,ab;fIμ dUcCac,ab;sBIþ mI a:k/ BaNiCn¢ am nigGMeBIénkarRbkYtRbECgminesμaHRtg; c,ab;sBIþ sI Ti Gi§ kñ niBn§ nigsiTi§
Rbhak;RbEhl RBmTaMgc,ab;sBIþ IRbkasnIybRt½tkákmμ viBaØabnbRt½mEU: dlmanGtßRbeyaCn_ nig KMnrU ]sSahkmμ Edl
manbTb,BaØatiTþ ak;TgeTAnwgkarxkxanmin)anbMeBjkrNIkci © dUcCakarxkxanmin)anbg;R)ak;QlÜñ sMrab;EfTaM b¤karxk
xanmin)aneRbIBaNiCn¢ am b¤RbkasnIybRt½tkákmμ EdlcuHbBa¢kI gúñ ry³eBl Edlc,ab;)ankMNt; GacnaMeTArkemaXPaB
énkarkarBar b¤ karpþlG; aCaJbN ½ [Ñ dl;PaKITI 3 b¤ GgÁPaBrd§)al edaymanTsSn³pÁtp; gÁ d; l;TpI Sarkñgú Rsuk .
7>1 kardak;[Rbtibtiþtam katBVkic©TUeTA
esckþRI Bagc,ab;rbs;RbeTskm<Cú asþBI kI mμsTi bi§ BaØaRsbTaMgRsugCamYynwgbTb,BaØatimþ aRtaTI 41 énkicR© BmeRBog
rbs; TRIPS EdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarmannItvi Fi dI ak;[Rbtibtitþ am eTAtamc,ab;kgúñ Rsuk vtþmanénnItvi Fi dI y¾ tu Fþi m’ nig
mansc©Fm’/ nig»kassMrab;PaKInana eFVkI arbþgw pþle; dIm,I[)anmankarBinti üeLIgvijelIesckþsI eRmcEpñkrd§)al nig
esckþsI eRmcBIdbM gU rbs;tlu akar EdleFVeI LIgedayGaCJaFrc,ab; .
7>2 nI t i v i F I r d§ b ,evNI rbs; t u l akar ni g ])aRs½ y ¬vi F ankaredaHRsay ¦
bTb,BaØatisþ BIþ I nItvi Fi rI bs;tlu akar nig])aRs½y RtUv)andak;bBa©lÚ enAkñgú esckþRI BagénRkmrd§b,evNI RkmnItvi FI I
rd§b,evNI ehIyc,ab;sBIþ kI mμsTi bi§ BaØaya:gCak;lak;enaH \LÚvenHzitenAkñgú karerobcM . bTbBa¢asMrab;Gnuvtþc,ab; nig
RkmTaMgenH Kwzti enAkñgú karBicarNaenAeLIy . Rkmrd§b,evNI nwgmandak;bBa©lÚ nUvnItvi Fi EI dlTak;Tni nwgkarvinci y½ä
rd§b,evNI karRbtibtiþ nig viFankarbeNþaHGasnñnana ehIyc,ab;sBIþ kI mμsTi bi§ BaØa nwgmannUvbTbBaØatisþ rM ab;])aRs½y
nigviFankaredaHRsayCabeNaþaHGasnñ . GaCJaFrGnuvtþ rYmman tulakar/ Ky nig rd§akrk¾dcU Ca CAMCONTROL
EdlCaGgÁkarmYyzitenAeRkamGMNacRksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ nigb:lU sI esd§kci E© dlGgÁPaBTaMgBIrenH TTYlxusRtUvbRgáab
nUvkarbnøeM )ak nigRtYtBinti üemIlTMnji naMclU naMecj .
eyagtambTbBa¢afμI tulakar rab;TaMgtulakarextþ nigRkug nwgmanGaCJasMrab;edaHRsaynUvkarrMelaPbMBandl;sTi ki§ mμsTi i§
bBaØa CMelaHBIerOgR)ak;TTU at;srM ab;eRbIsTi ki§ mμsTi bi§ BaØa nigR)ak;bN
M ac;/ karrMelaPbMBansiTri§ bs;Gkñ niBn§ RBmTaMgsiTi§
sMrab;dak;Baküsu/M nig CMelaHEdlTak;Tni eTAnwgkarepÞrRBmTaMgkar[siTCi§ apøvÚ kar . PaKIrgeRKaHGacEsVgrkGFibBa¢a
BItlu akar edIm,IbBa©bk; arbMBan ehIyTamTarkarTUrTat; cMeBaHkarxUcxat . cMnnY TwkR)ak;srM ab;karxUcxat RtUv)anKitKUr
edayQrelImlU dñankrNInmI yY ² . Rkmrd§b,evNI nig RkmnItvi Fi rI d§b,evNI eTaHCaKμanbTb,BaØatilþ GM ti k¾eday k_Gac
pþl[; GaCJaFrc,ab;nvU viFankaredaHRsaynana dUcCa siTsi§ eRmcBIR)ak;sN M g nig ])aRs½yCaedIm.
tulakarmanGMNac nwgecjbBa¢a[pþlÉ; ksarTaMgenaH ¬maRta 152 énBRgagRkmsþBI nI tiI vi Fi rI d§b,evNI ¦ ehIykar
xkxanmin)aneFVdI eU cñaH GacnaM[tulakarcat;Tku karecaTRbkan;edayKμanPsßtú agrbs;PaKImaç neTotfamanPaBBit
¬maRta 153 ¦ ehIytMrvU [Biny½ dl;PaKImaç geTotEdlCaGñkbg¥ak; ¬maRta 154 ¦. B½tm’ ansMgat;RtuvU )ankarBar
110 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

eTAtammaRta 42 énc,ab;sBIþ BI aNiCn¢ am nigmaRta 128 énc,ab;sBIþ IRbkasnIybRt½tkákmμ . bTb,BaØatiTþ eU TA

