FACTORY FINISHING

ARCHITECTURAL WOODWORK
QUALITY STANDARDS

SECTION
1500
 Factory Finishing Factory Finishing
Section 1500

1500-G-3
General Information Selection and Samples
The selection of an AWI finishing system does not establish
1500-G-1 the final color, grain texture (i.e., open grain or “filled” grain),
Scope or sheen. The architect must make a selection from the
woodworker’s finish samples for stain and/or fillers. If the
This Section establishes criteria for Premium, Custom, and project requires matching of a specific finish, the architect
Economy Grade factory finishes. must provide the woodworker with a finish sample (minimum
Includes: 80 square inches) that exhibits the color and sheen desired. If
The application of finish on architectural a sample is not provided during pricing of the project, the
woodwork at the factory, or at a dedicated architect should expect to negotiate with the woodworker for
finishing facility, prior to delivery to the job the additional cost involved in providing a custom match. It is
site. suggested a finish sample be prepared by the woodworker.
Evaluation of the final finish must be made by comparison
Excludes:
with the approved sample prior to delivery or installation.
Finishes applied at the job site.
Items to receive subsequent coats of finish 1500-G-4
materials by others. Quick Comparison Guide to Sprayable
Primers or sealers applied for transportation
and storage protection, and not designed as Finish Systems
a final finish. The following table gives the design professional an overview
Exterior painting or priming. of the typical finish systems used by architectural woodwork
Job site touch up after delivery or installa- manufacturers. There are other systems, and those should be
tion, covered in Section 1700, Installation. evaluated and specified by the design professional with the
1500-G-2 guidance of the manufacturer.
Description and Purpose The table compares the typical areas of concern when select-
ing a top coat for fine woodwork. As with the more extensive
While factory finishing is not limited to the following, the AWI Finish System Performance Table later in this section,
specifying of this additional service is usually selected for
this chart only deals with topcoats.
high-quality work where superior appearance and perfor-
mance of the finish is desired. Typical woodwork items When specifying, please use both the system name and system
commonly prefinished are: doors, cabinets, paneling, mould- number. Involve your AWI manufacturer early in the design
ings, frames, rails, shelves, and their attendant components. process to evaluate the systems in relation to your project
Its use also assumes a maximum degree of shop prefabrication requirements. Choose performance characteristics which meet
so that site installation can be performed with a minimum but do not exceed the needs of your project in the interest of
amount of cutting, fitting, and adjustment. value engineering.
The purpose of finishing woodworking is twofold. First, the
Many prefinished real wood panels and decorative overlays
finish is used traditionally as a means to enhance or alter the
natural beauty of the wood. Second, the finish must protect the have æsthetic and performance characteristics which meet or
wood from damage by moisture, contaminants, and handling. exceed these standards, and should be evaluated, approved
It is important to understand that a quality finish must offer and specified by the design professional when desired.
acceptable performance and also meet the æsthetic require-
ments of the project.
Caution
AWI has established 16 specific finishing systems. The fin-
ishing system provides a protective surface for the product. The listing of a finish system in this book does not imply an
The chart later in this Section helps identify the finishing
endorsement of the materials and/or methods nor compliance
system best suited for the needs of a specific project. The cost
of the systems vary, the higher performing finishes usually with federal and/or local Environmental Protection Agency or
being more costly than the lower performing finishes. Unnec- other requirements. Some finishing professionals have found
essary cost could be added to a project through over specifi- polyurethanes and/or polyesters impractical to spray in envi-
cation. Crown moulding, for example, may not require the ronmentally sound conditions, rendering them unworkable
same level of finish performance as a handrail. for a quantity of laboratory casework, for example. In cases
1500
like this catalyzed vinyl may be the topcoat of choice.

448 © 1999 Architectural Woodwork Institute - 7th Edition Quality Standards

 Factory Finishing
Section 1500

1500-G-4 - Quick Comparison Guide (cont.).

Quick Comparison Guide to Sprayable Finish Systems

Transparent System
TR-0 TR-1 TR-2 TR-3 TR-4 TR-5 TR-6 TR-7 N/A
Code
Opaque System
N/A OP-1 OP-2 OP-3 OP-4 OP-5 OP-6 OP-7 OP-8
Code
Synthetic
CAB &
Penetrating Catalyzed Polyester/-
Standard Catalyzed Water Conversion Catalyzed
Finish System &
Lacquer Lacquer Acrylic Varnish Vinyl
Poly- Polyester Poly-
Simulated urethane urethane
Lacquer
Oil

General durability
1=Excellent --> 5 4 3 4 2 2 1 1 1
5=Poor

Finish clarity
1=Excellent --> 1 1 1 2 3 3 4 2 2
5=Poor

Finished surface
flexibility
1 5 3 3 2 2 2 5 4
1=Excellent -->
5=Poor

Stain resistance
1=Excellent --> 5 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
5=Poor

Heat resistance
1=Excellent --> 5 5 1 5 1 1 1 1 1
5=Poor

Moisture resistance
1=Excellent --> 5 3 2 3 2 1 1 1 1
5=Poor

Solvent resistance
1=Excellent --> 5 5 2 5 1 1 1 1 1
5=Poor

Toxicity/Risk*
NH=Not Hazardous
H=Hazardous NH H H H H H VH VH VH
VH=Very
1500
Hazardous
The numerical ratings are subjective judgements based on the general performance of generic products.
* Toxicity/Risk factor is to the applicator, not to the end user.

