EOI_IN3 - Tema 2.

1: London: All hard work brings

a profit

London: All hard work brings a profit

Inglés Nivel Intermedio B1

Enseñanzas
Oficiales de Lesson
Idiomas

London
All hard work brings a profit

Focus on

Tom has decided to get a job, as he is running short of money. There are plenty of
opportunities in London. In the following lessons we will talk about work and jobs.

What are the highest paying jobs? And the worst

paid ones? Leading the list of the jobs that pay
the most are medical and health related
positions. Other careers which pay well include
legal, engineering, management and information
technology occupations.

While your salary can vary drastically based on your Imagen de Waldo Jaqulth en Flickr. Licencia CC
geographic location, experience level, and the
company you work for, there are a number of occupations that earn consistently low
salaries. These jobs are very diverse - they include jobs in industries ranging from
entertainment to transportation to health care - yet they have a number of similarities
as well.
Many of the jobs typically pay by the hour; many are service jobs that require tipping;
many require (or recommend) high school diplomas; and most offer on-the-job training.
Some of the worst paid jobs are fast food and counter workers, cashiers, waiters,
childcare workers, cleaners and agricultural workers.

Read this article about the top earning professions in Britain.

What do you think are the top paid jobs in Spain?

Top tips

What is the difference between work and job?

i) job = noun (countable)

I've got a really good job at the airport. I'm looking for a job.

The normal question to ask about someone's employment =What do you do? I'm a
doctor/chef .

It can also refer to a specific task that you have to do; a task that requires work and a
task that you can specifically identify. For example,

I have a few jobs to do at home this weekend. I need to paint my bedroom, fix a broken
door and cut the grass.

ii) work= noun (uncountable) and verb

All jobs involve work but doing work isn’t always part of a job. For example, someone
can spend the weekend working in their garden, perhaps cutting the grass or planting
new flowers. However, this is a free time activity, and so it is not his or her job.

Another use of work ( verb)= to describe how a machine functions, or operates:

Can someone show me how the photocopier works? I don’t know how to use it.

You can use it to say if the machine is functioning correctly:

 Don’t try to use that computer. It doesn’t work. We are waiting for the engineer to
fix it.

Note that work as a countable noun = for art:

This painting is an exquisite work of art.

In the plural, it is used to talk about building/repairing roads, bridges , etc.

Warning. Drive slowly- works ahead

Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/language/askaboutenglish/2009/03/090331_aae_work_page.shtml

Do it yourself

Imagen de Chris Brown en

Flickr. Licencia CC

Match words and definitions.

A skilled kind of work in which you make

1. job
or do things with your hands

Work done regularly to earn money, 2.

either for an employer or for yourself occupation

A kind of work for which you need special

3. trade
training and a good education

The word used in forms to ask what you 4.

do or what you are profession
What you do to earn your living, 5. career
especially if you work for someone else

A type of work that you do or hope to do

6. work
for most of your life
1. Work is a four- letter word

Focus on

The phrase "four-letter word" refers to a set of English-language words written with four
letters which are considered profane. The "four-letter" claim refers to the fact that a
large number of English "swear words" are incidentally four-character monosyllables.
This description came into use during the first half of the twentieth century.

Do it yourself

The following B-side by the Smiths is a cover of Liverpudlian singer Cilla Black's "Work
Is a Four- Letter Word". Smiths frontman Morrissey was very insistent on covering the
track, incurring guitarist Johnny Marr's wrath, who later said, post-split, "That was the
last straw, really. I didn't form a group to perform Cilla Black songs". The song has,
since then, born the blame for the dissolution of The Smiths. Fans have always
considered this to be the second worst of their songs, the worst being "Golden lights",
also a cover, this time of the 60s pop singer Twinkle.

Listen to the song and fill in the gaps with the missing words.

Enlace a recurso reproducible >> https://www.youtube.com/embed/Y8GSXtNcCIs

The Smiths__Work Is A Four-Letter Word (…

(…
Vídeo alojado en YouTube

Loving you is driving me

People say that you were born

'Cause you say that

Work is a four-letter word

So your life

There is so much I know

That you can do

Come and see ...

And take all of this love

That is waiting for you

If you stay

I'll stay right you

And my love

May help to you

To forget that

Work is a four-letter word

I don't need

A house that's a

I just
That we're going no place

While you say that

Work is a four-letter word

This is the song performed by Cilla Black:

Enlace a recurso reproducible >> http://www.youtube.com/embed/EJQWxFv_8_g

Cilla Black - Work Is A Four-Letter Word (1…

(1…

Vídeo alojado en YouTube

And here is a comparison of the lyrics sang by both singers.