EdlmanEcgkñgú c,ab;Cak;lak; RtUv)andak;bBa©lÚ enAkñgú maRta 115/1 énesckþRI BagRkmnItvi Fi rI dæb,evNI .
7>3 viFankarbeNþaHGasnñ
GaCJaFr nigtulakar EdlTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarGnuvtþEpñkrdæ)altamc,ab;sBIþ kI mμsTi bi§ BaØa manGMNacecjbBa¢a[Gnuvtþ
viFankarbeNþaHGasnñPaø m² nigmanRbsiTPi§ aBEp¥kelIPsßtú ag edIm,IraraMgdl;karrMelaPbMBan nigrkSaPsßtú agEdlTak;Tni
Tuk . eyagtammaRta 30 ¬k ¦ énc,ab;sBIþ I ma:k BaNiCn¢ am nigGMeBIénkarRbkYtRbECgminesμaHRtg; cat;famanPsßtú ag
Cak;Esþg enAeBlEdlmanehtuplsmRsbedIm,IeFV[I eCOfa karrMelaPbMBanmYykMBgu ekItmaneLIgehIy . viFankar
beNþaHGasnñ EdlGacGnuvtþ)an rYmman karXat;XaMgnUvPsßtú agEdlTak;Tgnwgvtßeú RbIR)as; EsVgrkvtßeú RbIR)as; nigsMPar³
EdleKminbeBa©j[dwg bBa¢a[bBaÄb; nUvkarrMelaPbMBan karribGUsykrbs; b¤ TMnji rMelaPbMBan nigkarribGUsyk
CabeNþaHGasnñnvU TMnji nanakñgú TsSn³mYy FanamankarTUrTat; ya:gRtwmRtUvcMeBaHkarxUcxat . .
7>4 viFankarrdæ)al nig])aRs½y ¬viFankaredaHRsay¦
tambTbBa¢afμI GaCJaFrmansmtßkci G© nuvtþvFi ankarrdæ)al nig ])aRs½yenaH KWRksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ RksYg]sSahkmμ Er:
nigfamBl RBmTaMgRksYgvb,Fm’ nig vicRi tsil,³/ naykdæanKy nigrdæakr nigb:lU sI esdækci © . viFankarrdæ)al nig
])aRs½y rab;bBa©lÚ TaMgkarRBman karBiny½ CaR)ak;rhUtdl; 25 lanerol ¬RbmaNCa US$ 6000¦ karrwbGUs
yksMPar³ nigvtßeú RbIR)as; karbMpaø jTMnji EdlrMelaPbMBan nigkarTUTat;sgCm¶cW ti .þ eyagtamc,ab;sBIþ mI a:k BaNiC¢
nam nigGMeBIénkarRbkYtRbECgminesμaHRtg; RBmTaMgc,ab;sBIþ sI Ti Gi§ kñ niBn§ nig siTRi§ bhak;RbEhl GaCJaFrman
smtßkci © manGMNacecjGFibBa¢a edIm,IbgÁab;[PaKImyY bBaÄb;nvU karrMelaPbMBan bBaÄb;CabeNþaHGasnñdl;kar
CMrHbBa¢eI lITnM ji dUcEdlEcgenAkñgú maRta 44/1 énkicR© BmeRBog TRIPS k¾bE:u nþmni manGMNacecjbBa¢a[Gñk
rMelaPbMBanpþl[; Gñkkan;kab;sTi ni§ vU B; t½ m’ anGMBPI aKITI 3 EdlBak;B; n½ k§ gúñ karplit nigEckcayTMnji Edl)anbMBan
eLIy . eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday k¾BkY eKGacrk)anB½tm’ anEbbenHedayxønÜ Ég . c,ab;sBIþ mI a:k BaNiCn¢ am nigGMeBIén
karRbkYtRbECgminesμaHRtg; ¬maRta 46 ¦ nigc,ab;sBIþ sI Ti Gi§ kñ niBn§ nig siTRi§ bhak;RbEhl ¬maRta 59¦ )anham
min[naMTnM ji EkøgbnøM b¤ cmøglYcecjeTAvijeLIy ehIy)anRbKl;GN M ac[Ky nigrd§akr RBmTaMgGaCaJFrman
smtßkci e© pSgeTot bMpaø jTMnji bMBanenaHecal eTAtamesckþsI eM rcrbs;tlu akar . TMnji bMBanminGacbMpaø jecal
edayKμanbBa¢aBItlu akareLIy .
7>5 viFankarBiess tamRckRBMEdn
esckIRþ Bagc,ab;sBIþ KI y nigrdæakr min)andak;bBa©lÚ nUvbTb,BaØatisþ BIþ vI Fi ankartamRckRBMEdn dUcEdlmaRtaBI 51
dl;60 énkicR© BmeRBog TRIPS tMrvU [maneLIy . viFankarEdlcaM)ac;tamRckRBMEdn RtUv)andak;bBa©lÚ enAkñgú
c,ab;sBIþ mI a:k BaNiCn¢ am nigGMeBIénkarRbkYtRbECgminesμaHRtg; ¬maRtaBI 35 dl; 47 ¦. CabEnßm c,ab;sBIþ I siTi§
GñkniBn§ nig siTRi§ bhak;RbEhl ¬maRta 63¦)andak;bBa©lÚ tamry³karÉksareyagnUvral;vFi ankar tamRckRBMEdn
TaMgGs; EdlmanenAkñgú c,ab;sBIþ mI a:k BaNiCn¢ am nigGMeBIénkarRbkYtRbECgminesμaHRtg; . esckIRþ Bagc,ab; ¬maRta8¦
tMrvU ya:gCak;c,as;[GaCJaFrKy Gnuvtþc,ab;TaMgGs;rbs;km<Cú a ehIybTbBaØatieþ nHKaMRT edayGnuRkwtümYyEdlerobcM
eLIgedaynaykd§anKy nigrd§akr edayshRbtibtikþ arCamYyRksYgEdlTTYlxusRtUvdl;karkarBarkmμsTi bi§ BaØa .
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 111

c,ab;rbs;RbeTskm<Cú amanEcgGMBI karrwbGUs kar)at;bg;sTi i§ RBmTaMgkarbMpaø jTMnji Psßtú ag Éksar b¤ vtßcú lM g

RBmTaMg]bkrN_EdleRbIsrM ab;plitTMnji EdlbMBanecal ehIy)anhamXat;ceM BaHkarnaMecjeTAvijnUvTMnji Edl
eRbIBaNiCn¢ amEkøgbnøM b¤ kareRbInvU nItvi Fi eI pSgeTotrbs;Ky . tambTbBa¢afμI GaCJaFrKyRtUv)anGnuBaØatþ[pþl
B; t½ m’ anGMBlI TæPaBkñgú karnaMecj naMclU TMnji bMBandl;Gkñ kan;kab;sTi i§ . Gñkkan;kab;sTi i§ Gacdak;BaküsueM TAGaCJaFr
Ky [p¥akkarCMrHbBa¢eI lITnM ji EdlsgS½yCabeNþaHGasnñsni )an. BaküsueM nH RtUvmankarBiBN’naya:glMGti GMBI
TMnji enaH. GaCJaFrKy mankatBVkci p© lþ B; t½ m’ andl;Gkñ kan;kab;sTi ni§ Uvral;vFi ankarEdl)aneFVI ehIyRtUvlub
viFankarenaHecal ebIsni CaKμanbNþgw kñgú rvag 10éf¶ . Gñkkan;kab;sTi i§ RtUvTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHCm¶cw ti N þ amYy Edl
ekItecjBIBaküsuM EdlKμanmUldæan . kñgú krNImanPsßtú agCak;Esþg GaCJaFrKy Gacp¥akkarCMrHbBa¢TI nM ji Edl
sgS½yCabeNþaHGasnñ)an eTAtamkarpþcÜ epþmI KMnti rbs;BkY eK ehIyRtUvpþlB; t½ m’ anPøam² dl;Gkñ kan;kab;sTi i§ GMBI
kalbriecäT nigTIkEnøgénkarp¥akenaH .
7>6 nItiviFIRBhμT½NÐ
karbMBansiTki§ mμsTi bi§ BaØa RtUvTTYlnUvkarecaTRbkan;BbI TRBhμTNÐ eTAtamc,ab;sBIþ mI a:k BaNiCn¢ am nigGMeBIénkar
RbkYtRbECgminesμaHRtg; ¬maRtaBI 63 dl; 68¦ c,ab;sBIþ IRbkasnIybRt½tkákmμ viBaØabnbRt½mEU: dlmanGtßRbeyaCn_ nig
KMnrU ]sSahkmμ¬maRta 132 nig 133¦ RBmTaMgc,ab;sBIþ sI Ti Gi§ kñ niBn§ nigsiTRi§ bhak;RbEhl ¬maRta 64 nig 65 ¦.
erOgkþéI nkrNIbBM anEpñkRBhμTNÐ KWGacmaneTasRBhμTNÐ edaymankarBiny½ CaR)ak;rhUtdl;eTA 25lanerol
¬RbmaNCa US$ 6000¦ b¤ dak;Bn§FnaKarBI 1 rhUtdl; 6 Ex . TNÐkmμxs< b; pM tu KWeTV 1 Ca 2 sMrab;eTaskmμ CaelIkTI
2 Edl )anRbRBwtþ kñgú ry³eBl 5qñaM rab;cab;BkI albriecäT énkarkat;[Cab;eTas elIkTI 1 mk . bTbBa¢aGnuvtþ sMrab;
c,ab;TaMgenH RtUvbBa¢ak;[c,as;GBM kI al³eTs³nana EdlRtUvGnuvtþceM BaHTNÐkmμRBhμTN ½ TÐ aMgenH . cMeBaHkarlk;
karEckcay nigkarnaMclU »sfEkøgkøayenaH bTb,BaØatieþ nAkñgú c,ab;sBIþ kI arRKb;RKg»sf GacRtUv)anykmkeRbI edIm,I
ecaTRbkan;BbI TRBhμTNÐ ehIyk¾karBarsiTri§ bs;Gkñ kan;kab;sTi pi§ gEdr .
VIII. karerobcMrcnasm<½n§ rdæ)aleLIgvij
karRbtibtitþ am TRIPS naeBlxøH tMrvU [erobcMrcnasm<n½ § EdlkMBgu mansarCafμI edIm,ItrM vU tamkarpøas;brÚþ . ]bsKÁ
EpñksmtßPaBxøH²Edlrd§aPi)al)anCYbRbTHenAkñgú dMeNIrkarRbtibtþti am mankgVHCMnaj tMrvU karnUvkariyal½yfμ¼I
deM NaHRsayénkarbBM ansTi kæi msμ Ti bæi BaaØ tamry³meFüa)ayc,ab; ngi rdæ )al  21krNI énemaXPaB
cMeBaHma:kEdlcuHbBa¢eI hIy Tak;Tni eTAnwgTMnas;énPaBCam©as;kmμsTi æi b¤PaBRsedogKñaénma:k ³ ¬ Rolex & Crown Device,
Hugo Boss, Applaud 25, Hunting World & Elephant, Ninna Ricci, Gucci¦
Ø karlubbM)at; nig¼b¤ karecjbBa¢amin[eRbIma:kRsedogKña b¤yktMrab;tam Edl)ancuHbBa¢I nig¼b¤ GMeBIénkarRbkYt
RbECgminesμaHRtg; ³ Marcedes ¬karbMBankareFVBI aNiCk¢ mμ¦ sMrab;)arI/ Elephant ¬karbMBankareFVBI aNiCk¢ mμ
sMelok bMBak;¦ sMrab;)arI/ Gleam ¬m:UtU ¦
 kñgú qñaM 2001/ manbNþgw tulakarcMnnY 6 krNI ³ { Budweiser } sMrab;Rsaebor/ { Crocodile } sMrab;seM lokbMBak; {
Rolex Crown Device } sMrab;)arI/ {AAD BOON 502 } sMrab;Cr½ kav/ { Bic } sMrab;Edkeks nwg { Solex } sMrab;esa
 KμankrNIbBM anRbkasnIybRt½tkákmμenAeLIyeT enAtulakarRbeTkm<Cú a . smtßPaBrbs;tlu akar kñgú visy½
ÉkeTs énsiTkæi mμsTi bæi BaØa enAmankMrti naeBlenH
112 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

