Impact of Sleeping Patterns on the Students’ Academic Performance: An Assessment

Statement of the Problem

2. What is the level of effectiveness of traffic management relative to:

2.1 Traffic education

2.2 Traffic engineering

2.3 Traffic enforcement

2.4 Traffic economy

2.5 Traffic environment/ ecology

 2020-2024

Review of Related Literature

Related Literature

Traffic education

The importance of road safety lies in its ability to teach individuals how to navigate

the roads, whether they are driving or crossing them. This education is crucial, especially

when considering the current state of traffic. (Morato, 2023) If the youth do not receive

proper education on road safety, the situation will only deteriorate further. Road safety holds

immense significance due to the potential loss of lives that can occur on the road. Instilling in

children from a young age the significance of traffic rules not only safeguards the future

generation but also cultivates a sense of responsibility and adherence to the law. Teaching

guidelines on road safety should be tailored to suit the age of the children. When introduced

during the early years, it is crucial to have responsible adults present to provide proper

supervision. Safety plans typically start at home, recognizing the importance of the family as

the foundation of our society. However, it is equally important to extend these plans to

schools and potentially even the workplace. Many of us could benefit from ongoing

education in a system that constantly evolves, including in the realm of mobility.

The Department of Transportation (DOTr) is actively implementing various programs

under the Philippine Road Safety Action Plan to promote road safety and work towards

reducing road accident deaths in the Philippines by 35% by 2028. At the Asia Pacific Road

Safety Observatory 2023 Annual Meeting on Tuesday, held at the Asian Development Bank

(ADB) Headquarters, Transportation Secretary Jaime Bautista highlighted the ambitious

targets set by the United Nations General Assembly. These targets aim to reduce the

number of deaths and injuries by 50% by 2030. According to the speaker, the Philippines

has set a goal to significantly decrease road accidents by 35% within the next five years.

(Land Transportation Office, 2023) The plan includes a goal to decrease road accident
fatalities in our country by at least 35% by the year 2028. According to a speech delivered by

DOTr Undersecretary for Planning and Project Development Timothy John Batan, one

strategy that was mentioned is road safety education. According to Sec. Bautista, the road

safety prevention strategy focuses on implementing strict and comprehensive requirements

for obtaining a driver's license and vehicle plate. Additionally, it aims to ensure that motor

vehicles are in good condition and that traffic laws are enforced by the Land Transportation

Office - Philippines (LTO).

The Chief of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) is pushing for a

more institutionalized approach. At the First MMDA Road Safety Forum held last week,

MMDA Chairman Emerson Carlos put forward a suggestion to include traffic education and

road safety principles in the curriculum of all high schools. Deaths caused by road accidents

have been identified as an emerging trend, not only in the Philippines but also worldwide,

according to Chairman Carlos. According to Chairman Carlos, during an interview with this

author, it was emphasized that everyone is a road user. It was mentioned that pedestrians'

lack of traffic education knowledge plays a role in contributing to road accidents. (Jimeno,

2021) Chairman Carlos was surprised to discover that there are drivers and pedestrians who

struggle to understand the meaning of the "No Entry" sign, which is a round circle with a line

drawn across the center. Some groundwork has already been laid, so the Department of

Education (DepEd) won't have to start from scratch. As an example, the University of the

Philippines National Center for Transportation Studies (UP-NCTS) has developed a traffic

education module that could potentially be utilized by the DepEd. The Automobile

Association Philippines (AAP) offers educational materials on traffic regulations and road

safety to help people understand and follow the rules of the road.

Traffic engineering
 The DPWH Traffic Engineering and Management - Project Management Office

(TEAM-PMO) is now operational. It is responsible for handling Traffic Engineering and

Management projects in Urban Centers outside Metro Manila. Its outreach assistance

function involves the planning, design, and implementation of these projects. The design

plans and work programs for Traffic Engineering and Management proposed for

implementation by Regional/District Offices of the DPWH will be reviewed and approved by

the TEAM-PMO to ensure consistency and adherence to standards. The TEAM-PMO is led

by a Project Director, with support from a Deputy Project Director who oversees the projects

as a whole. This order overrides any previous instructions and will be effective immediately.

