BC1: 2023

Design Guide for the Use of

Alternative Structural Steel
to Eurocode 3
 BCA

BC1: 2023

Design Guide for the Use of

Alternative Structural Steel
to Eurocode 3

© 2023 BCA
© 2023 BCA i
Contents

Contents .............................................................................................................................................................. ii
List of tables ........................................................................................................................................................ x
List of figures ................................................................................................................................................... xii
Foreword.......................................................................................................................................................... xiii
Section 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Acronyms .................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2.1 Acronyms for standards and organizations ................................................................................... 1
1.2.2 Acronyms for technical terms ......................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Terms and definitions .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.3.1 Alternative steel materials ............................................................................................................. 1
1.3.2 Classification of alternative steel materials .................................................................................. 2
1.3.3 Material performance requirements .............................................................................................. 2
1.3.4 Quality assurance requirements .................................................................................................... 2
1.3.5 Certified steel materials .................................................................................................................. 2
1.3.6 Manufacturer ................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3.7 Stockist ............................................................................................................................................. 2
1.3.8 Trader ............................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3.9 Purchaser ......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3.10 Product ............................................................................................................................................. 2
1.3.11 Certification body ............................................................................................................................ 3
1.4 Technical equations.................................................................................................................................. 3
1.4.1 Carbon equivalent value ................................................................................................................. 3
1.4.2 Proportional gauge length ............................................................................................................... 3
Section 2. Material performance requirements .................................................................................. 4
2.1 Steel plates ............................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.1 Manufacturing process .................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.2 Mechanical properties ..................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.3 Chemical composition ...................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.4 Dimensional and mass tolerances .................................................................................................. 5
2.2 Hot rolled sections .................................................................................................................................... 5
2.2.1 Manufacturing process .................................................................................................................... 5
2.2.2 Mechanical properties ..................................................................................................................... 6

ii © 2023 BCA
 2.2.3 Chemical composition ...................................................................................................................... 6
2.2.4 Dimensional and mass tolerances .................................................................................................. 6
2.3 Hollow sections ......................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3.1 Manufacturing process .................................................................................................................... 7
2.3.2 Mechanical properties ..................................................................................................................... 7
2.3.3 Chemical composition ...................................................................................................................... 7
2.3.4 Dimensional and mass tolerances .................................................................................................. 8
2.4 Steel for cold forming ............................................................................................................................... 8
2.4.1 Manufacturing process .................................................................................................................... 9
2.4.2 Mechanical properties ..................................................................................................................... 9
2.4.3 Chemical composition ...................................................................................................................... 9
2.4.4 Dimensional and mass tolerances .................................................................................................. 9
2.5 Non-preloaded bolting assemblies ........................................................................................................... 9
2.5.1 Manufacturing process ..................................................................................................................10
2.5.2 Mechanical properties ...................................................................................................................10
2.5.3 Chemical composition ....................................................................................................................11
2.5.4 Dimensional tolerances .................................................................................................................12
2.6 Preloaded bolting assemblies .................................................................................................................12
2.6.1 Manufacturing process ..................................................................................................................12
2.6.2 Mechanical properties ...................................................................................................................12
2.6.3 Chemical composition ....................................................................................................................13
2.6.4 Dimensional tolerances .................................................................................................................14
2.7 Welding consumables .............................................................................................................................14
2.7.1 Mechanical properties ...................................................................................................................14
2.8 Profiled steel sheets ................................................................................................................................14
2.8.1 Manufacturing process ..................................................................................................................14
2.8.2 Mechanical properties ...................................................................................................................14
2.8.3 Chemical composition ....................................................................................................................14
2.8.4 Dimensional and mass tolerances ................................................................................................15
2.9 Stud shear connectors ............................................................................................................................15
2.9.1 Manufacturing process ..................................................................................................................15
2.9.2 Mechanical properties ...................................................................................................................15
2.9.3 Dimensional tolerances .................................................................................................................15
2.10 Hot rolled steel bars ...............................................................................................................................15
2.10.1 Manufacturing process ..................................................................................................................15
2.10.2 Mechanical properties ...................................................................................................................15

© 2023 BCA iii

 2.10.3 Chemical composition .................................................................................................................... 16
2.10.4 Dimensional and mass tolerances ................................................................................................ 16
2.11 Sheet piles ............................................................................................................................................... 17
2.11.1 Manufacturing process .................................................................................................................. 17
2.11.2 Mechanical properties ................................................................................................................... 17
2.11.3 Chemical composition .................................................................................................................... 17
2.11.4 Dimensional and mass tolerances ................................................................................................ 17
Section 3. Quality assurance requirements ....................................................................................... 18
3.1 Factory production control ..................................................................................................................... 18
3.1.1 Feedstock materials....................................................................................................................... 18
3.1.2 Equipment ...................................................................................................................................... 18
3.1.3 Personnel ........................................................................................................................................ 18
3.1.4 Product testing ............................................................................................................................... 18
3.1.5 Product marking ............................................................................................................................ 19
3.1.6 Non-conforming products .............................................................................................................. 19
3.2 Manufacturer test certificates ............................................................................................................... 19
3.2.1 Information of manufacturer ........................................................................................................ 19
3.2.2 Reference details............................................................................................................................ 19
3.2.3 Material specifications .................................................................................................................. 19
3.2.4 Information for traceability .......................................................................................................... 19
3.2.5 Test results .................................................................................................................................... 20
3.2.6 Authentication ............................................................................................................................... 20
Section 4. Classification of steel materials ......................................................................................... 21
4.1 Adequacy assessment............................................................................................................................. 21
4.1.1 Certification ................................................................................................................................... 21
4.1.2 Material testing ............................................................................................................................. 21
4.2 Reliability assessment ........................................................................................................................... 21
4.2.1 Factory production control certificates ........................................................................................ 21
4.2.2 Manufacturer test certificates ...................................................................................................... 22
4.3 Classification procedure ......................................................................................................................... 22
4.3.1 Class 1 steel materials .................................................................................................................. 22
4.3.2 Class 2 steel materials .................................................................................................................. 22
4.3.3 Class 3 steel materials .................................................................................................................. 22

iv © 2023 BCA
 4.4 Special case .............................................................................................................................................23
Section 5. Design recommendations .................................................................................................... 24
5.1 Design recommendations on Class 1 steel materials ...........................................................................24
5.1.1 Class 1 structural steel ..................................................................................................................24
5.1.2 Class 1 non-preloaded bolted connections ....................................................................................27
5.1.3 Class 1 preloaded bolted connections ...........................................................................................29
5.1.4 Class 1 fillet welds .........................................................................................................................30
5.1.5 Class 1 profiled steel sheets ..........................................................................................................31
5.1.6 Class 1 stud shear connectors .......................................................................................................33
5.2 Design recommendations on Class 2 steel materials ...........................................................................34
5.2.1 Class 2 structural steel ..................................................................................................................34
5.2.2 Class 2 non-preloaded bolted connections ....................................................................................34
5.2.3 Class 2 preloaded bolted connections ...........................................................................................35
5.2.4 Class 2 fillet welds .........................................................................................................................35
5.2.5 Class 2 profiled steel sheets ..........................................................................................................35
5.2.6 Class 2 stud shear connectors .......................................................................................................35
5.3 Design recommendations on Class 3 steel materials ...........................................................................36
5.3.1 Class 3 structural steel ..................................................................................................................36
5.3.2 Class 3 non-preloaded bolted connections ....................................................................................36
5.3.3 Class 3 preloaded bolted connections ...........................................................................................36
5.3.4 Class 3 fillet welds .........................................................................................................................36
5.3.5 Class 3 profiled steel sheets ..........................................................................................................36
5.3.6 Class 3 stud shear connectors .......................................................................................................36
5.4 Other properties .....................................................................................................................................37
Section 6. Material traceability and reusability .............................................................................. 38
6.1 Material traceability ...............................................................................................................................38
6.1.1 Traceability of new materials........................................................................................................38
6.1.2 Traceability of ex-stock materials .................................................................................................38
6.2 Material reusability ................................................................................................................................39
6.2.1 Recommendations to enhance material reusability ....................................................................39
6.2.2 Reusability assessment .................................................................................................................39
6.3 Quality system ........................................................................................................................................40
Appendix A Lists of certified steel materials ........................................................................................ 41
A.1 Certified British/European steel materials ..........................................................................................42
A.1.1 Certified British/European steel plates ........................................................................................42
A.1.2 Certified British/European hot rolled sections ............................................................................42

© 2023 BCA v
 A.1.3 Certified British/European hollow sections ................................................................................. 43
A.1.4 Certified British/European steel for cold forming ....................................................................... 43
A.1.5 Certified British/European non-preloaded bolting assemblies ................................................... 43
A.1.6 Certified British/European preloaded bolting assemblies .......................................................... 44
A.1.7 Certified British/European welding consumables ....................................................................... 44
A.1.8 Certified British/European profiled steel sheets ......................................................................... 44
A.1.9 Certified British/European stud shear connectors ...................................................................... 45
A.1.10 Certified British/European hot rolled steel bars ..................................................................... 45
A.1.11 Certified British/European sheet piles .................................................................................... 45
A.2 Certified American steel materials ....................................................................................................... 46
A.2.1 Certified American steel plates .................................................................................................... 46
A.2.2 Certified American hot rolled sections ......................................................................................... 46
A.2.3 Certified American hollow sections .............................................................................................. 46
A.2.4 Certified American steel for cold forming .................................................................................... 46
A.2.5 Certified American non-preloaded bolting assemblies ............................................................... 47
A.2.6 Certified American preloaded bolting assemblies ....................................................................... 47
A.2.7 Certified American welding consumables .................................................................................... 47
A.2.8 Certified American profiled steel sheets ...................................................................................... 47
A.2.9 Certified American shear stud connectors ................................................................................... 47
A.2.10 Certified American hot rolled steel bars .................................................................................. 47
A.2.11 Certified American sheet piles ................................................................................................. 48
A.3 Certified Japanese steel materials ........................................................................................................ 49
A.3.1 Certified Japanese steel plates ..................................................................................................... 49
A.3.2 Certified Japanese hot rolled sections ......................................................................................... 49
A.3.3 Certified Japanese hollow sections ............................................................................................... 49
A.3.4 Certified Japanese steel for cold forming ..................................................................................... 49
A.3.5 Certified Japanese non-preloaded bolting assemblies ................................................................ 50
A.3.6 Certified Japanese preloaded bolting assemblies........................................................................ 50
A.3.7 Certified Japanese welding consumables .................................................................................... 50
A.3.8 Certified Japanese profiled steel sheets ...................................................................................... 50
A.3.9 Certified Japanese stud shear connectors ................................................................................... 50
A.3.10 Certified Japanese hot rolled steel bars .................................................................................. 50
A.3.11 Certified Japanese sheet piles .................................................................................................. 51
A.4 Certified Australian/New Zealand steel materials .............................................................................. 52
A.4.1 Certified Australian/New Zealand steel plates ........................................................................... 52
A.4.2 Certified Australian/New Zealand hot rolled sections ................................................................ 52

vi © 2023 BCA
 A.4.3 Certified Australian/New Zealand hollow sections .....................................................................52
A.4.4 Certified Australian/New Zealand steel for cold forming ...........................................................52
A.4.5 Certified Australian/New Zealand non-preloaded bolting assemblies .......................................53
A.4.6 Certified Australian/New Zealand preloaded bolting assemblies ..............................................53
A.4.7 Certified Australian/New Zealand welding consumables ...........................................................53
A.4.8 Certified Australian/New Zealand profiled steel sheets .............................................................54
A.4.9 Certified Australian/New Zealand shear stud connectors ..........................................................54
A.4.10 Certified Australian/New Zealand hot rolled steel bars .........................................................54
A.4.11 Certified Australian/New Zealand sheet piles .........................................................................54
A.5 Certified Chinese steel materials ..........................................................................................................55
A.5.1 Certified Chinese steel plates .......................................................................................................55
A.5.2 Certified Chinese hot rolled sections ............................................................................................55
A.5.3 Certified Chinese hollow sections .................................................................................................56
A.5.4 Certified Chinese steel for cold forming .......................................................................................56
A.5.5 Certified Chinese non-preloaded bolting assemblies ...................................................................56
A.5.6 Certified Chinese preloaded bolting assemblies ..........................................................................57
A.5.7 Certified Chinese welding consumables .......................................................................................57
A.5.8 Certified Chinese profiled steel sheets .........................................................................................57
A.5.9 Certified Chinese stud shear connectors ......................................................................................57
A.5.10 Certified Chinese hot rolled steel bars .....................................................................................57
A.5.11 Certified Chinese sheet piles ....................................................................................................58
A.6 Certified Korean steel materials ...........................................................................................................59
A.6.1 Certified Korean steel plates.........................................................................................................59
A.6.2 Certified Korean hot rolled sections .............................................................................................59
A.6.3 Certified Korean hollow sections ..................................................................................................59
A.6.4 Certified Korean steel for cold forming ........................................................................................59
A.6.5 Certified Korean non-preloaded bolting assemblies ....................................................................60
A.6.6 Certified Korean preloaded bolting assemblies ...........................................................................60
A.6.7 Certified Korean welding consumables ........................................................................................60
A.6.8 Certified Korean profiled steel sheets ..........................................................................................60
A.6.9 Certified Korean stud shear connectors .......................................................................................60
A.6.10 Certified Korean hot rolled steel bars ......................................................................................60
A.6.11 Certified Korean sheet piles .....................................................................................................61

© 2023 BCA vii

Appendix B Testing of steel materials..................................................................................................... 62
Appendix C Standards for reference ....................................................................................................... 63
C.1 British/European standards for reference ............................................................................................ 64
C.1.1 British/European standards on design of steel structures ......................................................... 64
C.1.2 British/European standards on steel materials .......................................................................... 64
C.1.3 British/European standards on manufacturing tolerances ........................................................ 65
C.1.4 British/European standards on bolting assemblies .................................................................... 65
C.1.5 British/European standards on welding consumables ................................................................ 66
C.1.6 British/European standards on profiled steel sheets .................................................................. 67
C.1.7 British/European standards on stud shear connectors ............................................................... 67
C.1.8 British/European standards on material testing ........................................................................ 67
C.1.9 British/European standards on inspection documents ............................................................... 68
C.2 American standards for reference ......................................................................................................... 69
C.2.1 American standards on design of steel structures ...................................................................... 69
C.2.2 American standards on steel materials ....................................................................................... 69
C.2.3 American standards on manufacturing tolerances ..................................................................... 70
C.2.4 American standards on bolting assemblies ................................................................................. 70
C.2.5 American standards on welding consumables ............................................................................. 71
C.2.6 American standards on profiled steel sheets ............................................................................... 71
C.2.7 American standards on shear stud connectors ............................................................................ 72
C.3 Japanese standards for reference ......................................................................................................... 73
C.3.1 Japanese standards on design of steel structures ....................................................................... 73
C.3.2 Japanese standards on steel materials ........................................................................................ 73
C.3.3 Japanese standards on manufacturing tolerances ...................................................................... 73
C.3.4 Japanese standards on bolting assemblies .................................................................................. 73
C.3.5 Japanese standards on welding consumables ............................................................................. 74
C.3.6 Japanese standards on profiled steel sheets................................................................................ 74
C.3.7 Japanese standards on stud shear connectors ............................................................................ 74
C.4 Australian/New Zealand standards for reference ................................................................................ 75
C.4.1 Australian/New Zealand standards on design of steel structures ............................................. 75
C.4.2 Australian/New Zealand standards on steel materials .............................................................. 75
C.4.3 Australian/New Zealand standards on manufacturing tolerances ............................................ 75
C.4.4 Australian/New Zealand standards on bolting assemblies......................................................... 75
C.4.5 Australian/New Zealand standards on welding consumables .................................................... 76
C.4.6 Australian/New Zealand standards on profiled steel sheets ...................................................... 76
C.4.7 Australian/New Zealand standards on shear stud connectors ................................................... 76

viii © 2023 BCA

 C.5 Chinese standards for reference ............................................................................................................77
C.5.1 Chinese standards on design of steel structures .........................................................................77
C.5.2 Chinese standards on steel materials...........................................................................................77
C.5.3 Chinese standards on manufacturing tolerances ........................................................................77
C.5.4 Chinese standards on bolting assemblies.....................................................................................77
C.5.5 Chinese standards on welding consumables ................................................................................78
C.5.6 Chinese standards on profiled steel sheets ..................................................................................78
C.5.7 Chinese standards on stud shear connectors ...............................................................................78
C.6 Korean Standards for reference .............................................................................................................79
C.6.1 Korean standards on design of steel structures ...........................................................................79
C.6.2 Korean standards on steel materials ............................................................................................79
C.6.3 Korean standards on manufacturing tolerances .........................................................................79
C.6.4 Korean standards on bolting assemblies ......................................................................................79
C.6.5 Korean standards on welding consumables .................................................................................80
C.6.6 Korean standards on profiled steel sheets ...................................................................................80
C.6.7 Korean standards on shear stud connectors ................................................................................80

© 2023 BCA ix
List of tables

Table 1 — Chemical composition requirements for steel plates based on ladle analysis ................................ 5
Table 2 — Chemical composition requirements for hot rolled sections based on ladle analysis ..................... 6
Table 3 — Chemical composition requirements for hot finished hollow sections based on ladle analysis ..... 8
Table 4 — Chemical composition requirements for cold-formed hollow sections based on ladle analysis...... 8
Table 5 — Recommended grades of non-preloaded bolts .................................................................................. 10
Table 6 — Recommended grades of nuts in non-preloaded assemblies ........................................................... 10
Table 7 — Hardness requirements for non-preloaded bolts ............................................................................. 11
Table 8 — Hardness requirements for nuts in non-preloaded assembly ........................................................ 11
Table 9 — Chemical composition requirements for non-preloaded bolts based on product analysis ............ 11
Table 10 — Chemical composition requirements for nuts in non-preloaded assemblies based on product
analysis ............................................................................................................................................. 12
Table 11 — Recommended grades of preloaded bolts ....................................................................................... 12
Table 12 — Recommended grades of nuts in preloaded assemblies ................................................................ 13
Table 13 — Hardness requirements for preloaded bolts .................................................................................. 13
Table 14 — Hardness requirements for nuts in preloaded assemblies ........................................................... 13
Table 15 — Chemical composition requirements for nuts in preloaded assemblies based on product
analysis ............................................................................................................................................. 13
Table 16 — Chemical composition requirements for steel bars based on ladle analysis ............................... 16
Table 17 — Design parameters of British/European (BS EN) structural steels ............................................. 25
Table 18 — Design parameters of American (ASTM and API) structural steels ........................................... 25
Table 19 — Design parameters of Japanese (JIS) structural steels ................................................................ 26
Table 20 — Design parameters of Australian/New Zealand (AS/NZS) structural steels ............................... 26
Table 21 — Design parameters of Chinese (GB) structural steels .................................................................. 27
Table 22 — Design parameters of Korean (KS) structural steels .................................................................... 27
Table 23 — Design parameters of British/European (BS EN) non-preloaded bolts ....................................... 27
Table 24 — Design parameters of American (ASTM) non-preloaded bolts ..................................................... 28
Table 25 — Design parameters of Japanese (JIS) non-preloaded bolts .......................................................... 28
Table 26 — Design parameters of Australian/New Zealand (AS/NZS) non-preloaded bolts ......................... 28
Table 27 — Design parameters of Chinese (GB) non-preloaded bolts ............................................................. 28
Table 28 — Design parameters of Korean (KS) non-preloaded bolts .............................................................. 28
Table 29 — Design parameters of British/European (BS EN) preloaded bolts............................................... 29
Table 30 — Design parameters of American (ASTM) preloaded bolts ............................................................ 29
Table 31 — Design parameters of Japanese (JIS) preloaded bolts .................................................................. 29
Table 32 — Design parameters of Australian/New Zealand (AS/NZS) preloaded bolts ................................. 29

x © 2023 BCA
Table 33 — Design parameters of Chinese (GB) preloaded bolts .....................................................................30
Table 34 — Design parameters of Korean (KS) preloaded bolts ......................................................................30
Table 35 — Design strengths of fillet weld made of British/European (BS EN) welding consumables ........30
Table 36 — Design strengths of fillet weld made of American (AWS) welding consumables ........................30
Table 37 — Design strengths of fillet weld made of Japanese (JIS) welding consumables ...........................30
Table 38 — Design strengths of fillet weld made of Australian/New Zealand (AS/NZS) welding
consumables .....................................................................................................................................31
Table 39 — Design strengths of fillet weld made of Chinese (GB) welding consumables ..............................31
Table 40 — Design strengths of fillet weld made of Korean (KS) welding consumables................................31
Table 41 — Design parameters of British/European (BS EN) profiled steel sheets .......................................31
Table 42 — Design parameters of American (ASTM) profiled steel sheets .....................................................32
Table 43 — Design parameters of Japanese (JIS) profiled steel sheets ..........................................................32
Table 44 — Design parameters of Australian/New Zealand (AS/NZS) profiled steel sheets .........................32
Table 45 — Design parameters of Chinese (GB) profiled steel sheets .............................................................33
Table 46 — Design parameters of Korean (KS) profiled steel sheets ..............................................................33
Table 47 — Tensile strengths of British/European (BS EN), American (AWS), Japanese (JIS),
Australian/New Zealand (AS/NZS), Chinese (GB) and Korean (KS) stud shear connectors ......34
Table 48 — Design parameters of Class 2 structural steels .............................................................................34
Table 49 — Design parameters of Class 2 non-preloaded bolts .......................................................................35
Table 50 — Design parameters of Class 2 preloaded bolts ...............................................................................35
Table 51 — Design parameters of Class 3 structural steels .............................................................................36
Table B.1 — Material testing required for steel materials ...............................................................................62