kardak;nvU eRKOgtubEtgCafμdI l;kEnøgcas; PaBcaM)ac;kgúñ kareFV[I manPaBrs;revIk nigBRgwgTMnak;TnM grvag naykd§an

rbs;rd§aPi)al EdlmanRsab;kd¾ cU Ca karBRgwgsmtßPaBenAkñgú naykd§an EdlmanRsab;pgEdr .
naéf¶TI 22 kumHÖ 1999 rd§aPi)al)anecjesckþsI eM rcelx 16 sþBI kI arbegátI KN³kmμaFikarGnþrRksYgmYy edIm,I
RKb;RKgvisy½ cMnnY 3 énsiTkæi mμsTi bæi BaØa ¬BaNiCn¢ am/ siTGæi kñ niBn§/ nigRbkasnIybRt½tkþkmμ nigKMnrU ]sSahkmμ ¦
EdlmanRksYgBaNiCk¢ mμCaRbFan nig RksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ Er: nigfamBl CaGnuRbFan . smaCikrbs;KN³kmμaFikar enH
rYmman tMNagnanamkBIRksYgvb,Fm’ nigRksYgB½tm’ an . ehIynaydæankmμsTi biæ BaØaRtUv)anEtgtaMgCa elxaFikard§an
rbs;KN³kmμaFikarenH .
KN³kmμaFikarenH RtUv)anbegátI eLIg kñgú eKalbMNgerobcMesckþRI Bagc,ab;sBIþ sI Ti kæi mμsTi bæi BaØa RBmTaMgbTbBa¢a
Gnuvtþnana EdlRbeTskmúCu< a Cab;katBVkci e© TAtamkicR© BmeRBogBaNiCk¢ mμeTVPaKI nig lixti tubkrN_epSgeTot.
KN³kmμaFikarenH k¾TTYlxusRtUvpgEdr kñgú karFanakics© RmbsRmYld¾manRbsiTPæi aB EpñksiTkæi mμsTi bæi BaØa TaMg
kñgú Rsuk CamYyRksYg b¤ sßab½nEdlBak;Bn½ § nigeRkARsuk CamYyshKmn_GnþrCati sþBI kI arpþlC; nM yY bec©keTs .
edim,IeFV[I maKa_neya)ay énsiTkæi mμsTi bæi BaØa manGnuPaB nig edIm,IeCosvagkargarRtYtKña rvagRksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ nig
RksYg]sSahkmμ Er: nig famBlenaH rd§aPi)al )aneFV[I mankarerobcMrcnasm<n½ r§ d§)al eLIgvij cab;BI éf¶TI 1 mkra qñaM
2000 mk edaydak;karcuHbBa¢éI nma:kkñgú Rsuk [eTARksYgBaNiCk¢ mμCaGñkTTYlxusRtUv EdlkalBImnu enAeRkam RksYg
]sSahkmμ Er: nig famBl . karerobcMsm<n½ e§ LIgvijenH CasarviCm¢ anmYy dl;vni ei yaKin nig saFarN³Cn.
cMeBaHkarBRgwgsmtßPaB énsßab½nEdlmanRsab; [kan;kab;nvU bnÞkú nigkarTTYlxusRtUvEdlekIteLIgenaH rd§aPi)al )an
vinei yaKeTAelI]bkrN_B½tm’ an nigbec©keTskan;EteRcIneTot . kñgú Ex kumHÖ qñaM 2001 naykd§ankmμsTi bæi BaØa)an cab;
epþmI nUvrebobrkma:kedaysVy½ Rbvtþi . WIPO pþlC; aCMnyY bec©keTs tamry³karpþln; vU ]bkrN_myY Qutdl; naykd§an
kmμsTi bæi BaØa edIm,IPa© b;nvU bNþajGinu FWENtrbs; WIPO ehIymanEtGñkeRbIR)as;myY cMnnY eT eTIbGaceRbIva)an .
naykd§ankmμsTi bæi BaØa manbMNgnwgbegátI mNÐlB_ ½tm’ an mYypgEdr kñgú eBlqab;²enH RbsinebImanFnFan .
kñgú qñaM 2002 bNþajGuni FWENtcMnnY 2 QuteTot rbs; WIPO RtUv)anRbKl;[mkRbeTskm<Cú a . mYyeRKOg sMrab;
kariyal½yRbkasnIybRt½tkþkmμénRksYg]sSahkmμ Er: nig famBl/ ehIymYyeRKOgeTot sMrab;kariyal½ysiTæi
GñkniBn§ naRksYgvb,Fm’ nigvicRi tsil,³ .
RBmCamYynwglTæPaB énkareRbIbec©kviTüaB½tm’ an kñgú édenaH RbeTskm<Cú arMBgw fa nwgTajyknUvplkMérCaGtibrma
BIkartMeLIg nigkareRbIR)as;RbB½ne§ nHedIm,IPa¢ b;RbeTskm<Cú a eTAnwgbNþajB½tm’ anBiPBelak GMBsI Ti kæi mμsTi bæi BaØa .
ebInyi ayGMBkI arksagsmtßPaB sMrab;Gkñ Binti üemIlenaH naykd§ankmμsTi bæi BaØamanbuKlÁ ki bec©keTsya:gRKbRKan;
edIm,Ikan;kab;kargar nigPaBsμRú Ksμaj énkarcuHbBa¢BI aNiCn¢ am. erOgdUcKña minGacniyay)aneT cMeBaHGñkBinti ü
emIlRbkasnIybRt½tkþkmμ. sMrab;eBlenH BaküsuRM bkasnIybRt½tkþkmμNamYy Edl)anTTUlenAkñgu RbeTskm<Cú a
RtUv)anbBa©lÚ bnþeTAkariyal½yRbkasnIybRt½tkþkmμ eTAtamsn§si BaØashRbtibtikþ ar sþBI RI bkasnIybRt½tkþkmμ
¬ PCT ¦ .
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 113