© 1999 Architectural Woodwork Institute - 7th Edition Quality Standards 449

 Factory Finishing
Section 1500

1500-G-5 1500-G-8
Specification Requirements Field Touch-up
Both System and Grade Must be Specified Field touch-up shall be the responsibility of the installing
contractor, and shall include the filling and touch-up of
The specifier must select a finishing system and request either exposed job-made nail or screw holes, refinishing of raw
Premium, Custom, or Economy Grade. It is recommended the surfaces resulting from job fitting, repair of job inflicted
design professional specify the system using both the system scratches and mars, and final cleaning of the finished surfaces.
number and the system name and, as usual, the edition of the The prefinisher may be contracted to supply touch-up materi-
Quality Standards in force at the time of the specification. als by special arrangement and agreement between the fin-
isher and the general contractor.
Premium Grade
The Grade specified when the highest degree of control over 1500-G-9
the quality of workmanship, materials, installation and execu- Wood Finishes, Steps and Systems
tion of the design intent is required. Usually reserved for
special projects, or feature areas within a project. A variety of finishes are available for wood products. Æstheti-
cally, systems may vary from a single stain to a multiple step
Custom Grade system. Some samples will require multiple color and finish
The Grade specified for most conventional architectural wood- steps in order to meet the architect’s requirements. The exist-
work. This Grade provides a well defined degree of control ing system specified may not include all steps necessary to
over the quality of workmanship, materials and installation of match the architect’s example or requirements. Each added
a project. The vast majority of all work produced is Custom step increases costs. (Some of the added steps are listed in the
Grade. glossary of this section.)

Economy Grade 1500-G-10

The Grade which defines the minimum expectation of quality, Glossary of Selected Terms
workmanship, materials, and installation within the scope of Manufacturers have a variety of names for what are essen-
AWI Standards. tially the same type of product. While there will always be
Prevailing Grade something new or different on the market, the following
descriptions may help the reader understand some key terms
When the AWI Quality Standards are referenced as a part of
the contract documents and no Grade is specified, AWI of finishing.
Custom Grade standards will prevail. Acrylic Lacquers: A high-quality clear system for finishing
Generally, the finishing Grade selected will be the same as the furniture, cabinets and a wide variety of wood and novelty items.
fabrication Grade of the product. However, there may be a They are water white in color with excellent nonyellowing
case where the performance characteristics might require a qualities. Available in both solvent-type and water-reducible
higher Grade for the finish than that which was specified for products.
the fabrication. An example would be the fabrication of school *Aniline (Acid) Dyes: Synthetic colors which dissolve in the
laboratory casework under Custom Grade, and by virtue of its solvent for which they are formulated, i.e., water, alcohol, or oil.
exposure to harsh chemicals the selection of a Premium Grade Many woodwork finishers refer to nearly all dyes as “aniline”
finish. even when this is not chemically true.
These Standards do not attempt to identify all finishing Binder: The part of the vehicle which does not evaporate. It binds
systems. The architect is free to request any finishing system the pigment particles together and stays on the surface and forms
desired for the project. In this instance, the system and its the film of the finish.
components must be fully described in the specifications. *Bleaching: The chemical process used to remove color or
1500-G-6 whiten solid wood or wood veneered panels. This process may
be used to lighten an extremely dark wood or to whiten a lighter
Competence colored wood. Most woods do not turn completely white when
The woodwork manufacturer shall, if requested, provide bleached.
evidence of having adequate facilities, equipment, and per- Blushing: The whitish, cloudlike haze that occurs in fast-
sonnel to execute factory finishing responsibilities. drying finishes, especially lacquer, when they are sprayed in
1500-G-7 very humid conditions. Blushing is most often due to moisture
1500 (water vapor) trapped in the film or to bits of resin precipitat-
Definition of Casework Areas ing out of solution.
Determination as to what portions of casework shall be Catalyst: Chemically, an ingredient added to a product to pro-
Exposed, Semi-exposed, and Concealed shall be the same as vide additional performance characteristics, such a faster drying,
defined in Casework Section 400, except that for the purpose chemical resistance, or increased hardness of the finish.
of factory finishing, both sides of cabinet doors shall be
Catalyzed Lacquer: A modified nitrocellulose-based coating
considered “Exposed.” with a catalyst added for enhanced performance.
450 © 1999 Architectural Woodwork Institute - 7th Edition Quality Standards
 Factory Finishing
Section 1500