© 2023 BCA xi
List of figures

Figure 1 — Overall framework for classification of steel materials ................................................................ 22

Figure 2 — Classification of ex-stock steel materials for repeated use ........................................................... 38
Figure 3 — Assessment of material reusability ................................................................................................ 40

List of symbols

For the purposes of this design guide, the following symbols apply.
fu Tensile strength of stud shear connector, in N/mm 2
Lo Proportional gauge length used to compute elongation in tensile test, in mm
pbb Bearing strength of bolts, in N/mm2
ps Shear strength of bolts, in N/mm2
pt Tension strength of bolts, in N/mm2
pw Design strength of fillet welds, in N/mm2
py Design strength of structural steels, in N/mm2
pyo Basic design strength of structural steels with thickness not greater than 16 mm, in N/mm 2
So Original cross-sectional area of specimen in tensile test, in mm2
t Thickness of steel materials, in mm
Ub Minimum tensile strength of bolts, in N/mm2
Ue Minimum tensile strength of welding consumables, in N/mm 2
Us Minimum tensile strength of structural steels, in N/mm2
Yb Minimum yield strength of bolts, in N/mm2
Ys Minimum yield strength of structural steels, in N/mm 2; which is taken as the stress at either the
initiation of yielding for steel materials with clearly defined yield point; and as the lesser of 0.2%
proof stress, or the stress at 0.5% total elongation, for steel materials with no clearly defined yield
point

xii © 2023 BCA

Foreword

This is the 3rd edition of the design guide BC1 which serves as Singapore’s national code of practice for the
use of alternative steel materials in design to the Eurocode 3 “EN 1993 Design of Steel Structures”, including
those manufactured to BS EN standards without Factory Production Control (FPC) certificates issued under
the European Union Construction Directives. Where applicable, Eurocode 3 refers to the suite of Structural
Eurocodes adopted under Singapore Standards SS EN 1993 as well as the Singapore National Annexes to
SS EN 1993. Steel materials not covered in Eurocode 3 by default shall be allowed with or without
restrictions if they are in compliance with the provisions of this design guide.
Steel materials manufactured to BS EN standards with FPC certificates bearing CE Marking issued under
the European Union Construction Directives, and API Monograms of hollow sections specified in Annex
A.2.3 of BC1, are considered ‘acceptable in-lieu’ to an FPC certificate to BC1.
In this edition, references to BS 5950 and its associated standards have been removed. This design guide
has also been updated with the latest list of steel standards and expanded to encompass steels manufactured
to the Korean standards. Furthermore, certification agencies previously tasked to do audits under BC1 will
now have to be accredited by the Singapore Accreditation Council (SAC) as certification bodies to perform
these audits. The key objective is to ensure that only adequate (in terms of material performance) and
reliable (in terms of quality assurance) steel materials, regardless of the standards to which the materials
are manufactured to, are used in the design of permanent and temporary structural steelworks to ensure
quality and public safety.
This design guide only gives provisions for structural design based on Eurocode 3, and therefore only serves
as guidance at the design stage. It has been assumed in the drafting of this design guide that the execution
of its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified persons, in compliance with appropriate execution
standards to control materials, fabrication and erection of steelwork.
As a code of practice, this design guide takes the form of guidance and recommendations. It should not be
quoted as if it was a specification and particular care should be taken to ensure that claims of compliance
are not misleading. Reference for additional design recommendations other than those given in this design
guide shall be made to relevant parts of Eurocode 3.
This design guide does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of this design
guide are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with this design guide does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.

Acknowledgement

The Building and Construction Authority of Singapore (BCA) acknowledges the contribution of Prof Chiew
Sing Ping of the Singapore Institute of Technology for technical materials and edits made to this design
guide for BCA. In addition, BCA also acknowledges the assistance of Prof Pang Sze Dai et al, representing
the Singapore Structural Steel Society for reviewing this guide.

© 2023 BCA xiii

Section 1. Introduction

1.1 Scope
Under the provisions of this design guide, alternative steel materials not manufactured to British/European
(BS EN) standards may be allowed in structural design based on SS EN 1993. To be consistent, this design
guide outlines the material performance requirements and quality assurance requirements to be imposed
on alternative steel materials, including those manufactured to BS EN standards without Factory
Production Control (FPC) certificates issued under the European Union Construction Directives, intended
for use in accordance with SS EN 1993, in the context of Singapore.

1.2 Acronyms
Unless otherwise stated, the following acronyms apply throughout this design guide.

1.2.1 Acronyms for standards and organizations

AS - Australian Standard(s)
AISC - American Institute of Steel Construction
ANSI - American National Standards Institute
API - American Petroleum Institute
ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials
AWS - American Welding Society
BCA - Building and Construction Authority of Singapore
BS - British Standard(s)
EN - European Standard(s)
GB - National Standard(s) of the People’s Republic of China
ISO - International Organization for Standardization
JIS - Japanese Industrial Standard(s)
KS - Korean Standard(s)
NZS - New Zealand Standard(s)
SAC - Singapore Accreditation Council
SS - Singapore Standard(s)

1.2.2 Acronyms for technical terms

CEV - Carbon equivalent value
FPC - Factory production control
NDT - Non-destructive testing

1.3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this design guide, the following terms and definitions apply.

1.3.1 Alternative steel materials

Alternative steel materials are steel materials not manufactured in accordance with BS EN standards, and
therefore not covered in SS EN 1993 by default. The use of alternative steel materials in SS EN 1993 shall

© 2023 BCA 1
be allowed with or without recommendations and/or restrictions according to the classification defined in
1.3.2.

1.3.2 Classification of alternative steel materials

Classification of alternative steel materials is carried out based on the assessments of both material
performance requirements defined in 1.3.3 and quality assurance requirements defined in 1.3.4 to categorise
alternative steel materials into three classes – Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3 for the purpose of design to SS
EN 1993 defined in Section 4.
NOTE: See Section 4 for more details on the classification procedure and the description for each class.

1.3.3 Material performance requirements

Material performance requirements are the essential requirements for the mechanical properties, chemical
composition, dimensional & mass tolerances and/or other relevant properties of alternative steel materials
to ensure their adequacy to be used in the structural design based on SS EN 1993.
NOTE: See Section 2 for more details on material performance requirements.

1.3.4 Quality assurance requirements

Quality assurance requirements are the requirements for the manufacturers of alternative steel materials
to provide adequate assurance on the nominal specifications of the materials, and are acceptable to BCA, to
ensure their reliability to be used in the structural design based on SS EN 1993.
NOTE: See Section 3 for more details on quality assurance requirements.

1.3.5 Certified steel materials

Certified steel materials are alternative steel materials which can be found in Singapore and manufactured
to one of the six international standards, which are British/European (BS EN), American (API, ASTM and
AWS), Japanese (JIS), Australian/New Zealand (AS/NZS and AS), Chinese (GB) and Korean (KS) standards,
with their nominal specifications already certified to be complying with the essential material performance
requirements through rigorous evaluation.
Not all materials manufactured to the abovementioned six international standards are in the lists of certified
steel materials (see Appendix A), but only those which meet the essential material performance
requirements.
NOTE: Certified steel materials still need to be classified accordingly (see Section 4).

1.3.6 Manufacturer
The term ‘manufacturer’ in this design guide shall refer to the manufacturer of steel materials.

1.3.7 Stockist
The term ‘stockist’ in this design guide shall refer to the supplier of steel materials who does not manufacture
the steel materials, but only stocks and supplies the steel materials to the market.

1.3.8 Trader
The term ‘trader’ in this design guide shall refer to the supplier of steel materials who does not manufacture
the steel materials, but only supplies the steel materials to the market.

1.3.9 Purchaser
The term ‘purchaser’ in this design guide shall refer to the purchaser of steel materials for design, fabrication
and erection of steelwork.

1.3.10 Product
The term ‘product’ in this design guide shall refer to the steel material produced or manufactured by the
‘manufacturer’ defined in 1.3.6.

2 © 2023 BCA
1.3.11 Certification body
The term ‘certification body’ in this design guide shall refer to a certification agency accredited by SAC for
the requirements in CT 24 for it to carry out the duty of auditing the production control system of a
manufacturer through necessary inspection, assessment and surveillance.
NOTE: Attestation by a certification body accredited by SAC for the requirements in CT 24 – SAC Criteria for Certification Bodies
(Alternative Structural Steel in BC 1), is part of the quality assurance requirements (see Section 3).

1.4 Technical equations

Unless otherwise stated, the following technical equations apply throughout this design guide.

1.4.1 Carbon equivalent value

Carbon equivalent value as a measure of the weldability of steel materials shall be computed using the
following equation.
% Mn % Cr + % Mo + % V % Cu + % Ni
CEV (%) = % C + + +
6 5 15

1.4.2 Proportional gauge length

Proportional gauge length used in computing the elongation as a measure of the ductility of steel materials
shall be computed using the following equation.

L o = 5.65 S o

© 2023 BCA 3
Section 2. Material performance requirements

Alternative steel materials shall be manufactured to a national standard in the first place and they shall,
at the same time, meet the relevant material performance requirements listed in this section. Specifically,
whichever requirement is more onerous, whether from the national standard or this section, shall govern
the material performance of the alternative steel material. The essential material performance
requirements for various types of commonly available alternative steel materials are as given in 2.1, 2.2,
2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10 and 2.11.
Project-specific (internal soundness and through thickness deformation properties, for examples) or other
requirements given in SS EN 1993 but not covered by this design guide (surface and physical conditions, for
examples) shall also be complied with.

2.1 Steel plates

This section covers hot-rolled uncoated steel plates with a minimum thickness of 3 mm, supplied flat or pre-
curved in any shape as required. Steel for cold forming (see 2.4) is not within the scope of this section.
NOTE: References for material performance requirements in this section include, in alphanumerical order: BS EN 1993-1-1, BS EN
1993-1-10, BS EN 1993-1-12, BS EN 10025-1, BS EN 10025-2, BS EN 10025-3, BS EN 10025-4, BS EN 10025-5, BS EN
10025-6, BS EN 10029, BS EN 10051, BS EN 10164 and other national standards listed in the Appendix A.

2.1.1 Manufacturing process

Rimming steel shall not be allowed and the steel shall be at least semi-killed in the deoxidation process.
The plates may be produced directly on reversing mill, by cutting from parent plates rolled on reversing mill
or hot rolled wide strips. The plate edges may be as rolled or sheared, flame cut or chamfered.
The products may be supplied in as-rolled, normalized or quenched and tempered condition, or with
controlled rolling (normalized rolling or thermo-mechanical rolling).

2.1.2 Mechanical properties

2.1.2.1 Strength
The nominal yield strength shall be in the range of 235 N/mm 2 to 690 N/mm2. The nominal tensile strength
shall be in the range of 300 N/mm2 to 1000 N/mm2.

2.1.2.2 Ductility
The elongation after fracture on proportional gauge length shall be at least 15 %, for nominal yield strength
not greater than 460 N/mm2; and shall be at least 10 % for nominal yield strength greater than 460 N/mm2.
The tensile strength to yield strength ratio shall be at least 1.2 based on nominal values, or at least 1.1
based on actual values, for nominal yield strength not greater than 460 N/mm 2.
NOTE: Conversion of elongation values measured not based on proportional gauge length is necessary and shall be performed
according to BS EN ISO 2566-1.

2.1.2.3 Impact toughness

As a minimum, the product shall be able to absorb at least 27 J of impact energy at 20 C.
NOTE: Depending on other factors including the thickness and minimum service temperature, the impact toughness should also
conform to the appropriate requirements as given in BS EN 1993-1-10.

2.1.2.4 Through thickness deformation properties

Where appropriate, through thickness deformation properties shall be specified to guarantee adequate
deformation capacity perpendicular to the surface to provide ductility and toughness against lamellar
tearing.
NOTE: Specification of through thickness deformation properties can be referred to BS EN 1993-1-10 and BS EN 10164.

4 © 2023 BCA
2.1.3 Chemical composition
In general, based on ladle analysis, carbon content shall not exceed 0.26 %; maximum CEV and content of
impurities shall be in accordance with the requirements given in Table 1.
NOTE 1: Interpolation for maximum content shall be allowed for design strength not given in Table 1.
NOTE 2: Depending on the product thickness or variation in metallurgical process and intended use, the requirements for chemical
composition might vary and shall be referred to BS EN 10025-1, BS EN 10025-2, BS EN 10025-3, BS EN 10025-4, BS EN
10025-5 and BS EN 10025-6.

Table 1 — Chemical composition requirements for steel plates based on ladle analysis

Maximum content (% by mass)

py (N/mm2, based on t  16 mm)
CEV Pa S

235 0.40 0.045 0.050

275 0.44 0.045 0.050

355 0.49 0.045 0.050

420 0.52 0.040 0.050

460 0.55 0.040 0.050

460b 0.50 0.040 0.040

550b 0.83 0.030 0.020

690b 0.83 0.030 0.020

a For certain weathering steel, maximum phosphorous content shall be allowed up to 0.15 %.
b For quenched and tempered steel only.

2.1.4 Dimensional and mass tolerances

2.1.4.1 Dimensions
In general, the deviation in actual thickness from nominal plate thickness shall not exceed the smaller of ±
2 mm and ± 15 %.

2.1.4.2 Mass
In general, the deviation in actual mass from mass computed using a density of 7850 kg/m 3 shall be limited
by the dimensional tolerances.

2.2 Hot rolled sections

This section covers hot rolled structural open sections including universal beams and columns, joists,
channels, angles and T sections.
NOTE: References for material performance requirements in this section include, in alphanumerical order: BS EN 1993-1-1, BS EN
1993-1-10, BS EN 10024, BS EN 10025-1, BS EN 10025-2, BS EN 10025-3, BS EN 10025-4, BS EN 10025-5, BS EN 10034,
BS EN 10055, BS EN 10056-2, BS EN 10164, BS EN 10279 and other national standards listed in the Appendix A.

2.2.1 Manufacturing process

Rimming steel shall not be allowed and the steel shall be at least semi-killed in the deoxidation process.
T sections may be produced directly through hot rolling or by splitting the universal beams or columns.
The products may be supplied in as-rolled, normalized or quenched and tempered condition, or with
controlled rolling (normalized rolling or thermo-mechanical rolling).

© 2023 BCA 5
2.2.2 Mechanical properties

2.2.2.1 Strength
The nominal yield strength shall be in the range of 235 N/mm 2 to 460 N/mm2. The nominal tensile strength
shall be in the range of 300 N/mm2 to 750 N/mm2.

2.2.2.2 Ductility
The elongation after fracture on proportional gauge length shall be at least 15 %. The tensile strength to
yield strength ratio shall be at least 1.2 based on nominal values, or at least 1.1 based on actual values.
NOTE: Conversion of elongation values measured not based on proportional gauge length is necessary and shall be performed
according to BS EN ISO 2566-1.

2.2.2.3 Impact toughness

As a minimum, the product shall be able to absorb at least 27 J of impact energy at 20 C.
NOTE: Depending on other factors including the thickness and minimum service temperature, the impact toughness should also
conform to the appropriate requirements as given in BS EN 1993-1-10.

2.2.3 Chemical composition

In general, based on ladle analysis, carbon content shall not exceed 0.26 %; maximum CEV and content of
impurities shall be in accordance with the requirements given in Table 2.
NOTE 1: Interpolation for maximum content shall be allowed for design strength not given in Table 2.
NOTE 2: Depending on the product thickness or variation in metallurgical process and intended use, the requirements for chemical
composition might vary and shall be referred to BS EN 10025-1, BS EN 10025-2, BS EN 10025-3, BS EN 10025-4 and BS EN
10025-5.

Table 2 — Chemical composition requirements for hot rolled sections based on ladle analysis

Maximum content (% by mass)

py (N/mm2, based on t  16 mm)
CEV Pa S

235 0.40 0.045 0.045

275 0.44 0.045 0.045

355 0.49 0.045 0.045

420 0.52 0.040 0.040

460 0.55 0.040 0.040

a For certain weathering steel, maximum phosphorous content shall be allowed up to 0.15 %.

2.2.4 Dimensional and mass tolerances

2.2.4.1 Dimensions
In general, the deviation in the actual overall dimensions like section height, width and leg length shall not
exceed the larger of ± 4 mm and ± 3 %; the deviation in the thicknesses of flange, web and leg shall not
exceed the smaller of ± 2 mm and ± 15 %.

2.2.4.2 Mass
In general, the deviation in actual mass from mass computed using a density of 7850 kg/m 3 shall not exceed
± 6 %, except for T sections where the deviation shall not exceed ± 8 %.

6 © 2023 BCA
2.3 Hollow sections
This section covers both hot finished and cold-formed structural hollow sections of circular, square or
rectangular forms. Hot finished elliptical hollow sections are also within the scope of this section.
NOTE: References for material performance requirements in this section include, in alphanumerical order: BS 7668, BS EN 1993-1-
1, BS EN 1993-1-10, BS EN 10210-1, BS EN 10210-2, BS EN 10219-1, BS EN 10219-2 and other national standards listed in
the Appendix A.

2.3.1 Manufacturing process

Rimming steel shall not be allowed and the steel shall be at least semi-killed in the deoxidation process.
Quenched and tempered steel shall not be allowed.
Hollow sections shall be manufactured by a seamless or by a welding process.
Hot finished hollow sections may be formed hot, with or without subsequent heat treatment, or formed cold
with subsequent heat treatment to attain the metallurgical conditions equivalent to those formed hot. Hot
finished hollow sections may also be supplied in normalized condition or with normalized rolling.
Cold-formed hollow sections shall be formed cold without subsequent heat treatment except the weld seam
may be in the as welded or heat treated condition. Cold-formed hollow sections may also be supplied in
normalized condition or with controlled rolling (normalized rolling or thermo-mechanical rolling).

2.3.2 Mechanical properties

2.3.2.1 Strength
The nominal yield strength shall be in the range of 235 N/mm2 to 460 N/mm2. The nominal tensile strength
shall be in the range of 300 N/mm2 to 750 N/mm2.

2.3.2.2 Ductility
The elongation after fracture on proportional gauge length shall be at least 15 %.
NOTE: Conversion of elongation values measured not based on proportional gauge length is necessary and shall be performed
according to BS EN ISO 2566-1.

2.3.2.3 Impact toughness

As a minimum, the product shall be able to absorb at least 27 J of impact energy at 20 C.
NOTE: Depending on other factors including the thickness and minimum service temperature, the impact toughness should also
conform to the appropriate requirements as given in BS EN 1993-1-10.

2.3.3 Chemical composition

In general, based on ladle analysis, carbon content shall not exceed 0.24 %; maximum CEV and content of
impurities shall be in accordance with the requirements given in Table 3 and Table 4.
NOTE 1: Interpolation for maximum content shall be allowed for design strength not given in Table 3 and Table 4.
NOTE 2: Depending on the product thickness or variation in metallurgical process and intended use, the requirements for chemical
composition might vary and shall be referred to BS EN 10210-1 and BS EN 10219-1.

© 2023 BCA 7
Table 3 — Chemical composition requirements for hot finished hollow sections based on ladle
analysis

Maximum content (% by mass)

py (N/mm2, based on t  16 mm)
CEV Pa S

235 0.41 0.040 0.040

275 0.45 0.040 0.040

355 0.50 0.035 0.035

420 0.52 0.035 0.035

460 0.55 0.035 0.035

a For certain weathering steel, maximum phosphorous content shall be allowed up to 0.15 %.

Table 4 — Chemical composition requirements for cold-formed hollow sections based on ladle
analysis

Maximum content (% by mass)

py (N/mm2, based on t  16 mm)
CEV Pa S

235 0.37 0.040 0.040

275 0.40 0.040 0.040

355 0.48b 0.035 0.035

420 0.50b 0.035 0.035

460 0.53b 0.035 0.035

a For certain weathering steel, maximum phosphorous content shall be allowed up to 0.15 %.
b If thermo-mechanical rolling, which is recommended to lower the CEV, is introduced, the
corresponding maximum CEV allowed shall be reduced by 10 %.

2.3.4 Dimensional and mass tolerances

2.3.4.1 Dimensions
In general, the deviation in the actual overall dimensions like section height, width and diameter shall not
exceed ± 2 %; the deviation in the wall thicknesses shall not exceed the smaller of ± 2 mm and ± 15 %.

2.3.4.2 Mass
In general, the deviation in actual mass from mass computed using a density of 7850 kg/m 3 shall not exceed
± 6 %.

2.4 Steel for cold forming

This section covers steel flat products used for the manufacture of cold-formed open sections such as light-
gauge lipped or plain channels and high strength galvanized purlins with a thickness, exclusive of coatings,
of not more than 8 mm for use as structural members, and supplied in sheet, strip or coil. Cold-formed
structural hollow sections (see 2.3) and profiled steel sheets for composite slabs (see 2.8) are not within the
scope of this section.
NOTE: References for material performance requirements in this section include, in alphanumerical order: BS EN 1993-1-3, BS EN
10025-2, BS EN 10051 and other national standards listed in the Appendix A.