kñgú b:nu aμ nqñacM gu eRkayenH rd§aPi)al nig visy½ ÉkCn )aneFVkI arCamYyKña kñgú karbegátI maKa’neya)ay nig yuTsæ aRsþ
edIm,IFana dl;karBRgwg nigelIktMekIgdl;kareRbIR)as;RbB½nk§ mμsTi bæi BaØasMrab;karGPivDÆn_sgÁm nigesd§kci ©
rbs;RbeTs . RbB½n)§ ancab;epþmI naMmk nUvtMélesd§kci © d¾FeM Fg . nasnñ)i aTRbcaMqañ M rbs;RksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ kalBIéf¶TI
14 mkra qñaM 2003 knøgeTAenH rd§mRnþBI aNiCk¢ mμ elak cm RbsiTæi )ancab;GarmμN_ nigkarsresIrGMBsI añ éd
kñgú visy½ énkarGPivDÆn_ nigkardak;[Rbtibtþti am rbs;RbeTsCati . enaHKWCaktþamYy Edlelak)ancat;Tku fa man
sar³sMxan; sMrab;begánI TMnku citrþ bs;vni ei yaKin nigTak;Taj FDI . sBaØa[dwgmunfa CaviCm¢ anmYyeTot KWkar
ekIneLIg énkarcuHbBa¢I énma:k b¤ yIeha kñgú Rsuk .
*****
114 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

CMBUk karkarBarGñkeRbIR)as; edaykarTTYlxusRtUv

8 cMeBaHplitplenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa

I. esckþIepþIm
c,ab;sBIþ KI N u PaBTMnji nig esva ¬c,ab;sBIþ KI N
u PaB nig suvtßPi aB¦ )anbegátI nUvmUldæanTUeTA sMrab;TTYlxusRtUv
cMeBaHplitplkñgú RbeTskm<Cú a tamry³eKalkarN_CaTUeTAénkics© nüa nigkarTTYlxusRtUveRkAkics© nüa cMeBaH
kMhsu sIvu li ¬GMeBIxsu qÁg ¦ EdlGmedaybTbBa¢asMrab;Gnuvtþ Tak;Tni eTAnwgkarkarBarGñkeRbIR)as;. c,ab;nmI yY ²
sþBI sI Ti Gi§ kñ eRbIR)as; nig karTTYlxusRtUv CaskþanuBlrbs;ma© s;kmμnsþ al KWQrelIeKalkarN_TeU TAénc,ab; Edl
kalBImnu RtUv)andak;bBa©lÚ CaeKal² enAkñgú Rkitüc,ab;elx #* X sþBI kI ci s© nüa nigkarTTYlxusRtUveRkAkics© nüa .
c,ab;sBIþ KI N u PaB nigsuvtßPi aB manEcgGMBkI arRtYtRtaelIKN
u PaBénplitplnaMclU naMecj k¾dcU Cakardak;krM ti
dl;karplit kareFVI nigkareFVBI aNiCk¢ mμ énplitpl nigesvaTaMgBIrenH kñgú crnþBaNiCk¢ mμenAkñgú RbeTskm<Cú a .
c,ab;k)¾ antMrvU [PaKITI # TTYlxusRtUv edayBMKu ti BIxnÜø eK EdlCaPaKImyY b¤ minEmnénkics© nüacMeBaH karEkøgbnøM
plitpl TMnji nigesva. karpSayBaNiCk¢ mμRKb;TrM g; RtUv)anhamXat;RbsinebIbegátI [mankarkan;RcLM naM[yl;
xusminBitelIKN u PaB suvtßPi aB énplitpl TMnji nigesva . eyagtam Rbkaselx ( ^ # rbs;RksYg]sSahkmμEr:
nig famBl RKb;Rkumh‘nu eragcRkshRKas RBmTaMgsib,kmμTaMgGs; RtUv)antMrvU eGaycuHbBa¢pI litplrbs;BkY eK
munnwgdak;plitplTaMgenaH [eFVcI racreTAelITpI Sar . eKalbMNgénkarcuHbBa¢eI nH KWedIm,IeFV[I plitpl]sSahkmμ
d¾RtwmRtUvenaH manpøakRsbeTAtambmaNIy ¬maRtdæan ¦ Cati edIm,IeCosvagplitplEkøgbnøM .
RbeTskm<Cú aeRbIRbB½nR§ btievTn_srM ab;karnaMclU nigCMrHbBa¢KI y . karRKb;RKgBaNiCk¢ mμGnþrCati sßti enAeRkam
karRKb;RKgrbs;TPI añ k;garcMnnY BIr rbs;rdæaPi)al KW naydæanKynigrdæakr EdlenAeRkam»vaTrbs;RksYgesdækci © nig
hirBaØvtßú nig naykdæanbRgáabkarEkøgbnøM Binti üemIlkarnaMclU ¼ naMecj rbs;km<Cú a (CAMCONTROL) Edlsßti
enAeRkam»vaTrbs;RksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ . naykdæanKyEdlenAeRkamRksYgesdækci © nig hirBaØvtßú RKb;RKgral;karCMrH
bBa¢TI aMgGs;dl;TnM ji TaMgecj nigcUl ecjlixti GnuBaØatþ ¼ karGnuBaØt[þ naMclU Rbitei vTn_naMclU ¼ naMecj rbs; Ky
ehIyRbKl;B; n§Ky nig Bn§elIkareRbIR)as; . CAMCONTROL TTYlxusRtUvelIkarbiTpøakelIplitplnig¼ b¤
ecjviBaØabnb½Rt bBa©ak;GBM KI N u PaB EdlbEnßmBIelIkarbRgáabkarbnøM karBinti üemIlKuNPaB suvtßPi aB nigBinti ü
emIlsßab½n nigvisy½ TaMgBIrenH énplitplksikmμ nigGV²I sMrab;eFVCI amðbÚ . CAMCONTROL mankarTTYl xusRtUv
tambTbBa¢a edIm,I[Fanafa TMnji EdlnaMecj nignaMclU RsbeTAtamlkçxNÐGnþrCati nigkñgú RsukEdlBak;Bn½ .§
GñknaMclU RtUvTTYlxusRtUv kñgú karRbkas[dwgya:gRtwmRtUv GMBTI nM ji EdlnaMclU ehIyRsbeTAtamlkçxNÐtrM vU énkar
dak;paø kd¾caM)ac; RBmTaMgkardak;RbPBedIménTMnji . Pñak;garTaMgBIr enATIkEnøgénkarnaMclU RtUveFVkI arepÞogpÞat;emIl
RBmTaMgkMNt;RbeTs b¤tbM n;CaRbPBedIm énTMnji EdlnaMclU kñgú karCMrHbBa¢TI nM ji . TMnji naMclU RbeTskm<Cú a k¾RtUv
EtbMeBjtamlkçxNÐtrM vU sþBI kI ardak;paø k edIm,IkarBardl;plRbeyaCn_rbs;Gkñ eRbIR)as; .
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 115