Catalyzed Vinyl: A catalyzed coating with a vinyl resin base. Penetrating Oil: An oil-based material designed to penetrate
Extremely tough and resistant to most chemicals. into the wood. It usually requires reapplication from time to time
Conversion Varnish: A catalyzed alkyd-based coating that is *Penetrating Oil Stains: Almost always a thin liquid mixture
tough and resistant to household chemicals. of oil and thinner with a dye added for color. May result in a
Danish Oil: The general name for any number of wipe-on blotchy appearance on Maple, Birch, Cherry, Pine, etc.
coatings based on tung or linseed oil, with solvents and resins *Pickling: A white or light-colored pigment in either an oil or
added to enhance both drying and performance.
water vehicle. When wiped or brushed on to an open pore
*Distressing: May be either of a mechanical or chemical nature wood, the white stays in the pores and is usually wiped off the
to give special effects. surface, either entirely or partially depending on the effect
*Filler: Used to fill, or partially fill, the pores of wood in order to desired. Similar to the application of Filler.
advance the final build and smoothness of the finish. Filler may
*Pigmented Oil Stains: Almost always an oil-based liquid
be neutral or a contrasting color to accent the pores. The use of
filler alone may not completely fill all pores. with pigments (not dyes) added.
Polyester: A very high-solids-content coating consisting of two
NOTES: Open Grain, Close Grain, and Fillers components that require special care in handling and spraying.
The size and distribution of the cellular structure of the wood Leaves a deep wet looking clear or colored finish. Limited
influences the appearance and uniformity. Open Grain hard- repairability.
woods, such as Elm, Oak, Ash, and Chestnut are “ring- Polyurethane: Usually a two-component system that may have
porous” species. These species have distinct figure and grain a higher solids content than lacquers. Takes somewhat longer to
patterns. Close Grain hardwoods, such as Cherry, Maple, dry than lacquer. A highly durable finish which, as a result, is very
Birch, and Yellow Poplar, are “diffuse-porous” species. Most difficult to repair.
North American diffuse-porous woods have small, dense Sealers: Compounds that provide a sandable coating and a
pores resulting in less distinct figure and grain. Some tropical smooth surface for final topcoat application, provide system
diffuse-porous species (e.g., Mahogany) have rather large toughness and holdout, provide moisture resistance, and contrib-
pores. ute to build and clarity.
The use of filler in the finishing process is generally limited to *Shading: A technique that can be used to either highlight
horizontal surfaces fabricated from ring-porous woods. Ex- contrast, or create a more uniform appearance.
amples include table tops, reception surfaces, etc. Close Grain *Staining: One of the optional operations in wood finishing,
species seldom require filler. Few vertical surfaces benefit producing the desired undertone color and complementing the
from the added labor of a filled finish. wood with proper distribution of color, depth of color and clarity
of grain. Selection of type of stain used is governed by desired
*French Polish: A mixture of shellac and alcohol rubbed on with æsthetic result.
a cloth pad, usually to a high sheen.
Standard Lacquer: A nitrocellulose-based coating, usually
*Glazing: An added step for achieving color uniformity and without any additives, that dries by solvent evaporation. Gener-
depth, and for highlighting the wood’s grain pattern. It is also used ally easy to repair.
for tortoise shell, marble effect, or antiquing.
*Toners: Transparent or semitransparent colors used to even the
*Hand-Rubbed Finish: The name given to an effect that is
color or tone of the wood.
created by the manual process of applying a combination of
abrasives and lubricants, after the final topcoat has dried, to Top Coat: The final protective film of a finish system. There are
smooth, flatten or dull that topcoat. various top coats with different properties.
Metamerism: An apparent change in color when exposed to Vinyl Lacquers: Catalyzed lacquers made with a vinyl resin
differing wavelengths of light; the human perception of color. rather than a nitrocellulose base.
*Mirrored Polish Finish: Requires several steps of wet sanding, *Washcoats: Thin solutions applied as a barrier coat to wood.
mechanical buffing, and polishing. They are used prior to wiping stains for color uniformity. Shellac
*NGR Stains: Non-grain-raising (NGR) stains are dye solutions washcoats help finish materials adhere to resin-secreting woods
that do not contain pigments. Spray application gives an overall *Water-Based Stains: Are made by adding hot water to
transparent color to the wood, offering a high degree of clarity. universal tinting colors, then diluting that solution to the
Some fading may occur over time. desired strength with cold water. They provide good grain
Orange Peel: The description of a coating which does not flow clarity, but raise the grain and are slow to dry.
out smoothly; exhibiting the texture of an orange.
*Wiping stains: Are thin pastes or thick liquids with pigment 1500
Overspray: The dry, pebble-like surface caused when sprayed suspended in a solvent vehicle; applied and wiped with a cloth to
finish begins to dry in the air before it hits the surface. remove excess stain.
*Penetrating Dyes: Deep color, fast-drying stains often car-
ried in solvents as a liquid or as a gel. Some water-soluble * = Optional Step in addition to application of sealer and
versions are available. specified topcoat(s).

© 1999 Architectural Woodwork Institute - 7th Edition Quality Standards 451

 Factory Finishing
Section 1500

1500-G-11
Finish System Performance Table
This table shows the relative performance characteristics of the AWI finishing systems. The comparisons are based on a
comparison between generic qualities of the best materials available from reputable suppliers. The information and ratings stated
here pertain to material currently offered and represent test results believed to be reliable. Due to variations in handling and
methods not known or under our control, the Architectural Woodwork Institute cannot make any warranties or guarantees as
to end result or suitability for use. Other formulations may exhibit the same performance characteristics as the systems described
in this Section.
When specifying, please use both the system name and system number. Involve your AWI manufacturer early in the design
process to evaluate the systems in relation to your project requirements. Choose performance characteristics that meet but do
not exceed the needs of your project in the interest of value engineering.