The song was actually written for a 1968 film of the same title starring Cilla Black.
1.1. What do you do?

Focus on

Here you have some names of jobs:

Job vocabulary with pronunciation

Watch a video about how to talk about jobs and occupations.

Enlace a recurso reproducible >> http://www.youtube.com/embed/fcKniJHVQ3w

Talking about Jobs and Occupations i…

i…

Vídeo alojado en YouTube

Do it yourself

Do you remember the names of the jobs for the following descriptions?
Look after patients

Look after people's

animals

Carry other people's

bags and luggage

Look after
passengers

Bake bread

Meet and greet

visitors

Organise and repair

technical equipment

Serve people food

and drink

Clean and tidy

rooms

Judge and sentence

people

Teach people

Operate on people
who are sick

Sell goods and look

after customers

Prepare and cook

food

Arrange
appointments, type
letters and organise
meetings

Look after people's

teeth
Look after people's
health

Look after the

finances in an
organisation

Serve drinks

Design, make, alter

or repair garments

Shave men's beards

and cut men's hair

Look after people's

eye sight

Defend and
prosecute people

Prepare and sell

meat

Cut and style

people's hair

Prepare and sell fish

1.2. What the job is like

Focus on

There are many different ways to express leaving or losing a job.

To Leave your job:

To resign | To quit | To leave your job = to give up a job or position by telling your
employer that you are leaving.

To retire = to leave your job or stop working because of old age or ill health.

To Lose your job:

To be dismissed/fired/sacked | To get the sack | To lose your job = to be asked to leave

a job, usually because you have done something wrong or badly, or sometimes as a way
of saving the cost of employing you.

To be made redundant/to be laid off = to lose your job because your employer no
longer needs you.

Source: http://www.learnenglish.de/vocabulary/jobs.html#sthash.tY3owIC8.dpuf

Do it yourself

Match words and meanings.

1. Money paid to
a manual worker,
fee usually
calculated hourly
and paid weekly

2. Money added
Imagen de The All-Nite Images en Flickr. tip to pay, usually as
Licencia CC a reward for good
work

3. Money that is
perks paid for extra
hours of work

4. Money paid
every month, but
referred to as
wages annual earnings
paid to
professional and
managerial staff

5. Small sum
given to reward
overtime the services of
people like taxi
drivers or waiters

6. Money paid to
a professional
salary person (doctor,
lawyer...) for
given advice

7. Advantages
offered in
addition to salary
(life insurance,
bonus
retirement
scheme,
company car,
etc.)

Do it yourself
 Imagen de Napoleon Cole en Flickr. Licencia CC

Match words and meanings.

a. I've just got a promotion at work. I'm going to be the new manager.

b. And I'm also getting a raise. I'll earn $5,000 more a year.

c. John's a workaholic. He's still in the office-and it's 7 o'clock on Saturday

evening!

d. I'm 64 so I'm going to retire next year. I'll probably go and live by the
beach.

e. The workers have decided to go on strike to ask for more pay and holiday.

f. If you arrive late for work again, you'll probably get fired.

g. Every morning you see trains full of commuters coming into London from
the towns around.

h. Mary has just had a baby so she's going on maternity leave.

i. "Where's Joe?" "He's on sick leave. Apparently he's not very well at all."

j. I can't work like this. I resign. You'll have to find someone else to do this
job.

To dismiss from a job

Period of absence for a female employee when

having a baby

Leave a job voluntarily

Leave employment because of age

Absence because of illness

One that travels regularly from one place to another,

as from suburb to city and back

An advancement in position
An increase in salary

A person who is addicted to work

Refusal to work organized by a body of employees as

a form of protest
1.3. Being happy

Focus on

Happiness

"I asked the professors who teach the meaning of life to tell me what is happiness.

And I went to famous executives who boss the work of thousands of men.

They all shook their heads and gave me a smile as though I was trying to fool with
them

And then one Sunday afternoon I wandered out along the Desplaines river

And I saw a crowd of Hungarians under the trees with their women and children and a
keg of beer and an accordion."

Carl Sandburg. Chicago Poems. (1916)

Enlace a recurso reproducible >> http://www.youtube.com/embed/y6Sxv-sUYtM

Vídeo alojado en YouTube

Reading Activity

Money does not necessarily bring happiness

The economist Richard Easterlin found a paradox: high incomes do correlate with
happiness, but long term, increased income doesn’t correlate with increased happiness.