II. c,ab; nigbTbBa¢aEdlRKb;RKgelIkarbiTpøaksBaØa nigkardak;RbPBedIm

2>1 c,ab;sþIBIkarRKb;RKgelIKuNPaB suvtßiPaBénplitpl nig esva
c,ab;sxM an;bpM tu EdlRKb;RKgelIkardak;paø k nig kardak;RbPBedIm enAkñgú RbeTskm<Cú a KWc,ab;sBIþ kI arRKb;RKgelI
KuNPaB nig suvtßPi aBrbs;plitpl nig esva EdlRbkas[eRbIedayRkmelx ns¼rkm¼1199/12 cuHéf¶TI @!
mifnu a qñaM @000 ¬BIenHeTAmuxRtUv)ancat;Tku Ca {c,ab;sKIþ N
u PaBnigsuvtßPi aB }. c,ab;enHEcgGMBkI arRKb;RKgKuNPaB
plitplnaMclU nignaMecj k¾dcU Cakardak;krM ti dl;karplit¼kareFVI nigkareFVBI aNiCk¢ mμTnM ji nig esvaTaMgBIrenH enA
kñgú crnþBaNiCk¢ mμ kñgú RBHraCaNacRkkm<Cú a .
2>1>1 vi s alPaBTU e TA
visalPaBénc,ab;sBIþ KI N u PaB nigsuvtßPi aB RKbdNþbe; lIRKb;shRKas RKb;ma© s;kmμnsþ al EdlmaneKaledA
BaNiCk¢ mμ GñknaMclU GñknaMecj nig QμjÜ Gñkpþle; svaplitpl nigTMnji GñkpSayBaNiCk¢ mμ GMBpI litplTMnji
nig esvasmaKmRbCaBlrdæ nigTIPañ k;gareRkArdæaPi)al EdlCab;kci s© nüakñgú karplit kareFVBI aNiCk¢ mμ b¤CnM yY
mnusSFm’ .
c,ab;trM vU eGaym©as;kmμnsþ al RBmTaMgGñkpþle; sva dak;bgðajelIplitplTMnji esvarbs;BkY eKCaPasaExμrnUv
smasPaBénGgÁFatupSM esckþEI NnaMsrM ab;Gkñ eRbI kalbriecäTplit kalbriecäTputkMnt;eRbI RBmCamYylkçxNÐtrM vU
epSgeTotEdlFanadl;svu tßPi aB nig suxPaBGñkeRbIR)as; munnwgeFVBI aNiCk¢ mμTnM ji rbs;BkY eK .
m©as;kmμnsþ al nig Gñkpþle; sva RtUveKarBtampgEdr nUvlkçxNÐtrM vU CaTUeTA sIBþ kI arpþlB; t½ m’ anya:gRtwmRtUv GMBI
smasPaB b¤ rUbsNæan rbs;plitpl TMnji nig esva edIm,IeCosvagkaryl;RcLM BIGkñ eRbIR)as; b¤karRbkYtRbECg
énkarxUcxat .
2>1>2 niymn½yénBakü {karplit¼kareFVI} nig {kareFVIBaNiC¢kmμ}
{karplit ¼ kareFVI } enAkñgú Gtßny½ énc,ab;sBIþ KI N
u PaB nig suvtßPi aB RtUv)ankMnt; edaymanbBa©lÚ nUvGV²I dUcteTAenHKW ³
karciBa©mw stV plitkmμ TwkedaHeKa karRbmUlpldMNaMksikmμ karRbmUlplEpøeQI karensaT kareFVsI tVXat
RBmTaMgkarplit karEkéqñ nigkarx©bp; litpl k¾dcU Cakarsþkú TukenAeBlplitpl nig esvadMbgU ²munnwgeFVBI aNiCk¢ mμ.
{ kareFVBI aNiCk¢ mμ } enAkñgú Gtþny½ énc,ab;enH RtUv)ankMnt;edaybBa©lÚ nUvGV²I dUcteTAenH ³
- Rbtibtþki arsþkú Tuk dwkCBa¢nÚ karEfrkSakñgú eKalbMNgBaNiCk¢ mμ kardak;taMglk; karlk;plitpl nigTMnji .
- ral;CnM nU eday\tKitéføénplitplTaMgGs; edayrab;TaMgkarnaMclU nignaMecj k¾dcU Cakarlk; karpþle; sva
b¤ karpþle; svaeday\tKitéfø .
2>1>3 karelIkElgCaTUeTA
karGnuBaØatþ[i naMclU plitpl nigTMnji EdlfaminsmRsbeTAnwgc,ab;sBIþ KI N u PaB nigsuvtßPi aBGaceFV)I ancMeBaHEt
TMnji EdlRKan;Etqøgkat; ehIyRtUvnaMecjeTAvijb:eu NÑaH. karnaMclU plitpl nigTMnji EdlmanlkçN³ CamnusSFm’
116 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

b¤ EdlmaneKalbMNgmineFVBI aNiCk¢ mμ GaceFVeI TA)an[EtmankarGnuBaØatþBei ssCamun BIRksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ nig

mankaryl;RBmBIraCrdæaPi)al. karGnuBaØatþBei ssenHGaceFVeI TA)anluHRtaEtplitpl nigTMnji EdlBak;Bn½ e§ naH
RsbeTAtamkarGnuvtþn_ d¾RtwmRtUv énBaNiCk¢ mμGnþrCati b¤bTdæanGnþrCatiEdleKTTYlsÁal; .
karelIkElgmYyeTot KWRtUv)anGnuBaØatþ cMeBaHkarplitnUvplitplEdlminsmRsbtamc,ab;sBIþ KI N u PaB nig
suvtßPi aB KWenAeBlEdlkarplitenaHeFVeI LIg sMrab;EtnaMecjeTARbeTsepSg EdlenATIenaHkarlk;TnM ji enaHman
PaBRsbc,ab; nigRsbeTAtamkarerobcMCakics© nüaGnþrCatiCak;lak;myY .
2>1>4 karRbRBwtþitambTbBa¢a
karbgðajnUvviBaØabnb½Rt GnuelamPaBy:agRtwmRtUvsMrab;naMclU nig naMecj RtUvEtmansMrab;plitplmYycMnnY Edl ³
- GacmaneRKaHfñak;dl;sxu PaB nig suvtßPi aBrbs;Gkñ eRbI .
- Gacb:HBal;dl;kareFVBI aNiCk¢ mμRtwmRtUv.
- GacrkSa nig begánI KuNPaB énplitplEdleFVkI gúñ Rsuk .
- EdltMrvU eday GnusBaØaGnþrCati b¤ BaNiCk¢ mμGnþrCati .
karBinti üemIlviBaØabnb½Rt GnuelamPaB KWCasmtßkci r© bs;RksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ nig RksYgnana EdlBak;Bn½ § .
2>1>5 karbRgáabdl;karbnøMeFVIBaNiC¢kmμ
c,ab;sBIþ KI N
u PaBnig suvtßPi aB tMrvU [PaKITbI I TTYlxusRtUvedayminKitfa eKCaPaKImyY b¤ minEmnCaPaKI1én kics© nüa
eLIy cMeBaHkarEkøgbnøM b¤ b:gu b:gEkøgbnøM plitpl TMnji nig esva edayrebob b¤ viFN I ak¾e‘ day eTAelI ³
- GtþsBaØaN RbePT sarCati TIkEnøgénRbPBedIm KuNPaBCarUbPaB b¤ kñgú karciBa©mw GV²I EdlmanenAkñgú
brimaN .
- karRtYtBinti üknøgmk esckþEI NnaMBkI areRbIR)as; eRKaHfñak;énkaryl;RBm[eRbI EdlP¢ab;eTAnwgkar
eRbIR)as; viFankarénkarRbugRby½tTñ ku Camun sMrab;RKb;plitpl TMnji b¤ esva .
- rebobplit nig kalbriecäTénkarplit kareRbI b¤kareRbIR)as;plitpl .
RKb;TrM g;énkarpSayBaNiCk¢ mμ RtUv)anhamXat; RbsinebIvabMPn½ þ naM[yl;xsu minBit TMngCaeFV[I mankarRcLM GMBI
KuNPaB nig suvtßPi aB rbs;plitpl TMnji esva enAeBlEdlvaTak;TgeTAnwgGV²I dUcxageRkamenH ³
- karrMBgw GMBpI litpl
- GtþsBaØaN RbePT sarCati TIkEnøgénRbPBedIm KuNPaBCarUbrag b¤ kñgú karciBa©mw GV²I EdlmanenAkñgú
brimaN rebobplit nig kalbriecäTénkarplit .
- kalbriecäTénkarputkMnt;eRbI esckþEI NnaMsrM ab;kareRbIR)as; nig esckþEI cg .
- reboblk; PaBEdlGacrkplitpl)an tMél . nig
- karFanaepSgeTot
GñkpSayBaNiCk¢ mμ Edldak;pSayBaNiCk¢ mμpaÞ l;xnÜø RtUvTTYlxusRtUvCasMxan;bpM tu kñgú zan³eK CaGñkepþmI KMnti .
2>1>6 kardak;pøakKuNPaB nig karbegáItTRmg;EbbbT
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 117