Caution

The listing of a finish system in this book does not imply an endorsement of the materials and/or methods nor compliance with
Federal and/or Local Environmental Protection Agency or other requirements. Some finishing professionals have found
polyurethanes and/or polyesters impractical to spray in environmentally sound conditions, rendering them unworkable for a
quantity of laboratory casework, for example. In cases like this, catalyzed vinyl may be the topcoat of choice.
Waterborne Finish Considerations (1997)
There have been significant improvements in waterborne finishes, but as this edition of the AWI Quality Standards goes to press,
AWI does not yet rate any of them as Premium Grade for several reasons:
• Waterborne finishes dry more slowly than solvent-based products, slowing and hampering production while making the finish
vulnerable to sags, runs, and dust damage.
• Water causes wood to swell, and can weaken the bond of some adhesives.
• Because waterborne finishes do not redissolve into themselves like most solvent-based finishes, touch-up repair is more
difficult. Whole surfaces may need to be resprayed, instead of the spot touch-up usually successful with solvent-based products.
Overspray is also a problem.
• Waterborne finishes are more sensitive to swings in temperature and humidity Performance
during the finishing process.
1 = Excellent
• Clarity of finish has been a problem, particularly with higher sheens.
• Suppliers have concentrated on the developments of sealers and topcoats. It 2 = Very Good
is not yet clear if complex waterborne finish systems, which may include dyes,
stains, glazes, shading, fillers, bleach, faux finishes, etc., are compatible with 3 = Good
the clear sealers and topcoats now available.
4 = Fair
• The environmental impact of waterborne finishes may be exaggerated. Some Key to
waterborne finishes may contain glycol ether, formaldehyde, isocyanates, or the 5 = Poor
other hazardous air pollutants. Finish
• Significant modifications to equipments, materials and processes may be System
necessary to convert a facility to waterborne systems. Stainless steel lines and Perf. AWI Grades
pumps, plus ovens, drying rooms and new spray equipment are typically Table on
recommended for such systems. next C = Custom
page
Governments, owners, and design professionals who insist on waterborne -----> P = Premium
finishes at this time in their development must assume the responsibility for the
inherent risk that the finish will not appear and/or perform as well as a E = Economy
1500 comparable solvent-based product.
Before mandating a finish system, specifiers should consult their AWI fabrica- X = Generally
tor/finisher to determine the appropriate system from both a quality/perfor- Available,
mance and a production/cost standpoint. Consult AWI
Manufacturers and
As these products improve, as they undoubtedly will, AWI will revise the finish AWI Finishing
systems and Table(s) to reflect them. Specialists

452 © 1999 Architectural Woodwork Institute - 7th Edition Quality Standards

 Factory Finishing
Section 1500

1500-G-11 Finish System Performance Table (cont.)

Selection Guide to AWI Finish Systems

Transparent System
TR-0 TR-1 TR-2 TR-3 TR-4 TR-5 TR-6 TR-7 Not available
Code
Opaque System Not available OP-1 OP-2 OP-3 OP-4 OP-5 OP-6 OP-7 OP-8
Code
CAB &
Synthetic
Water Catalyzed Polyester/
Penetrating Standard Catalyzed Conversion Catalyzed
Finish System Reducible Poly- Polyester Poly-
& Simulated Lacquer Lacquer Varnish* Vinyl
Acrylic urethane urethane
Oil
Lacquer*
AWI Grades (P=Premium,
P C E P C E P C E P C E P C E P C E P C E P C E P C E
C=Custom, E= Economy)
Sheen on 60° Gloss Meter (ASTM D 523)
20 Flat 10°-25° X X X X X X X X X S W W S W W X X X X X X
40 Satin 30°-50° X X X X X X S W W S W W X X X X X X
60 Semi-gloss 55°-75° X X X X X X S W W S W W X X X X X X
90 Gloss 80°-100° X X X X X X S W W X X X X X X X X
Effect
Open Pore X X X X X X X X X S W W S W W X X X X X
Partially Filled Pore X X X X X X S W W S W W X X X X X
Full Filled Effect X X X X X X
Ease of Repair/Refinishing
2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5
Wear Resistance
Wear and moisture
1 4 5 2 3 4 1 2 3 2 3 4 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
resistance ASTM D870
Print resistance (8 oz.
duck) 2PSI at room
1 4 5 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
temperature ASTM
D2091
Abrasion resistance
Tabor Abrasor ASTM 1 5 5 3 3 4 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 4 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
D4060
Adhesion (crosshatch)
1 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 2 2 3 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
ASTM D3359
Cold check resistance
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
ASTM D1211
Impact resistance (1 lb.
1 1 1 2 2 3 1 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 3 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
steel ball - 17 inches)
Chemical Resistance (ASTM D1308)
2% caustic solution 2 4 5 4 4 5 2 2 3 4 4 4 1 2 3 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
10% sodium hydroxide 2 4 5 4 4 5 2 3 4 4 4 4 2 3 4 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
10% tri sodium
2 4 5 4 4 5 2 3 4 4 4 4 2 3 4 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
phosphate
Glacial acetic acid 2 5 5 4 4 5 3 3 4 4 4 4 2 3 4 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1
50% sulfuric acid 2 5 5 3 3 4 2 2 3 4 4 4 2 2 4 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1
28% ammonium
2 5 5 4 4 5 3 3 3 4 4 4 2 3 4 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
hydroxide
95% ethyl alcohol 2 5 5 4 4 5 2 3 4 4 4 4 2 3 4 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
Househo d Chemica Resistance (ASTM D1308 except detergent)
Grease (cooking oil) 1 5 5 2 3 4 1 2 2 3 3 3 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Hot coffee 1 5 5 2 3 4 1 1 1 3 3 3 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Orange juice 1 4 5 2 3 4 1 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Tomato juice 1 4 5 2 3 4 1 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Mustard 1 4 5 2 3 4 1 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1500
Nail polish & remover 2 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 5 5 5 5 2 3 3 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
Detergent (soap) ASTM
1 5 5 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 4 4 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
D2248
Flame Spread (√ = Check with chemical manufacturer for results of ASTM E-84)
Affects wood flame
No No No √ √ √ √ √ √ No No No No No No No No No No No No √ √
spread
* Acrylic Lacquer and Conversion Varnish are available in both solvent-based [S] and waterborne [W] formulations. Either type permitted, subject to local and federal
EPA codes. NOTE: AWI does not have a laboratory and does not perform ASTM testing. Contact local testing facilities when testing required.