Researchers examined 37 countries over the long term (measurements were made over
22 years) and found that happiness ratings within a country didn't increase with income.
In China, South Korea, and Chile, per capita income doubled is less than two decades
yet all these countries showed slight declines in happiness. Easterlin said "We may
need to focus policy on urgent personal concerns such as health and family life, rather
than on the mere escalation of material goods."

Money is surprisingly not particularly important once you have enough to meet all your
basic requirements. Extra money doesn't make you much happier. A pay rise does make
you happy but only for a short while as you quickly become adapted to it. This is
because we rapidly get used to what we have.

According to a recent survey, some of the

happiest graduate jobs are (in order):

doctor
dentist
armed forces
teachers
leisure & tourism jobs
journalists
accountants
Imagen de Erno Hannink en Flickr. Licencia CC
lawyers
marketing
PR & advertising staff
nurses
HR staff
architects
computing staff
bankers

Some of the least happy professions are apparently:

social workers
civil servants
estate agents
secretaries
administrators

Some of the factors at work here are probably people contact, money, job security &
autonomy.

The main factors that make us happy at work are:

Autonomy. Autonomy means having some control over your work: managing your
own time and making decisions on what you do.
Mastery. Mastery means being able to use and improve the skills that you enjoy
using.
 Purpose. Purpose involves making a difference, understanding that what you do
has value and having goals that you believe in.

Other factors which contribute to happiness and motivation include:

Having a variety of tasks to do.

Getting positive feedback on your performance.
Having challenges which stretch you (but not to the point where you get highly
stressed!).
Being able to work on a product or service from start to finish e.g. a builder who
builds a house.
Having friends at work.
Working in an environment that allows you to focus on your work without being
distracted.
Living close to where you work. The longer your commute to work, the less happy
you are likely to be, and people who are able to walk or cycle to work are likely to
be even happier: the exercise they get will have an impact but also the lack of
stress of sitting in traffic jams or waiting for a late train. In short, they are in
control of their journey to work.

On the other hand, factors reducing happiness at work include:

Commuting
Long working hours
Having to relocate to a new area to get a job (as you lose some contact with
friends and relatives)
Tight deadlines
Lack of control
Being unemployed
Sources: https://medicalxpress.com/news/2010-12-haul-money-doesnt-happiness-easterlin.html

https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/autonomy-mastery-purpose.htm

It's time to speak!

Answer the following questions. Talk between 3 and 4 minutes.

Are you a happy person?

 What is happiness for you? Do you think that happiness lies within you? Or does
it depend upon other people and external things?
What makes you feel happy? What was the happiest time in your entire life?
What makes you unhappy? What's the most miserable situation you've ever been
to?
How can you become happy again when you are sad?

Do it yourself

Listen to the text about the happiest people in the world and answer the questions.

A new study says Australians are the world’s happiest people.

True False

True

Interviewers conducted 30,000 telephone interviews.

True False

False

Egyptians and Indians were among the top five happiest populations.

True False

True

Hungary's inhabitants were the least happy.

 True False

True

The survey showed that money can buy happiness.

True False

False

Unemployed people were shown to be surprisingly happy.

True False

False

The survey found that the older we become, the happier we are.

True False

False

Material comforts do not make us so happy.

True False

True
1.4. Bad or bard

Work in pairs

Ask about someone's job; if possible, ask one of your course mates. You have to
find out at least the following information:

Job title
Position held
Working hours
Contract or freelance
Holidays frequency
Salary

Possible questions:

What do you do? Imagen de Quinn Dombrowski en Flickr. Licencia CC

What is your job?
What position do you hold?/where do you
work?
How many hours a day do you work?/What hours do you work?
Do you work full- or part-time?
Do you work under contract or are you freelance?
Are you covered by a contract or are you self-employed?
How much holiday do you get?
How much do you make/earn?
Do you earn a good salary?

Spanish speakers tend to have difficulty with the sounds /æ/ and /a:/, as there is only
one sound for the written vowel "a" in their language.

To make the sound /æ/, your mouth should be open and your tongue should be down at
the front of your mouth. It is a short vowel.The sound /a:/ is more open and pronounced
towards the back. It is a long vowel.