8 © 2023 BCA
2.4.1 Manufacturing process
The steel flat products for cold forming might be hot rolled, cold rolled or continuously hot-dip coated.
For hot rolled steel sheets, strips or coils, rimming steel shall not be allowed and the steel shall be at least
semi-killed in the deoxidation process; the products may be supplied in as-rolled, normalized or with
controlled rolling (normalized rolling or thermo-mechanical rolling).
For cold rolled steel sheets, strips or coils, low carbon steel shall not be allowed.
For coated steel sheets, strips or coils, low carbon steel shall not be allowed; the coatings might be zinc, zinc-
iron alloy, zinc-aluminium alloy, aluminium-zinc alloy or aluminium-silicon alloy.

2.4.2 Mechanical properties

2.4.2.1 Strength
The nominal yield strength shall be in the range of 200 N/mm2 to 550 N/mm2. The nominal tensile strength
shall be in the range of 250 N/mm2 to 750 N/mm2.

2.4.2.2 Ductility
The elongation after fracture on proportional gauge length shall be at least 15 %, for nominal yield strength
not greater than 460 N/mm2; and shall be at least 10 % for nominal yield strength greater than 460 N/mm2.
NOTE: Conversion of elongation values measured not based on proportional gauge length is necessary and shall be performed
according to BS EN ISO 2566-1.

2.4.3 Chemical composition

In general, based on ladle analysis, carbon content shall not exceed 0.25 %, CEV shall not exceed 0.48 % and
content of each phosphorous and sulphur shall not exceed 0.05 %. For special steel with high mechanical
and/or plastic strain resistances, maximum phosphorous content shall be allowed up to 0.12 %.
NOTE: Depending on the product thickness or variation in metallurgical process and intended use, the requirements for chemical
composition might vary and shall be referred to BS EN 10025-2, BS EN 10149-2, BS EN 10149-3, BS EN 10268 and BS EN
10346.

2.4.4 Dimensional and mass tolerances

2.4.4.1 Dimensions
In general, the deviation in actual thickness from nominal plate thickness shall not exceed the smaller of ±
0.3 mm and ± 15 %.

2.4.4.2 Mass
In general, the deviation in actual mass from mass computed using a density of 7850 kg/m3 shall be limited
by the dimensional tolerances.

2.5 Non-preloaded bolting assemblies

This section covers structural bolting assemblies, which include the ISO metric hexagon bolts with the
matching nuts and washers, used for non-preloaded or bearing type bolted connections. Bolts with thread
size in the range of 5 mm to 68 mm; plain washers with or without chamfer, are covered in this section.
NOTE: References for material performance requirements in this section include, in alphanumerical order: BS 4190, BS EN 1993-1-
8, BS EN ISO 898-1, BS EN ISO 898-2, BS EN ISO 4014, BS EN ISO 4016, BS EN ISO 4017, BS EN ISO 4018, BS EN ISO
4032, BS EN ISO 4033, BS EN ISO 4034, BS EN ISO 7091 and other national standards listed in the Appendix A.

© 2023 BCA 9
2.5.1 Manufacturing process
The bolts may be produced by cold forging or hot forging; alloying or quenching and tempering shall be
allowed to achieve higher strength; free cutting steel may be allowed for lower grades of bolts.
The nuts may be produced by cold forging, hot forging or by turning from bar; alloying or quenching and
tempering shall be allowed to achieve higher strength; free cutting steel may be allowed for lower grades of
nuts.
The washers shall be made from mild steel.

2.5.2 Mechanical properties

2.5.2.1 Strength
For bolts, the nominal tensile strength shall be in the range of 300 N/mm 2 to 1200 N/mm2; the recommended
grades of non-preloaded bolts, and the corresponding nominal tensile and yield strengths, in accordance
with the property class designation system of BS EN ISO 898-1 are given in Table 5.

Table 5 — Recommended grades of non-preloaded bolts

Nominal tensile strength Nominal yield strength

Grade of bolts
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)

4.6 400 240

8.8 800 640

10.9 1000 900

For nuts, the proof load stress shall be in the range of 400 N/mm 2 to 1200 N/mm2; the recommended grades
of nuts, and the corresponding proof load stress and the compatible grades of bolts, in accordance with the
property class designation system of BS EN ISO 898-2 are given in Table 6.
NOTE: Nuts of one class higher shall be used when overtapping of nut thread occurs due to the thick coating of bolts.

Table 6 — Recommended grades of nuts in non-preloaded assemblies

Grade of nuts Proof load stress (N/mm2) Compatible bolt grades

4 400 ≤ 4.8

8 800 ≤ 8.8

10 1000 ≤ 10.9

2.5.2.2 Ductility
For bolts, the elongation after fracture on proportional gauge length shall be at least 8 %; the reduction in
area after fracture shall be at least 35 %.

2.5.2.3 Hardness
The bolts and nuts of recommended grades shall be able to meet the one of the three hardness ranges given
in Table 7 and Table 8, respectively; whereas the Vickers hardness of the washers shall be in between 100
HV to 200 HV.

10 © 2023 BCA
 Table 7 — Hardness requirements for non-preloaded bolts

Range of hardness
Grade of bolts Vickers hardness Brinell hardness Rockwell hardness
(HV) (HB) (HRB or HRC)

4.6 120 – 220 114 – 209 67 – 95 (HRB)

8.8 250 – 335 238 – 318 22 – 34 (HRC)

10.9 320 – 380 304 – 361 32 – 39 (HRC)

Table 8 — Hardness requirements for nuts in non-preloaded assembly

Range of hardness
Grade of nuts Vickers hardness Brinell hardness Rockwell hardness
(HV) (HB) (HRC)

≤8  310  302  30

10  370  353  36

12  395  375  39

2.5.3 Chemical composition

For bolts, based on product analysis, carbon content shall not exceed 0.55 %; maximum content of impurities
shall be in accordance with the requirements given in Table 9.

Table 9 — Chemical composition requirements for non-preloaded bolts based on product

analysis

Maximum content (% by mass)

Grade of bolts
P S

≤ 6.8a 0.050 0.060

≥ 8.8 0.050 0.060

a Free cutting steel may be allowed for these grades with the following maximum contents – sulphur
0.34 %, phosphorous 0.11 % and lead 0.35 %.

For nuts, based on product analysis, maximum content of carbon and impurities shall be in accordance with
the requirements given in Table 10.

© 2023 BCA 11
Table 10 — Chemical composition requirements for nuts in non-preloaded assemblies based on
product analysis

Maximum content (% by mass)

Grade of nuts
C P S

≤ 6a 0.50 0.110 0.150

8 0.58 0.060 0.150

10 and 12 0.58 0.048 0.058

a Free cutting steel may be allowed for these grades with the following maximum contents – sulphur
0.34 % and lead 0.35 %.

2.5.4 Dimensional tolerances

As a minimum, dimensional tolerances shall be in accordance with the corresponding standards which the
bolts, nuts and washers are manufactured to.

2.6 Preloaded bolting assemblies

This section covers structural bolting assemblies, which include the ISO metric hexagon bolts with the
matching nuts and washers, used for preloaded or non-slip bolted connections. Bolts with thread size in the
range of 12 mm to 36 mm; plain washers with or without chamfer and tension indicating washers, are
covered in this section.
NOTE: References for material performance requirements in this section include, in alphanumerical order: BS EN 1993-1-8, BS EN
14399-1, BS EN 14399-2, BS EN 14399-3, BS EN 14399-4, BS EN 14399-5, BS EN 14399-6, BS EN ISO 898-1, BS EN ISO
898-2 and other national standards listed in the Appendix A.

2.6.1 Manufacturing process

The bolts shall be heat-treated under uniform conditions, and hardened by quenching and tempering.
The nuts shall be heat-treated under uniform conditions, and hardened by quenching and tempering; free
cutting steel shall not be allowed.
The washers shall be hardened by quenching and tempering.

2.6.2 Mechanical properties

2.6.2.1 Strength
For bolts, the nominal tensile strength shall be in the range of 800 N/mm 2 to 1200 N/mm2; the recommended
grades of preloaded bolts, and the corresponding nominal tensile and yield strengths, in accordance with the
property class designation system of BS EN ISO 898-1 are given in Table 11.

Table 11 — Recommended grades of preloaded bolts

Nominal tensile strength Nominal yield strength

Grade of bolts
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)

8.8 800 640

10.9 1000 900

For nuts, the proof load stress shall be in the range of 800 N/mm 2 to 1200 N/mm2; the recommended grades
of nuts, and the corresponding proof load stress and the compatible grades of bolts, in accordance with the
property class designation system of BS EN ISO 898-2 are given in Table 12.
NOTE: Nuts of one class higher shall be used when overtapping of nut thread occurs due to the thick coating of bolts.

12 © 2023 BCA
 Table 12 — Recommended grades of nuts in preloaded assemblies

Grade of nuts Proof load stress (N/mm2) Compatible bolt grades

8 800 8.8 or lower

10 1000 10.9 or lower

2.6.2.2 Ductility
For bolts, the elongation after fracture on proportional gauge length shall be at least 8 %.

2.6.2.3 Hardness
The bolts and nuts of recommended grades shall be able to meet the one of the three hardness ranges given
in Table 13 and Table 14, respectively; whereas for the washers, either the Vickers hardness shall be in
between 300 HV to 370 HV or the Rockwell hardness shall be in between 38 HRC to 45 HRC.

Table 13 — Hardness requirements for preloaded bolts

Range of hardness
Grade of bolts Vickers hardness Brinell hardness Rockwell hardness
(HV) (HB) (HRC)

8.8 250 – 335 238 – 318 22 – 34

10.9 320 – 380 304 – 361 32 – 39

Table 14 — Hardness requirements for nuts in preloaded assemblies

Range of hardness
Grade of nuts Vickers hardness Brinell hardness
Rockwell hardness
(HV) (HB)

8 175 – 310 166 – 302 88 HRB – 30 HRC

10 258 – 370 248 – 353 24 HRC – 36 HRC

12  395  375  39 HRC

2.6.3 Chemical composition

For bolts, based on product analysis, carbon content shall not exceed 0.55 %; the maximum content of
sulphur and phosphorus shall not exceed 0.06 % each.
For nuts, based on product analysis, maximum content of carbon and impurities shall be in accordance with
the requirements given in Table 15.

Table 15 — Chemical composition requirements for nuts in preloaded assemblies based on

product analysis

Maximum content (% by mass)

Grade of nuts
C P S

8 0.58 0.060 0.150

10 and 12 0.58 0.050 0.060

© 2023 BCA 13
2.6.4 Dimensional tolerances
As a minimum, dimensional tolerances shall be in accordance with the corresponding standards which the
bolts, nuts and washers are manufactured to.

2.7 Welding consumables

This section covers welding consumables, including electrodes, wires, rods and fluxes, used in arc welding.
NOTE: References for material performance requirements in this section include, in alphanumerical order: BS EN 1993-1-8, BS EN
ISO 636, BS EN ISO 2560, BS EN ISO 14171, BS EN ISO 14341, BS EN ISO 15792-1, BS EN ISO 17632 and other national
standards listed in the Appendix A.

2.7.1 Mechanical properties

The mechanical properties of the all-weld metal shall be obtained through multi run technique.
NOTE: Multi run technique shall be referred to BS EN ISO 15792-1 or equivalent.

2.7.1.1 Strength
The nominal yield strength of the all-weld metal shall be in the range of 355 N/mm2 to 690 N/mm2.

2.7.1.2 Ductility
The elongation after fracture of the all-weld metal on proportional gauge length of 5 times the specimen
diameter shall be at least 15 %.
NOTE: Conversion of elongation values measured not based on proportional gauge length is necessary and shall be performed
according to BS EN ISO 2566-1.

2.7.1.3 Impact toughness

As a minimum, the all-weld metal shall be able to absorb at least 27 J of impact energy at 20 C.
NOTE: Depending on other factors including the thickness and minimum service temperature, the impact toughness should also
conform to the appropriate requirements as given in BS EN 1993-1-10.

2.8 Profiled steel sheets

This section covers profiled steel sheets with a thickness, exclusive of coatings, in the range of 0.7 mm to 5.0
mm for use in composite slabs through composite action.
NOTE: References for material performance requirements in this section include, in alphanumerical order: BS EN 1993-1-3, BS EN
10143, BS EN 10346 and other national standards listed in the Appendix A.

2.8.1 Manufacturing process

The profiled steel sheets shall be continuously hot-dip zinc-coated with structural quality.

2.8.2 Mechanical properties

2.8.2.1 Strength
The nominal yield strength shall be in the range of 220 N/mm2 to 550 N/mm2. The nominal tensile strength
shall be in the range of 275 N/mm2 to 600 N/mm2.

2.8.3 Chemical composition

In general, based on ladle analysis, carbon content shall not exceed 0.25 % and content of each phosphorous
and sulphur shall not exceed 0.12 % and 0.05 %, respectively.

14 © 2023 BCA
2.8.4 Dimensional and mass tolerances

2.8.4.1 Dimensions
In general, the deviation in actual thickness from nominal plate thickness shall not exceed the smaller of ±
0.2 mm and ± 15 %.

2.8.4.2 Mass
In general, the deviation in actual mass from mass computed using a density of 7850 kg/m 3 shall be limited
by the dimensional tolerances.

2.9 Stud shear connectors

This section covers headed stud shear connectors used in transmitting the longitudinal shear between
concrete and steel in composite beams and slabs. The shank diameter shall be in the range of 10 mm to 25
mm. The head diameter shall be at least 1.5 times the shank diameter; whereas the head depth shall be at
least 0.4 times the shank diameter.
NOTE: References for material performance requirements in this section include, in alphanumerical order: BS EN 1994-1-1, BS EN
ISO 13918 and other national standards listed in the Appendix A.

2.9.1 Manufacturing process

The stud shear connectors shall be made from mild steel or stainless steel.

2.9.2 Mechanical properties

2.9.2.1 Strength
The nominal tensile strength shall be at least 400 N/mm2.

2.9.2.2 Ductility
The elongation after fracture on proportional gauge length shall be at least 14 %.
NOTE: Conversion of elongation values measured not based on proportional gauge length is necessary and shall be performed
according to BS EN ISO 2566-1.

2.9.3 Dimensional tolerances

As a minimum, dimensional tolerances shall be in accordance with the corresponding standards which the
shear connectors are manufactured to.

2.10 Hot rolled steel bars

This section covers hot rolled flat and square steel bars with overall cross-sectional dimension of not more
than 150 mm, as well as round steel bars with diameter of not more than 250 mm.
NOTE: References for material performance requirements in this section include, in alphanumerical order: BS EN 1993-1-1, BS EN
1993-1-10, BS EN 1993-1-12, BS EN 10025-1, BS EN 10025-2, BS EN 10025-3, BS EN 10025-4, BS EN 10025-5, BS EN
10025-6, BS EN 10058, BS EN 10059, BS EN 10060 and other national standards listed in the Appendix A.

2.10.1 Manufacturing process

Rimming steel shall not be allowed and the steel shall be at least semi-killed in the deoxidation process.
The products may be supplied in as-rolled, normalized or quenched and tempered condition, or with
controlled rolling (normalized rolling or thermo-mechanical rolling).

2.10.2 Mechanical properties

2.10.2.1 Strength
The nominal yield strength shall be in the range of 235 N/mm2 to 690 N/mm2. The nominal tensile strength
shall be in the range of 300 N/mm2 to 1000 N/mm2.

© 2023 BCA 15
2.10.2.2 Ductility
The elongation after fracture on proportional gauge length shall be at least 15 %, for nominal yield strength
not greater than 460 N/mm2; and shall be at least 10 % for nominal yield strength greater than 460 N/mm 2.
The tensile strength to yield strength ratio shall be at least 1.2 based on nominal values, or at least 1.1
based on actual values, for nominal yield strength not greater than 460 N/mm 2.
NOTE: Conversion of elongation values measured not based on proportional gauge length is necessary and shall be performed
according to BS EN ISO 2566-1.

2.10.2.3 Impact toughness

As a minimum, the product shall be able to absorb at least 27 J of impact energy at 20 C.
NOTE: Depending on other factors including the thickness and minimum service temperature, the impact toughness should also
conform to the appropriate requirements as given in BS EN 1993-1-10.

2.10.3 Chemical composition

In general, based on ladle analysis, carbon content shall not exceed 0.26 %; maximum CEV and content of
impurities shall be in accordance with the requirements given in Table 16.
NOTE 1: Interpolation for maximum content shall be allowed for design strength not given in Table 16.
NOTE 2: Depending on the product thickness or variation in metallurgical process and intended use, the requirements for chemical
composition might vary and shall be referred to BS EN 10025-1, BS EN 10025-2, BS EN 10025-3, BS EN 10025-4, BS EN
10025-5 and BS EN 10025-6.

Table 16 — Chemical composition requirements for steel bars based on ladle analysis

Maximum content (% by mass)

py (N/mm2, based on t  16 mm)
CEV Pa S

235 0.40 0.045 0.050

275 0.44 0.045 0.050

355 0.49 0.045 0.050

420 0.52 0.040 0.050

460 0.55 0.040 0.050

460b 0.50 0.040 0.040

550b 0.83 0.030 0.020

690b 0.83 0.030 0.020

a For certain weathering steel, maximum phosphorous content shall be allowed up to 0.15 %.
b For quenched and tempered steel only.

2.10.4 Dimensional and mass tolerances

2.10.4.1 Dimensions
In general, the deviation in actual cross-sectional dimension from nominal dimension shall not exceed the
smaller of ± 0.5 mm and ± 10 %.

2.10.4.2 Mass
In general, the deviation in actual mass from mass computed using a density of 7850 kg/m 3 shall be limited
by the dimensional tolerances.

16 © 2023 BCA
2.11 Sheet piles
This section covers both hot rolled and cold formed sheet piles, and interlocking steel pipe piles used in earth
retaining structures. Steel bearing piles (see 2.2) and steel pipe piles (see 2.3), except interlocking steel pipe
piles used in earth retaining structures, are not within the scope of this section.
NOTE: References for material performance requirements in this section include, in alphanumerical order: BS EN 10025-2, BS EN
10149-2, BS EN 10149-3, BS EN 10051, BS EN 10248-1, BS EN 10248-2, BS EN 10249-1, BS EN 10249-2 and other national
standards listed in the Appendix A.

2.11.1 Manufacturing process

Rimming steel shall not be allowed and the steel shall be at least semi-killed in the deoxidation process.
The products may be supplied in as-rolled, normalized, or with controlled rolling (normalized rolling or
thermo-mechanical rolling).

2.11.2 Mechanical properties

2.11.2.1 Strength
The nominal yield strength shall be in the range of 235 N/mm2 to 460 N/mm2. The nominal tensile strength
shall be in the range of 300 N/mm2 to 750 N/mm2.

2.11.2.2 Ductility
The elongation after fracture on proportional gauge length shall be at least 15 %. The tensile strength to
yield strength ratio shall be at least 1.2 based on nominal values, or at least 1.1 based on actual values, for
nominal yield strength not greater than 460 N/mm2.
NOTE: Conversion of elongation values measured not based on proportional gauge length is necessary and shall be performed
according to BS EN ISO 2566-1.

2.11.3 Chemical composition

In general, based on ladle analysis, carbon content shall not exceed 0.25 %, CEV shall not exceed 0.48 % and
content of each phosphorous and sulphur shall not exceed 0.05 %. For special steel with high mechanical
and/or plastic strain resistances, maximum phosphorous content shall be allowed up to 0.12 %.
NOTE: Depending on the product thickness or variation in metallurgical process and intended use, the requirements for chemical
composition might vary and shall be referred to BS EN 10025-2, BS EN 10149-2, BS EN 10149-3, BS EN 10248-1 and BS EN
10249-1.

2.11.4 Dimensional and mass tolerances

2.11.4.1 Dimensions
In general, the deviation in actual cross-sectional dimension from nominal dimension shall not exceed ± 0.5
mm for thickness not greater than 5 mm and ± 10 % for thickness greater than 5 mm.

2.11.4.2 Mass
In general, the deviation in actual mass from mass computed using a density of 7850 kg/m 3 shall be limited
by the dimensional tolerances.

© 2023 BCA 17
Section 3. Quality assurance requirements

The actual performance and compliance of the steel materials with the nominal specifications stipulated in
their respective national standards and material performance requirements from Section 2 shall be
substantiated by a quality assurance system acceptable to BCA.
A manufacturer with an acceptable quality assurance system shall establish a production control system
attested with a certificate issued by a certification body (see 1.3.11 and 3.1) and shall provide sufficient
guarantee to the purchasers with appropriate test certificates (see 3.2).

3.1 Factory production control

The manufacturer shall establish, document and maintain a factory production control (FPC) system to
ensure the conformity of the products to the nominal specifications.
Such system shall consist of written procedures, regular inspections and tests and/or assessments and the
use of the results to control feedstock materials, equipment, personnel, the production process and the
products, in accordance with the relevant performance requirements (see Section 2).
As a minimum, the production control system shall meet the requirements in 3.1.1, 3.1.2, 3.1.3, 3.1.4, 3.1.5
and 3.1.6 through attestation by a certification body accredited by SAC for this task on the basis of; first,
initial inspection on the system after receiving and analyzing the complete set of manuals of production
control system submitted by the manufacturers; second, continuous surveillance and assessment of the
production control system through inspection carried out at least once a year.
Certificates of factory production control system, issued by the accredited certification body, shall form the
acceptable indicator for an attested factory production control system.