© 1999 Architectural Woodwork Institute - 7th Edition Quality Standards 453

 Factory Finishing
Section 1500

A satin finish will deflect

direct light (left). A highly
buffed gloss finish will
reflect it (right).

Satin finishes are more

forgiving of the natural
characteristics in wood
and usually easier to care
for on the part of the
client.

1500-G-12 1500-G-14
Fire-Retardant, -Resistant Coatings “Colorfast” Considerations
No wood, wood finish, or stain is completely “colorfast” if
“Fire-retardant” coatings usually are of the intumescent type.
that is defined as “no change of color over time.” Raw wood,
They may be water-based or solvent-based, but both contain
without a stain or finish, will change color in reaction to
ingredients which, under the influence of heat, produce gases
ambient conditions. The addition of stains and/or topcoats
and char-like products, resulting in the formation of a thick
will change the rate at which the transformation will occur, but
nonflammable crust that effectively insulates combustible
will seldom stop it. For this reason, it is advised to keep stain
substrates from heat and flame. However, these ingredients
and finish samples covered and in a dark place if they are to be
are for the most part water-sensitive and therefore reduce
used for comparison to the finished work.
durability and range of usage of the coatings.
These coatings delay the spread of fire and help contain it to 1500-G-15
its origin. To be of any appreciable value, fire-retardant Yellowing
coatings must be applied in strict conformance with the
The yellowing effect is often a result of using amber binders
manufacturers instructions. These finishes are not particu-
or vehicles for the stains and/or topcoats. To avoid yellowing,
larly durable and their use should be restricted to application
specify “nonyellowing” finishing materials. The addition of
over interior surfaces.
an ultraviolet (UV) inhibitor will slow, but will not prevent,
The need for, and effectiveness of, fire-retardant and fire- the gradual color change of the wood, the stain and the finish
resistant finishes depends on the type of construction, nature system.
of occupancy, and other technical features of the building.
Because these finishes are considerably more expensive and
have reduced durability, their use should be carefully limited Standards
to those areas where confining fire spread is the overwhelm-
ing consideration; for example, interior entrances, hallways, In the absence of specifications to the contrary, the following
stairwells and ceilings. standards shall apply.
It is the direct responsibility of the owner or design profes- 1500-S-1
sional to indicate when woodwork is to receive this finish, who
Sample Submission
is designated to apply it, and what particular finish is required
by manufacturer and brand name. Finish samples shall be submitted for approval showing the
complete finish appearance. Minimum sample sizes shall be
1500-G-13 as follows:
Color “Match” and Consistency Veneered products - 8" x 10" x 1/4" [200 x 250 x 6 mm]
The term “color match” is often misleading. The best case Solid Lumber - 50 square inches [300 square centimeters]
achievable using a natural product like wood in a wide variety
The sample shall bear identification of the project, architect or
of lighting conditions is a good “blend” of color and tone
designer, general contractor, woodwork manufacturer, items
1500 throughout the project area. The natural color of the wood to which the finish applies and the AWI system utilized to
product is altered by the application of even a “clear” topcoat.
attain the finish.
Further alteration is achieved through the use of stains, glazes,
bleaches, etc. The apparent consistency of the color is a If specified, or if in the judgement of the woodworker, the
combination of light reflectance, cellular structure, natural wood species or finish method selected indicates that color
characteristics, applied colors, and sheen. variations may be inevitable, the woodworker may elect to
submit samples in sets of two or more, illustrating the possible
range of these variations.
454 © 1999 Architectural Woodwork Institute - 7th Edition Quality Standards
 Factory Finishing
Section 1500