Here you have a video on how to pronounce these sounds:

Enlace a recurso reproducible >> http://www.youtube.com/embed/qVhaIHk88a8

English Pronunciation – Short Vowel - …

Vídeo alojado en YouTube

Enlace a recurso reproducible >> http://www.youtube.com/embed/uDHMuMQdBNw

English Pronunciation – Long Vowel - /…

/…

Vídeo alojado en YouTube

Try saying both words in the minimal pairs below and make sure your pronunciation of
each is different, for example by looking at your mouth shape in the mirror.

am / arm
can / can't
chat / chart
hat / heart
ham / harm
had / hard
cat / cart
ant / aren't
bad / bard

Let’s practice!

"My hard-hearted aunt had a fat cat in her flat."

2. Greetings

Imagen de Lightsurgery en Flickr. Licencia CC

In English (as in all languages), there are different ways to greet people in formal and
informal situations.

Formal Greetings: Arriving

Good morning / afternoon / evening.

Hello (name), how are you?
Good day Sir / Madam (very formal)

Informal Greetings: Arriving

Hi / Hello
How are you?
What's up? (very informal)
How are you doing? (very informal)

It's important to note that the question "How are you?" or "What's up?" doesn't
necessarily need a response. If you do respond, these phrases are generally expected:

Very well, thank you. And you? (formal)

Fine / Great (informal)

Formal Greetings: Departing

 Good morning / afternoon / evening.
It was a pleasure seeing you.
Goodbye.

Note: After 8 p.m. - Good night.

Informal Greetings: Departing

Goodbye / Bye.
See you (later).
Later (very informal).

Culture counts

Whassup? was a commercial campaign for Budweiser beer from 1999 to 2002. The
campaign was run worldwide and the expression became a pop culture catchphrase.
The phrase itself is a slur of the phrase "What's up?".

The first spot aired during Monday Night Football, one of the highest-rated prime
time commercial network television series ever, in December 20, 1999:

Enlace a recurso reproducible >> http://www.youtube.com/embed/OWgXXyL3vEI

Budweiser "Wassup?" 1999

Vídeo alojado en YouTube

Here is one of the spots with a twist to it:

Enlace a recurso reproducible >> http://www.youtube.com/embed/GiqGCghbczk

BUD Geek What Are You Doing?

Vídeo alojado en YouTube

The film Scary Movie (2000) parodied the ad throughout the film:

Enlace a recurso reproducible >> http://www.youtube.com/embed/41RFw9aqIxM

Scary Movie- Wass Up

Vídeo alojado en YouTube

Six years later, another version of the ad was made with the same cast, called Wassup
2008. The 2-minute short film was heavily critical of the presidency of George W. Bush
and was a clear endorsement of the presidential campaign of Barack Obama:

Enlace a recurso reproducible >> http://www.youtube.com/embed/ZgGw0h4eHRw

Wassup 2008 || Original

Vídeo alojado en YouTube

Mediation

Imagen de antonbe en Pixabay. Licencia Pixabay

Your American friend Tom is coming to spend three months in Spain. You recommend
using the Whatsapp app. But he doesn't know it. Record an audio for him and explain
how it works and how he can download it.

Talk for about 3 to 4 minutes.

3. That is the question

Focus on

"To be, or not to be, that is the question"

William Shakespeare

Watch this video of the Hamlet soliloquy performed by Davis Tennant:

Enlace a recurso reproducible >> http://www.youtube.com/embed/jgTyg5FoqE8

Vídeo alojado en YouTube

Here you have the original words and a modern English translation.

QUESTIONS

Imagen de Alexander Henning Drachman en Flickr. Licencia CC

When learning a language, you soon need to ask a lot of questions. This is what we are
learning here, to ask questions.

Yes/no questions

These begin with an auxiliary or modal verb (is, are, do, does, can, etc.) followed by the
subject. We usually answer these questions with yes or no.
Negative questions are formed with "not", but there is a difference in the word order
between the short form and the full form.

Full form: Auxiliary + Subject + Not + Verb. Do you not like the working hours?
Short form: Auxiliary+n't + Subject + Verb. Don't you like the working hours?

We use negative questions in speech:

- To ask for confirmation.

This is a great restaurant! Wouldn't it be nice to come here more often?

- To express surprise, admiration or annoyance.

Don't you know how to make a reservation?

Isn't she a great guide?

Can't you be quiet for one minute?

Wh-questions

Wh- questions begin with a question word (Who / Whose / What / Which / When /
Where / Why / How).

Who -for people: Who's that?