3.1.1 Feedstock materials

The source of feedstock and/or raw materials shall be well-documented for a period of at least 7 years to
ensure the full traceability of the products.
The specifications of all incoming feedstock and/or raw materials and the relevant inspection scheme to
ensure their conformity shall be documented in accordance with the manufacturer’s written procedures.

3.1.2 Equipment
All equipment used in the manufacturing process shall be regularly inspected and maintained to ensure
consistency in the manufacturing process and the product quality; all weighing, measuring and testing
equipment for quality control shall be in accordance with the standards listed in Appendix B or the
equivalent standards, regularly inspected and calibrated to ensure the reliability and accuracy of results.
Such inspections, maintenances and calibrations shall be carried out and documented in accordance with
the manufacturer’s written procedures.

3.1.3 Personnel
Qualifications of personnel involved in NDT, process affecting product quality and conformity, based on
relevant education, training, skills and experience, shall be assessed and documented in the manufacturer’s
written procedures.
The responsibilities of personnel managing, performing or verifying work affecting product quality and
conformity, and their inter-relationship, shall be clearly defined.

3.1.4 Product testing

The manufacturer shall establish testing procedures to ensure conformity of the products to the nominal
specifications. The testing shall be performed in accordance with the standards listed in Appendix B or the
equivalent standards.

18 © 2023 BCA
3.1.4.1 Initial type testing
Initial type testing shall be carried out under the sole responsibility of the manufacturer before the products
are made available in the market and upon the introduction of changes to the manufacturing process which
may affect the product characteristics. As a minimum, the initial type testing shall include the experimental
and/or theoretical evaluation of the product characteristics corresponding to the relevant performance
requirements (see Section 2).

3.1.4.2 Routine testing

Routine testing shall be carried out by the manufacturer in accordance with the manufacturer’s written
procedures.

3.1.4.3 Specific testing

Specific testing, upon request at the time of order, shall be carried out by authorised inspection
representative independent of the manufacturing department prior to delivery to ensure the products to be
supplied conform to the nominal specifications and additional requirements made at the time of order.

3.1.5 Product marking

The products shall be properly marked using methods like painting, stamping, laser marking, bar coding,
durable adhesive labels or attached tags with the product specifications, particulars of manufacturer and
any other essential information. Information corresponding to the relevant material performance
requirements given in Section 2 and Appendix B shall be attached in the form of test certificates (see 3.2).
For bolts to be used for structural purpose, every individual bolt must be properly marked to clearly indicate
the grade.

3.1.6 Non-conforming products

The manufacturer shall establish appropriate actions to be taken against products not conforming to the
nominal specifications. Occurrence of such non-conformity shall be documented in accordance with the
manufacturer’s written procedures.

3.2 Manufacturer test certificates

Testing, including inspections, conducted by the manufacturers shall be substantiated by test certificates.
As a minimum, a department independent from the production department, within the manufacturer’s
organization, shall conduct the testing. Upon the request of the purchasers or BCA, certificates issued by an
independent third party inspection agency shall also be produced. As a minimum, the manufacturers shall
provide quality assurance with manufacturer test certificates containing information given in 3.2.1, 3.2.2,
3.2.3, 3.2.4, 3.2.5 and 3.2.6.

3.2.1 Information of manufacturer

The manufacturer’s name, contact information and company registration number shall be indicated clearly
in the test certificate.

3.2.2 Reference details

The number of purchase order, reference number and date of issue shall be indicated clearly in the test
certificate.

3.2.3 Material specifications

The number of material standard and the grade, name or code of material supplied, and/or other useful
information about the material supplied, shall be indicated clearly in the test certificate.

3.2.4 Information for traceability

The heat number, batch number of the feedstock materials and the quantity of the steel materials actually
supplied to the purchaser shall be indicated clearly in the test certificate.

© 2023 BCA 19
3.2.5 Test results
The test results, which are corresponding and conforming to the relevant material performance
requirements (see Section 2 and Appendix B), shall be indicated clearly in the test certificate. Use of the
test results of feedstock materials shall be clearly indicated, if any.

3.2.6 Authentication
The test certificate shall be authenticated with the manufacturer’s company stamp, and by the stockist or
trader, if appropriate.

20 © 2023 BCA
Section 4. Classification of steel materials

Classification of steel materials is necessary to determine whether these materials shall be allowed for
structural use in the construction industry with or without any restriction. The adequacy and reliability of
steel materials shall be verified against the material performance requirements (see Section 2) as well as
the quality assurance requirements (see Section 3), respectively, in the entire process of classification.
This section does not cover the classification of ex-stock steel materials intended for repeated use but
delivered without factory production control (FPC) certificate (see 6.1.2).

4.1 Adequacy assessment

The adequacy of steel materials shall be verified against the material performance requirements.
Certification and material testing are the two possible methods to verify the adequacy of steel materials.

4.1.1 Certification
Certification is the process of rigorous evaluation of the specifications given in the British/European,
American, Japanese, Australian/New Zealand, Chinese and Korean material standards, against the
essential material performance requirements. The purpose of certification is to derive lists of certified steel
materials as defined in 1.3.5. Only those materials with their specifications complying with the relevant
material performance requirements are included in the lists.

4.1.2 Material testing

Material testing is the process of demonstrating the adequacy of non-certified steel materials not
manufactured to British/European, American, Japanese, Australian/New Zealand, Chinese or Korean
material standards, during the design stage prior to material procurement, through appropriate material
sampling and test methods as given in Appendix B.
NOTE: Material testing carried out for the purpose of adequacy assessment during the design stage shall not exempt the end
purchasers from performing the obligatory inspection and testing in accordance with appropriate regulations during
procurement and execution stage.

4.2 Reliability assessment

The reliability of steel materials shall be verified against the quality assurance requirements. Two types of
certificates are required to verify the reliability of alternative steel materials. Failure of the manufacturer
to produce either one of the certificates given in 4.2.1 or 4.2.2 is considered not meeting the quality assurance
requirements.

4.2.1 Factory production control certificates

The manufacturer shall produce a factory production control (FPC) certificate issued by a certification body
accredited by SAC for this task as an attestation of the factory production control system in meeting the
requirements given in 3.1.
The purchaser shall obtain a validated copy of such certificate directly from the manufacturer or through
the stockist or trader.
NOTE: FPC certificates for BS EN steel materials issued under the European Union Construction Directives, which are already
widely recognized in the European market, shall bear the CE Marking to be considered ‘acceptable in-lieu’ to an FPC
certificate to BC1. Similarly, hollow sections specified in Annex A.2.3 shall have the API Monogram to be considered
‘acceptable in-lieu’ to an FPC certificate to BC1. The FPC system of such manufacturers in manufacturing the particular type
of steel materials shall be considered already attested.

© 2023 BCA 21
4.2.2 Manufacturer test certificates
The manufacturer shall produce an authenticated test certificate (see 3.2) as an additional layer of quality
assurance on the alternative steel materials delivered.
The purchaser shall obtain such certificate directly from the manufacturer or a validated copy of such
certificate through the stockist or trader. In both cases, the quantity of steel materials actually supplied to
the purchaser shall be clearly indicated.

4.3 Classification procedure

The complete classification procedure of steel materials shall follow the flow represented by the overall
framework shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 — Overall framework for classification of steel materials

Steel materials shall be classified based on the verification against material performance requirements and
quality assurance requirements, see Figure 1, into three classes – Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3, as defined
in 4.3.1, 4.3.2 and 4.3.3.

4.3.1 Class 1 steel materials

Class 1 steel materials are certified steel materials manufactured with approved quality assurance.
NOTE: Only materials in the list of certified materials can be qualified as Class 1 steel materials, depending on the quality assurance
provided by the manufacturers.

4.3.2 Class 2 steel materials

Class 2 steel materials are non-certified steel materials which meet the material performance requirements
through material testing, and are manufactured with approved quality assurance.
NOTE: Materials not in the list of certified materials can only be qualified as Class 2 steel materials, depending on the quality
assurance provided by the manufacturers.

4.3.3 Class 3 steel materials

Class 3 steel materials are steel materials which do not meet at least one of the two requirements – material
performance requirements and quality assurance requirements.

22 © 2023 BCA
4.4 Special case
As shown in Figure 1, certified steel materials which fail in reliability assessment may be treated as Class
2 steel materials, on a case-by-case basis subject to approval by BCA, if their reliability can alternatively be
guaranteed through rigorous material control and testing plans on site. As a minimum, such written plan
should comprise at least 100% visual inspection and non-destructive testing for delivery conditions and
dimensional control, at least one set of material testing (in accordance with testing methods given in
Appendix B) for each batch/lot of steel materials by accredited laboratories under Singapore Laboratory
Accreditation Scheme (SAC-SINGLAS) or other laboratories accredited under a mutual recognition
agreement with SAC-SINGLAS and a material compliance report from an independent expert consultant.

© 2023 BCA 23
Section 5. Design recommendations

This section covers the design recommendations on the use of three different classes of steel materials, as
defined in 4.3.1, 4.3.2 and 4.3.3, to SS EN 1993 and SS EN 1994. The major design parameters and equations
are given in 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3 whereas other properties which are common to all three classes of steel materials
are given in 5.4.

5.1 Design recommendations on Class 1 steel materials

This section covers the design guide on Class 1 steel materials, which are in the lists of certified steel
materials in Appendix A and are in compliance with the quality assurance requirements (see Section 3).

5.1.1 Class 1 structural steel

This section covers the design parameters of Class 1 steel plates, hot rolled sections, hollow sections, steel
for cold forming, hot rolled steel bars and sheet piles.
The yield strength fy and ultimate strength fu of Class 1 structural steel to SS EN 1993 shall be computed
using the following equation.

Yield strength: f y = Reh ;

Ultimate strength: f u = 1.2f y for f y  460 N/mm2 ;

or fu = fy for steel plates with nominal yield strength of at least 460 N/mm 2,
where plastic design shall not be allowed.
The design parameters fy corresponding to different steel grades are given in Table 17, Table 18, Table 19,
Table 20, Table 21 and Table 22.
NOTE: For rolled sections, the specified thickness of the thickest element of the cross-section shall be used.

24 © 2023 BCA
 Table 17 — Design parameters of British/European (BS EN) structural steels

fy (N/mm2), for thickness (mm) less than or equal to

Grade
16 40 63 80 100 150

S235 235 225 215 215 215 195

S275 275 265 255 245 235 225

S355 355 345 335 325 315 295

S420 420 400 390 370 360 340

S460 460 440 430 410 400 380

S500 500 500 480 480 480 440

S550 550 550 530 530 530 490

S620 620 620 580 580 580 560

S690 690 690 650 650 650 630

Table 18 — Design parameters of American (ASTM and API) structural steels

fy (N/mm2), for thickness (mm) less than or equal to

Grade
32 50 65 80 100

ASTM structural steels

36 [250] 250 240 230 220 210

42 [290] 290 280 270 260 250

50 [345] 345 335 325 315 305

55 [380] 380 370 360 350 340

60 [415] 415 405 395 385 375

65 [450] 450 440 430 420 410

70 [485] 485 475 465 455 445

100 [690] 690 680 670 660 650

API line pipes

B [L245] 245 235 - - -

X42 [L290] 290 280 - - -

X46 [L320] 320 310 - - -

X52 [L360] 360 350 - - -

X56 [L390] 390 380 - - -

X60 [L415] 415 405 - - -

X65 [L450] 450 440 - - -

© 2023 BCA 25
 Table 19 — Design parameters of Japanese (JIS) structural steels

fy (N/mm2), for thickness (mm) less than or equal to

Grade
16 40 75 100 160 200

400 245 235 215 215 205 195

490 325 315 295 295 285 275

490Y 365 355 335 325 - -

520 365 355 335 325 - -

570 460 450 430 420 - -

Table 20 — Design parameters of Australian/New Zealand (AS/NZS) structural steels

fy (N/mm2), for thickness (mm) less than or equal to

Grade
12 20 32 50 80 150

250 250 250 250 250 240 230

300 300 300 280 280 270 260

350 350 350 340 340 340 330

400 400 380 360 360 360 -

450 450 450 420 400 - -

CA220 210 - - - - -

CA260 250 - - - - -

CA350 350 - - - - -

PT430 300 280 280 270 270 250

PT460 305 295 295 275 275 265

PT490 360 340 340 330 330 320

PT540 450 450 420 400 - -

26 © 2023 BCA
 Table 21 — Design parameters of Chinese (GB) structural steels

fy (N/mm2), for thickness (mm) less than or equal to

Grade
16 35 50 100 150

Q235 235 225 215 215 195

Q275 275 265 255 245 225

Q295 295 275 255 235 -

Q345 345 325 295 275 -

Q355 355 345 335 325 -

Q390 390 370 350 330 -

Q420 420 400 380 360 -

Q460 460 440 420 400 -

Table 22 — Design parameters of Korean (KS) structural steels

fy (N/mm2), for thickness (mm) less than or equal to

Grade
16 40 75 100 150

275 275 265 255 235 225

355 355 345 335 315 295

380 380 370 360 340 320

420 420 400 380 360 340

460 460 440 420 400 380

5.1.2 Class 1 non-preloaded bolted connections

This section covers the design parameters of Class 1 non-preloaded bolts and the recommended combinations
of matching components in non-preloaded bolting assemblies.
The design parameters corresponding to different bolt grades are given in Table 23, Table 24, Table 25,
Table 26, Table 27 and Table 28.

Table 23 — Design parameters of British/European (BS EN) non-preloaded bolts

Grade Ultimate tensile strength fub

Yield strength fyb (N/mm2)
(Bolt marking) (N/mm2)

4.6 240 400

8.8 640 800

10.9 900 1000

© 2023 BCA 27
 Table 24 — Design parameters of American (ASTM) non-preloaded bolts

Grade Ultimate tensile strength fub

Yield strength fyb (N/mm2)
(Bolt marking) (N/mm2)

307B 240 400

A325 660 830

A449 640 800

A490 900 1000

Table 25 — Design parameters of Japanese (JIS) non-preloaded bolts

Grade Ultimate tensile strength fub

Yield strength fyb (N/mm2)
(Bolt marking) (N/mm2)

4.6 240 400

8.8 640 800

10.9 900 1000

Table 26 — Design parameters of Australian/New Zealand (AS/NZS) non-preloaded bolts

Grade Ultimate tensile strength fub

Yield strength fyb (N/mm2)
(Bolt marking) (N/mm2)

4.6 240 400

8.8 640 800

10.9 900 1000

Table 27 — Design parameters of Chinese (GB) non-preloaded bolts

Grade Ultimate tensile strength fub

Yield strength fyb (N/mm2)
(Bolt marking) (N/mm2)

4.6 190 320

8.8 450 560

10.9 630 700

Table 28 — Design parameters of Korean (KS) non-preloaded bolts

Grade Ultimate tensile strength fub

Yield strength fyb (N/mm2)
(Bolt marking) (N/mm2)

4.6 240 400

4.8 320 400

8.8 640 800

10.9 900 1000

28 © 2023 BCA
5.1.3 Class 1 preloaded bolted connections
This section covers the design parameters of Class 1 preloaded bolts and the recommended combinations of
matching components in preloaded bolting assemblies.
The design parameters corresponding to different bolt grades are given in Table 29, Table 30, Table 31,
Table 32, Table 33 and Table 34.

Table 29 — Design parameters of British/European (BS EN) preloaded bolts

Grade Ultimate tensile strength fub

Yield strength fyb (N/mm2)
(Bolt marking) (N/mm2)

8.8 640 800

10.9 900 1000

Table 30 — Design parameters of American (ASTM) preloaded bolts

Grade Ultimate tensile strength fub

Yield strength fyb (N/mm2)
(Bolt marking) (N/mm2)

A325 660 830

A354 BC 680 790

A354 BD 790 960

A490 900 1000

Table 31 — Design parameters of Japanese (JIS) preloaded bolts

Grade Ultimate tensile strength fub

Yield strength fyb (N/mm2)
(Bolt marking) (N/mm2)

F8T 640 800

F10T 900 1000

F11T 950 1100

S10T 900 1000

Table 32 — Design parameters of Australian/New Zealand (AS/NZS) preloaded bolts

Grade Ultimate tensile strength fub

Yield strength fyb (N/mm2)
(Bolt marking) (N/mm2)

8.8 640 800

10.9 900 1000

12.9 1080 1200

© 2023 BCA 29
 Table 33 — Design parameters of Chinese (GB) preloaded bolts

Grade Ultimate tensile strength fub

Yield strength fyb (N/mm2)
(Bolt marking) (N/mm2)

8.8 450 560

10.9 630 700

Table 34 — Design parameters of Korean (KS) preloaded bolts

Grade Ultimate tensile strength fub

Yield strength fyb (N/mm2)
(Bolt marking) (N/mm2)

F8T 640 800

F10T 900 1000

S10T 900 1000

5.1.4 Class 1 fillet welds

This section covers the design recommendations of fillet welds made of Class 1 welding consumables.
The design strengths of fillet welds corresponding to different welding consumable grades are given in Table
35, Table 36, Table 37, Table 38, Table 39 and Table 40.

For design to SS EN 1993, the specified strengths, ductility and impact toughness of the welding
consumables shall be at least equivalent to that specified for the parent metal.

Table 35 — Design strengths of fillet weld made of British/European (BS EN) welding
consumables

Grade Tensile strength Ue (N/mm2) Design strength pw (N/mm2)

35 440

38 470
0.50Ue  0.55Us
42 500
Us = tensile strength of parent metal
46 530

50 560

Table 36 — Design strengths of fillet weld made of American (AWS) welding consumables

Grade Tensile strength Ue (N/mm2) Design strength pw (N/mm2)

E49xx 490 245

Table 37 — Design strengths of fillet weld made of Japanese (JIS) welding consumables

Grade Tensile strength Ue (N/mm2) Design strength pw (N/mm2)

D43xx 450 225

D50xx 510 255

D53xx 600 300

30 © 2023 BCA
 Table 38 — Design strengths of fillet weld made of Australian/New Zealand (AS/NZS) welding
consumables

Grade Tensile strength Ue (N/mm2) Design strength pw (N/mm2)

E43xx 430 215

E49xx 490 245

E55xx 550 275

E57xx 570 285

Table 39 — Design strengths of fillet weld made of Chinese (GB) welding consumables

Grade Tensile strength Ue (N/mm2) Design strength pw (N/mm2)

43 420 210

50 490 245

55 540 270

Table 40 — Design strengths of fillet weld made of Korean (KS) welding consumables

Grade Tensile strength Ue (N/mm2) Design strength pw (N/mm2)

E50xx 490 245

E53xx 520 260

E58xx 570 285

5.1.5 Class 1 profiled steel sheets

This section covers the design parameters of Class 1 profiled steel sheets.
The design parameters corresponding to different steel grades are given in Table 41, Table 42, Table 43,
Table 44, Table 45 and Table 46.

Table 41 — Design parameters of British/European (BS EN) profiled steel sheets

Basic yield strength fyb Ultimate tensile strength fu

Grade
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)

S220GD 220 300

S250GD 250 330

S280GD 280 360

S320GD 320 390

S350GD 350 420

S550GD 550 560

© 2023 BCA 31
 Table 42 — Design parameters of American (ASTM) profiled steel sheets

Basic yield strength fyb Ultimate tensile strength fu

Grade
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)

230 230 310

255 255 360

275 275 380

340 340 410

380 380 480

410 410 480

480 480 550

550 550 570

Table 43 — Design parameters of Japanese (JIS) profiled steel sheets

Basic yield strength fyb Ultimate tensile strength fu

Grade
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)

340 245 340

400 295 400

440 335 440

490 365 490

540 400 540

Table 44 — Design parameters of Australian/New Zealand (AS/NZS) profiled steel sheets

Basic yield strength fyb Ultimate tensile strength fu

Grade
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)

250 250 320

300 300 340

350 350 420

450 450 480

500 500 520

550 550 550

32 © 2023 BCA
 Table 45 — Design parameters of Chinese (GB) profiled steel sheets

Basic yield strength fyb Ultimate tensile strength fu

Grade
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)

220 220 300

250 250 330

280 280 360

320 320 390

350 350 420

400 400 470

500 500 530

550 550 560

Table 46 — Design parameters of Korean (KS) profiled steel sheets

Basic yield strength fyb Ultimate tensile strength fu

Grade
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)

245 245 340

295 295 400

335 335 440

365 365 490

5.1.6 Class 1 stud shear connectors

This section covers the design recommendations of Class 1 stud shear connectors.
The design shear resistance of stud shear connectors to SS EN 1994 shall be computed using the following
equation.

0.8f ud 2 / 4 0.29d 2 f ck E cm

Design shear resistance: PRd = or whichever is smaller,
V V

h  hsc
where  = 0.2 sc +1  1 for 3;
d  d
V = partial factor, the recommended value is 1.25;
hsc = overall nominal height of stud shear connector;
d= shank diameter of stud shear connector, 16 mm ≤ d ≤ 25 mm;
fck = cylinder compressive strength of concrete;
Ecm = modulus of elasticity of concrete;
fu = tensile strength of stud shear connector, but not greater than 450 N/mm2.
The tensile strengths of stud shear connectors manufactured to BS EN, AWS, JIS, AS/NZS, GB and KS are
given in Table 47.