Finished samples become the final criteria for evaluating 1500-S-3

color and appearance conformity at the time of delivery.
Therefore, finish samples must be covered and protected from Finish Materials
ultraviolet light. Sunlight will cause changes in the wood by All finish systems shall utilize top coats with spray or curtain-
accelerating bleaching and oxidation. coating application that air dry within one hour, as is common
practice, with the exception of waterborne polyesters, and
1500-S-2
two-component urethanes which may extend these time limits
Finishing of Concealed Areas (Back but will be dust free within 24 hours. Finishing materials will
Priming) be selected for chemical compatibility with each other and
with the substrate by the finishing professional.
Factory-finished mouldings will be back-primed with one
coat of sealer. Many prefinished real wood panels and decorative overlays
have æsthetic and performance characteristics which meet or
Concealed portions of Premium Grade (only) factory-fin-
exceed these standards, and should be evaluated, approved
ished casework will be finished with one coat of sealer.
and specified by the design professional when desired.
Concealed portions of factory-finished paneling will be fin-
ished with two coats of sealer.
Back priming is particularly important prior to installation of
any woodwork over concrete or masonry partitions.

1500-S-4
Finish System Standards
In the absence of clear, detailed specifications, woodworkers will furnish factory finishing according to the following minimum
standards for each system. The events are listed in the approximate order of occurrence. Some factories may modify these events
while meeting the performance criteria for the selected system. The application of washcoat, filler and/or stain is included only
when specified. The specification of an AWI finish system number or name alone does not imply staining, washcoats, fillers,
glazes, etc. “Natural” or “Transparent” finish specifications alone do not imply staining, filling or coloration of any type. Color,
sheen and “matching” of a sample are often highly subjective. Individual perception, ambient lighting, and reflectivity influence
judgement. Design professionals are encouraged to consult directly with an AWI woodworker during the design and selection
phase of each project. NOTE: Aniline (Acid) dye stains must be specified, and are always applied to the raw wood before sealing
in any system. Light sanding between the first and second topcoat is recommended by many finish material suppliers. Comply
with material supplier’s directions for application of selected or specified materials.

AWI Finish System TR-0 - Synthetic Penetrating Oil and Simulated Oil Finish
Premium Custom Economy

[Simulated Oil Finish]

Penetrating Oil
Penetrating oil
Catalyzed vinyl sealer
Brass wool rubdown Penetrating oil
Close Grain Woods (close-to-wood look)
Penetrating oil Wax
Scuff sand (320 grit)
Wax
Catalyzed vinyl top coat
(close-to-wood look)
[Simulated Oil Finish]
Penetrating Oil
Penetrating oil
Catalyzed vinyl sealer 1500
Brass wool rubdown Penetrating oil
Open Grain Woods (close-to-wood look)
Penetrating oil Wax
Scuff sand (320 grit)
Wax
Catalyzed vinyl top coat
(close-to-wood look)
Items in [brackets] must be requested & specified separately, or are not included.

© 1999 Architectural Woodwork Institute - 7th Edition Quality Standards 455

 Factory Finishing
Section 1500

1500-S-4 - Finish System Standards (cont.)

AWI Finish System TR-1 and OP-1 - Standard Lacquer

Premium Custom Economy
[Vinyl washcoat] [Nitrocellulose washcoat]
[Nitrocellulose washcoat]
[Stain] [Stain]
[Stain]
Vinyl sealer Nitrocellulose sealer
Close Grain Woods Nitrocellulose sealer
Sand (220 grit) Sand (220 grit)
Sand (220 grit)
Top coat Top coat
Top coat
Top coat Top coat
[Stain] [Stain]
[Stain]
Vinyl sealer Nitrocellulose sealer
Nitrocellulose sealer
Open Grain Woods Sand (220 grit) Sand (220 grit)
Sand (220 grit)
Top coat Top coat
Top coat
Top coat Top coat
[Stain] [Stain]
[Vinyl washcoat] [Nitrocellulose washcoat]
[Filler] [Filler]
Open Grain Woods
Vinyl sealer Nitrocellulose sealer Not applicable
(filled finish)
Sand (220 grit) Sand (220 grit)
Top coat Top coat
Top coat Top coat
Items in [brackets] must be requested & specified separately, or are not included.

AWI Finish System TR-2 and OP-2 - Catalyzed Lacquer

Premium Custom Economy

[Vinyl washcoat] [Vinyl washcoat]

[Vinyl washcoat]
[Stain] [Stain]
[Stain]
Vinyl sealer Vinyl sealer
Close Grain Woods Vinyl sealer
Sand (220 grit) Sand (220 grit)
Sand (220 grit)
Top coat Top coat
Top coat
Top coat Top coat
[Stain] [Stain]
[Stain]
Vinyl sealer Vinyl sealer
Vinyl sealer
Open Grain Woods Sand (220 grit) Sand (220 grit)
Sand (220 grit)
Top coat Top coat
Top coat
Top coat Top coat
[Stain] [Stain]
[Vinyl washcoat] [Vinyl washcoat]
[Filler] [Filler]
Open Grain Woods
Vinyl sealer Vinyl sealer Not applicable
(filled finish)
Sand (220 grit) Sand (220 grit)
Top coat Top coat
1500 Top coat Top coat
Items in [brackets] must be requested & specified separately, or are not included.