(Department of Public Works and Highways, 2024)

Metro Manila serves as the national capital, renowned for its bustling city life and

plethora of tourist attractions. People from all walks of life gather in the region, seeking to

create cherished memories with their loved ones or enjoy a lively evening with their

companions. Many young professionals see the country's capital as an ideal place to

kickstart their careers or increase their income to support their families. On the other hand,

the capital of the country is constantly dealing with frustrating traffic problems and road

issues in the Philippines. These include the never-ending traffic congestion caused by

damaged roads, potholes, and poorly executed road repairs using low-quality materials,

among many other factors. Traffic congestion is a common problem among the major cities

in the Philippines. One of the reasons is that most businesses situate themselves in central

business districts such as Makati, Ortigas, and Bonifacio Global City. Hence, various

solutions to traffic problems in cities can be implemented to reduce the problems it poses;

improvement of law enforcement, enhancement of traffic monitoring, reevaluation of traffic

planning, development of public transportation, encouragement of carpooling, and

maintenance of road quality. (Rua Seguridad, 2023)

Traffic enforcement

According to the Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines, (2024), Executive

Order No. 536 has set up the National Traffic Commission in the Philippines. This

commission has been given the responsibility of providing advice on and ensuring the

enforcement of traffic laws, as well as promoting safety and educating the public. They have

the authority to seek assistance and are required to submit regular reports to the President.

The National Traffic Commission serves as an advisory body, ensuring the effective

enforcement of all laws, rules, and regulations pertaining to traffic order, safety of traffic and

pedestrians, and the prevention of motor vehicle accidents. The commission is responsible

for regulating traffic movements to ensure they are efficient and cost-effective. The National

Traffic Commission is responsible for conducting a thorough examination of the enforcement

of traffic laws and regulations. Their duties include conducting a comprehensive study to

ensure the effective implementation of these laws. Hence, coordinating and correlating the

functions and duties of different offices involved in traffic management is an essential task.

According to a ruling by the Supreme Court, it has been determined that the Metro

Manila Development Authority (MMDA) holds the sole authority to enforce traffic laws, rules,

and regulations. (Pio, 2024) The court has clarified that local government units (LGUs) in

Metro Manila can only participate in these functions if their traffic enforcers are deputized by

the MMDA. The petitioners were prompted to file a petition for injunction and mandamus

against the respondent LGUs. They were challenging the common OVR provision, arguing

that it goes against the laws that created the Land Transportation Office (LTO) and the

Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA). These laws give the LTO the authority

to confiscate driver's licenses and the MMDA the power to administer a single ticketing

system, impose fines and penalties for traffic violations, and confiscate or suspend driver's

licenses. The MMDA is responsible for managing transportation and traffic in Metro Manila.

This involves carrying out traffic enforcement operations and implementing a unified ticketing

system.
Traffic economy

In relation to Economic Impact of Traffic Congestion in the Philippines, Philippine

Daily Inquirer, (2024) states that Metro Manila traffic so bad it calls for a ‘state of calamity’.

The government has been urged by the Management Association of the Philippines (MAP)

to declare a "state of calamity" in Metro Manila due to the increasingly severe traffic

congestion. This issue is currently causing the economy to lose an estimated P3.5 billion per

day. According to a statement released on Thursday, a ranking officer from MAP

emphasized that the current conditions are severe enough to warrant a declaration, which

should be followed by immediate relief measures. A day after the chair of its transportation

and infrastructure committee, Eduardo Yap, represented MAP in a House hearing

addressing the capital region's ongoing issue, the group made the call.