© 2023 BCA 33
 Table 47 — Tensile strengths of British/European (BS EN), American (AWS), Japanese (JIS),
Australian/New Zealand (AS/NZS), Chinese (GB) and Korean (KS) stud shear connectors

Material standards Tensile strength fu (N/mm2)

BS EN ISO 13918 450

AWS D1.1 (Type B) 450

JIS B 1198 400

AS 1554.2 410

GB/T 10433 400

KS B 1062 400

5.2 Design recommendations on Class 2 steel materials

This section covers the design guide on Class 2 steel materials, which are not in the lists of certified steel
materials (see Appendix A) but are in compliance with both the material performance requirements (see
Section 2) through material testing and quality assurance requirements (see Section 3).

5.2.1 Class 2 structural steel

This section covers the design parameters of Class 2 steel plates, hot rolled sections, hollow sections, steel
for cold forming, hot rolled steel bars and sheet piles.
The basic yield strength fyo and ultimate strength fu of Class 2 structural steel to SS EN 1993 shall be
computed using the following equation.
R eh Rm
Basic yield strength: f yo =  or 460 N/mm2 ;
1.1 1.3
Ultimate strength: f u = 1.1f y ;
where fy = yield strength corresponding to different thickness as given in Table 48.
The design parameters corresponding to different thickness are given in Table 48.

Table 48 — Design parameters of Class 2 structural steels

Basic design Design parameters for thicknessa (mm) less than or equal to
parameters for
thicknessa less than or 40 63 80 100 150
equal to 16 mm

f yo R eh
=
1.1
fy = 0.95fyo fy = 0.92fyo fy = 0.90fyo fy = 0.85fyo fy = 0.80fyo
Rm 2
 or 460 N/mm
1.3

a For rolled sections, used the specified thickness of the thickest element of the cross-section.

5.2.2 Class 2 non-preloaded bolted connections

This section covers the design parameters of Class 2 non-preloaded bolts and the recommended combinations
of matching components in non-preloaded bolting assemblies.
The design parameters corresponding to different bolt grades are given in Table 49.

34 © 2023 BCA
 Table 49 — Design parameters of Class 2 non-preloaded bolts

Mechanical properties of bolts Ultimate tensile strength

Yield strength fyb
Tensile strength Yield strength fub

Ub  1000 N/mm2 Yb 0.7Yb 0.7Ub

5.2.3 Class 2 preloaded bolted connections

This section covers the design parameters of Class 2 preloaded bolts and the recommended combinations of
matching components in preloaded bolting assemblies.
The design parameters corresponding to different bolt grades are given in Table 50.

Table 50 — Design parameters of Class 2 preloaded bolts

Mechanical properties of bolts Ultimate tensile strength

Yield strength fyb
Tensile strength Yield strength fub

Ub  1000 N/mm2 Yb 0.7Yb 0.7Ub

5.2.4 Class 2 fillet welds

This section covers the design strength fillet welds made of Class 2 welding consumables.
For design to SS EN 1993, the specified strengths of the welding consumables shall be at least equivalent to
1.2 times of that specified for the parent metal, and the specified ductility and impact toughness of the
welding consumables shall be at least equivalent to that specified for the parent metal.

5.2.5 Class 2 profiled steel sheets

This section covers the design parameters of Class 2 profiled steel sheets.
The design parameters of profiled steel sheets shall be computed using the following equations.

Basic yield strength: f yb = 0.9Y s in design to SS EN 1993

Ultimate tensile strength: f u = 0.9U s in design to SS EN 1993

where Ys = yield strength of profiled steel sheets, and

Us = tensile strength of profiled steel sheets, but not greater than 450 N/mm 2

5.2.6 Class 2 stud shear connectors

This section covers the design recommendations of Class 2 stud shear connectors.
The design shear resistance of stud shear connectors to SS EN 1994 shall be computed using the following
equation.

0.6f ud 2 / 4 0.25d 2 f ck E cm

Design shear resistance: PRd = or whichever is smaller,
V V

h  hsc
where  = 0.2 sc +1  1 for 3;
d  d
V = partial factor, the recommended value is 1.25;
hsc = overall nominal height of stud shear connector;
d= shank diameter of stud shear connector, 16 mm ≤ d ≤ 25 mm;
fck = cylinder compressive strength of concrete;

© 2023 BCA 35
 Ecm = modulus of elasticity of concrete;
fu = tensile strength of stud shear connector, but not greater than 450 N/mm 2.

5.3 Design recommendations on Class 3 steel materials

This section covers the design guide on Class 3 steel materials, which are not in compliance with at least
one of the material performance requirements (see Section 2) or quality assurance requirements (see
Section 3).

5.3.1 Class 3 structural steel

This section covers the design parameters of Class 3 steel plates, hot rolled sections, hollow sections, steel
for cold forming and sheet piles.
The use of Class 3 structural steel is to be restricted to non-structural purpose.
The basic yield strength fyo Class 3 structural steel to SS EN 1993 corresponding to the thickness not greater
than 16 mm shall be taken as 170 N/mm2 and the ultimate strength fu shall be computed using the following
equation.

Ultimate strength: f u = 1.1f y ;

where fy = yield strength corresponding to different thickness as given in Table 51.
The design parameters corresponding to different thickness are given in Table 51.

Table 51 — Design parameters of Class 3 structural steels

fy (N/mm2), for thicknessa (mm) less than or equal to

16 40 63 80 100 150

170 160 155 150 145 135

a For rolled sections, used the specified thickness of the thickest element of the cross-section.

5.3.2 Class 3 non-preloaded bolted connections

Structural connections shall not be made of Class 3 steel materials.

5.3.3 Class 3 preloaded bolted connections

Structural connections shall not be made of Class 3 steel materials.

5.3.4 Class 3 fillet welds

Structural connections shall not be made of Class 3 steel materials.

5.3.5 Class 3 profiled steel sheets

This section covers the design strength of Class 3 profiled steel sheets.
The nominal yield strength of profiled steel sheets shall be taken as 150 N/mm 2.

5.3.6 Class 3 stud shear connectors

Structural connections shall not be made of Class 3 steel materials.

36 © 2023 BCA
5.4 Other properties
Unless otherwise stated, the following design values shall be used for steel materials wherever applicable.
― Modulus of elasticity: 𝐸 = 210 000 N/mm2
𝐸
― Shear modulus: 𝐺= ≈ 81000𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
2(1+𝜈)

― Poisson’s ratio in elastic stage:  = 0.30

― Coefficient of linear thermal expansion

(in the ambient temperature range):  = 12  10 −6 per C

― Density:  = 7850 kg/m 3

© 2023 BCA 37
Section 6. Material traceability and reusability

To promote sustainability in construction industry, steel materials, especially those used in temporary
supporting structures, should be reused. This section stipulates the guidelines on the re-use of steel
materials through the establishment of material traceability framework and material reusability
requirements to ensure both sustainability and safety in re-use of steel materials. This section only covers
the re-use of sheet piles and structural steel materials used in steel strutting system for earth retaining or
stabilizing structures (ERSS). This section does not cover welding consumables and bolts which shall not be
reused after being loosened/removed from existing structural connections.

6.1 Material traceability

Material traceability is the ability to trace back the source of a specific steel material to its original identity
as delivered from the mill, through proper identification and quality assurance system.
Suppliers and fabricators who intend to re-use structural steel materials shall establish an in-house quality
assurance system to ensure the traceability of such materials. Each piece of steel members shall be marked
with a unique identification number of which quality control checks are introduced and recorded. Such
unique identification shall be able to facilitate future reference to the factory production control (FPC)
certificate, manufacturer test certificate, inspection record and/or test report without confusion.

6.1.1 Traceability of new materials

New steel materials intended for repeated use shall be sourced from audited mills with valid factory
production control (FPC) certificate (see 4.2.1) and manufacturer test certificate (see 4.2.2).
Use of the material for the first time shall be governed by the classification framework given in Section 4
whereas re-use of the material shall only be permitted upon satisfactory verification against its reusability
(see 6.2).

6.1.2 Traceability of ex-stock materials

Ex-stock steel materials intended for repeated use but delivered without factory production control (FPC)
certificate shall be, as a minimum, delivered with manufacturer test certificate (see 4.2.2) certifiable to and
listed in Appendix A.
Use of ex-stock steel material shall be classified according to the framework shown in Figure 2 whereas re-
use of the material shall only be permitted upon satisfactory verification against its reusability (see 6.2).

Ex-stock materials delivered without Key:

FPC certificate for repeated use
- delivered with manufacturer test certificate Yes
- certifiable to & listed in Appendix A No

Mill has subsequently

obtained FPC
certificate?
Batch/lot
known?
Material
testing for
each batch/lot Material
(see Appendix B) Correlated
NDT for each testing for
member each batch/lot
(see Appendix B) (see Appendix B)

Class 1 Class 2
Note: Ex-stock steel materials which do not fit into this flow chart shall be classified as Class 3

Figure 2 — Classification of ex-stock steel materials for repeated use

38 © 2023 BCA
6.2 Material reusability
Material reusability is the ability of the used steel materials to be reused and to perform adequately as
anticipated in the design.

6.2.1 Recommendations to enhance material reusability

The following recommendations apply to steel materials intended for repeated use.
― Apply permanent and systematic marking for ease of identification;
― Avoid mixing of steel grade for better traceability; and
― Apply corrosion protection coating, if necessary.

6.2.2 Reusability assessment

Steel materials before being reused shall be inspected, and reconditioned if necessary, to ensure compliance
with the design requirements. As a minimum, the physical condition and reconditioning requirements given
in 6.2.2.1, 6.2.2.2, 6.2.2.3, 6.2.2.4 and 6.2.2.5 shall form the quality test regime to verify the reusability of
the materials to be reused. In addition, other requirement(s) can be prescribed by the Qualified Person, if
deemed necessary. The flow of reusability of used steel materials is shown in Figure 3.

6.2.2.1 Surface condition

All surfaces of the steel materials shall be visually inspected. At least 85% of the steel surface shall be free
of rust, and the corrosion condition shall not be more severe than Grade C in accordance with BS EN ISO
8501-1.
Should minor repair be required, maintenance actions to be taken include cleaning using water jets, blasting,
priming, grinding and weld repair. The area cleaned/ground shall be well flared without abrupt changes in
contour.

6.2.2.2 Sectional dimensions

Sectional dimensions shall be measured at 3 locations along the members for comparison against the
nominal specifications. For open sections, flange thickness shall be measured at 3 quarter points, each at
top left half-flange and bottom right half-flange, and web thickness shall be measured at 3 quarter points
along beam central axis.
A section intended for re-use shall be relegated to the next lighter section if its actual dimension after
blasting/grinding fails to meet the nominal dimension minus allowable tolerance.

6.2.2.3 Shape and straightness

Shape and straightness of a used steel member shall comply with the requirements given in SS EN 1090-
2:2018.
Members failing straightness criteria shall be sent for straightening treatment.

6.2.2.4 Bolts and welded connections

Structural connections to be re-used shall be visually inspected.
When a used connection is disassembled for purpose like reconditioning the used members and/or modifying
the connection, the retrieved bolts shall not be reused again.

6.2.2.5 Interlocks of sheet piles

The interlocks of re-used sheet piles shall have adequate free play, so that the piles can be fitted into each
other and they shall engage in such a manner that the in-service forces can be transmitted.

6.2.2.6 Steel materials beyond economic repair

Used sections which are beyond economic repair/reconditioning shall be scrapped.

© 2023 BCA 39
 Use d ste e l mate rials with
unique / trac e able ide ntity

Quality te st re gime
(s ee 6 .2 .2 .1 , 6 .2 .2 .2 , 6 .2 .2 .3 , 6 .2 .2 .4 & 6 .2 .2 .5 )
Pa s s

Fail

Ec onomic
Re - use fe asibility of Re - c onditioning
re - c onditioning Ye s

No

Re je c t & sc rap

Figure 3 — Assessment of material reusability

6.3 Quality system

To ensure traceability and reusability of steel materials, the supplier/fabricator shall have a proper quality
system in place which shall, as a minimum, cover the following.
― Individual marking and identification of reusable steel materials;
― Documentation of FPC certificates, manufacturer test certificates and test reports;
― Record of usage and reconditioning history on the reusable steel materials; and
― In-house inspection and quality test regimes.
Such quality system shall be audited by a certification body accredited by SAC for this task, with subsequent
surveillance audits at every 6 months. The certification body shall issue a certificate of assessment as proof
of conformance to the quality system and such certificate shall be made available for inspection by the
authorities upon request.

40 © 2023 BCA
Appendix A Lists of certified steel materials

This appendix only covers certified steel materials manufactured to certain British/European standards (BS
EN), American standards (API, ASTM and AWS), Japanese standards (JIS), Australian/New Zealand
standards (AS/NZS and AS), Chinese standards (GB) and Korean (KS) standards, and shall be updated in
accordance with the latest version of the respective standards.
Alternative steel materials shall be manufactured to a national standard in the first place and they shall,
at the same time, meet the relevant material performance requirements listed in Section 2.

NOTE: Depending on the quality assurance provided by the manufacturer, materials in this appendix can be either Class 1, Class 2
or Class 3.

© 2023 BCA 41
A.1 Certified British/European steel materials

A.1.1 Certified British/European steel plates

Any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-
BS EN 10025-2:2019 or ▪ S355ML BS EN 10025-6:2019
▪ S235JR ▪ S420M ▪ S460Q
BS EN 10025-3:2019
▪ S235J0 ▪ S420ML ▪ S460QL
▪ S275N
▪ S235J2 ▪ S460M ▪ S460QL1
▪ S275NL
▪ S275JR ▪ S460ML ▪ S500Q
▪ S355N
▪ S275J0 or ▪ S500QL
▪ S355NL
▪ S275J2 ▪ S500QL1
▪ S420N BS EN 10025-5:2019
▪ S355JR ▪ S550Q
▪ S420NL ▪ S235J0W
▪ S355J0 ▪ S550QL
▪ S460N ▪ S235J2W
▪ S355J2 ▪ S550QL1
▪ S460NL ▪ S355J0WP
▪ S355K2 ▪ S620Q
or ▪ S355J2WP
▪ S460JR ▪ S620QL
▪ S355J0W
▪ S460J0 BS EN 10025-4:2019 ▪ S620QL1
▪ S355J2W
▪ S460J2 ▪ S275M ▪ S690Q
▪ S355K2W
▪ S460K2 ▪ S275ML ▪ S690QL
▪ S355M or ▪ S690QL1
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
BS EN 10029:2010
▪ Class A
▪ Class B
▪ Class C
▪ Class D
or
BS EN 10051:2010
▪ Category A
▪ Category B

A.1.2 Certified British/European hot rolled sections

Any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-
BS EN 10025-2:2019 ▪ S460K2 BS EN 10025-4:2019 ▪ S355J0WP
▪ S235JR or ▪ S275M ▪ S355J2WP
▪ S235J0 ▪ S275ML ▪ S355J0W
BS EN 10025-3:2019
▪ S235J2 ▪ S355M ▪ S355J2W
▪ S275N
▪ S275JR ▪ S355ML ▪ S355K2W
▪ S275NL
▪ S275J0 ▪ S420M or
▪ S355N
▪ S275J2 ▪ S420ML
▪ S355NL BS EN 10025-6:2019
▪ S355JR ▪ S460M
▪ S420N ▪ S460Q
▪ S355J0 ▪ S460ML
▪ S420NL ▪ S460QL
▪ S355J2 or
▪ S460N ▪ S460QL1
▪ S355K2
▪ S460NL BS EN 10025-5:2019
▪ S460JR
or ▪ S235J0W
▪ S460J0
▪ S235J2W
▪ S460J2
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
BS EN 10024:1995, BS EN 10034:1993, BS EN 10055:1996, BS EN 10056-2:1993 or BS EN 10279:2000

42 © 2023 BCA
A.1.3 Certified British/European hollow sections
Either any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-
BS EN 10210-1:2006 ▪ S275NH ▪ S355K2H ▪ S420NLH
▪ S235JRH ▪ S275NLH ▪ S355NH ▪ S460NH
▪ S275J0H ▪ S355J0H ▪ S355NLH ▪ S460NLH
▪ S275J2H ▪ S355J2H ▪ S420NH
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
BS EN 10210-2:2019

Or any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-

BS EN 10219-1:2006 ▪ S275NH ▪ S355MLH ▪ S460MLH
▪ S235JRH ▪ S275NLH ▪ S355NH ▪ S460NH
▪ S275J0H ▪ S355J0H ▪ S355NLH ▪ S460NLH
▪ S275J2H ▪ S355J2H ▪ S420MH
▪ S275MH ▪ S355K2H ▪ S420MLH
▪ S275MLH ▪ S355MH ▪ S460MH
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
BS EN 10219-2:2019

A.1.4 Certified British/European steel for cold forming

Either any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-
BS EN 10025-2:2019 ▪ S355J0 or ▪ S550MC
▪ S235JR ▪ S355J2 or
BS EN 10149-2:2013
▪ S235J0 ▪ S355K2
▪ S315MC BS EN 10149-3:2013
▪ S235J2 ▪ S460JR
▪ S355MC ▪ S260NC
▪ S275JR ▪ S460J0
▪ S420MC ▪ S315NC
▪ S275J0 ▪ S460J2
▪ S460MC ▪ S355NC
▪ S275J2 ▪ S460K2
▪ S500MC ▪ S420NC
▪ S355JR
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
BS EN 10051:2010

Or any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-

BS EN 10346:2015
▪ S220GD
▪ S250GD
▪ S280GD
▪ S320GD
▪ S350GD
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
BS EN 10143:2006

A.1.5 Certified British/European non-preloaded bolting assemblies

Bolts manufactured to:-
▪ BS 4190:2014
▪ BS 7419:2012
▪ BS EN ISO 4014:2022
▪ BS EN ISO 4016:2022
▪ BS EN ISO 4017:2022
▪ BS EN ISO 4018:2022

© 2023 BCA 43
Nuts manufactured to:-
▪ BS 4190:2014
▪ BS EN ISO 4032:2012
▪ BS EN ISO 4033:2012
▪ BS EN ISO 4034:2012
Washers manufactured to:-
▪ BS EN ISO 898-3:2018+A1:2021
▪ BS EN ISO 7091:2000

A.1.6 Certified British/European preloaded bolting assemblies

Bolts manufactured to:-
▪ BS EN 14399-3:2015
▪ BS EN 14399-4:2015
Nuts manufactured to:-
▪ BS EN 14399-3:2015
▪ BS EN 14399-4:2015
Washers manufactured to:-
▪ BS EN 14399-5:2015
▪ BS EN 14399-6:2015

A.1.7 Certified British/European welding consumables

Welding consumables, which result in all-weld metals meeting material performance requirements in 2.7,
and manufactured to:-
▪ BS EN ISO 14174:2019
▪ BS EN ISO 636:2017
▪ BS EN ISO 2560:2020
▪ BS EN ISO 14171:2016
▪ BS EN ISO 14341:2020
▪ BS EN ISO 14343:2017
▪ BS EN ISO 16834:2012
▪ BS EN ISO 17632:2015
▪ BS EN ISO 17633:2018+A1:2021
▪ BS EN ISO 17634:2015
▪ BS EN ISO 18274:2010
▪ BS EN ISO 21952:2012
▪ BS EN ISO 24373:2018
▪ BS EN ISO 24598:2019
▪ BS EN ISO 26304:2018

A.1.8 Certified British/European profiled steel sheets

Any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-
BS EN 10346:2015
▪ S220GD
▪ S250GD
▪ S280GD
▪ S320GD
▪ S350GD
▪ S550GD
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
BS EN 10143:2006

44 © 2023 BCA
A.1.9 Certified British/European stud shear connectors
Stud shear connectors manufactured to:-
BS EN ISO 13918:2018+A1:2021

A.1.10 Certified British/European hot rolled steel bars

Any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-
BS EN 10025-2:2019 or ▪ S355ML BS EN 10025-6:2019
▪ S235JR ▪ S420M ▪ S460Q
BS EN 10025-3:2019
▪ S235J0 ▪ S420ML ▪ S460QL
▪ S275N
▪ S235J2 ▪ S460M ▪ S460QL1
▪ S275NL
▪ S275JR ▪ S460ML ▪ S500Q
▪ S355N
▪ S275J0 or ▪ S500QL
▪ S355NL
▪ S275J2 ▪ S500QL1
▪ S420N BS EN 10025-5:2019
▪ S355JR ▪ S550Q
▪ S420NL ▪ S235J0W
▪ S355J0 ▪ S550QL
▪ S460N ▪ S235J2W
▪ S355J2 ▪ S550QL1
▪ S460NL ▪ S355J0WP
▪ S355K2 ▪ S620Q
or ▪ S355J2WP
▪ S460JR ▪ S620QL
▪ S355J0W
▪ S460J0 BS EN 10025-4:2019 ▪ S620QL1
▪ S355J2W
▪ S460J2 ▪ S275M ▪ S690Q
▪ S355K2W
▪ S460K2 ▪ S275ML ▪ S690QL
▪ S355M or ▪ S690QL1
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
BS EN 10058:2018, BS EN 10059:2003 or BS EN 10060:2003

A.1.11 Certified British/European sheet piles

Either any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-
BS EN 10248-1:1996
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
BS EN 10248-2:1996

Or any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-

BS EN 10249-1:1996
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
BS EN 10249-2:1996
Or any certified steel for cold forming (see A.1.4)