456 © 1999 Architectural Woodwork Institute - 7th Edition Quality Standards

 Factory Finishing
Section 1500

1500-S-4 - Finish System Standards (cont.)

AWI Finish System TR-3 and OP-3 - Cellulose Acetate Butyrate (CAB) and Water Reducible Acrylic Lacquer
Premium Custom Economy
[Stain] [Stain]
CAB sealer Water reduced sealer [Stain]
Sand (220 grit) Sand (220 grit) Water reduced sealer
Close Grain Woods Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Water Reducible Acrylic Sand (220 grit)
Lacquer Lacquer Water Reducible Acrylic
Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Water Reducible Acrylic Lacquer
Lacquer Lacquer
[Stain] [Stain]
CAB sealer Water reduced sealer [Stain]
Sand (220 grit) Sand (220 grit) Water reduced sealer
Open grain woods Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Water Reducible Acrylic Sand (220 grit)
Lacquer Lacquer Water Reducible Acrylic
Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Water Reducible Acrylic Lacquer
Lacquer Lacquer
Items in [brackets] must be requested & specified separately, or are not included.

AWI Finish System TR-4 and OP-4 - Conversion Varnish

Premium Custom Economy

[Washcoat (conversion
[Washcoat (conversion
[Vinyl washcoat] varnish reduced)]
varnish reduced)]
[Stain] [Stain]
[Stain]
Vinyl sealer Sealer (conversion varnish
Close Grain Woods Sealer (conversion varnish
Sand (220 grit) reduced)
reduced)
Top coat Sand (220 grit)
Sand (220 grit)
Top coat Top coat
Top coat
Top coat
[Stain]
[Stain] [Stain]
Sealer (conversion varnish
Vinyl sealer Sealer (conversion varnish
reduced)
Open Grain Woods Sand (220 grit) reduced)
Sand (220 grit)
Top coat Sand (220 grit)
Top coat
Top coat Top coat
Top coat
[Stain]
[Stain] [Washcoat (conversion
[Vinyl washcoat] varnish reduced)]
[Filler] [Filler]
Open Grain Woods
Vinyl sealer Sealer (conversion varnish Not applicable
(filled finish)
Sand (220 grit) reduced)
Top coat Sand (220 grit)
Top coat Top coat 1500
Top coat
Items in [brackets] must be requested & specified separately, or are not included.

© 1999 Architectural Woodwork Institute - 7th Edition Quality Standards 457

 Factory Finishing
Section 1500

1500-S-4 - Finish System Standards (cont.)

AWI Finish System TR-5 and OP-5 - Catalyzed Vinyl (Premium recommended for laboratory finish)
Premium Custom Economy
[Vinyl washcoat] [Vinyl washcoat]
[Vinyl washcoat]
[Stain] [Stain]
[Stain]
Catalyzed vinyl sealer Vinyl sealer
Close Grain Woods Vinyl sealer
Sand (220 grit) Sand (220 grit)
Sand (220 grit)
Top coat Top coat
Top coat
Top coat Top coat
[Stain] [Stain]
[Stain]
Catalyzed vinyl sealer Vinyl sealer
Vinyl sealer
Open Grain Woods Sand (220 grit) Sand (220 grit)
Sand (220 grit)
Top coat Top coat
Top coat
Top coat Top coat
[Stain]
[Stain]
[Catalyzed vinyl
[Vinyl washcoat]
washcoat]
[Filler]
Open Grain Woods [Filler]
Vinyl sealer Not applicable
(filled finish) Catalyzed vinyl sealer
Sand (220 grit)
Sand (220 grit)
Top coat
Top coat
Top coat
Top coat
Items in [brackets] must be requested & specified separately, or are not included.

AWI Finish System TR-6 and OP-6 - Catalyzed Polyurethane

Premium Custom Economy

[Washcoat (reduced vinyl

[Washcoat (reduced vinyl [Washcoat (reduced vinyl
sealer)]
sealer)] sealer)]
[Stain]
[Stain] [Stain]
Close Grain Woods Vinyl sealer
Vinyl sealer Vinyl sealer
Sand (220 grit)
Sand (220 grit) Sand (220 grit)
Top coat
Top coat Top coat
Top coat
[Stain]
[Stain] [Stain]
Vinyl sealer
Vinyl sealer Vinyl sealer
Open Grain Woods Sand (220 grit)
Sand (220 grit) Sand (220 grit)
Top coat
Top coat Top coat
Top coat
[Stain]
[Stain]
[Washcoat (reduced vinyl
[Washcoat (reduced vinyl
sealer)]
sealer)]
Open Grain Woods [Filler]
[Filler] Not applicable
(filled finish) Vinyl sealer
1500 Vinyl sealer
Sand (220 grit)
Sand (220 grit)
Top coat
Top coat
Top coat
NOTE: For all Grades and effects, washcoats and sealers compatible to the top coats must be used.
Items in [brackets] must be requested & specified separately, or are not included.