Romero (2024) states that “Marcos Jr. wants holistic plan to solve Metro Manila

traffic woes”, President Marcos has expressed concern over the significant economic impact

of traffic gridlocks, urging agencies to develop comprehensive solutions to address the

country's traffic problems. According to National Economic and Development Authority

(NEDA) Secretary Arsenio Balisacan, the President has directed agencies to create work

adjustment plans in response to this issue. "A comprehensive, holistic approach to solving

the traffic problem is what the President truly desires," Balisacan stated. "For years, we have

been relying on a piecemeal approach, which is not effective." The speaker emphasized the

importance of examining intermodal transport systems and understanding their overall

efficiency. It was observed that the government is making significant investments in

infrastructure, including the construction of a subway, expressways, and bridges that will

connect different provinces. According to him, it is important to consider these projects within

the broader framework of transportation systems, which encompass bicycle lanes,

motorcycle lanes, feeder roads, and the proximity of industries and residences. According to
a study conducted in 2018 by the Japan International Cooperation Agency, it was estimated

that the Philippines is losing P3.5 billion per day due to traffic congestion in Metro Manila.

Metro Manila has been identified as the metro area with the highest traffic congestion in

2023, according to the traffic index provided by digital navigation site TomTom. Last year, it

took about 25 minutes and 30 seconds to drive ten kilometers in Metro Manila, which was 50

seconds slower than in 2022, as indicated by the index. During rush hours in the area, a

staggering 117 hours are lost per year, with an average speed of just 19 kilometers per hour.

According to the Department of Finance (DOF), the Metro Manila Subway, once

operational, will bring about significant improvements in comfort and speed. Additionally, it is

expected to contribute approximately P2.5 billion in daily economic benefits. (Manila Bulletin,

2024) During a briefing on Monday, Feb. 26, Finance Secretary Ralph G. Recto highlighted

the significant economic benefits that would result from decreased vehicle costs, shorter

travel times, and reduced carbon emissions. These benefits amount to a staggering P930.26

billion annually. "The subway system alone will greatly reduce economic losses caused by

traffic congestion in the metro," stated Recto. Based on transportation data, the average

travel time for a 10-kilometer journey in Metro Manila has increased by 50 seconds, now

taking 25 minutes and 30 seconds. Traffic congestion affects not just the people of the

Philippines, but also those who come to visit. At a recent concert held at the Philippine

Arena, Chris Martin, the lead singer of Coldplay, lightheartedly addressed the challenging

traffic situation in the city. He amusingly sang, "Manila's traffic is absolutely crazy!"

Nevertheless, Recto reassured that the government is making significant progress in

constructing the Metro Manila Subway and other infrastructure projects nationwide, aiming to

alleviate the burden of congestion.

Traffic environment/ ecology

 The impact of traffic systems and management on health, immediate environment,

and climate is significant. When installing a road or traffic hub, it is crucial to consider its

impact on population growth, air quality, and emissions. These factors play a significant role

in determining the overall sustainability and well-being of the surrounding community. When

designing a traffic system within an enclosed urban area, it is important to consider the

impact of vehicle fumes on the residents living in the area. When a road is being constructed

in an area with vulnerable wildlife, it is crucial to take necessary measures to minimize any

negative impacts on the surrounding habitat. Meanwhile, Traffic Economy focuses on the

impact of a traffic system on the economic well-being of an area, including its influence on

product pricing and supply. When an area experiences heavy traffic congestion, it can

greatly impact the productivity of individuals commuting to work or businesses trying to

receive their essential supplies. Improving the traffic system in an area can have a positive

impact on its economic value by providing better access for workers and supplies to

businesses. (National Center for Transportation Studies, 2021)

In the traffic environment, although jeepneys make up a mere 2% of the total vehicles

in the Philippines, it appears that drivers are being compelled to acquire electric vehicles that

are beyond their financial means. (Rivas, 2023) There has been significant criticism towards

the Philippine government's decision to compel jeepney drivers to transition to the newer,

eco-friendly jeepneys due to concerns about its impact on the less fortunate. Drivers and

operators are being required by the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board

(LTFRB) to utilize either an electric vehicle or a combustion engine that meets the Euro IV

emission standard. This mandate is in line with the Department of Environment and Natural

Resources' efforts to minimize greenhouse gas emissions, harmful fumes, and various types

of air pollution. During the 19th Congress, a just transition bill was filed by former Manila 1st

District representative Manuel Luis Lopez. The bill aimed to provide sufficient financial

support from the government to shift drivers to e-vehicles.

