Roman

Culture
 INTRODUCTION
Roman Culture is a great representation of Italian Culture in the different and great civilizations of Greek Culture ,
developing and forming in this way all the factors that have contributed to the systems of cultures and art of the
Romans together. the entire Empire, which is located in southern Europe. Roman Culture stood out for being the
first to establish all its laws in writing.
 History and Origin of Roman Culture
The Roman Culture in the history that has happened in these areas is known as the urban identity and the
history of the states and organizations related to which it has been capital of the institutions in charge over
time and era in which it has been certain. It can be separated in prehistory, in the following ways: Ancient
Rome, Medieval Rome, Modernized and Contemporary Rome or they are also known as Ancient Rome,
Pontifical Rome and Contemporary Italian Rome.

Throughout the most produced stages of the history of Roman Culture in political, economic, social and
cultural definitions it has been for the development of areas and regions. He was the leader of a large multi-
religious state and institutes in charge of a nation decreed on three continents. At the time of the majority
development of the multi-religious state created by the Roman Culture, it reached around 4 million square
kilometers and about 80 million civilizations, between civilians and non-civilians. Rome was, and continues
to be, one of the most important cities in history
 History and Origin of Roman Culture
As time has passed, it has been named the »Eternal City». Roman Culture, according to Greece, has been the
leader of modernized cultures throughout the city. The previous history of Roman Culture, both in the
Middle Ages and in subsequent times, forms a character more of an institutional order that dictates that
private property is attributed to a group of people based on the place where they live and who have a
special regime of alienation and exploitation and is almost always linked to the history of the Pontificate,
that of Italy and that of peoples, kingdoms and empires that tried (sometimes did) to exercise dominion
over the city.

With more than around 2000 years of history, the city has followed well the continuities that an urban entity
can have: geographical and demographic development to the limit of the possible (Ancient Rome), the
stagnation and decline until almost disappearing (Middle Ages), and a new development (Modern and
Contemporary Ages).
 CLASSICAL ART: ROME. HISTORICAL REFERENCES.

Expulsion of the
Consolidation of Roman
Etruscans Punic Wars
civilization. The
Territorial expansion “Romanization”.

Rome at the death of Julius Caesar

The mythical origin of

Rome The Etruscan Birth and expansion of Christianity.
monarchy The Germanic invasions and the disappearance
of the Roman Empire.
The evolution and growth of development that Roman Culture has achieved has led to it
having very small cities that at the same time played such a fundamental role in History
spread throughout the universe, either as a melting pot of the population or the institutes in
charge of the important artistic relations and organizations, in terms of populations as
religious. The duration of this city and its population, in the midst of so many historical
vicissitudes, constitutes a notable fact.
Who were the Romans?
The Romans were a developed civilization that derived from an important exchange between
different cultures such as the Greeks and those developed in Mesopotamia and Egypt.

This culture began to develop during the 8th century BC, it continued during the imperial
period of Rome until the 5th century AD, when the empire began to fall. However, this
culture was one of the ones that had the most influence on the development of current
culture.
Geographic location
of Roman culture

The Roman culture was

located and developed in what
is known today as the Italian
peninsula or Apennine
peninsula. It is located in the
South of Europe, in the
Mediterranean Sea. The
peninsula is shaped like a boot
and is longitudinally
crisscrossed by the Apennine
Mountains.

The territory of said culture

bordered the Alps (north),
Mediterranean Sea (south),
Adriatic Sea (east) and the
Tyrrhenian Sea (west).

Characteristics of Roman Culture

Roman Culture did not really have great foundations until the 8th century BC. approximately C. and
its origin from the point of view of history must be related to the Etruscan culture , since the Etruscans
were the ones who had its initial roots. The characteristics of Roman civilization were found in the
knowledge of all civilizations that have had a great impact on all the factors of the development of our
history and on the cultural legacies that they have left us to new generations and socially through the
years of expansion of the Empire of Roman Culture in Europe.
P They dominated the maritime fleet of the region and had great military power.bb
> In ancient Rome they were polytheists, years later they adopted the Christian religion.
> It developed in 3 different stages or periods: monarchy, republic and empire.
> It is one of the most important and determining civilizations in world history.
> Society was divided between patricians, plebeians and slaves.
> Its economy was based on agriculture, livestock and commerce.
> They were slavers.
Religion of Roman culture
The Roman religion was characterized by being polytheistic, that is, they believed in more than one God. The
development of their beliefs was affected by the influence of nearby territories such as Greece.

