Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.

International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR)

ISSN: 2223-7054 (Print) 2225-3610 (Online)
http://www.innspub.net
Vol. 20, No. 2, p. 47-62, 2022
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS

Impact of nutrient enrichment on water quality of a tropical

Ramsar Wetland
Nargis Annayat*1, Mukesh Dixit1, Subrata Pani2
1
Department of Zoology, Sarojini Naidu Govt. Girls Post Graduate (Autonomous) College,
Bhopal, MP, India
2
Environmental Research Laboratory, Environmental Planning and Co-ordination Organization,
Bhopal, MP, India

Article published on February 25, 2022

Key words: Anthropogenic activities, Non point & Point sources of pollution, Water quality

Abstract

Present study was conducted in Lower Lake of Bhopal which is a part of Bhoj wetland and one of the important
resources for the people of Bhopal city. The water body is suffering from severe degree of water quality
deterioration due to various anthropogenic activities. Analysis of various physico-chemical parameters of water
samples collected from both point and non-point sources indicates that the Lake is moderately polluted and can
be used for secondary purposes only after treatment as per standard prescribed by CPCB.
* Corresponding Author: Nargis Annayat  [email protected]

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Introduction body. After a meticulous survey, five sampling stations

Most of the urban water bodies like lakes, reservoirs, were finalized for collection of water samples so as to
dams, rivers etc in India are facing serious problems of have a representation of the existing water quality with
eutrophication due to various anthropogenic activities. respect to various anthropogenic activities being
Apart from this, the water resources also get performed in the catchment area of the lake.
contaminated with nutrient enrichment through natural
phenomena like to siltation, leaching of autochthonous Description of Study area
organic matters etc, thereby accelerating the process of Lower lake is situated in the peaceful and serene
eutrophication. Changes in land use pattern as well as surrounding of majestic hills and massive Upper Lake
increased use of chemical fertilizers in modern (known as Bhoj Wetland). The lake is a beautiful
agricultural practices further increased the risk of remnant of the great Mughal Empire.
eutrophication and loss of biodiversity and finally
deterioration in water quality (Pani, 2017). Locally known as Chota Talab, it is separated from
Upper lake by an over bridge. The aesthetic appeal
Eutrophication occurs naturally over centuries as of the lake is enhanced by the magnificent Kamla
lakes through aging process are filled in with
park garden.
sediments (Carpenter 1981). However, human
activities accelerate the rate and extent of
The lake is located to the east of the Upper lake and
eutrophication through point and non-point loadings
earthen dam separates the two lakes. It has a water
of nutrients, like as nitrogen and phosphorus, resulting
spread area of 1.29 km sq. and a catchment area of 9.6
dramatic consequences on the water resources used for km sq. The lake still receives subsurface seepage from
drinking, fisheries, and recreational purposes the Upper lake and untreated domestic sewage from
(Carpenter et al., 1998), (Chislock, 2013). few major inlets (Pani, 2007).

Therefore regular water quality assessment of a water Sampling Stations

body is important to understand the existing status Total five sampling stations were selected.
and also to suggest necessary mitigative and Station -1 (near Banganga (L/1))
conservation measures for abatement of pollution and
Station -2 (Dhobighat (L/2))
conservation of the water body.
Station -3 Centre (Hamidia College (L/3))
Station -4 Khatlapura (L/4)
Keeping this in mind the water quality of Lower Lake
Station -5 Jehangirabad (L/5)
which is part of Bhoj Wetland, the only Central Indian
Ramsar site was assessed during the period January,
Water samples were collected from the identified
2019 to December, 2020 to understand the present
sampling sites (Map-1) at monthly interval during
status of water quality with reference to nutrient
the period January2019 to December, 2020.
enrichment from both through the autochthonous
and allochthonous sources.
Samples were collected from the surface and bottom
layer by using Ruttner water sampler from the five
Material and methods identified sampling stations.
The present study has been designed to assess the
cumulative impact of various anthropogenic activities Collection, preservation and analysis of the water
on the water quality of the lake. For this an extensive samples for various physico- chemical parameters
field survey was conducted in the catchment of the lake were done following the standard methods described
including the inflow and out flow channels of the water in APHA (2017).

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Source: Google map: https://www.google.co.in/maps/@23.2488959,77.4052353,16z

Map 1. Lower Lake with sampling stations.

During the period of investigation following physico- Water temperature in surface water ranged from 24.1
chemical parameters were analyzed as per the – 34.2 0C. The minimum value was recorded at
procedure mentioned in APHA (2017). station-5 during, Jan, 2019 while the maximum value
was observed at Station-1 during May, 2019 (Fig. 2).
Parameters analyzed
Parameters Water temperature in bottom water ranged from 19.8
Physical Chemical Nutrient -31.9 0C. The minimum value was recorded at station-
Water Temperature Total Nitrate-
Alkalinity Nitrogen 2 during, Feb, 2019 while the maximum value was
Air Temperature Chloride Total observed at Station-4 during May, 2019 (Fig. 3).
Phosphorus
pH Total
Hardness Temperature is one of the most important ecological
TDS BOD
Turbidity features and its measurement is a useful indicator of
DO biochemical and biological activity in a water body.

Result and discussion Temperature is known to influence pH, alkalinity and

Result of the analysis of various physico-chemical Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentration in the water

parameters of the water samples collected from the (Aggarwal and Arora, 2012). Considering its

Lower Lake is summarized in Table 1 with the importance in governing all the ecological processes

range values. in an aquatic environment, both air and water

temperature at different stations of Lower lake was
Air temperature during the period of investigation investigated for the period, January 2019 to
ranged from 27.1 to 43.90C (Fig. 1). The minimum December 2020 at monthly intervals.
value was recorded at station-4 during December,
2020 while the maximum value was observed at Water temperature during the period of investigation,
Station-4 during May, 2020(Fig. 1). was found to have direct relation with atmospheric

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temperature; it increased or decreased with the been reported by Bhatia et al. (1970). The variation in
changes in atmospheric temperature. Misra et al. temperature during the period of investigation at some
(2005) has also found the similar trend in temperature points may also be due to different timings of collection
variations. Close relationship between atmospheric and influence of season as reported in other case study
temperature and surface water temperature has also also (Jayram et al., 2003).