Whose for possession: Whose (pencil) is this?
What is to ask about things: What is your favourite colour? (there are many
different types of colour) What day is it?
Which is used alone, before nouns, before "one/ones" or before "of", to ask about
people, animals or things. It is normally used when there is only a limited choice
of answers: Which of these is your pencil? Which colour do you prefer, red or
blue? (there is a limited choice of colours)
Where is for places: Where were you born?
When is used to ask about time and dates:. When do we need to go home? When
were you born?
Why is used to ask about reasons: Why are you here?
How is used alone or before an adjective or an adverb to ask about manner: How
do you get to school? How tall are you?

Normal word order: Question Word + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb?

How often do you have coffee?

Where does he live?

In Object questions, if a verb is followed by a preposition, the preposition usually

comes at the end of the sentence.

Where are you from?

 Who are you talking to?

Subject questions (who, what, which, how many)

If the question word is the subject of the sentence, we don't use the auxiliary verb or
invert.

"Who works at the Paris office? "John (works at the Paris office)"
Which costs more, the red or the white?
What can fix holes in walls?
How many people came to class today? (compare: How many people did you see?
- Here, you is the subject so we use an auxiliary

Write suitable questions for these answers.

. We're going to Brighton.

. We're going sightseeing.
. We're leaving on 23rd October.
. I'm going with Christopher.
. We are staying at a youth hostel.
. I only need ₤500.
. The flight costs ₤250.
. We are going to the airport by car.
. I'll phone you everyday Imagen de Orin Zebest en Flickr. Licencia CC

. Because I like travelling ;-).

. Where are you going?

. What are you doing there?
. When are you leaving?
. Who are you going with?
. Where are you staying?
. How much money do you need?
. How much does the flight cost?
. How are you going to the airport?
. How often will you phone me?
. Why do you travel so often?
4. London landmarks

Culture counts

London attracts very large numbers of visitors and tourists and can be an expensive
place to visit. However, there is still much you can see and do for free.

Tourist attractions are mainly in Central London. Plan your day well. London is a big
place and, if you are not careful, you may find yourself spending most of the day
travelling.

It's worth booking or getting tickets in advance for any major attractions -including The
Tower of London-, which will save you a lot of time -queues can sometimes take hours-.
You can usually book online at the website of the attraction.

Use the Tube Map to work out how you would travel to the places mentioned below.

The most popular and our favourite attractions are:

Take a ride on the London Eye: the big wheel which gives you a panoramic view of
London. It is the world's highest observation wheel and offers passengers
spectacular views of over 55 of London's most famous landmarks - all in just 30
minutes.
Changing of the guard.
Buckingham Palace and Horse Guards at Whitehall. I prefer Whitehall, as you can
get closer to the guards.
See a musical, they're amazing.
Tower of London and Tower Bridge. Home to the Crown Jewels, the Tower of
London is over a thousand years old.
Hamleys: the world's biggest toy store.
Shop at Piccadilly Circus.
Covent Garden: street entertainment, shopping and nightlife.
Museums and art galleries:

- British Museum - Best museum for History, it's FREE

- Madame Tussauds - Wax models of the famous.

Buckingham Palace, home of the Royal Family.

Take a trip down the Thames to Greenwich and see many sites along the river.
Greenwich is the home of Greenwich Mean Time.

Source: http://www.projectbritain.com/london/attractions/index.htm
 Enlace a recurso reproducible >> http://www.youtube.com/embed/-XhYdiApQJ4

Top 10 London Landmarks

Video alojado en Youtube

Do it yourself

Match the pictures of the landmarks and their names. Write the number.

1 2 3

Imagen de Christian Horcel en

Wikimedia. Licencia CC
Imagen de Siddie Nam en Flickr. bajo
Licencia CC
Imagen de Antony M en
Wikimedia. Licencia CC

4. 5. 6.
 Imagen de Didier B en Imagen de Schalaier en
Imagen de Misterwieiss en Wikimedia. Licencia CC Wikimedia. Dominio público
Wikimedia. Dominio público

Buckingham Palace

Tower Bridge

Westminster Abbey

London Eye

Covent Garden

Trafalgar Square

Reading Activity

Here you can read about different landmarks in London.

4.1. London Bridge

Focus on

Imagen de Suddhu2020 en Flickr. Licencia CC

Although Tom is job-hunting, he is also devoting some time to seeing the sights in
London. Today, he has made the common mistake of mixing up Tower Bridge and
London Bridge.

London Bridge does not have towers. Tower Bridge does! Tower Bridge is the famous
one in all the photos.