In ancient Rome, there were sanctuaries and temples, which were used by the population to worship their gods. One of
the characteristics of religion in Roman culture was that it was controlled by the state, which did not allow worshiping a
different religion.

By 380 AD, Christianity became the official religion of Rome by decree of Emperor Theodosius. Today, the city of Rome
is known as the world capital of this religion.
Roman gods

Name Function
Jupiter Juno Father of all gods, god of lightning and justice.
Vulcan Goddess of intelligence and just war.
Diana God blacksmith and craftsman.
Phoebus Goddess of hunting and animals.
Minerva God of the sun.
Venus Goddess of wisdom.
Pluto Goddess of love.
Neptune God of the underworld and the dead.
Mars God of the sea and the ocean.
Mercury God of War.
Bacchus God of commerce.
God of wine and party.
 HESTIA/ DEMETER/
HERA/JUNO ZEUS/JUPITER POSEIDON/NEPTUNE HAD ES/ PLUTO
The family God of 0s gods The sea Hell
VESTA CERES
Home The tuitives

ARES/ ARTEMISA/ APOLLO/APOLLO ATHENA/MINERVA HERMES/MERCURY DIONYSU APHRODITE/VENU5

MARS Beauty Wisdom The Messenger love and beauty
War DIANA S/
The hunt BACCHUS
Art in Roman culture

Architecture

In Roman culture, buildings of very impressive architectural works were elaborated, such as the
Roman forum, the coliseum, the pantheon and the Trevi fountain.

Furthermore, Roman architecture had an extension to later times, remaining reflected in the church
of San Juan de Letrán, San Pedro, Plaza de España and Venice. The houses and buildings of the
Romans were decorated with frescoes and mosaics. They built bridges, roads, aqueducts and hot
springs.
Roman Forum, symbol of architecture in Roman culture
 ROMAN ARCHITECTURE:
TYPOLOGIES

PUBLIC
ARCHITECTURE CIVIL ENGINEERING
RELIGIOUS: THE TEMPLE. WORKS:
ARCHITECTURE
PUBLIC BRIDGES
BUILDINGS: AQUEDUCTS
BASILICAS, ROADS SWAMPS,
Sa
w THERMAL TERMS, LIGHTHOUSES,
MARKETS WALLS

COMMEMORATIV
E MONUMENTS:
ARCH OF
TRIUMPH THE BUILDINGS
COLUMN FOR SHOW: EL
CIRCUS
AMPHITHEAT
RE THEATER.

FUNERAL DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: 4 t

ARCHITECTU
RE: THE THE HOUSE, THE VILLA, -2
TOMB. THE PALACE
xuug--NHHH-
The Roman theater is a very
intelligent work since the
space left behind the steps,
the caveas, is used as a
gallery. and
vomitories, which connected
the different areas and, in
this way, the speed of
evacuation of the theater was
unheard of
The amphitheater. It constitutes
a Roman novelty, being
destined above all for the fights
of gladiators and wild beasts,
although also for games,
naumaquias..., giving rise to
great spectacles where the
Roman people went to have fun
and being the manifestation
of the
imperial triumphalism and
grandeur.
They present a elliptical, oval
structure, with a great
complication due to its
dimensions, Access,
underground facilities..., which
constitutes a true display of
technique and grandeur, not
surpassed until our modern
stadiums.
The circus is perhaps derived from the Greek stadium. Its primary function was the horse and
chariot race, one of the most important spectacles in Rome.
Its structure was elongated, around a track divided by a central body, a spine. The most important of
the Roman circuses, of which we know the site, is the Circus Maximus, whose capacity is estimated
to be close to 200,000 spectators.
Sculpture

Due to the cultural heritage of the Greeks, in ancient Rome, large sculptures made of
bronze or marble have been developed that we continue to admire today.

His main theme to develop in the sculptures was the gods and representation of important
men.