© 2023 BCA 45
A.2 Certified American steel materials

A.2.1 Certified American steel plates

Any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-
ASTM A 36–2019 ▪ Grade 50 [345] ASTM A 709–2021 ▪ Grade 65 [450]
▪ Grade 36 [250] ▪ Grade 55 [380] ▪ Grade 36 [250] or
or ▪ Grade 60 [415] ▪ Grade 50 [345]
ASTM A 1066–2022
▪ Grade 65 [450] ▪ Grade 70 [485]
ASTM A 242–2013 ▪ Grade 50 [345]
or ▪ Grade 100 [690]
(2018) ▪ Grade 60 [415]
▪ Grade 50 [345] ASTM A 588–2019 or ▪ Grade 65 [450]
or ▪ Grade 50 [345] ASTM A 945–2016 ▪ Grade 70 [485]
or (2021) ▪ Grade 80 [550]
ASTM A 572–2021e1
▪ Grade 50 [345]
▪ Grade 42 [290]
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
ASTM A 6–2022

A.2.2 Certified American hot rolled sections

Any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-
ASTM A 36–2019 ▪ Grade 60 [415] ASTM A 709–2021 ▪ Grade 65 [450]
▪ Grade 36 [250] ▪ Grade 65 [450] ▪ Grade 36 [250] or
or or ▪ Grade 50 [345]
ASTM A 992–2022
ASTM A 572–2021e1 ASTM A 588–2019 or ▪ Grade 50 [345]
▪ Grade 42 [290] ▪ Grade 50 [345] ASTM A 913–2019
▪ Grade 50 [345] or ▪ Grade 50 [345]
▪ Grade 55 [380] ▪ Grade 60 [415]
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
ASTM A 6–2022

A.2.3 Certified American hollow sections

Steel grades manufactured to:-
ASTM A 501-2021 API 5L–2018 ▪ Grade X52 [L360]
▪ Grade 50 [345] ▪ Grade B [L245] ▪ Grade X56 [L390]
or ▪ Grade X42 [L290] ▪ Grade X60 [L415]
▪ Grade X46 [L320] ▪ Grade X65 [L450]
A.2.4 Certified American steel for cold forming
Any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-
ASTM A 792–2022 ASTM A 875–2022 ▪ SS Grade 40 [275] ▪ SS Grade 33 [230]
▪ SS Grade 33 [230] ▪ SS Grade 33 [230] ▪ SS Grade 45 [310] ▪ SS Grade 36 [250]
▪ SS Grade 37 [255] ▪ SS Grade 37 [255] ▪ SS Grade 50 [340] ▪ SS Grade 40 [275]
▪ SS Grade 40 [275] ▪ SS Grade 50 [340] ▪ SS Grade 60 [410] ▪ SS Grade 45 [310]
▪ SS Grade 50 [340] ▪ SS Grade 80 [550] ▪ SS Grade 70 [480] ▪ SS Grade 50 [340]
▪ SS Grade 60 [410] or ▪ SS Grade 80 [550] ▪ SS Grade 55 [380]
▪ SS Grade 70 [480] or ▪ SS Grade 60 [410]
ASTM A 1008–2021a
▪ SS Grade 80 [550] ▪ SS Grade 70 [480]
▪ SS Grade 30 [205] ASTM A 1011–2018a
or ▪ SS Grade 80 [550]
▪ SS Grade 33 [230] ▪ SS Grade 30 [205]

46 © 2023 BCA
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
ASTM A 568–2019a or ASTM A 924–2022a

A.2.5 Certified American non-preloaded bolting assemblies

Bolts manufactured to:-
▪ ASTM A 193–2023
▪ ASTM A 307–2021 (Grade B)
▪ ASTM F 3125-2022 (Limited to ASTM A 325-2014 and ASTM A 490-2014a)
▪ ASTM A 449–2014 (2020)
Nuts manufactured to:-
▪ ASTM A 563–2021ae1
▪ ASTM A 194–2022a
Washers manufactured to:-
▪ ASTM F 436–2019

A.2.6 Certified American preloaded bolting assemblies

Bolts manufactured to:-
▪ ASTM F 3125-2022 (Limited to ASTM A 325-2014 and ASTM A 490-2014a)
▪ ASTM A 354–2017e2 (Grade BC and Grade BD)
Nuts manufactured to:-
▪ ASTM F 3125-2022 (Limited to ASTM F 1852-2014)
▪ ASTM A 563–2021ae1
Washers manufactured to:-
▪ ASTM F 959–2017a
▪ ASTM F 436–2019

A.2.7 Certified American welding consumables

Welding consumables, which result in all-weld metals meeting material performance requirements in 2.7,
and manufactured to:-
▪ AWS A5.1:2012
▪ AWS A5.9:2022

A.2.8 Certified American profiled steel sheets

Any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-
ASTM A 653–2022 ▪ Grade 55 [380] or ▪ Grade 40 [275]
▪ Grade 33 [230] ▪ Grade 60 [410] ▪ Grade 50 [340]
ASTM A 1046-2022
▪ Grade 37 [255] ▪ Grade 70 [480] ▪ Grade 80 [550]
▪ Grade 33 [230]
▪ Grade 40 [275] ▪ Grade 80 [550]
▪ Grade 37 [255]
▪ Grade 50 [340]
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
ASTM A 924–2022a

A.2.9 Certified American shear stud connectors

Stud shear connectors manufactured to:-
AWS D1.1–2020
▪ Type B

A.2.10 Certified American hot rolled steel bars

Any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-
▪ ASTM A 709–2021

© 2023 BCA 47
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
ASTM A 6–2022

A.2.11 Certified American sheet piles

Either any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-
▪ ASTM A 328–2013a (2018)
▪ ASTM A 857–2019
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
ASTM A 6–2022
Or any certified steel for cold forming (see A.2.4)

48 © 2023 BCA
A.3 Certified Japanese steel materials

A.3.1 Certified Japanese steel plates

Any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-
JIS G 3106:2020 ▪ SM520C ▪ SMA400CW or
+A1:2022 ▪ SM570 ▪ SMA490BP
JIS G 3136:2022
▪ SM400B or ▪ SMA490BW
▪ SN400B
▪ SM400C ▪ SMA490CP
JIS G 3114:2022 ▪ SN400C
▪ SM490B ▪ SMA490CW
▪ SMA400BP ▪ SN490B
▪ SM490C ▪ SMA570P
▪ SMA400BW ▪ SN490C
▪ SM490YB ▪ SMA570W
▪ SMA400CP
▪ SM520B
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
JIS G 3193:2019

A.3.2 Certified Japanese hot rolled sections

Any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-
▪ JIS G 3106:2020 ▪ SM520C ▪ SMA400CW or
+A1:2022 ▪ SM570 ▪ SMA490BP
JIS G 3136:2022
▪ SM400B or ▪ SMA490BW
▪ SN400B
▪ SM400C ▪ SMA490CP
JIS G 3114:2022 ▪ SN400C
▪ SM490B ▪ SMA490CW
▪ SMA400BP ▪ SN490B
▪ SM490C ▪ SMA570P
▪ SMA400BW ▪ SN490C
▪ SM490YB ▪ SMA570W
▪ SMA400CP
▪ SM520B
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
JIS G 3192:2021

A.3.3 Certified Japanese hollow sections

Steel grades manufactured to:-
JIS G 3475:2021
▪ STKN400B
▪ STKN400W
▪ STKN490B

A.3.4 Certified Japanese steel for cold forming

Either any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-
▪ JIS G 3106:2020 ▪ SM520C ▪ SMA400CW or
+A1:2022 ▪ SM570 ▪ SMA490BP
JIS G 3136:2022
▪ SM400B or ▪ SMA490BW
▪ SN400B
▪ SM400C ▪ SMA490CP
JIS G 3114:2022 ▪ SN400C
▪ SM490B ▪ SMA490CW
▪ SMA400BP ▪ SN490B
▪ SM490C ▪ SMA570P
▪ SMA400BW ▪ SN490C
▪ SM490YB ▪ SMA570W
▪ SMA400CP
▪ SM520B
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
JIS G 3193:2019
Or steel grade manufactured to:-
JIS G 3350:2021
▪ SSC400

© 2023 BCA 49
A.3.5 Certified Japanese non-preloaded bolting assemblies
Bolts manufactured to:-
▪ JIS B 1051:2014
▪ JIS B 1180:2014
Nuts manufactured to:-
▪ JIS B 1052-2:2014
▪ JIS B 1181:2014
Washers manufactured to:-
▪ JIS B 1256:2008

A.3.6 Certified Japanese preloaded bolting assemblies

Bolts manufactured to:-
▪ JIS B 1186:2013
▪ JSS II-09:2015
Nuts manufactured to:-
▪ JIS B 1186:2013
Washers manufactured to:-
▪ JIS B 1186:2013

A.3.7 Certified Japanese welding consumables

Welding consumables, which result in all-weld metals meeting material performance requirements in 2.7,
and manufactured to:-
▪ JIS Z 3211:2008
▪ JIS Z 3313:2009

A.3.8 Certified Japanese profiled steel sheets

Steel grades manufactured to:-
JIS G 3302:2022 ▪ SGC440 ▪ SZAH490 JIS G 3321:2022
▪ SGH340 ▪ SGC490 ▪ SZAH540 ▪ SGLH400
▪ SGH400 or ▪ SZAC340 ▪ SGLH440
▪ SGH440 ▪ SZAC400 ▪ SGLH490
JIS G 3317:2019
▪ SGH490 ▪ SZAC440 ▪ SGLH540
▪ SZAH340
▪ SGH540 ▪ SZAC490 ▪ SGL400
▪ SZAH400
▪ SGC340 or ▪ SGL440
▪ SZAH440
▪ SGC400 ▪ SGL490

A.3.9 Certified Japanese stud shear connectors

Stud shear connectors manufactured to:-
JIS B 1198:2011

A.3.10 Certified Japanese hot rolled steel bars

Any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-
▪ JIS G 3106:2020 ▪ SM520C ▪ SMA400CW or
+A1:2022 ▪ SM570 ▪ SMA490BP
JIS G 3136:2022
▪ SM400B or ▪ SMA490BW
▪ SN400B
▪ SM400C ▪ SMA490CP
JIS G 3114:2022 ▪ SN400C
▪ SM490B ▪ SMA490CW
▪ SMA400BP ▪ SN490B
▪ SM490C ▪ SMA570P
▪ SMA400BW ▪ SN490C
▪ SM490YB ▪ SMA570W
▪ SMA400CP
▪ SM520B
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
JIS G 3191:2022

50 © 2023 BCA
A.3.11 Certified Japanese sheet piles
Either steel grades manufactured to:-
▪ JIS A 5523:2021
▪ JIS A 5530:2019
Or any combination of steel grades manufactured to standards listed under:-
▪ A.1.8
▪ A.2.8
▪ A.4.8
▪ A.5.8
▪ A.6.8
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
JIS A 5528:2021
Or any certified steel for cold forming (see A.3.4)

© 2023 BCA 51
A.4 Certified Australian/New Zealand steel materials

A.4.1 Certified Australian/New Zealand steel plates

Either any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-
AS/NZS 3678-2016+A1:2017
▪ 250
▪ 300
▪ 350
▪ 400
▪ 450
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
AS/NZS 1365-1996+A1:2014*
NOTE: *Plates are rolled on continuous mills. If plates are rolled on reversing mills, width of plate should be less than 2.7 m.

Or steel grades manufactured to:-

AS 1548-2008 ▪ PT460NL0 ▪ PT460TRL40 ▪ PT490T
▪ PT430NL0 ▪ PT460NL20 ▪ PT460TRL50 ▪ PT490TL20
▪ PT430NL20 ▪ PT460NL40 ▪ PT490N ▪ PT490TL40
▪ PT430NL40 ▪ PT460NL50 ▪ PT490NL20 ▪ PT490TL50
▪ PT430NRL0 ▪ PT460NRL0 ▪ PT490NL40 ▪ PT540T
▪ PT430NRL20 ▪ PT460NRL20 ▪ PT490NL50 ▪ PT540TL20
▪ PT430NRL40 ▪ PT460NRL40 ▪ PT490NR ▪ PT540TL40
▪ PT430TRL0 ▪ PT460NRL50 ▪ PT490NRL20 ▪ PT540TL50
▪ PT430TRL20 ▪ PT460TRL0 ▪ PT490NRL40
▪ PT430TRL40 ▪ PT460TRL20 ▪ PT490NRL50

A.4.2 Certified Australian/New Zealand hot rolled sections

Hot rolled sections manufactured to:-
AS/NZS 3679.1-2016
▪ 300L0
▪ 300L15
▪ 300S0
▪ 350L0
▪ 350S0

A.4.3 Certified Australian/New Zealand hollow sections

Steel grades manufactured to:-
AS/NZS 1163-2016+A1:2017
▪ C250L0
▪ C350L0
▪ C450L0

A.4.4 Certified Australian/New Zealand steel for cold forming

Any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-
AS 1397-2021
▪ 250
▪ 300
▪ 350
▪ 400
▪ 450

52 © 2023 BCA
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
AS/NZS 1365-1996+A1:2014

Or any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-

AS/NZS 1595-1998+A1:2014
▪ CA220
▪ CA260
▪ CA350
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
AS/NZS 1365-1996+A1:2014

A.4.5 Certified Australian/New Zealand non-preloaded bolting assemblies

Bolts manufactured to:-
▪ AS/NZS 1252.1-2016+A1:2018
▪ AS/NZS 1252.2-2016
▪ AS 4291.1-2015*
▪ AS 1559-2018
NOTE: *Grade 12.9 is non-certified.

Nuts manufactured to:-

▪ AS/NZS 1252.1-2016+A1:2018
▪ AS/NZS 1252.2-2016
▪ AS/NZS 4291.2-2016
Washers manufactured to:-
▪ AS/NZS 1252.1-2016+A1:2018
▪ AS/NZS 1252.2-2016

A.4.6 Certified Australian/New Zealand preloaded bolting assemblies

Bolts manufactured to:-
▪ AS/NZS 1252.1-2016+A1:2018
▪ AS/NZS 1252.2-2016
▪ AS 4291.1-2015
Nuts manufactured to:-
▪ AS/NZS 1252.1-2016+A1:2018
▪ AS/NZS 1252.2-2016
▪ AS/NZS 4291.2:2016
Washers manufactured to:-
▪ AS/NZS 1252.1-2016+A1:2018
▪ AS/NZS 1252.2-2016

A.4.7 Certified Australian/New Zealand welding consumables

Welding consumables, which result in all-weld metals meeting material performance requirements in 2.7,
and manufactured to:-
▪ AS/NZS 1554.1-2014+A2:2017
▪ AS/NZS 4855-2022
▪ AS/NZS 4857-2022*
▪ AS/NZS ISO 14171-2013
▪ AS/NZS ISO 14174-2013
▪ AS/NZS 14341-2012
▪ AS/NZS 16834-2013
▪ AS/NZS 21952-2012
NOTE: *Only grades 55, 62 and 69 are certified.
NOTE: **Z is non-certified.

© 2023 BCA 53
NOTE: ***Only grades W5xxx to W6xxx are certified; grade W5ZXH is non-certified.

A.4.8 Certified Australian/New Zealand profiled steel sheets

Any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-
AS 1397-2021
▪ 250
▪ 300
▪ 350
▪ 400
▪ 450
▪ 500
▪ 550
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
AS/NZS 1365-1996+A1:2014

A.4.9 Certified Australian/New Zealand shear stud connectors

Stud shear connectors manufactured to:-
AS 1554.2-2021*
NOTE: *Stud diameter should be at least 15.9 mm.

A.4.10 Certified Australian/New Zealand hot rolled steel bars

Hot rolled steel bars manufactured to:-
AS/NZS 3679.1-2016

A.4.11 Certified Australian/New Zealand sheet piles

Any certified steel for cold forming (see A.4.4)

54 © 2023 BCA
A.5 Certified Chinese steel materials

A.5.1 Certified Chinese steel plates

Any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-
GB/T 700-2006* ▪ Q355MD ▪ Q620C ▪ Q550NH
▪ Q235BZ ▪ Q355ME ▪ Q620D or
▪ Q235CZ ▪ Q390B ▪ Q620E
GB/T 19879-2015
▪ Q235DTZ ▪ Q390C ▪ Q690C
▪ Q235GJC
▪ Q275BZ ▪ Q390D ▪ Q690D
▪ Q235GJD
▪ Q275CZ ▪ Q390E ▪ Q690E
▪ Q235GJE
▪ Q275DTZ ▪ Q420B or ▪ Q345GJC
or ▪ Q420C
GB/T 4171-2008 ▪ Q345GJD
▪ Q420D
GB/T 1591-2018* ▪ Q265GNH ▪ Q345GJE
▪ Q420E
▪ Q345B ▪ Q295GNH ▪ Q390GJC
▪ Q460C
▪ Q345C ▪ Q310GNH ▪ Q390GJD
▪ Q460D
▪ Q345D ▪ Q355GNH ▪ Q390GJE
▪ Q460E
▪ Q345E ▪ Q235NH ▪ Q420GJC
▪ Q500C
▪ Q355B(AR) ▪ Q295NH ▪ Q420GJD
▪ Q500D
▪ Q355C(AR) ▪ Q355NH ▪ Q420GJE
▪ Q500E
▪ Q355D(AR) ▪ Q415NH ▪ Q460GJC
▪ Q550C
▪ Q355ND ▪ Q460NH ▪ Q460GJD
▪ Q550D
▪ Q355NE ▪ Q500NH ▪ Q460GJE
▪ Q550E
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
GB/T 709-2019*
▪ Class A
▪ Class B
▪ Class C
▪ Class N
▪ PT.A
▪ PT.B
NOTE: *Steel plates manufactured to GB/T 3274-2017, which make reference to GB/T 700-2006, GB/T 1591-2018 and GB/T 709-
2019, shall be considered certified.

A.5.2 Certified Chinese hot rolled sections

Any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-
GB/T 700-2006 ▪ Q345B ▪ Q390C GB/T 4171-2008
▪ Q235BZ ▪ Q345C ▪ Q390D ▪ Q265GNH
▪ Q235CZ ▪ Q345D ▪ Q390E ▪ Q295GNH
▪ Q235DTZ ▪ Q345E ▪ Q420B ▪ Q310GNH
▪ Q275BZ ▪ Q355B(AR) ▪ Q420C ▪ Q355GNH
▪ Q275CZ ▪ Q355C(AR) ▪ Q420D ▪ Q235NH
▪ Q275DTZ ▪ Q355D(AR) ▪ Q420E ▪ Q295NH
or ▪ Q355ND ▪ Q460C ▪ Q355NH
▪ Q355NE ▪ Q460D ▪ Q415NH
▪ Q355MD ▪ Q460E ▪ Q460NH
GB/T 1591-2018 ▪ Q355ME or
▪ Q295B ▪ Q390B
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
GB/T 706-2016 or GB/T 11263-2017

© 2023 BCA 55
A.5.3 Certified Chinese hollow sections
Either any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-
GB/T 700-2006 ▪ Q345E ▪ Q390E GB/T 4171-2008
▪ Q235CZ ▪ Q355B(AR) ▪ Q420B ▪ Q265GNH
▪ Q235DTZ ▪ Q355C(AR) ▪ Q420C ▪ Q295GNH
▪ Q275CZ ▪ Q355D(AR) ▪ Q420D ▪ Q310GNH
▪ Q275DTZ ▪ Q355ND ▪ Q420E ▪ Q355GNH
or ▪ Q355NE ▪ Q460C ▪ Q235NH
▪ Q355MD ▪ Q460D ▪ Q295NH
GB/T 1591-2018
▪ Q355ME ▪ Q460E ▪ Q355NH
▪ Q345B
▪ Q390B or ▪ Q415NH
▪ Q345C
▪ Q390C ▪ Q460NH
▪ Q345D
▪ Q390D
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
GB/T 6728-2017

Or any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-

GB/T 8162-2018 ▪ Q275D ▪ Q390B ▪ Q420D
▪ Q235B ▪ Q295B ▪ Q390C ▪ Q420E
▪ Q235C ▪ Q345B ▪ Q390D ▪ Q460C
▪ Q235D ▪ Q345C ▪ Q390E ▪ Q460D
▪ Q275B ▪ Q345D ▪ Q420B ▪ Q460E
▪ Q275C ▪ Q345E ▪ Q420C
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
GB/T 8162-2018 and GB/T 17395-2008

A.5.4 Certified Chinese steel for cold forming

Either any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-
GB/T 700-2006 ▪ Q275CZ ▪ Q345E ▪ Q390B
▪ Q215AZ ▪ Q275DTZ ▪ Q355B(AR) ▪ Q390C
▪ Q215BZ or ▪ Q355C(AR) ▪ Q390D
▪ Q235AZ ▪ Q355D(AR) ▪ Q390E
GB/T 1591-2018
▪ Q235BZ ▪ Q355ND ▪ Q420A
▪ Q345A
▪ Q235CZ ▪ Q355NE ▪ Q420B
▪ Q345B
▪ Q235DTZ ▪ Q355MD ▪ Q420C
▪ Q345C
▪ Q275AZ ▪ Q355ME ▪ Q420D
▪ Q345D
▪ Q275BZ ▪ Q390A ▪ Q420E
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
GB/T 709-2019

A.5.5 Certified Chinese non-preloaded bolting assemblies

Bolts manufactured to:-
▪ GB/T 5780-2016
▪ GB/T 5781-2016
▪ GB/T 5782-2016
▪ GB/T 5783-2016
Nuts manufactured to:-
▪ GB/T 41-2016
▪ GB/T 6170-2015
▪ GB/T 6175-2016
Washers manufactured to:-
▪ GB/T 95-2002