enAtamc,ab;sBIþ KI N u PaB nig suvtßPi aB pøakKWCam:akmYydéTeTot sMrab;sKM al;KN

u PaBrbs;plitpl TMnji b¤esva
Edlm©as;kmμnsþ al b¤ Gñkpþle; sva biTP¢ab;edaysμR½ Kciteþ lIplitpl b¤ esvarbs;BkY eK . karbiTpøakKuNPaBenH KW
eFVeI LIgedIm,ItrM vU eTAtamkarTamTar sMrab;CaB½tm’ anrbs;Gkñ eRbIR)as; eFV[I m©as;kmμnsþ al EklMGplitpl esva
rbs;xnÜø [manlkçN³kan;EtRbesIreLIg nig begánI KuNPaBplitplkñgú Rsuk .
TRmg;srM ab;kN M t;GBM pI aø kKuNPaB RtUvEtkMNt;edayGnuRkitü ¬Rkitü b¤ GnuRkitürbs;rdæaPi)al ¦ eTAtamsMeNIrrbs;
RksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ nig RksYgnanaEdlBak;Bn½ .§ mkTl;eBlenHminTan;manGnuRkitüEbbenHNamYy RtUv)anGnumt½
eLIy . mü:agvijeTotc,ab;)anEcgfa GnuRkwtübec©keTsmYyQut RtUv)anGnumt½ edIm,IGnuvtþbTbBaØtéiþ nc,ab;enH
TaMgRsug .
2>1>7 lkçxNÐtMrUv sþIBIkarkarBarGñkeRbIR)as;
kñgú krNIEdlplitpl TMnji b¤esva GaceFV[I maneRKaHfñak; dl;sxu PaB nig suvtßPi aBrbs;Gkñ eRbIR)as; enaHc,ab; sþBI I
KuNPaB nigsuvtßPi aB tMrvU [karplit kareFVCI nM jY dak;esckþmI yY CUneTAsßab½nmansmtßkci © ehIyRtUvTTYlkar
GnuBaØatþCamun BIsaß b½nEdlmansmtßkci © bnÞab;BkI arBinti üemIlrYcmk. TMnji RtUvbgðajnUvesckþEI NnaMénkareRbI
R)as; CaPasaExμr .
sMrab;karplit karEkéqñ kareFVBI aNiCk¢ mμ plitplTMnji nigesva EdlGacbgárnUveRKaHd¾Fn¶ F; r¶ b¤ EdlGacb:HBal;
dl;sxu PaB suvtßPi aB rbs;Gkñ eRbIR)as;enaH RksYgmansmtßkci G© accat;vFi ankar dUcteTA ³
- hammin[lk; CabeNþaHGasnñ b¤ CaGciéRnþy
- biTRKwHsßanplitCabeNþaHGasnñ b¤ CaGciéRnþy
- ebIcaM)ac;RtUvdkyk rwbGUs b¤ bMpaø jecalplitpl
RksYgmansmtßkci © GacecjRbkasbBa¢a[ GgÁPaBnItbi Ku lÁ nigrUbvnþbKu lÁ eFVkI arEkERbd¾caM)ac; edIm,I[RsbeTAtam
lkçxNÐtrM vU sþBI KI N u PaB nig suvtßPi aB. R)ak;cNM ayEdlekItman kñgú karpSay esckþRI Bman b¤ viFankarRbugRby½tñ
Camun kñgú kareRbIR)as; k¾dcU CakarsM[u eFVkI arEkERb dl;plitplEdlmanvikarb¤ karsgéføTji TaMgRsugmYy EpñkenaH
CabnÞkú rbs;GgÁPaBEdlTTYlxusRtUv .
2>1>8 eTasbBaØtþi cMeBaHkarminRbRBwtþtam
Pñak;garRtYtBinti ü GacXat;xnÜø CabeNþaHGasnñ cat;vFi ankaredIm,IeFV[I mankarGnuvtþtamkarENnaMsarCafμI rwbGUsyk
RBmTaMgbMpaø jplitpl nigTMnji ecal k¾dcU CatMrvU [esva manlkçN³Rsbtamnitvi Fi I énc,ab;sBIþ KI N u PaB nig
suvtßPi aB. viFankarTaMgenHGacGnuvtþedayeCaKC½y)an edayPñak;garRtYtBinüi bnÞab;BmI ankarGnuBaØatþBRI bFansßab½n
rbs;BkY eK nig BIRBHraCGaCJa extþ¼Rkug Etb:eu NÑaH .
buKlÁ EdlrkeTAeXIjfamankMhsu bMBanelIc,ab;sBIþ KI N u PaB suvtßPi aB ehIyxkxanmin)anEktRmUvPaBxusqÁgenaH
kñgú ry³eBlkMnt; GacmaneTasbBaØtiþ CakarBiny½ CaR)ak;erolExμrBI %00 000 eTA !0 000 000 nig ¼ b¤ Cab;Bn§
FanaKarBI ¬!¦Ex dl; ¬!¦qñaM eTAtamsßanTm¶né; nbTelμsI . ebImni ragcalkarBiny½ nigkardak; TNÐkmμRBhμTNÐ RtUv
118 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

EtbegánI eTVdg edayminKitdl;bT]RkidFæ n¶ F; r¶ epSgeTot EdlbNþal[mankar)at;bg;CrI ti suxPaB nigsuvtßPi aB rbs;Gkñ

eRbIR)as; .
2>2 bTbBa¢abnÞab;bnSM
esckþBI si aþ rGMBkI ardak;paø k niglkçxNÐtrM vU [mankarkt;RtanUvRbPBedIménTMnji RtUv)anEcgenAkñgú bTbBa¢abnÞab;bnSM
epSgeTot rYmmandUcteTA ³
- Rbkas ¬karRbkaspSay¦ elx 963¼PRK/MIME cuHéf¶ 9 vickiä a qña1M 999 sþBI kI arcuHbBa¢I plitpl
]sSahkmμ.
- Rbkaselx 329¼PRK/MOC cuHéf¶TI 29 kkþda qña1M 999 sþBI I viFankarTb;Tl;ngw plitplcMNGI ahar
EdlKμankardak;paø k ya:gRtwmRtUvelIkarevcx©b; .
- Rbkaselx 143/PRK/MOC cuHéf¶ 21 mifnu a qña1M 999 sþBI kI arecj viBaØabnb½RtRbPBedIm/ viky½ b½Rt
BaNiCk¢ mμ/ nigGaCJab½NnÑ aMecj sMrab;plitpl CasMelokbMBak; .
2>2>1 karcuHbBa¢Iplitpl]sSahkmμkñúgRsuk
eyagtamRbkas ¬esckþRI bkas ¦elx 963 rbs;RksYg]sShkmμ Er: nigfamBl RKb;Rkumh‘nu eragcRk shRKas/
nigsib,kmμ RtUv)antMrvU [cuHbBa¢pI litplrbs;BKY eK munnwgdak;plitplTaMgenH [eFVcI racrenAelITpI Sar. eKal
bMNgénbTbBa¢aenH KWedIm,IeFV[I manpøakya:gRtwmRtUv elIplitpl]sSahkmμ RsbeTAtambmaNIy¼ maRtdæanCati
nig edIm,IeCosvagplitplEkøgbnøM .
viBaØabnb½RtCapøvÚ karmYy énkarcuHbBa¢RI tUv)anecj[ bnÞab;BGI kñ cuHbBa¢eI XIjfa sMNÉMu ksar nig plitplEdlEcg
xagelImanlkçN³RtwmRtUv ehIyRsbtamlkçxNÐtrM vU . karpSayBaNiCk¢ mμénplitpl]sSahkmμ tammeFüa)ay
NamYy GacRtUv)anGnuBaØat[ luHRtaEtplitpl]sSahkmμenaH )ancuHbBa¢rI cY ehIy CamYyRksYg]Sahkmμ Er: nig
kardakB; aküsMu cHu bBapI¢ lti pl]sSahkmμ RtvU RsbeTAtamTRmgE; bbbT dcU teTA ³
1 T‘ Rmg;EbbbTEdl)anbMeBjeBjelj nig )andak;Tku kñgú sMNÉuM ksar 1 c,ab;
2 pþlK; rM éU nBRgagpøak EdlnwgRtUvbiTelIkBa©bp; litpl 10 c,ab;
3 pþlv; Bi aØabnb½Rt énkarcuHbBa¢I ma:k nig BaNiCn¢ am ¬ftcmøg¦ 1V c,ab;
4 bBa¢eI QμaH nigbmaNIy énFnFansMPar³ EdleRbIenAkñgú karplitenaH 1 c,ab;
5 pþln; vU rUbPaB¼bøge; Kal² énRbB½npæ litkmμ 1 c,ab;
6 pþln; vU plitplKMrmU yY cMnnY sMrab;karBinti üemIl enAmnÞrI BiesaFn_ nigsMNÉuM ksar ¬ebIRtUvkar ¦
7 dak;kgúñ sMNÉuM ksar¼kt;RtaCapøvÚ kar nUvkarFanasMrab;plitpl bmaNIy¼maRtdæan 1 c,ab;
8 bg;éføQlÜñ Epñkrdæ)al nigkarBinti ü naTIBei saFn_ ;
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 119

