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Full Wave Rectification

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Muhammad Abdullah Zafar Ghauri
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23 views

Full Wave Rectification

Uploaded by

Muhammad Abdullah Zafar Ghauri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electronics Engineering Lab 4th

SEMESTER

Lab Instructor: Engr. Ibrahim Khan


Session: ME-14 Section: C Workstation No: 01
Group Details
Names Registration No. Lab Performance Listen
Lab Report Total
(4) Learnt/
(4) (10)
Viva (2)
Muhammad Abdullah 405642
Zafar Ghauri
Muhammad Ali Tariq 410890
Muhammad Qasim 404663
Kamal
Sufyan Ahmed 429599

School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering


Full Wave Rectification using Cathode Ray
Oscilloscope
Muhammad Abdullah Zafar Ghauri1, Muhammad Ali Tariq1, Muhammad Qasim Kamal1, Sufyan
Ahmed1
¹School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), NUST, Islamabad
[email protected] ; [email protected] ;
[email protected] ; [email protected]

Abstract— The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of a full-wave rectifier circuit on an
AC signal using a transformer, breadboard, diode, resistor, and CRO. The experiment involved setting up a
circuit with the diode and resistor in series, connecting the transformer across them, and using the CRO to
observe and analyse the transformed waveform (likely a pulsating DC) compared to the original AC signal
after the transformer's voltage step-down.
I. OBJECTIVES
• To understand the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
• Introduction to Rectification Process
• Understanding Full Wave rectification using Centre Tapped Transformer System

II. INTRODUCTION TO CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE (CRO)


The cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO) is a common laboratory instrument that provides accurate time and
amplitude measurements of voltage signals over a wide range of frequencies. Its reliability, stability, and ease of
operation and make it suitable as a general-purpose laboratory instrument.

Figure 1 Schematic of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

The cathode ray is a beam of electrons which are emitted by the heated cathode (negative electrode) and
accelerated toward the fluorescent screen. The assembly of the cathode, intensity grid, focus grid, and
accelerating anode (positive electrode) is called an electron gun. Its purpose is to generate the electron beam and
control its intensity and focus. Between the electron gun and the fluorescent screen are two pair of metal plates -
one oriented to provide horizontal deflection of the beam and one pair oriented ot give vertical deflection to the
beam. These plates are thus referred to as the horizontal and vertical deflection plates. The combination of these
two deflections allows the beam to reach any portion of the fluorescent screen. Wherever the electron beam hits
the screen, the phosphor is excited, and light is emitted from that point. This conversion of electron energy into
light allows us to write with points or lines of light on an otherwise darkened screen.
In the most common use of the oscilloscope the signal to be studied is first amplified and then applied to the
vertical (deflection) plates to deflect the beam vertically and at the same time a voltage that increases linearly
with time is applied to the horizontal (deflection) plates thus causing the beam to be deflected horizontally at a
uniform (constant> rate. The signal applied to the vertical plates is thus displayed on the screen as a function of
time. The horizontal axis serves as a uniform time scale.
Figure 2 Detailing of Deflection Plates in CRO

III. OPERATION OF CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE


In general, the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope is relatively easy to operate considering the general to-be performed
procedures. The operation generally starts in the following manner that the signal to be displayed is amplified by
the vertical amplifier and applied to the vertical deflection plates of the Cathode Ray Tube. A portion of the
signal in the vertical amplifier is applied to the sweep trigger as a triggering signal. The sweep trigger then
generates a pulse coincident with a selected point in the cycle of the triggering signal. This pulse turns on the
sweep generator, initiating the sawtooth wave form. The sawtooth wave is amplified by the horizontal amplifier
and applied to the horizontal deflection plates. Usually, additional provisions signal is made for applying an
external triggering signal or utilizing the 60 Hz line for triggering. Also, the sweep generator may be bypassed,
and an external signal applied directly to the horizontal amplifier.

Figure 3 Block Diagram of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

IV. RECTIFICATION
Rectification is a process which involves the interconversion of alternating current into dc current by means of
diodes coupled together with transformer system, which primarily serves the purpose of stepping down the
voltage to a considerable workable extent.
Figure 4 Complete power supply with transformer, rectifier, filter, and regulator

V. FULL WAVE RECTIFICATION


Full-wave rectification rectifies the negative component of the input voltage to a positive voltage, then converts
it into DC (pulse current) utilizing a diode bridge configuration. In contrast, half-wave rectification removes just
the negative voltage component using a single diode before converting to DC.
Afterward, the waveform is smoothed by charging/discharging a capacitor, resulting in a clean DC signal.
From this, it can be said that full-wave rectification is a more efficient method than half-wave rectification since
the entire waveform is used.
Also, a ripple voltage that appears after smoothing will vary depending on the capacitance of this capacitor and
the load.
Given the same capacitance and load, ripple voltage is smaller with full-wave rectification than haif-wave
rectification. Of course it goes without saying that the smaller the ripple voltage the better the stability.

Figure 5z Full Wave Rectification using Bridge Rectifier


VI. CALCULATIONS
Table 1 Calculations for Forward Bias Configuration

R (kΩ) Vin (V) Vmax (V) T(s) f (Hz) VAVG


2.207 220 18.2 50.44 5
2.207 220 7.84 100.1 4.49
Table 2 Calculations for Reverse Bias Configuration

R (kΩ) Vin (V) Vmax T(s) f (Hz) VAVG


2.207 220 160 mV 104.4 -4.46
2.207 220 2.80 V 50.35 -3.85

Figure 2 Centre-Tapped Transformer Rectification, Connections Across Resistor

Figure 3 Centre-Tapped Transformer Rectification, Diodes in Reverse Configuration (Oscilloscope and Circuit)
Figure 4 Centre-Tapped Transformer Rectification, CRO on Diodes (Oscilloscope and circuit)

VII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS


In this lab experiment we made the full wave rectification circuit, which consists of two diodes and a resistor
connected in parallel. Two live wires of transformer were connected to two diodes and neutral wire to the
resistor. Then we checked the waveform of current passing through the circuit through CRO. For this purpose,
we use probe of CRO joined at the junction. It gives the waveform of pulsating DC. We checked the output by
reversing the polarity of applied current and it gives the current waveform of negative polarity as seen from the
above table. We observed the reduction in ripple voltage as compared to half wave rectification. In this circuit
resistor is used to provide stable output voltages by smoothing it. We learned the practical application of full
wave rectification as it is used everywhere in real world applications. We also considered the safety measures
while handling instruments as we were using 220 volt which was stepped down by transformer.

VIII. CONCLUSION
Ripple factor decreases as we shifted from half wave to full wave rectification. Maximum energy was utilized
when we shifted from half wave to full wave rectification. In this experiment purpose of resistor used in full-
wave rectification circuit was to stabilize the DC output. Appropriate safety precautions should be taken so that
damage to instrument or electric shock be avoided.

REFERENCES
[1] T. L. Floyd, "N-Type and P-Type Semiconductors," in Electronic Devices: Conventional Current Version, Harlow, Pearson, 2018,
pp.33-34.
[2] U. o. S. Carolina, “Cathode Ray Oscilloscope,” University of South Carolina, [Online]. Available:
http://boson.physics.sc.edu/~hoskins/Demos/CathodeRay.html.

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