56 © 2023 BCA
A.5.6 Certified Chinese preloaded bolting assemblies
Bolts manufactured to:-
▪ GB/T 1228-2006
▪ GB/T 3632-2008
Nuts manufactured to:-
▪ GB/T 1229-2006
▪ GB/T 3632-2008
Washers manufactured to:-
▪ GB/T 1230-2006
▪ GB/T 3632-2008

A.5.7 Certified Chinese welding consumables

Welding consumables, which result in all-weld metals meeting material performance requirements in 2.7,
and manufactured to:-
▪ GB/T 5117-2012
▪ GB/T 5118-2012
▪ GB/T 5293-2018
▪ GB/T 8110-2020
▪ GB/T 10045-2018
▪ GB/T 12470-2018
▪ GB/T 17493-2018

A.5.8 Certified Chinese profiled steel sheets

Profiled steel sheets manufactured to:-
GB/T 2518-2019
▪ S220GD
▪ S250GD
▪ S280GD
▪ S320GD
▪ S350GD
▪ S550GD

A.5.9 Certified Chinese stud shear connectors

Stud shear connectors manufactured to:-
GB/T 10433-2002

A.5.10 Certified Chinese hot rolled steel bars

Any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-
GB/T 700-2006* ▪ Q355C(AR) ▪ Q460D or
▪ Q235BZ ▪ Q355D(AR) ▪ Q460E
GB/T 4171-2008
▪ Q235CZ ▪ Q355ND ▪ Q500C
▪ Q265GNH
▪ Q235DTZ ▪ Q355NE ▪ Q500D
▪ Q295GNH
▪ Q275BZ ▪ Q355MD ▪ Q500E
▪ Q310GNH
▪ Q275CZ ▪ Q355ME ▪ Q550C
▪ Q355GNHL
▪ Q275DTZ ▪ Q390B ▪ Q550D
▪ Q235NH
or ▪ Q390C ▪ Q550E
▪ Q295NH
▪ Q390D ▪ Q620C
GB/T 1591-2018* ▪ Q355NH
▪ Q390E ▪ Q620D
▪ Q345B ▪ Q415NH
▪ Q420B ▪ Q620E
▪ Q345C ▪ Q460NH
▪ Q420C ▪ Q690C
▪ Q345D ▪ Q500NH
▪ Q420D ▪ Q690D
▪ Q345E ▪ Q550NH
▪ Q420E ▪ Q690E
▪ Q355B(AR)
▪ Q460C

© 2023 BCA 57
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:-
GB/T 702-2017

A.5.11 Certified Chinese sheet piles

Sheet piles manufactured to:-
GB/T 20933-2021
Or any certified steel for cold forming (see A.5.4)

58 © 2023 BCA
A.6 Certified Korean steel materials

A.6.1 Certified Korean steel plates

Any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-
KS D 3515:2018* ▪ SM420C ▪ SMA355BP ▪ SN460B
▪ SM275A ▪ SM420D ▪ SMA355CW ▪ SN460C
▪ SM275B ▪ SM460B ▪ SMA355CP
▪ SM275C ▪ SM460C ▪ SMA460W
▪ SM275D or ▪ SMA460P
▪ SM355A KS D 3529:2018 or
▪ SM355B ▪ SMA275BW KS D 3861:2018
▪ SM355C ▪ SMA275BP ▪ SN275B
▪ SM355D ▪ SMA275CW ▪ SN275C
▪ SM420A ▪ SMA275CP ▪ SN355B
▪ SM420B ▪ SMA355BW ▪ SN355C
NOTE: *Grades SM460B and SM460C are certified with a thickness not exceeding 100 mm.

With dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:

KS D 3051:2002, KS D 3052:2002, KS D 3500:2019, and KS D 3502:2019

A.6.2 Certified Korean hot rolled sections

Steel grades manufactured to:
KS D 3866:2019* ▪ SHN460 ▪ HSB380L ▪ HSB460W
▪ SHN275 or ▪ HSB380W
▪ SHN355 KS D 3868:2018** ▪ HSB460
▪ SHN420 ▪ HSB380 ▪ HSB460L
NOTE: *Steel section with a thickness not exceeding 75 mm.
NOTE: **The steels that exceed 100 mm shall be specified by agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.
NOTE: SHN grade in KS D 3866 is recommended to building structure applicant. HSB grade in KS D 3868 is recommended to bridge
structure applicant.

With dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:

KS D 3502:2002

A.6.3 Certified Korean hollow sections

Any combination of steel grades manufactured to:-
KS D 3632:2019 ▪ SNT460A KS D 3864:2019 ▪ SNRT275A
▪ SNT355A ▪ SNT460E ▪ SNRT395E ▪ SNRT355A
▪ SNT355E or ▪ SNRT360E
With dimensions in accordance with:
KS D 3632:2019 and KS D 3864:2019

A.6.4 Certified Korean steel for cold forming

Either any combination of steel grades manufactured to:
KS D 3530:2018 ▪ SWH275L ▪ SWH460 ▪ SPCE
▪ SSC275 ▪ SWH355 ▪ SWH460L ▪ SPCF
or ▪ SWH355L or
KS D 3558:2018 ▪ SWH420 KS D 3512:2007
▪ SWH275 ▪ SWH420L ▪ SPCD

© 2023 BCA 59
With dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:
KS D 3530:2018, KS D 3558:2018, KS D 3512:2007, KS D 3770:2018

A.6.5 Certified Korean non-preloaded bolting assemblies

Bolts manufactured to:
▪ KS B 1002:2016
▪ KS B 1016:2015
Nuts manufactured to:
▪ KS B 1012:2017
Washers manufactured to:
▪ KS B 1326:2009

A.6.6 Certified Korean preloaded bolting assemblies

Bolts manufactured to:
▪ KS B 1010:2009
▪ KS B 2819:2016
Nuts manufactured to:
▪ KS B 1010:2009
▪ KS B 2819:2016
Washers manufactured to:
▪ KS B 1324:2017

A.6.7 Certified Korean welding consumables

Welding consumables, which result in all-weld metals meeting material performance requirements in 2.7,
and manufactured to:
▪ KS B 7006:2018
▪ KS D 7025:2005
▪ KS D 7101:2002

A.6.8 Certified Korean profiled steel sheets

Profiled steel sheets manufactured to:-
KS D 3506:2018 ▪ SGC295Y ▪ SGC365Y
▪ SGC245Y ▪ SGC335Y
With dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:
KS D 3506:2018

A.6.9 Certified Korean stud shear connectors

Stud shear connectors manufactured to:-
KS B 1062:2014

A.6.10 Certified Korean hot rolled steel bars

Steel grades manufactured to:-
KS D 3857:2018 ▪ SNR 275A ▪ SNR 275B ▪ SNR 355B
With dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:
KS D 3051:2017

60 © 2023 BCA
A.6.11 Certified Korean sheet piles
Either steel grades manufactured to:
KS D 3858:2018 or ▪ STP450 ▪ SHP450W
▪ SPY345W KS D 4602:2016 or
▪ SPY450 ▪ STP275, KS D 4603:2016
▪ SPY345M ▪ STP355 ▪ SHP275W
▪ SPY380M ▪ STP380 ▪ SHP355W
with dimensional and/or mass tolerances in accordance with:
KS D 3858:2018, KS D 4602:2016, KS D 3052:2017
or any certified steel for cold forming (see A.6.4)

© 2023 BCA 61
Appendix B Testing of steel materials

Testing of steel materials shall be in accordance with the standards given in Table B.1.

Table B.1 — Material testing required for steel materials

Tests Materials Parameters testeda Standards for reference
Tensile test Steel plates Yield strength BS EN ISO 6892-1:2019
Hot rolled sections Tensile strength
Hollow sections Elongation after
Steel for cold forming fracture
Bolts
Profiled steel sheets
Stud shear connectors
Hot rolled bars
Sheet Piles
Charpy impact test Steel plates Impact energy BS EN ISO 148-1:2016
Hot rolled sections
Hollow sections
Hardness test Bolts Brinell hardness BS EN ISO 6506-1:2014
Nuts Vickers hardness BS EN ISO 6507-1:2018
Washers Rockwell hardness BS EN ISO 6508-1:2016
Proof load test Nuts Proof load stress BS EN ISO 898-2:2022
All-weld metal tests Welding consumables Yield strength BS EN ISO 15792-1:2020
Tensile strength
Elongation after
fracture
Impact energy
Chemical analysis Steel plates Carbon contentb BS EN ISO 14284:2002
Hot rolled sections Carbon equivalent
Hollow sections valueb
Steel for cold forming Sulphur contentb
Bolts Phosphorous contentb
Profiled steel sheets Othersc
Hot rolled bars
Sheet Piles
a To ensure the adequacy of non-certified steel materials, parameters tested shall be in compliance
with the relevant material performance requirements given in Section 2.
b Compared to the limits specified for ladle analysis in Section 2, limits for product analysis shall
be:-
0.03 % higher for carbon content;
0.04 % higher for carbon equivalent value;
0.01 % higher for each sulphur and phosphorous content.
c The content of the following elements shall also be determined and recorded:- silicon, manganese,
copper, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, aluminium, niobium, titanium, vanadium, nitrogen and
any other element intentionally added.

62 © 2023 BCA
Appendix C Standards for reference

This appendix covers British/European, American, Japanese, Australian/New Zealand, Chinese and Korean
standards used as reference materials for this design guide. The standards listed in this appendix are only
current and confirmed at the time of drafting of this design guide and shall be updated in accordance with
the latest version of the respective standards.

© 2023 BCA 63
C.1 British/European standards for reference
The following British/European standards are published by the British Standards Institution, London,
United Kingdom.

C.1.1 British/European standards on design of steel structures

BS EN 1993-1-1:2005 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures — Part 1-1: General rules and rules for
buildings
+A1:2014

BS EN 1993-1-3:2006 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures — Part 1-3: General rules —

Supplementary rules for cold-formed members and sheeting
BS EN 1993-1-8:2005 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures — Part 1-8: Design of joints
BS EN 1993-1-12:2007 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures — Part 1-12: Additional rules for the
extension of EN 1993 up to steel grades S 700

C.1.2 British/European standards on steel materials

BS 7668:2016 Weldable structural steels — Hot finished structural hollow sections in weather
resistant steels — Specification
BS EN 10020:2000 Definition and classification of grades of steel
BS EN 10021:2006 General technical delivery requirements for steel and iron products
BS EN 10025-1:2004 Hot rolled products of structural steels — Part 1: General technical delivery
conditions
BS EN 10025-2:2019 Hot rolled products of structural steels — Part 2: Technical delivery conditions
for non-alloy structural steels
BS EN 10025-3:2019 Hot rolled products of structural steels — Part 3: Technical delivery conditions
for normalized/normalized rolled weldable fine grain structural steels
BS EN 10025-4:2019 Hot rolled products of structural steels — Part 4: Technical delivery conditions
for thermomechanical rolled weldable fine grain structural steels
BS EN 10025-5:2019 Hot rolled products of structural steels — Part 5: Technical delivery conditions
for structural steels with improved atmospheric corrosion resistance
BS EN 10025-6:2019 Hot rolled products of structural steels — Part 6: Technical delivery conditions
for flat products of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and
tempered condition
BS EN 10027-1:2016 Designation systems for steels — Part 1: Steel names
BS EN 10079:2007 Definition of steel products
BS EN 10149-1:2013 Specification for hot-rolled flat products made of high yield strength steels for
cold forming — Part 1: General delivery conditions
BS EN 10149-2:2013 Specification for hot-rolled flat products made of high yield strength steels for
cold forming — Part 2: Delivery conditions for thermomechanically rolled steels
BS EN 10149-3:2013 Specification for hot-rolled flat products made of high yield strength steels for
cold forming — Part 3. Delivery conditions for normalized or normalized rolled
steels
BS EN 10210-1:2006 Hot finished structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels — Part
1: Technical delivery conditions
BS EN 10219-1:2006 Cold formed welded structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels
— Part 1: Technical delivery conditions

64 © 2023 BCA
BS EN 10248-1:1996 Hot rolled steel sheet piling of non alloy steels — Part 1: Technical delivery
conditions
BS EN 10249-1:1996 Cold formed steel sheet piling of non alloy steels — Part 1: Technical delivery
conditions
BS EN 10346:2015 Continuously hot-dip coated steel flat products — Technical delivery conditions

C.1.3 British/European standards on manufacturing tolerances

BS EN 10024:1995 Hot rolled taper flange I sections — Tolerances on shape and dimensions
BS EN 10029:2010 Specification for tolerances on dimensions, shape and mass for hot rolled steel
plates 3 mm thick or above
BS EN 10034:1993 Structural steel I and H sections — Tolerances on shape and dimensions
BS EN 10051:2010 Continuously hot-rolled uncoated plate, sheet and strip of non-alloy and alloy
steels — Tolerances on dimensions and shape
BS EN 10055:1996 Hot rolled steel equal flange tees with radiused root and toes — Dimensions and
tolerances on shape and dimensions
BS EN 10056-2:1993 Specification for structural steel equal and unequal leg angles — Part 2:
Tolerances on shape and dimensions
BS EN 10058:2018 Hot rolled flat steel bars for general purposes — Dimensions and tolerances on
shape and dimensions
BS EN 10059:2003 Hot rolled square steel bars for general purposes — Dimensions and tolerances
on shape and dimensions
BS EN 10060:2003 Hot rolled round steel bars for general purposes — Dimensions and tolerances
on shape and dimensions
BS EN 10210-2:2019 Hot finished structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels — Part
2: Tolerances, dimensions and sectional properties
BS EN 10219-2:2019 Cold formed welded structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels
— Part 2: Tolerances, dimensions and sectional properties
BS EN 10248-2:1996 Hot rolled steel sheet piling of non alloy steels — Part 2: Tolerances on shape
and dimensions
BS EN 10249-2:1996 Cold formed steel sheet piling of non alloy steels — Part 2: Tolerances on shape
and dimensions
BS EN 10279:2000 Hot rolled steel channels — Tolerances on shape, dimension and mass

C.1.4 British/European standards on bolting assemblies

General information
BS EN ISO 898-1:2013 Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel — Part
1: Bolts, screws and studs
BS EN ISO 898-2:2022 Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel – Nuts
with specified property classes. Coarse thread and fine pitch thread
BS EN ISO 16426:2002 Fasteners — Quality assurance system

Non-preloaded assemblies
BS 4190:2014 ISO metric black hexagon bolts, screws and nuts — Specification
BS 7419:2012 Specification for holding down bolts
BS EN ISO 4014:2022 Hexagon head bolts — Product grades A and B

© 2023 BCA 65
BS EN ISO 4016:2022 Hexagon head bolts — Product grade C
BS EN ISO 4017:2022 Hexagon head screws — Product grades A and B
BS EN ISO 4018:2022 Hexagon head screws — Product grade C
BS EN ISO 4032:2012 Hexagon nuts, style 1 — Product grades A and B
BS EN ISO 4033:2012 Hexagon nuts, style 2 — Product grades A and B
BS EN ISO 4034:2012 Hexagon nuts — Product grade C
BS EN ISO 7091:2000 Plain washers — Normal series — Product Grade C

BS EN ISO 898-3:2018 Fasteners. Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy
steel – Flat washers with specified property classes
+A1:2021

Preloaded assemblies
BS EN 14399-1:2015 High-strength structural bolting assemblies for preloading — Part 1: General
requirements
BS EN 14399-2:2015 High-strength structural bolting assemblies for preloading — Part 2: Suitability
test for preloading
BS EN 14399-3:2015 High-strength structural bolting assemblies for preloading — Part 3: System HR
— Hexagon bolt and nut assemblies
BS EN 14399-4:2015 High-strength structural bolting assemblies for preloading — Part 4: System HV
— Hexagon bolt and nut assemblies
BS EN 14399-5:2015 High-strength structural bolting assemblies for preloading — Part 5: Plain
washers
BS EN 14399-6:2015 High-strength structural bolting assemblies for preloading — Part 6: Plain
chamfered washers

C.1.5 British/European standards on welding consumables

BS EN ISO 636:2017 Welding consumables — Rods, wires and deposits for tungsten inert gas welding
of non-alloy and fine-grain steels — Classification
BS EN ISO 2560:2020 Welding consumables — Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding of non-
alloy and fine grain steels — Classification
BS EN ISO 14171:2016 Welding consumables — Solid wire electrodes, tubular cored electrodes and
electrode/flux combinations for submerged arc welding of non alloy and fine grain
steels — Classification
BS EN ISO 14174:2019 Welding consumables. Fluxes for submerged arc welding and electroslag welding.
Classification
BS EN ISO 14341:2020 Welding consumables — Wire electrodes and weld deposits for gas shielded
metal arc welding of non alloy and fine grain steels — Classification
BS EN ISO 14343:2017 Welding consumables — Wire electrodes, strip electrodes, wires and rods for arc
welding of stainless and heat resisting steels — Classification
BS EN ISO 16834:2012 Welding consumables — Wire electrodes, wires, rods and deposits for gas
shielded arc welding of high strength steels — Classification
BS EN ISO 17632:2015 Welding consumables — Tubular cored electrodes for gas shielded and non-gas
shielded metal arc welding of non-alloy and fine grain steels — Classification

66 © 2023 BCA
BS EN ISO 17633:2018 Welding consumables — Tubular cored electrodes and rods for gas shielded and
non-gas shielded metal arc welding of stainless and heat-resisting steels —
+A1:2021
Classification

BS EN ISO 17634:2015 Welding consumables — Tubular cored electrodes for gas shielded metal arc
welding of creep-resisting steels — Classification
BS EN ISO 18274:2010 Welding consumables — Solid wire electrodes, solid strip electrodes, solid wires
and solid rods for fusion welding of nickel and nickel alloys — Classification
BS EN ISO 21952:2012 Welding consumables — Wire electrodes, wires, rods and deposits for gas-
shielded arc welding of creep-resisting steel — Classification
BS EN ISO 24373:2018 Welding consumables — Solid wires and rods for fusion welding of copper and
copper alloys — Classification
BS EN ISO 24598:2019 Welding consumables — Solid wire electrodes, tubular cored electrodes and
electrode/flux combinations for submerged arc welding of creep-resisting steels
— Classification
BS EN ISO 26304:2018 Welding consumables — Solid wire electrodes, tubular cored electrodes and
electrode-flux combinations for submerged arc welding of high strength steels —
Classification

C.1.6 British/European standards on profiled steel sheets

BS EN 10346:2015 Continuously hot-dip coated steel flat products — Technical delivery conditions
BS EN 10143:2006 Continuously hot-dip coated steel sheet and strip — Tolerances on dimensions
and shape

C.1.7 British/European standards on stud shear connectors

BS EN ISO 13918:2018 Welding — Studs and ceramic ferrules for arc stud welding
+A1:2021

C.1.8 British/European standards on material testing

BS EN ISO 148-1:2016 Metallic materials — Charpy pendulum impact test — Part 1: Test method
BS EN ISO 2566-1:2021 Steel — Conversion of elongation values — Part 1: Carbon and low alloy steels
BS EN ISO 6506-1:2014 Metallic materials — Brinell hardness test — Part 1: Test method
BS EN ISO 6507-1:2018 Metallic materials — Vickers hardness test — Part 1: Test method
BS EN ISO 6508-1:2016 Metallic materials — Rockwell hardness test — Part 1: Test method (scales A, B,
C, D, E, F, G, H, K, N, T)
BS EN ISO 6892-1:2019 Metallic materials — Tensile testing — Part 1: Method of test at ambient
temperature
BS EN ISO 8501-1:2007 Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products
— Visual assessment of surface cleanliness — Rust grades and preparation
grades of uncoated steel substrates and of steel substrates after overall removal
of previous coatings
BS EN ISO 14284:2022 Steel and iron — Sampling and preparation of samples for the determination of
chemical composition
BS EN ISO 15792-1:2020 Welding consumables — Test methods — Part 1: Test methods for all-weld metal
test specimens in steel, nickel and nickel alloys

© 2023 BCA 67
C.1.9 British/European standards on inspection documents
BS EN 10168:2004 Steel products — Inspection documents — List of information and description
BS EN 10204:2004 Metallic products — Types of inspection documents

68 © 2023 BCA
C.2 American standards for reference
The following American standards are published by the American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago,
Illinois; the American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C.; the American Society for Testing and
Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania; the American Welding Society, Miami, Florida, United States
of America.