 The impact of traffic pollution on air quality and public health in the Philippines states

that poor air quality in Metro Manila is primarily attributed to traffic, which is a direct result of

the high population density in the area. According to him, the world is facing a serious issue

of overpopulation, as he mentioned in a telephone interview with the BusinessMirror. In

addition to Metro Manila's large population, it is often observed that some individuals in the

Philippines may struggle with maintaining discipline. He added, "That's another problem."

According to him, densely populated urban areas such as Metro Manila, Metro Cebu, and

Metro Davao are bound to face the challenge of living with poor air quality at some

point.According to him, the traffic in Metro Cebu will result in a decline in air quality.

According to a study commissioned by an organization, it has been confirmed that traffic

congestion is a significant contributor to poor air quality. He expressed concern about the

increase in pollution as engines continue to run for extended periods of time. According to

the study, the congestion in Metro Manila is causing the country to lose billions in revenue.

The study reveals that respiratory and cardiovascular diseases are significantly influenced

by this factor. The study, which spanned two years, was recently completed with the

assistance of nonprofit organization Clean Air Asia, scientific research institute Manila

Observatory, and independent professionals. (Mayuga, 2021)

Related Studies

Traffic education

Traffic education encompasses various forms of education, both formal and informal,

with the goal of acquiring and enhancing the essential knowledge, insight, skills, and

attitudes required for safe participation in traffic. In the study titled “Traffic Education

Awareness among Tricycle Drivers in Buenavista, Agusan del Norte, Philippines” the

objective of this study was to assess the varying degrees of traffic education among Tricycle

Drivers in Buenavista, Agusan del Norte. (Patlunag et al., 2020) One of the general
procedures of research that was utilized was the descriptive-comparative method. It is

evident that the implementation of Traffic Education for drivers in Buenavista, Agusan del

Norte is consistently carried out by the dedicated efforts of the BTMO officers. The drivers

have been properly informed about the significance of Traffic Education, which is crucial for

their own benefit. Drivers are strongly encouraged to cooperate with the development

programs in order to ensure a safe journey. Furthermore, it is suggested that the traffic

enforcer takes the initiative to engage in daily discussions with their drivers, dedicating at

least 15 minutes to impart additional knowledge on Traffic Education. This would include

educating them on proper road usage and conduct, even if it is not explicitly covered in the

syllabus. Such efforts would greatly contribute to the drivers' overall knowledge and learning.

The focus of this research was to uncover the ways in which motorcycle riders were

educated, informed, and trained in matters of traffic safety. A qualitative research design was

utilized through content analysis. Twenty motorcycle riders from WVSU-LC were selected as

participants using purposive sampling. The data was collected through a semi-structured

interview and then analyzed thematically. The results showed that individuals typically

acquire traffic education through various sources. These include taking exams administered

by the Land Transportation Office, understanding traffic signs and symbols, learning from

social media, personal observation and experience, as well as receiving guidance from

peers and relatives. The results also showed that road safety awareness on highways was

promoted through various means, including traffic signs and symbols, police checkpoints,

social media platforms, streamers, and pavement markings. As a result, it is crucial to

reconsider how the government delivers traffic education to its citizens. (Ningal & Oños,

2021)

Traffic engineering
 This study examines the challenges and opportunities in traffic engineering within the

context of Zamboanga City, Philippines. This academic research delves into the issue of

traffic congestion and management in Zamboanga City, Philippines, with a focus on the

experiences of public transport commuters. (Moreno, 2023) By conducting a survey among a

diverse group of commuters, this study seeks to provide insights into the difficulties faced by

individuals when dealing with traffic congestion and evaluate the effectiveness of current

management strategies. The findings shed light on the impact of traffic congestion in

Zamboanga City on public transport commuters. It is evident that this issue results in longer

travel times, heightened stress levels, and decreased productivity. In addition, the study

highlights important factors that contribute to traffic congestion. These factors include

insufficient road infrastructure, unregulated street parking, and ineffective traffic flow

management. The research also explores the perspective of public transport commuters on

the current management strategies implemented in Zamboanga City. The data suggests that

commuters are frustrated by the lack of comprehensive planning and coordination among

different transportation authorities. This has led to ineffective traffic management, causing

inconvenience for the commuters. This research offers recommendations for enhancing

traffic congestion and management in Zamboanga City, based on an analysis of the survey

data. Enhancing road infrastructure, implementing stricter parking regulations, and

developing integrated transportation policies are all important factors to consider. The study

emphasizes the importance of considering the needs and concerns of public transport

commuters in order to effectively manage traffic in Zamboanga City and enhance urban

mobility as a whole.