Among the most notable sculptures developed during this period are: portrait of
Augustus, portrait of Patrick, bust of Antinous, etc.
Precisely, Roman sculpture stood out over Greek sculpture in
relation to the creation of portrait sculpture. And the Roman
portrait has its roots in Etruscan art, but also in the Greek
Hellenistic world and in the "mayorum masks", that is, wax masks that At first, Roman portrait
were applied to the faces of the deceased for their later remembrance and sculpture only represented the
worship. head and part of the neck.
Apotheotic portrait,
deified
representation of a
naked body, laurel
wreath and
attributes of a god.
The Roman portrait
evolved during
different stages,
and its evolution
can be traced by a
few details, such as
the eyes, and the
shape of
represent beard
and hair.
Philosophy

In Roman culture, great thinkers and texts regarding Western philosophy have also been
developed. These are based on Greek philosophy and were based on the foundations of
pragmatism and eclecticism. Furthermore, they were characterized by being more
practical than theoretical.
Paint

The Romans had great admiration for paintings and followed their styles as imposed in
Greek works. These were characterized by decorating walls with large murals and creating
large paintings.

The methods used during the period of Roman culture were tempera, fresco and encaustic.
Economy of Roman culture

The economic activities had extensive human resources and the wealth of their provinces.
The economy of Roman culture was based on agriculture and commerce, which was based
on livestock breeding and land cultivation.

The Romans owned large estates that were exploited by slaves. They exported their fresh
vegetables, fruits and vegetables, which were highly valued by the civilizations of the
large cities.
BASIS OF THE ECONOMY
The basis of the Roman
economy was the
agricultural and livestock
sector. The Romans
considered land to be part
of the agerpublicus,
mostly property of the
Senate which was given
as payment to certain
people who had done
something to it. _______
Currency in the Roman economy

During the development of Roman civilization and Roman culture, different trading currencies
have been established, among which the following stood out:

> The aureus: Gold coin

> The denarius: Silver coin
> The sestertius: Bronze coin
> The dupondium: Also made of bronze
> The Ace: Copper Coin
Although initially trade in Roman territory was carried out with sheep and oxen, by the year
III BC copper coins began to be used mainly, later silver and gold coins were added.

Denarius, currency of culture

roman
Social and political organization

Regarding the political and social organization of Roman culture, we can distinguish that
society was divided between the following social strata:

> Patricians: It was the upper class of society, it was made up of the nobility.

> Plebeians: Common inhabitants of Rome, they did not enjoy all the rights or privileges.

> Slaves: They were the labor used in Rome, they did not enjoy any rights.
also cultural.
They were the people who
did not
enjoyed all the
to
rights or privileges.
you
They had no rights and were
possession of their masters.
When the people began to participate in decision-making, 3 different assemblies were formed:
Curial (made up of patricians) which was in charge of making the most important decisions and
Centurial (made up of patricians and plebeians) who appointed consuls. Finally, the Tribal
(made up of plebeians), where they met to elect the tribunes, a person who defended the senate
and the power of the patricians.
They also had the following institutions and important positions:

Senate: Made up of older people, they made financial decisions and

religious. They were also in charge of the control of the magistrates and appointment of the
military chiefs.
Consul: He was the director or president, he directed the state and the army.
Magistrates: These lasted up to 5 years and worked ad honorem. They were officials of the
consul.
Praetor: He was in charge of administering and controlling justice.
Censor: He was in charge of the behavior of the inhabitants.
Scheme of political organization
Roman (Empire).
Gastronomy of Roman Culture
The gastronomy of Roman Culture has changed over time, like around (more than a millennium) of its
ancient population. Their customs had great influences with Greek Culture, the political changes from
monarchy to republic, and hence the nation, and the great expansion of the latter, which gave various
creative habits of representation, new techniques of Roman cuisine in their areas. At the beginning,
distinctions between social classes were not so important, but the distance between them grew along
with the empire.

Normally, breakfast was served in the morning, a small lunch at noon, and in the evening the initial meal
of the day, dinner. Thanks to the relations with Greek habits and the increase in the importation and
consumption of foreign ingredients, the dinner increased in size and variety, and was eaten after noon.
Ves-perna, a soft supper at dusk, was forgotten; a second breakfast was planted at noon, the prándium.
Because it belonged better with the daily rhythm of manual duties, the lower class of society maintained
the old routine of entaculum, small lunch and late dinner, but the higher classes established themselves as
follows:

Ientaculum:
It is originally composed of thin, round cakes made of farro (a cereal grain similar to wheat) with salt to
taste; In the upper classes there were also eggs, cheese and honey, as well as milk, it could be done
depending on the creativity and taste of the person doing it.