458 © 1999 Architectural Woodwork Institute - 7th Edition Quality Standards

 Factory Finishing
Section 1500

1500-S-4 - Finish System Standards (cont.)

AWI Finish System TR-7 - Two Component Clear Polyester
Premium Custom Economy

[Stain (compatible)]
Polyester sealer
Polyester sealer
Close Grain Woods
Sand (180 grit) Not applicable Not applicable
(filled finish)
Polyester clear top coat
Full mechanical rub and
polish all exposed surfaces

[Stain (compatible)]
Polyester sealer
Polyester sealer
Open Grain Woods
Sand (180 grit) Not applicable Not applicable
(filled finish)
Polyester clear top coat
Full mechanical rub and
polish all exposed surfaces
Items in [brackets] must be requested & specified separately, or are not included.

AWI Finish System OP-7 - Pigmented Polyester (Opaque)

Premium Custom Economy
Close Grain Woods Polyester pigment
(recommended for opaque finish Polyester pigment
when solid stock is required) or Sand (200-400 grit)
Not applicable Not applicable
Medium Density Fiberboard Polyester pigment
(MDF recommended when grain Full mechanical rub and
pattern is not to show) polish all exposed surfaces

AWI Finish System OP-8 - Pigmented Polyester/Polyurethane (Opaque)

Premium Custom Economy

Close Grain Woods Polyester pigment

(recommended for opaque finish Polyester pigment
when solid stock is required) or Sand (200-400 grit)
Not applicable Not applicable
Medium Density Fiberboard Polyurethane pigment
(MDF recommended when grain Full mechanical rub and
pattern is not to show) polish all exposed surfaces

1500

© 1999 Architectural Woodwork Institute - 7th Edition Quality Standards 459

 Factory Finishing
Section 1500

1500-S-5
Treatment of Sapwood
Sapwood Table Premium Custom Economy
Sapwood must be blended Sapwood must be blended
Finish of Exposed Surfaces in the final finish in the final finish Blending not required
appearance appearance

Finish of Semi-exposed Surfaces

Blending not required Blending not required Blending not required

1500-S-6
Semi-exposed Surface System Standards

Semi-exposed Table Premium Custom Economy

[Stain]
*Transparent Finish Sealer
Sealer Sealer
(for cabinets with transparent or Sand
Sand Sand
opaque finished wood exterior) Top coat
Top coat

*Opaque Finish Primer-surfacer Primer-surfacer

Primer-surfacer
(for cabinets with transparent or Sand Sand
Sand
opaque finished wood exterior) Top coat Top coat
Modern casework is often manufacturered with Thermoset Decorative Laminate
Alternate Finish Materials
materials for interior (semi-exposed) surfaces. These materials are often cost-effective,
[by direct specification only in
durable interior finish solutions. Consult your AWI woodwork manufacturer during
Premium Grade Trans. finish]
the design phase for engineering assistance.
* Not applicable to cabinets with HPDL exteriors. See Caution note on this page and elsewhere in this standard.
Items in [brackets] must be requested & specified separately, or are not included.

Caution

Special consideration should be given to raw wood parts on high pressure decorative laminate-clad (HPDL) cabinets such as
wood pulls, wood trims, applied mouldings, banded doors, drawer bodies, and wood cabinet interiors. Specifications regarding
the responsibility for finishing (if any) should be clarified by the design professional.

1500

460 © 1999 Architectural Woodwork Institute - 7th Edition Quality Standards

 Factory Finishing
Section 1500

1500-T-1
Visual Tests Applicable to Exposed Surfaces
It is important to view finished surfaces in the ambient conditions in which they will be installed and used. The perception of
color varies with the light source and between individuals. The following tests apply to new work at the time of installation, and
shall not be applied to refinishing conditions except as agreed in advance between buyer and seller.

Visual Tests Table Premium Custom Economy

Finish Sanding Scratches Not permitted Not noticeable beyond 3' Not noticeable beyond 6'

Orange Peel
(slight depressions in surface, Not permitted Not noticeable beyond 3' Not noticeable beyond 6'
similar to the skin of an orange)
Runs
(running of wet finish film in Not permitted Not permitted Not noticeable beyond 3'
rivulets)
Sags
(partial slipping of finish film Not permitted Not noticeable beyond 3' Not noticeable beyond 6'
creating a “curtain” effect)
Blistering
(small, swelled areas like water Not permitted Not permitted Not noticeable beyond 3'
blisters on human skin)
Blushing (whitish haze, cloudy) Not permitted Not permitted Not noticeable beyond 3'

Checking, Crazing
(crowfeet separation or irregular Not permitted Not permitted Not noticeable beyond 3'
line separation)
Cracking
Not permitted Not permitted Not noticeable beyond 3'
(formation like dried mud)
Glue Spots Not permitted Not permitted Not noticeable beyond 3'
Filled Nail Holes Not noticeable beyond 3' Not noticeable beyond 6' Not noticeable beyond 9'
Field Repairs and Touch-ups Not noticeable beyond 3' Not noticeable beyond 6' Not noticeable beyond 9'

1500

© 1999 Architectural Woodwork Institute - 7th Edition Quality Standards 461