On the study titled “Understanding of traffic signs by drivers in the city of Manila,

Philippines” which delves into traffic engineering, Traffic signs play a crucial role in ensuring

the safe and organized flow of traffic and pedestrians. Information about routes, directions,

and warnings is essential for drivers, which is why traffic signs are in place. (Fernandez et

al., 2020) The intended message for road users should be clear and easily understandable.
It is often observed that drivers disregard the road signs, while authorities choose not to

enforce them. Due to a lack of discipline among Filipino drivers, traffic signs often lose their

importance. In addition, many Filipino motorists have not received proper training, which has

led to a lack of knowledge about the different road signs. It was found that the drivers

demonstrated a limited grasp of the significance of traffic signs. Based on the percentage of

correct responses, the overall level of understanding was 76.25%. Drivers' familiarity with

traffic signs largely depends on the frequency of their presence in the areas they typically

travel through, as well as the clarity of their design, which allows road users to easily

understand their meaning.

Traffic enforcement

In the study of Zamora, et.al., (2023) titled “Assessment of Traffic Management

Ordinances In Relation to Tourism Industry” states that considering the tourism industry, it is

crucial to prioritize traffic management as we navigate the roads in our daily lives. The study

examines the traffic management policies in the City of Calapan, which serves as the

gateway to Oriental Mindoro and connects Luzon to Visayas and Mindanao through the

Strong Republic Nautical Highway (SRNH). A descriptive method of research was used in

this study, which involved two groups of participants: the drivers and road passersby. The

findings on traffic management policies regarding ordinances highlight the importance of

implementing appropriate speed limits on highways, allowing certain motorists to be exempt

from speed restrictions, ensuring the proper use of signs, and making sure that motorists are

aware of the penalties for violations, among other factors. When it comes to the violations

commonly committed by drivers, it's disheartening to see that a staggering 96% or 90

respondents choose to disregard traffic signs and traffic lights. Additionally, a concerning

95% fail to give proper signals, while 94% engage in illegal overtaking. In order to address

the issue and reduce the number of traffic violations in Calapan City, it was found that 92%
of respondents recommended retraining for traffic law enforcers. Additionally, 87%

emphasized the need for strict policy enforcement, while 86% believed that providing training

and seminars for all drivers would be beneficial.

In terms of the perceptions and attitudes towards traffic law enforcement among

filipino driver, the study “Traffic Sign Comprehension among Filipino Drivers and Nondrivers

in Metro Manila” indicates that it was discovered that drivers exhibited higher accuracy in

correctly identifying both regulatory and warning signs compared to individuals who do not

drive. (Robielos & Lin, 2022) The accuracy of matching and the speed of matching were

both lowest for traffic signs displayed in symbols. Adding text to traffic signs displayed in

symbols led to a significant improvement in both matching accuracy and matching time. On

the other hand, signs that were displayed in text only achieved the highest level of accuracy

in matching and the fastest matching time. The cognitive design features were evaluated

based on factors such as familiarity, concreteness, complexity, and semantic distance.

Cognitive design features showed a positive correlation with matching accuracy for both

regulatory and warning signs. However, they had a negative correlation with matching time

for warning signs. When it comes to signs displayed in symbols, researchers discovered that

cognitive design features had a direct impact on both matching accuracy and matching time.