Prandium:
This dish was mastered as an exquisite lunch that was mostly leftovers from the previous day's dinner.

Dinner:
Among the members of the upper classes, who did not perform manual activities, it became customary to
do all business duties in the morning. After the prandium, the last responsibility was settled and a visit to
the baths was made.
Government of Roman Culture
The Government of the Ancient Roman Culture is a group of finances and institutes related to their
political factors behind which the ancient Romans keep control of the activities of political power,
initially in their city and later in their empire. The history of Roman culture in ancient times had 4
forms of government: Monarchy, Republic, Initiated and dominated. The Roman monarchy extends
through the stages established between the founding of the city, on April 21, 753 BC. C., and the
purpose of Tarquina the Proud, last and despotic monarch, in the year 509 BC. c.
Forms of
government
After the passage of time, Julius Caesar wanted to return from the Republic to the monarchy,
for which he was murdered. According to the custom of Roman Culture, the main king of the
civilization, and creator of the initial functions, was Romulus. Therefore, the regimes of the
Monarchy were determined as the constitutional stability of Romulus. Certain institutes were three:
The King (Rex), the institutions in charge (Senatus) and the People (Popolus). The assemblies took
place following the bases of direct democracy.

Roman civilizations argued for the right to vote, although not individually, but in groups of
different social areas that could occur to them. The King was the leader of the entire government.
His power attributed political, judicial, religious and military influences; which, related in the
concept of empire, were vital and gave the monarch irresponsibility and inviolability in the person.
The Senate (in charge institutes) was referred to in a body, acting jointly that presented the
accessory councils to the King.

This was contributed by the heads of the different cities of the cities, who were respectfully and
delicately called "fathers" (patres). The very name of "Senate" makes a not-so-explicit reference to
the advance of age that each of the individuals could have such as (senior or elderly).

All the institutions in charge functioned only at the pleasure of the King, expressing his opinion
through procedural acts, which were formed that were called the consultative senate (senatus
consulta), which, in any case, were not binding on the monarch.
Roman Culture Clothing
The Roman Culture used wool, a type of material most commonly used to make clothing, due to
the quantity and ease of use it maintains. Therefore, not only did they use this material, but
depending on the power they acquired from the person at the time or on the occasion, the clothing
could be made of cotton, linen or silk. Well-to-do upper-class women are said to have exclusively
used silk for their chitons. It should be noted that the decorations, like every unique detail of the
Romans, were essential and exclusive as a fundamental feature of Roman Culture.

Their decorations made of pearls, any other type of jewelry or stones for women's clothing, were
widely used to decorate everything from brooches on tunics, to sandals, slippers or shoes. Different
dyes were used to detail clothing. Purple (a dye that was not cheap at all) was acquired from
mollusks and had excellent taste and other dyes of vegetable origin were also used to give a
beautiful touch to garments.
Language or Language of Roman Culture
The language of the Roman Culture or Language is one of the Italic branches that has linguistic
descent from the European Indian that was spoken in the Ancient Roman Culture and, later,
through the Middle Ages and the Modern Age, until it finally reached the Contemporary, since it
was preserved as a language of science until approximately the 19th century. Its name comes from
the geographical region of the Italian or Apennine peninsula that has developed in Roman Culture,
such as Latium (in Latin, Latium).

It has obtained great arguments with the extension of Rome, and was the affirmed language of the
Roman Empire in large parts of Europe and northern Africa, which has been in conjunction with
Greek. Like the other Indo-European languages in general, Latin was a fusional-type tamed
language with a higher level of determined synthesis than the actuality of the Roman languages, in
which the inflection between the suffixes is called, sometimes mixed with the use of prepositions.

Unlike modernized languages, they have come from the dominant analytical and existential
elaborations with proportions, while nominal inflection has been reduced to marking only gender
and number, maintaining cases of loss of forces only in pronouns. personal (these have, in addition,
a fixed order in the verbal phrases).
 Greco-Roman Culture
Mention can be made of the Trojan War in conjunction with the idol Aeneas who arrived from the
coasts of Latium escaping, in this way founding his citizenship. It is believed that in the year 743 BC.
C. Which was founded by the archaeological remains found, giving arguments from archaeologists
that it was already founded around the 8th century.