famBl .
2>2>2 viFankarTb;Tl;nwgplitplcMNIGaharEdlKμanpøakRtwmRtUvelIkBa©b;
Rbkaselx 329 rbs;RksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ )anhamXat; elIkarnaMclU kareFVcI racr karlk; nigkardak;taMglk;
plitpl cMNGI ahar EdlKμanpøakBaNiCn¢ amRtwmRtUv elIkBa¢b; b¤BaNiCn¢ amrbs;va minRsbeTAtamlkçxNÐ tMrvU rbs;
c,ab;edayminKitGMBKI N u PaB/ suxPaB/ nigsuvtßPi aB énsarFatueLIy .
GñknaMclU RtUv)antMrvU [bMeBjeTAtamlkçxNÐtrM vU Epñkc,ab; dUcteTA ³
- RtUvdak;eQμaHplitpl .
- eQμaH¼Gas½ydæan rbs;Gkñ TTYlxusRtUv cMeBaHplitpl ¬Gñkplit/ Gñkevcx©b/; Gñkru/M b¤ BaNiCk¢ r ¦ .
- RbPB .
- elxLÚt_ nig kalbriecäT énkarplit .
- kalbriecäT putkMNt;eRbI .
- GgÁFatupSM .
- esckþEI NnaM sMrab;kareRbIR)as; ¬enAeBlEdlGacGnuvtþ)an ¦.
- GaCJab½NBÐ RI ksYgmansmtßkci E© dlBak;Bn½ m§ nu cracrplitpl ¬ebItrM vU [man nigsMrab;plitplkñgú Rsuk¦.
bTbBa¢aenH k¾hampgEdr cMeBaHkarlk;paø k Edle)aHBumT< ku Camun sMrab;plitplcMNGI aharCak;lak;myY cMnnY .
plitplcMNGI aharNamYy EdleFVcI racrrYceTAehIy b¤ dak;taMglk;edayKμanpøak b¤manpøak b¤ BaNiCn¢ am Edl
minRsbtamlkçxNÐtrM vU dUcmanEcgxagelI RtUvEtbBa©nÚ Rtlb;eTA[m©as;vji sMrab;eFVkI arEktMrvU [RsbtamviFan
nigbTbBa¢aEdlRKb;RKgelIpaø k nigBaNiCn¢ am . kñgú krNI plitplcMNGI ahar minRsbtamlkçxNÐtrM vU GMBKI N u PaB
ya:
I gRtwmRtUveTenaH eKGacrwbGUs nigbMpaø jecal b¤ dwkRtlb;TnM ji enaHeTARbPBedImvij ¬sMrab;TnM ji naMclU ¦ .
III. c,ab;Bak;B½n§eTAnwgma:kBaNiC¢nam nigGMeBIénkarRbkYtRbECgmin
esμaHRtg;
3>1 eKalbM N g ni g kardak; B aküsu M
c,ab;maneKalbMNg nwg eFVdI cU teTA ³
1- pþlk; ci d© eM NIrkar ¬viFkI ar¦ kñgú karcuHbBa¢I nig])aRs½y ¬viFankaredaHRsay¦ sMrab;karBarkmμsTi bi§ BaØa
EdlsÁal;faCama:k .
2- pþl]; )aRs½y ¬viFankaredaHRsay¦ sMrab;karBarsiTkæi mμsTi bæi BaØaEdlBak;Bn½ § EdlsÁal;faCaBaNiCn¢ am .
3- pþl]; )aRs½yTb;Tl;ngw GMeBIénkarRbkYtRbECgminesμaHRtg; .
c,ab;RtUv)anerobcMeLIgvij edIm,IedayBicarNaBIkarxVlx; aV y nigkarRbtibtþki gúñ kardak;BaküsuM Biess cMeBaHRbeTs
km<Cú a. Ca]TahrN_ c,ab;trM vU [cuHbBa¢I ma:k edIm,ITTYl)annUvkick© arBareRkam])aRs½y Edlc,ab;esIpñ lþ [; . k¾bEu: nþ
edayTTYlsÁal;fa karcuHbBa¢eI lIkmμsTi bæi BaØarbs;RbeTskm<Cú a enAmanlkçN³fμRI sLag ehIyma:kCaeRcInEdl
120 karBnül; nig]TahrN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;sþIBIshRKasBaNiC¢kmμ