Traffic economy

This study examines the economic impact of traffic congestion in Metro Manila,

Philippines. The Department of Transportation has outlined its plans to enhance public

transportation networks, support alternative mobility options, and promote the adoption of

cleaner and more eco-friendly transport systems. Several initiatives have been implemented

to improve transportation in the country's major thoroughfares. These include the

introduction of express bus and point-to-point bus services, the ongoing construction of

Manila Metro Rail Transit System Line 7, and the upcoming jeepney modernization plan. By
enhancing alternative modes of transportation, traffic congestion in the Philippines can be

significantly reduced. According to Francisco (2017), the roll-on/roll-off (Ro-Ro) system has

proven to be beneficial in multiple ways. It not only improves the transportation of goods and

services, but also creates opportunities for the well-being of households residing near the

Ro-Ro ports. (Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 2024)

This research examines the impact of investing in transportation infrastructure on

fostering economic development in the Philippines. The assessment focuses on the impact

of investments in roads, bridges, public transit systems, and other transportation

infrastructure on various aspects such as economic growth, employment, trade, and

investment. (Hermoso et al., 2021) Over the past few years, there has been a significant rise

in infrastructure investments in the Philippines. However, there is a lack of comprehensive

research on the actual impact of these investments on productivity, particularly in the

services and wholesale/retail sectors of the country. This paper explores the impact of

investments in roads, bridges, and water supply systems on services and wholesale/retail

productivity. It analyzes the annual dataset from 15 regions in the Philippines spanning from

2017 to 2019. According to a panel-data analysis with Panel-Corrected Standard Errors

(PCSE), it has been found that investments in roads, bridges, and water supply systems

have a positive impact on productivity in services and wholesale/retail sectors. Notably, the

investment made for the construction or rehabilitation of roads has the greatest influence.

Traffic environment/ ecology

In the study titled “Systematic review of ecological research in Philippine cities:

assessing the present status and charting future directions” indicates that the urbanization

rate in developing countries like the Philippines is on the rise, bringing with it a mix of

positive and negative effects on socioeconomic growth, including environmental

degradation. (Olfato-Parojinog & Dagamac, 2024) Research on ecological interactions in

urban ecosystems has gained significant attention over the years. The studies have been

divided into different categories, including urban landscape, urban systems, bio-ecological,

and human ecology-based approaches, all within the context of the Philippines. By

integrating the fundamental disciplines of urban ecology, science-based solutions can

effectively address the gaps exhibited in studying Philippine cities. Despite advancements in

the country's scientific understanding of urban ecology, this thorough review highlights the

remaining gaps in knowledge, particularly in relation to the Visayas and Mindanao islands,

as well as smaller peri-urban areas.

Road infrastructure plays a crucial role in measuring economic growth. Research has

revealed a positive correlation between road infrastructure and key indicators of the

economy such as trade, electricity, communication, and health. Therefore, it is crucial for any

government to prioritize investment in road infrastructure to ensure the future development

and prosperity of the country. Nevertheless, the impact of road construction cannot be

overlooked. The construction of roads to improve mobility and accessibility for people

unavoidably transforms the natural habitat into a sealed and highly disturbed environment,

resulting in a significant loss of wildlife habitat. In Sierra Leone, the encroachment of human

activity onto the land has led to significant disturbances and barriers that are causing habitat

loss, fragmentation, and degradation. The original structure of ecological communities is

being altered by the construction of roads, resulting in an increased mortality rate for various

species. The alteration in ecological communities on Earth raises a pressing concern

regarding the loss of diversity in ecosystems. Sierra Leone, much like other developing

countries, is working towards constructing roads to improve mobility and accessibility. Road

construction projects in Sierra Leone, whether initiated by the government or NGOs, have

the potential to decrease the permeability of the landscape. Consequently, the alterations in

landscape structure have significant effects on the preservation of species and biodiversity,

both directly and indirectly. When roads are built and natural land cover is replaced with

artificial surfaces, the total area of an ecosystem is reduced. This is known as direct loss.
Indirect losses occur when ecosystems are fragmented into smaller, isolated patches and

when they are degraded by factors like noise, air and water pollution, and artificial light.

These effects result in an indirect loss of habitat as they diminish the ecosystem's ability to

maintain its original biodiversity. (Zoker & Karim, 2022)

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