C.2.1 American standards on design of steel structures

AISC 303-2016 Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges
ANSI/AISC 360-2016 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings

C.2.2 American standards on steel materials

API 5L–2018 Specification for Line Pipe
ASTM A 36–2019 Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel
ASTM A 53–2022 Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated,
Welded and Seamless
ASTM A 109–2016 (2018) Standard Specification for Steel, Strip, Carbon (0.25 Maximum Percent), Cold-
Rolled
ASTM A 242–2013 (2018) Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel
ASTM A 268–2022 Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic and Martensitic
Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service
ASTM A 283–2018 Standard Specification for Low and Intermediate Tensile Strength Carbon Steel
Plates
ASTM A 328–2013a (2018) Standard Specification for Steel Sheet Piling
ASTM A 333–2018 Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for Low-
Temperature Service
ASTM A 423–2019 Standard Specification for Seamless and Electric-Welded Low-Alloy Steel Tubes
ASTM A 500–2021a Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel
Structural Tubing in Rounds and Shapes
ASTM A 501–2021 Standard Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel
Structural Tubing
ASTM A 514–2022 Standard Specification for High-Yield-Strength, Quenched and Tempered Alloy
Steel Plate, Suitable for Welding
ASTM A 529–2019 Standard Specification for High-Strength Carbon-Manganese Steel of Structural
Quality
ASTM A 572–2021e1 Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Columbium-Vanadium
Structural Steel
ASTM A 573–2020 Standard Specification for Structural Carbon Steel Plates of Improved
Toughness
ASTM A 588–2019 Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel with 50 ksi
[345 MPa] Minimum Yield Point to 4–in. [100–mm] Thick
ASTM A 595–2022 Standard Specification for Steel Tubes, Low-Carbon or High-Strength Low-Alloy,
Tapered for Structural Use
ASTM A 606–2018 Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, High-Strength, Low-Alloy,
Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled, with Improved Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance
ASTM A 618–2021 Standard Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless High-Strength
Low-Alloy Structural Tubing

© 2023 BCA 69
ASTM A 653–2022 Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) or Zinc-Iron
Alloy-Coated (Galvannealed) by the Hot-Dip Process
ASTM A 673–2017 Standard Specification for Sampling Procedure for Impact Testing of Structural
Steel
ASTM A 709–2021 Standard Specification for Structural Steel for Bridges
ASTM A 792–2022 Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, 55 % Aluminum-Zinc Alloy-Coated by the
Hot-Dip Process
ASTM A 847–2021 Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless High-Strength,
Low- Alloy Structural Tubing with Improved Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance
ASTM A 857–2019 Standard Specification for Steel Sheet Piling, Cold Formed, Light Gage
ASTM A 871–2020 Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel Plate With
Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance
ASTM A 875–2022 Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-5 % Aluminum Alloy-Coated by the
Hot-Dip Process
ASTM A 913–2019 Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel Shapes of Structural
Quality, Produced by Quenching and Self-Tempering Process (QST)
ASTM A 945–2016 (2021) Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel Plate with
Low Carbon and Restricted Sulfur for Improved Weldability, Formability, and
Toughness
ASTM A 992–2022 Standard Specification for Structural Steel Shapes
ASTM A 1003–2015 Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Carbon, Metallic- and Nonmetallic-
Coated for Cold-Formed Framing Members
ASTM A 1008–2021a Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-
Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, Solution Hardened, and Bake
Hardenable
ASTM A 1011–2018a Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Hot-Rolled, Carbon, Structural,
High-Strength Low-Alloy and High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved
Formability
ASTM A 1066–2022 Standard Specification for High-Strength Low Alloy Structural Steel Plate
Produced by Thermo-Mechanical Controlled Process (TMCP)

C.2.3 American standards on manufacturing tolerances

ASTM A 6–2022 Standard Specification for General Requirements for Rolled Structural Steel
Bars, Plates, Shapes, and Sheet Piling
ASTM A 450–2021 Standard Specification for General Requirements for Carbon, Ferritic Alloy, and
Austenitic Alloy Steel Tubes
ASTM A 568–2019a Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Carbon, Structural, and High-Strength,
Low- Alloy, Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled, General Requirements for
ASTM A 924–2022a Standard Specification for General Requirements for Steel Sheet, Metallic-
Coated by the Hot-Dip Process
ASTM A 999–2018 Standard Specification for General Requirements for Alloy and Stainless Steel
Pipe

C.2.4 American standards on bolting assemblies

Non-preloaded assemblies
ASTM A 193–2023 Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for
High-Temperature Service

70 © 2023 BCA
ASTM A 194–2022a Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High
Pressure or High Temperature Service, or Both
ASTM A 307–2021 Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60 000 psi Tensile
Strength
ASTM A 325M–2014 Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated 830 MPa
Minimum Tensile Strength [Metric]
ASTM A 354–2017e2 Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Bolts, Studs, and
Other Externally Threaded Fasteners
ASTM A 449–2014 (2020) Standard Specification for Hex Cap Screws, Bolts and Studs, Steel, Heat Treated,
120/105/90 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength, General Use
ASTM A 490M–2014a Standard Specification for High-Strength Steel Bolts, Classes 10.9 and 10.9.3,
for Structural Steel Joints [Metric]
ASTM A 563M–2021ae1 Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts [Metric]
ASTM F 436M–2019 Standard Specification for Hardened Steel Washers [Metric]
ASTM F 3125M-2022 Standard Specification for High Strength Structural Bolts and Assemblies, Steel
and Alloy Steel, Heat Treated, Metric Dimensions 830 MPa and 1040 MPa
Minimum Tensile Strength

Preloaded assemblies
ASTM A 193–2023 Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for
High-Temperature Service
ASTM A 194–2022a Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High
Pressure or High Temperature Service, or Both
ASTM A 354–2017e2 Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Bolts, Studs, and
Other Externally Threaded Fasteners
ASTM A 563M–2021ae1 Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts [Metric]
ASTM F 436M–2019 Standard Specification for Hardened Steel Washers [Metric]
ASTM F 959M–2017a Standard Specification for Compressible-Washer-Type Direct Tension Indicators
for Use with Structural Fasteners [Metric]
ASTM F 1852–2014 Standard Specification for “Twist Off” Type Tension Control Structural
Bolt/Nut/Washer Assemblies, Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile
Strength
ASTM F 3125M-2022 Standard Specification for High Strength Structural Bolts and Assemblies, Steel
and Alloy Steel, Heat Treated, Metric Dimensions 830 MPa and 1040 MPa
Minimum Tensile Strength

C.2.5 American standards on welding consumables

AWS D1.3–2018 Structural welding code – Sheet steel
AWS A5.1-2012 Specifications for carbon steel electrodes for shielded metal arc-welding
AWS A5.9-2022 Specification for low-alloy steel electrodes for flux cored arc welding

C.2.6 American standards on profiled steel sheets

ASTM A 606–2018 Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, High-Strength, Low-Alloy,
Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled, with Improved Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance
ASTM A 653–2022 Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) or Zinc-Iron
Alloy-Coated (Galvannealed) by the Hot-Dip Process

© 2023 BCA 71
ASTM A 1046–2022 Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Aluminum-Magnesium Alloy-
Coated by the Hot-Dip Process

C.2.7 American standards on shear stud connectors

ASTM A 29–2020 Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon and Alloy, Hot-Wrought, General
Requirements for
AWS D1.1–2020 Structural Steel Welding Code – Steel

72 © 2023 BCA
C.3 Japanese standards for reference
The following Japanese standards are published by the Japanese Industrial Standards Committee, Tokyo,
Japan.

C.3.1 Japanese standards on design of steel structures

JSCE: 1997 Design Code for Steel Structures – Part A: Structures in General
JSCE: 1997 Design Code for Steel Structures – Part B: Composite Structures

C.3.2 Japanese standards on steel materials

JIS A 5523:2021 Weldable hot rolled steel sheet piles
JIS A 5525:2019 Steel pipe piles
JIS A 5528:2021 Hot rolled steel sheet piles
JIS A 5530:2019 Steel pipe sheet piles
JIS G 3101:2020+A1:2022 Rolled steels for general structure
JIS G 3106:2020+A1:2022 Rolled steels for welded structure
JIS G 3114:2022 Hot-rolled atmospheric corrosion resisting steels for welded structure
JIS G 3128:2021 High yield strength steel plates for welded structure
JIS G 3131:2018 Hot-rolled mild steel plates, sheets and strip
JIS G 3132:2018 Hot-rolled carbon steel strip for pipes and tubes
JIS G 3136:2022 Rolled steels for building structure
JIS G 3302:2022 Hot-dip zinc coated steel sheets and coils
JIS G 3312:2019 Prepainted hot-dip zinc-coated steel sheets and coils
JIS G 3321:2022 Hot-dip 55 % aluminium-zinc alloy-coated steel sheets and coils
JIS G 3322:2019 Prepainted hot-dip 55 % aluminium-zinc alloy-coated steel sheets and coils
JIS G 3350:2021 Light gauge sections for general structure
JIS G 3352:2014 Steel decks
JIS G 3444:2021 Carbon steel tubes for general structural purposes
JIS G 3466:2021 Carbon steel square pipes for general structural purposes
JIS G 3475:2021 Carbon steel tubes for building structure

C.3.3 Japanese standards on manufacturing tolerances

JIS G 3191:2022 Dimensions, mass and permissible variations of hot rolled steel bars in coil
JIS G 3192:2021 Dimensions, mass and permissible variations of hot rolled steel sections
JIS G 3193:2019 Dimensions, mass and permissible variations of hot rolled steel plates, sheets
and strip
JIS G 3194:2020 Dimensions, mass and permissible variations of hot rolled flat steel

C.3.4 Japanese standards on bolting assemblies

Non-preloaded assemblies
JIS B 1051:2014 Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel
JIS B 1052-2:2014 Mechanical properties of fasteners – Part 2: Nuts with specified proof load values
– Coarse thread

© 2023 BCA 73
JIS B 1180:2014 Hexagon head bolts and hexagon head screws
JIS B 1181:2014 Hexagon nuts and hexagon thin nuts
JIS B 1256:2008 Plain washers

Preloaded assemblies
JIS B 1186:2013 Sets of high strength hexagon bolt, hexagon nut and plain washer for friction
grip joints
JSS II-09:2015 Sets of torshear type high strength bolt, hexagon nut and plain washer for
structural joints

C.3.5 Japanese standards on welding consumables

JIS Z 3200:2005 Welding consumables – Technical delivery conditions for welding filler materials
– Type of product, dimensions, tolerances and markings
JIS Z 3211:2008 Covered electrodes for mild steel, high tensile strength steel and low
temperature service steel
JIS Z 3313:2009 Flux cored wires for gas shielded and self-shielded metal arc welding of mild
steel, high strength steel and low temperature service steel

C.3.6 Japanese standards on profiled steel sheets

JIS G 3302:2022 Hot-dip zinc coated steel sheets and coils
JIS G 3317:2019 Hot-dip zinc-5% aluminium alloy-coated steel sheet and strip
JIS G 3321:2022 Hot-dip 55 % aluminium-zinc alloy-coated steel sheet and strip

C.3.7 Japanese standards on stud shear connectors

JIS B 1198:2011 Headed studs

74 © 2023 BCA
C.4 Australian/New Zealand standards for reference
The following Australian/New Zealand standards are published by Standards Australia, Sydney, Australia.

C.4.1 Australian/New Zealand standards on design of steel structures

AS 4100-2020+A1:2021 Steel structures

C.4.2 Australian/New Zealand standards on steel materials

AS/NZS 1163-2016 Structural steel hollow sections (cold-formed)
+A1:2017
AS 1397-2021 Continuous hot-dip metallic coated steel sheet and strip – Coatings of zinc and
zinc alloyed with aluminium and magnesium
AS 1548-2008 Steel plate for pressure equipment
AS/NZS 1594-2002 Hot-rolled steel flat products
AS/NZS 1595-1998 Cold-rolled, unalloyed, steel sheet and strip
+A1:2014
AS/NZS 3678-2016 Structural steel – hot-rolled plates, floor plates and slabs
+A1:2017
AS/NZS 3679.1-2016 Structural steel – Part 1: Hot-rolled bars and sections

C.4.3 Australian/New Zealand standards on manufacturing tolerances

AS/NZS 1365-1996 Tolerances for flat rolled steel products
+A1:2014
AS 1548-2008 Steel plate for pressure equipment
AS/NZS 3679.1-2016 Structural steel – Part 1: Hot-rolled bars and sections

C.4.4 Australian/New Zealand standards on bolting assemblies

AS 1110.1-2015 ISO metric hexagon bolts and screws – Product grades A and B Part 1: Bolts
AS 1110.2-2015 ISO metric hexagon bolts and screws – Product grades A and B Part 2: Screws
AS 1111.1-2015 ISO metric hexagon bolts and screws – Product grade C Part 1: Bolts
AS 1111.2-2015 ISO metric hexagon bolts and screws – Product grade C Part 2: Screws
AS 1112.1-2015 ISO metric hexagon nuts – Part 1: Style 1 – Product grades A and B
AS 1112.2-2015 ISO metric hexagon nuts – Part 2: Style 2 – Product grades A and B
AS 1112.3-2015 ISO metric hexagon nuts – Part 3: Product grade C
AS 1112.4-2015 ISO metric hexagon nuts – Part 4: Chamfered thin nuts. Product grades A and
B
AS 4291.1-2015 Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel – Bolts,
screws and studs

AS/NZS 1252.1-2016 High-strength steel fastener assemblies for structural engineering – Bolts, nuts
and washers Technical requirements
+A1:2018

AS/NZS 1252.2-2016 High-strength steel fastener assemblies for structural engineering – Bolts, nuts
and washers Verification testing for bolt assemblies

© 2023 BCA 75
AS 1559-2018 Hot-dip galvanized steel bolts with associated nuts and washers for tower
construction.
AS/NZS 4291.2-2016 Mechanical properties of fasteners – Nuts with specified proof load values –
Coarse thread

C.4.5 Australian/New Zealand standards on welding consumables

AS 1554.1-2014+A2:2017 Structural Steel Welding – Welding of steel structures
AS/NZS 4855-2022 Manual arc weld
AS/NZS 4857-2022 Manual arc weld high strength steel
AS/NZS 1167.2-1999 Welding and brazing – Filler metals
AS/NZS ISO 14171-2013 Welding consumables – Solid wire electrodes, tubular cored electrodes and
electrode/flux combinations for submerged arc welding of non alloy and fine grain
steels – Classification
AS/NZS ISO 14174-2013 Welding consumables – Fluxes for submerged arc welding and electroslag
welding – Classification
AS/NZS ISO 14341-2022 Welding consumables – Wire electrodes and weld deposits for gas shielded metal
arc welding of non alloy and fine grain steels – Classification
AS/NZS 16834-2013 Welding consumables – Wire electrodes, wires, rods and deposits for gas shielded
arc welding of high strength steels – Classification
AS/NZS 21952-2012 Welding consumables – Wire electrodes, wires, rods and deposits for gas shielded
arc welding of creep-resisting steels – Classification

C.4.6 Australian/New Zealand standards on profiled steel sheets

AS 1397-2021 Continuous hot-dip metallic coated steel sheet and strip – Coatings of zinc and
zinc alloyed with aluminium and magnesium

C.4.7 Australian/New Zealand standards on shear stud connectors

AS 1554.2-2021 Structural steel welding, Part 2: Stud welding (steel studs to steel)

76 © 2023 BCA
C.5 Chinese standards for reference
The following Chinese standards are published by the Standardization Administration of China, Beijing,
People’s Republic of China.

C.5.1 Chinese standards on design of steel structures

GB 50017-2017 Code for design of steel structures
GB 50018-2002 Technical code of cold-formed thin-wall steel structures
JGJ 82-2011 Code for design, construction and acceptance of high strength bolt connection of
steel structures

C.5.2 Chinese standards on steel materials

GB/T 700-2006 Carbon structural steels
GB/T 1591-2018 High strength low alloy structural steels
GB/T 3274-2017 Carbon structural and low alloy steel rolled plates and strips
GB/T 4171-2008 Atmospheric corrosion resisting structural steel
GB/T 5313-2010 Steel plate with through-thickness characteristics
GB/T 8162-2018 Seamless steel tubes for structural purposes
GB/T 13304.1-2008 Steels classification – Part 1: Classification of according to chemical composition
GB/T 13304.2-2008 Steels classification – Part 2: Classification of according to main quality classes
and main property or application characteristics
GB/T 15574-2016 Steel products classification and definitions
GB/T 19879-2015 Steel plates for building structure
GB/T 20933-2021 Hot rolled U-sheet pile

C.5.3 Chinese standards on manufacturing tolerances

GB/T 702-2017 Hot-rolled steel bars – Dimensions, shape, weight and tolerances
GB/T 706-2016 Hot rolled section steel
GB/T 709-2019 Dimension, shape, weight and tolerances for hot-rolled steel plates and sheets
GB/T 6728-2017 Cold formed steel hollow sections for general structure – Dimensions, shapes,
weight and permissible deviations
GB/T 11263-2017 The hot-rolled H and cut T section
GB/T 17395-2008 Dimensions, shapes, masses and tolerances of seamless steel tubes

C.5.4 Chinese standards on bolting assemblies

General information
GB/T 3098.1-2010 Mechanical properties of fasteners – Bolts, screws and studs
GB/T 3098.2-2015 Mechanical properties of fasteners – Nuts – Coarse thread

Materials
GB/T 699-2015 Quality carbon structural steels
GB/T 3077-2015 Alloy structure steels
GB/T 6478-2015 Steels for cold heading and cold extruding

© 2023 BCA 77
Non-preloaded assemblies
GB/T 41-2016 Hexagon nuts – Product grade C
GB/T 95-2002 Plain washers – Product grade C
GB/T 5780-2016 Hexagon head bolts – Product grade C
GB/T 5781-2016 Hexagon head bolts – Full thread – Product grade C
GB/T 5782-2016 Hexagon head bolts
GB/T 5783-2016 Hexagon head bolts – Full thread
GB/T 6170-2015 Hexagon nuts, style 1
GB/T 6175-2016 Hexagon nuts, style 2

Preloaded assemblies
GB/T 1228-2006 High strength bolts with large hexagon head for steel structures
GB/T 1229-2006 High strength large hexagon nuts for steel structures
GB/T 1230-2006 High strength plain washers for steel structures
GB/T 1231-2006 Specifications of high strength bolts with large hexagon nuts, plain washers for
steel structures
GB/T 3632-2008 Sets of torshear type high strength bolt hexagon nut and plain washer for steel
structures

C.5.5 Chinese standards on welding consumables

GB/T 3429-2015 Wire rod for electrode
GB/T 5117-2012 Carbon steel covered electrodes
GB/T 5118-2012 Low alloy steel covered electrodes
GB/T 5293-2018 Carbon steel electrodes and fluxes for submerged arc welding
GB/T 8110-2020 Welding wires for gas shielding arc welding of carbon and low alloy steels
GB/T 10045-2018 Carbon steel flux cored electrodes for arc welding
GB/T 12470-2018 Low alloy steel electrodes and fluxes for submerged arc welding
GB/T 14957-1994 Steel wires for melt welding
GB/T 14981-2009 Dimensions, shape, mass and tolerances for hot-rolled wire rods
GB/T 17493-2018 Low alloy steel flux cored electrodes for arc welding

C.5.6 Chinese standards on profiled steel sheets

GB/T 2518-2019 Continuous hot-dip zinc-coated steel sheets and strips
GB/T 12755-2008 Roll-profiled steel sheet for building

C.5.7 Chinese standards on stud shear connectors

GB/T 10433-2002 Cheese head studs for arc stud welding

78 © 2023 BCA
C.6 Korean Standards for reference
The following Korean standards are published by Korean Standards Association, Seoul, Republic of Korea

C.6.1 Korean standards on design of steel structures

KDS 14 31 Design of Steel Structures (Load and Resistance Factor Design)

C.6.2 Korean standards on steel materials

KS D 3515:2018 Rolled steels for welded structures
KS D 3529:2018 Hot-rolled atmospheric corrosion resisting steels for welded structure
KS D 3861:2018 Rolled steels for building structure
KS D 3866:2019 Hot rolled steel sections for building structure
KS D 3868:2018 Rolled steels for bridge structures
KS D 3864:2019 Colt-rolled carbon steel square pipes for building structures
KS D 3632:2019 Carbon steel tubes for building structure
KS D 3512:2007 Cold-reduced carbon steel sheets and strip
KS D 3530:2018 Light gauge steels for general structure
KS D 3558:2018 Welded light-gauge H-sections for general structures
KS D 3857:2018 Rolled bars for building structure
KS D 3858:2018 Cold formed steel sheet piling
KS F 4602:2016 Steel pipe piles
KS F 4603:2016 Steel H piles

C.6.3 Korean standards on manufacturing tolerances

KS B 0211:1987 Limits of sizes and tolerances for metric coarse screw threads
KS B 0234:2009 Mechanical properties of steel nuts
KS D 0276:1993 Specification for through-thickness characteristics of steel plate and wide flat
KS D 3051:2002 Dimensions, weight and tolerances of hot rolled steel bars and bar in coil
KS D 3052:2002 Shape, dimensions, weight and tolerances of hot-rolled steel flats
KS D 3500:2019 Dimensions, weight and permissible variations of hot-rolled steel plates, sheets
and strip
KS D 3502:2019 Dimensions, mass and permissible variations of hot rolled steel sections

C.6.4 Korean standards on bolting assemblies

KS B 1002:2016 Hexagon head bolts and hexagon head screws
KS B 1010:2009 Set of high strength hexagon bolt, hexagon nut and plain washers for friction
grip joints
KS B 1012:2017 Hexagon nuts and hexagon thin nuts
KS D 1016:2015 Foundation bolts
KS B 1324:2017 Spring lock washers
KS B 1326:2009 Plain washers

© 2023 BCA 79
KS B 2819:2016 Sets of torque-shear type high tension bolt, hexagon nut and plain washer for
structural joints

C.6.5 Korean standards on welding consumables

KS D 7006:2018 Covered electrodes for high tensile strength steel
KS D 7025:2005 MAG welding solid wires for mild steel and high strength steel
KS D 7101:2002 Covered electrodes for atmospheric corrosion resisting steel

C.6.6 Korean standards on profiled steel sheets

KS D 3506:2018 Hot-dip zinc coated steel sheets and coils

C.6.7 Korean standards on shear stud connectors

KS B 1062:2014 Headed studs

80 © 2023 BCA