Independently of this, there are other members who are between legend and mythology, such as
Romulus, Kings in the 7th century BC. C approximately, which have had their origin from ancient
people, escaping from Etruria due to an invasion. Romulus and Remus were two brothers left in the
Liber, the first of them being the founder.

Speaking to the sites of the Palatine was the key initial, a mountain, because the Liber was swampy
and therefore would extend to the Quirinal, Tedio, and the seven that were around the Liber.
Regions as they were; that of Alba Longa, Lavinium and the ancient establishments of the Roman
Culture of origin of the ancient people with adobe homes complemented each other in the same
way.
 Painting of Roman Culture
Roman Culture greatly admired Greek painting as well as sculpture, and told artists who carried out
Roman art and culture activities for them to make copies of Greek works, especially if it was known
as popular or famous. The Romans used to decorate their walls with mural paintings or decorations
more than the Greeks, and although they follow the customs of the Greeks, they show a great variety
of colors and movement in their paintings. The paintings, with independent figures, groups or entire
panels, were reproduced, adapted, spoiled or embellished according to the talent of the artists and
the demands of the client.
Medicine of Roman Culture
It can be said that one of the best doctors was Claudius Galen between the years (129 and 199 AD.
C), who belonged to the Greek Culture, but began practicing medicine in Rome. He was initially
established as a surgeon at a school for armed combatants, where he was able to gain extensive
experience healing wounds. He made outstanding discoveries following the teachings of
Hippocrates, the founder of ancient medicine, who demonstrated that blood flows in the arteries and
not air as had been believed until then.
 Roman Culture Today
Roman Culture has had great influences and important relationships today, with respect to social,
cultural, economic, architectural, artistic, dialect and religion. One of the most notable influences
that Rome has obtained today has been languages, such as the usefulness of Latin as the basis of
different dialects. Before Rome colonized Spain, many languages were spoken in this region, but
since it was from the Hills, this language spread throughout the territory and little by little the others
disappeared until Latin was made official as a language.

Through the organization of the systems, Rome spread Christianity with them. This nation has been
taking charge of the ideas together throughout the territory, supporting Toledo, Armara and Rime.
In the middle of the 5th century, Christianity ended, which was spread throughout the
Mediterranean and by the 10th century the religion was able to reach large areas of eastern and
northern Europe.

Roman and German Culture: The Western Roman Empire disappeared, thus disappearing political
and legal unity. And Latin mixes with the Germanic languages, until the Romance Languages
originate. They caused an economic decline since the Germans were not accustomed to maritime
trade, thus arising piracy. Society became completely rural, because the Germans settled in the
fields. Agriculture becoming its economic base. For this reason, technical innovations in crops were
one of his contributions.

The rich who were the owners of Romans had to lose large areas of their lands because they had to
give the Germans a large part of them, which was what Roman law established for their civilization.
For this reason, the owners of Roman rights and German chiefs called a single class of powerful
landowners.

Curiosities of Roman Culture

It turns out that the Ancient Roman Culture also had philosophers, gladiators and theaters. The
Romans have left a lot of information that is truly a mystery for research, and they have never
made their true traditions known to us in history classes. In Ancient Rome, they drank the blood of
gladiators who were killed. It was believed that in this way the person received life force. Some of
the Roman authors describe how after gladiatorial fights they collected the blood of fallen
combatants to sell it as a medicine. The Romans believed that the blood of gladiators could cure
epilepsy.

Probably, the number 35 was influenced by the number of women who died in childbirth, as well
as by the number of infant deaths. On average, the Romans lived no less than us. Despite the fact
that the average life expectancy in Ancient Rome was 35 years, many Romans lived to old age and
could boast an enviable life expectancy.
One of the most curious things about Roman Culture could be Roman time, it has been understood
to be of long duration, from 75 minutes in modern times and in summer to 44 in winter.
This case happens since Roman Culture was guided by the Sun. 12 hours of daylight began with
sunrise, and after sunset another 12 hours of nighttime were counted. Because the length of the day
in winter and summer was very different, the length of each hour could also vary. Therefore, the
Romans were very patient with tardiness and were not very punctual.

The Roman Culture maintained many curiosities that were really very interesting, being able to
investigate them and inform the why, of each of the customs that they normally maintained, it goes
without saying that the Roman Culture, shared, divided or adopted many beliefs and habits of the
Culture. Greek, however in many cases, they turned them into their own legends, stories or myths,
Roman Culture was very important in all its functions and
arguments.