Tower Bridge is the most recognisable bridge on the River Thames and is often
mistakenly referred to as “London Bridge”. It has stood over the River Thames in
London since 1894. The bridge was officially opened on 30 June 1894 by The Prince of
Wales (the future King Edward Vll) and his wife, The Princess of Wales. It takes 61
seconds to open Tower Bridge, which opens about 1,000 times a year. Tower Bridge is
the only bridge over the Thames that can be raised as it is a combined bascule
(drawbridge) and suspension bridge. This means that the middle section of the bridge
can be raised to allow river traffic to pass through. The bridge was originally painted in
a chocolate brown colour. Then in 1977, it was painted red, white and blue for the
Queen’s Silver Jubilee.

There have been several incidents on the bridge over the years. In December 1952, the
bridge opened while a number 78 doubledecker bus was on it!

As for London Bridge, there have been three London Bridges:

The first London Bridge was built 1209-1831. It contained houses and shops.
The second by John Rennie, built to replace the original, lasted until 1968, when it
was sold to an American entrepreneur.
The current London Bridge was opened in 1973.

C lt t
 Culture counts

The wrong bridge

In 1962, London Bridge was falling down. Built in 1831, the bridge couldn't handle the
ever-increasing flow of traffic across the Thames River. The British government decided
to put the bridge up for sale, and Robert McCulloch, founder of Lake Havasu City,
Arizona, and Chairman of McCulloch Oil Corporation, submitted the winning bid of
$2,460,000.

The bridge was dismantled, and each stone was numbered. Everything was shipped
10,000 miles to Long Beach, California, and then trucked to Lake Havasu City.
Reconstruction began on September 23, 1968, with a ceremony including the Lord
Mayor of London, who laid the cornerstone. On October 10, 1971, the bridge was
dedicated.

London Bridge crosses a narrow boating channel that connects with Thompson Bay on
the Arizona side of Lake Havasu. Prior to the arrival of London Bridge, the land upon
which the bridge was placed was a peninsula. A large dredge was used to carve a one-
mile channel, removing over two million cubic yards of rock and earth in the
construction phase. Water was then diverted from the lake, under the bridge and then
back into the lake through Thompson Bay.

The problem was that Mr McCulloch got it wrong. He thought he was buying Tower
Bridge!
Sources: http://www.roadtripamerica.com/places/havasu.htm

Enlace a recurso reproducible >> http://www.youtube.com/embed/nI4gNDzRxcQ

 London Bridge is falling down - Meanin…
Meanin…

Vídeo alojado en YouTube

The Wooden Bridge

The 'London Bridge is falling down' nursery rhyme is based on the one of the most
famous landmarks in London. Its history can be traced to the Roman occupation of
England in the first century. The first London Bridge was made of wood and clay and
was fortified or re-built with the various materials mentioned in the children's nursery
rhyme. Many disasters struck the bridges - Viking invaders destroyed the bridge in the
1000's, which led to a fortified design, complete with a drawbridge. Building materials
changed due to the many fires that broke out on the bridge.

The Stone Bridge

The first stone bridge was designed by Peter de Colechurch and built in 1176 and took
33 years to build and featured twenty arches the dimensions of which were sixty feet
high and thirty feet wide and was complete with tower and gates. The flow of the
Thames under the bridge was used to turn water wheels below the arches for grinding
grain. By the 1300's, the bridge contained 140 shops, some of which were more than
three stories high. (The reference to Silver and Gold in the rhyme relates to the trading
which was conducted on the bridge).

London Bridge survived the Great Fire of London in 1666, but its arches and
foundations were weakened. (Buildings with thatched roofs were banned in London
following the Great Fire of 1666 and this ban was only lifted with the construction of the
New Globe Theater in 1994.

The Modern Re-builds!

In the 1820s a new London Bridge was built on another site, north of the old one. This
new bridge opened in 1831 and the old bridge was demolished. In the 1960s yet
another London Bridge was built. The London Bridge of 1831 was transported, stone by
stone, to Lake Havasu in Arizona, USA.
Source: http://www.rhymes.org.uk/london-bridge-is-falling-down.htm

Moving on

Take a virtual tour of London Bridge in the 16th century.

Think for a few minutes about a landmark in the place where you live and talk about it:

Where is it?
What kind of landmark is it? A monument? A landscape feature (valley, mountain,
cliff, etc) ?
Describe it for someone who has never seen it.
Bite size

Questions.

The sounds /æ/ and /a:/.

Words related to work and jobs, small ads and occupations.

Describing jobs.
Greetings and introductions.

Places to visit in London.

The fascinating story of London Bridge.
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