l,Il,aj enAkñgú RbeTsepSg² k¾kBM gu EtRtUv)an cuHbBa¢eI nATIenH c,ab;kT¾ TYlsÁal;pgEdr nUv])aRs½ysMrab;ma:k Edl
l,Il,ajEtminTan;)ancuHbBa¢.I
Ca]TahrN_myY eTot c,ab;plþ n; vU karkarBar dl;BaNiCn¢ am edayminKitfaetI BaNiCk¢ mμenaHtUv)ancuHbBa¢eI hIy b¤
enAeT. dUecñH BaNiCk¢ rkñgú Rsukmñak; Gac)anTTYlkarkarBar nig])aRs½yeRkamc,ab;enH sMrab;eQμaHGaCIvkmμ
rbs;Kat; eTaHbICaKat; mincMNayR)ak;ya:geRcIn eTAelIkarcuHbBa¢I cMeBaHma:kk¾eday . dUcKñaEdr namrbs;Rkumh‘nu
breTsmYYy nwgRtUv)ankarBarnaeBlEdleRbIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. GBa©gw sUm,IEtKμankarcuHbBa¢cI MeBaHma:k b¤
BaNiCn¢ amk¾eday k¾kareRbIBaNiCn¢ ambMPn½ § minsmrmü nwgRtUv)anhamXat; ehIynwgsßti enAeRkamGMNacrbs;
])aRs½y Edlc,ab;enH )anpþl[; .
3>2 niymn½y nigGMeBICak;lak;énkarRbkYtRbECgminesμaHRtg; ³
maRta 22 mankarhamXat; ya:gTUlTM lU ay nUvGMeBInanaénkarRbkYtRbECg Edlcat;Tku faxusc,ab; eBalKW pÞyú eTA
nwgkarGnuvtþne_ dayeTogRtg; enAkñgú kareFVBI aNiCk¢ mμ b¤ ]sSahkmμ . niymn½yenH tMrvU [man {karGnuvtþn_ eday
eTogRtg; } edaymankarGnuvtþnC_ aTUeTA enAkñgú ]sSahkmμ BaNiCk¢ mμCaxñat sMrab;vas;Evg.
maRta 23 EcgBIGeM BICak;lak;nana énkarRbkYtRbECgminesμaHRtg; Edlc,ab;sBIþ I BaNiCn¢ am)anhamXat;dcU teTA ³
1- ral;GeM BITaMgGs; EdlbNþal[mankarRcLM GMBRI KwHsßan TMnji b¤ skmμPaB BaNiCk¢ mμ b¤ skmμPaB
]sSahkmμ rbs;Gkñ RbkYtRbECg .
2- karecaTRbkan;mni Bit kñgú kicd© eM NIrkarBaNiCk¢ mμ EdlmansarCatiEbbenH edIm,IbgçcÚ dl; RKwHsßan TMnji b¤
skmμPaB BaNiCk¢ mμ b¤ ]sSahkmμ rbs;Gkñ RbkYtRbECg .
3- karbgðaj b¤ karecaTRbkan; EdleRbIkgúñ dMeNIrkarCMnjY TTYlxusRtUvkñgú kareFV[I saFarN³Cn yl;xsu
GMBsI arCati dMeNIrkarkñgú karplit/ lkçN³ brimaN/ b¤ PaBsmrmü sMrab;eKalbMNgén TMnji .
3>3 viFankarbeNþaHGasnñ
CMBkU 9 énc,ab;enH KUsbBa¢ak;nvU cMncu sMxan;² éndIkabeNþaHGasnñ EdltulakarGacnwgecj edIm,IecosvagnUvkar
bMBan b¤ edIm,IrkSaPsþtú ag Tak;Tni eTAnwgkarbMBanEdleKecaT. tulakarGacecjdIkar CaviFankarbeNþaHGasnñmyY
eday Kμanpþld; l;PaKImaç geTot nUv»kasnwgi sþab; [Et ³ ¬1¦ tulakarcat;Tku fa kal³eTs³TaMgenH KWsmrmü ehIy
edayELk enAeBlEdlkarBnüaeBlNamYyenaH TMngCabgá[mankarxUcxat minGacCYsCul)an dl;Gkñ kan;kab;sTi æi
b¤ vaGacbgðaj[eXIj nUvPaBRbfuyRbfanmYyEdl faPsþtú agenaH nwgRtUv)anbMpaø j . ¬2¦ Gñkdak;Bakü pþl; ³
¬k¦ edaysmehtuplnUvPsþtú agEdlykmkeRbI)anedIm,IbeM BjesckþRI tUvkarrbs;tlu akar ehIyGñkdak;B; aküenaH
KWCaGñkkan;kab;sTi æi ehIysiTræi bs;Gkñ dak;Bakü kMBgu Et b¤ nwgRtUv)aneKbMBan/ nig ¬x¦ R)ak;Fana b¤ karFanaEdl
mantMélesμKI añ dUcEdltulakartMrvU edIm,IkarBarcugecaT nig raraMgdl;karrMelaP .
3>4 viFankartamRckRBMEdn³
nItvi Fi I Edl)anbegánI eLIgkñgú CMBkU 10 manbMNgcg;[køayCameFüa)aymYy Edltamry³enaH kariyal½ycuHbBa¢I
karBnül; nig]TarN_³ eKalkarN_mUldæanénc,ab;shRKasBaNiC¢kmμ 121

nig Ky GacTak;TgKña nigeFVsI hRbtibtþki arCamYyKña eTAkñgú kardak;ma:k[Rbtibtþti am EdlkMBgu Etqøgkat;RBMEdn

rbs;RbeTskm<Cú a .
3>4>1 lkçxNÐtMrUvGMBIBaküsMu nig R)ak;Fana
BaküsuM edIm,Ipa¥ kkarCMrHbBa¢TI nM ji EdlsgS½yfaCaTMnji Ekøgkøay CabeNþaHGasnñmyY ry³ Gacdak;CnU eTAKy
GaCJaFrmansmtßkci / b¤ tulakar edaym©as;rbs;BaNiCn¢ am Edl)ancuHbBa¢I enAkñgú RbeTskm<Cú a . Gñkdak;BaküsuM
RtUvEtpþln; vU Psþtú agCak;Esþg EdlfaTMnji enaHKWRtUv)anEkøgbnø.M mRnþI b¤ tulakar Edl)anTTYlBaküenaH RtUv
CUndMNgw dl;Gkñ dak;Baküvij kñgú rvagry³eBl 10éf¶ faetIBaküsueM naH RtUv)anyl;RBm[ bJ Rcanecal b¤rkSaTuk
sMrab;eFVkI arBicarNamYyry³sin . ebIyl;RBm[ vaRtUvEtcUlCaFrman sMrab;GLM gú eBlmYyEdlbBa©ak;enAkñgú
esckþsI eM rcdl;karyl;RBmenaH . Gñkdak;BaküesñsI uM GacRtUvtMrvU [pþlC; aR)ak;Fanad¾smehtupl b¤ karFanaman
tMélesμKI añ edIm,IkarBarGñknaMclU GñkTTYlTMnji Tuklk; GñknaeMcj/ b¤ m©as;TnM ji .
3>4>2 nItiviFIenATIcat;karKy ³
enAeBlEdlBaküsupM a¥ k RtUv)anyl;RBm[Pøam enaHnItvi Fi I EdlKyRtUveFVtI am mankMNt;Rsab;enAkñgú maRtaBI 39 dl;
41 . TImyY karCMrHbBa¢RI tUv)anp¥ak . TIBrI KyRtUvCUndMNgw dl;Gkñ naMclU Gñkdak;BaküsupM a¥ k nig ehtuplrbs;va .
GñknaMclU k¾RtUv)aneK[dwgGMBeI QμaH nig Gas½yd§anrbs;Gkñ dak;BaküpgEdr . TIbI Ky nwgedaHElgTMnji kñgú ry³eBl
10éf¶ énéf¶eFVkI arbnÞab;BkI arCUndMNgw GMBkI arp¥ak RtUv)aneFVrI cY ehIy ¬snμtf; a Rsbtamc,ab; nig bBa¢aKy¦ lÁkw NaEt
vaRtUv)anpþlB; t½ m’ anfa bNþgw Castüanm½tmYy RtUv)anpþcÜ epþmI eLIg eRkABIcgu ecaT b¤ mYyfa viFankarbeNþaHGasnñ RtUv
)anykmkeRbIehIy . ebImankarpþcÜ epþmI dak;bNþgw mYy eBlenaHcugecaTmansiTæi nigbkRsay ehIyesckþsI eM rcmYy
RtUvEt)aneFVeI LIgkñgú ry³eBld¾smehtupl . Gñkkan;kab;sTi æi GñknaMclU / b¤ GñknaMecj GacGnuBaØatþ[Binti üTMnji
nary³eBlEdlp¥ak ehIyk¾GacdkykKMrnU anaeTABinti üemIl eFVkI arBiesaFn_ nig eFVkI arviPaK edIm,IkN M t;fa etIvaEkøg
bnøEM mn b¤ minEmn . RbsinebITnM ji enaH rkeTAeXIjfa EkøgbnøEM mn KyRtUv)anGnuBaØatþ [pþld; l;Gkñ kan;kab;sTi æi nUv
eQμaH nig Gas½yd§anrbs;PaKIenaH brimaNTMnji nig ÉksarEdldak;bgwþ enAkEnøgKy edayrab;TaMgÉksarén karnaM
cUl naMecjBImnu ² énTMnji dUcKñaenHpg . Gñkdak;Bakü GacRtUv)anbBa¢a[bg;R)ak;TTU at;ya:gsmrmü[eTAm©as;TnM ji
GñknaMclU GñknaMecj b¤ GñkTTYlTMnji Tuklk; RbsinebIBkY eK )anXat;TnM ji TaMgenaH edayminRtwmRtUv .
*****