Table 1. Range values of various parameters in different seasons at Lower Lake during Jan, 2019-Dec, 2020.
Parameter Min. Station Month Year Max. Station Month Year
1 Air Temperature (0C) S 27.1 4 Dec 2020 43.9 4 May 2020
2 Water Temperature (0C) S 24.1 5 Jan 2019 34.2 1 May 2019
B 19.8 2 Feb 2019 31.9 4 May 2019
March,19 2019,
3 pH S 6.4 1 April 2019 8.4 3 &4
& May,20 2020
Mar, April, Feb,
B 6.1 1,2,5 2019 9.2 3 2019
Oct, Nov March
4 TDS (mg/l) S 162.3 4 Oct 2020 492.8 2 July 2020
2019,
B 154.2 4 Oct 2020 479.3 5&1 Sept, July
2020
5 Turbidity (JTU) S 6.0 2 April. 2020 97 5 Aug 2019
B 6.0 3 Dec. 2020 89.0 1 Aug 2019
6 DO (mg/l) S Nil 1 July 2020 9.6 4 May 2020
B 0.0 1 May 2020 12.4 4 April 2019
7 Chloride (mg/l) S 25 4 Sept. 2020 63 1 July 2019
B 21 3 Dec 2019 90 5 May 2019
8 Total Alkalinity (mg/l) S 104 5 March 2020 240 1 July 2020
B 100 5 March 2020 220 1 Aug 2020
9 Total Hardness (mg/l) S 110 3 Jan 2020 230 1 July 2019
B 104 5 Jan 2020 214 1 July 2019
10 BOD (mg/l) S 1.2 3,4 Dec 2020 32 1 June 2019
B 0.8 2 Dec 2020 22 1,2,5 March 2020
11 Nitrate (mg/l) S 0.44 1 Oct 2020 5.71 2 July 2020
B 0.41 1 Oct 2020 5.31 1 July 2020
12 Total Phosphorus S 1.17 5 Dec 2019 5.40 4 Aug 2020
B 1.19 3,4,5 Dec 2019 4.91 5 July 2019
S: Surface B: Bottom

Fig. 1. Variation in Air Temperature (0C) at different stations of Lower Lake during Jan-Dec, 2019-2020.

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Fig. 2. Variation in Water Temperature (0C) in Surface water at different stations of Lower Lake during Jan-Dec, 19-20.

Fig. 3. Variation in Water Temperature (0C) in Bottom water at different stations of Lower Lake during Jan-Dec, 19-20.

Fig. 4. Variation in pH in Surface water at different stations of Lower Lake during Jan-Dec, 2019-2020.

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The variation in temperature during the period of excess in the water may create an imbalance for
investigation has affected the pH values of the Lake. aquatic life. Certain physiological effects on plants
and animals are often affected by the number of
pH in surface water ranged from 6.4- 8.4. The minimum available ions in the water.
value was recorded at station-1 during, April, 2019 while
the maximum value was observed at Station-3&4 during Total Dissolved Solids in surface water during the period
March, 2019 and May 2020(Fig.4). of investigation ranged from 162.3 – 492.8mg/l. The
minimum value was recorded at station-3 during, Oct,
pH in bottom water ranged from 6.1-9.2. The 2020, while the maximum value was observed at
minimum value was recorded at station-1, 2, 5 during, Station-2 during July, 2020 (Fig. 6).
March, April, Oct, & Nov 2019 .While the maximum
value was observed at Station-3 during Feb & March, Total Dissolved Solids in bottom water ranged from
2019 (Fig.5). 154.2-483.9mg/l. The minimum value was recorded
at station-4 during, Oct, 2020 .while the maximum
Hydrogen ion concentration or pH is the most
value was observed at Station-5&1 during Sep 2019 &
important and commonly studied property of natural
July, 2020 respectively. (Fig. 7).
water and wastewater. The measurement of pH is of
great importance because chemical and biochemical
During period of investigation, higher values of TDS in
reaction in an aquatic body takes place at a particular
Lower Lake were recorded at some stations which may
pH and plays an important role in productivity of
be because of agitation of water and local impacts.
water body. In Lower Lake, Bhopal the pH values in
most of the places were observed to be slightly
Turbidity in surface water ranged from 6.0 -97 JTU.
alkaline in surface waters while in bottom waters of
The minimum value was recorded at station-2 during,
few point sources (viz. near Kilol Park, Ginnori &
Aril, 2020, while the maximum value was observed at
Banganga inlet) pH values were recorded slightly
Station-5 during June, 2019 (Fig. 8).
acidic in bottom waters.

Turbidity in bottom water ranged from 6-89 JTU. The

During the period of investigation a close look of the
minimum value was recorded at station-3 during,
seasonal variation also depicted slightly higher values
Dec, 2020, while the maximum value was observed at
of pH during the summer months compared to
Station-1 during Aug, 2019 (Fig. 9).
monsoon and winter months. In Lower Lake, the pH
in general was slightly alkaline at surface water while
it was observed slightly acidic especially in bottom Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is an important parameter to

water samples collected from inlets. understand the trophic status of a water body.
Dissolved Oxygen in surface water during the period

Hydrogen ion activities in a water body also related of investigation ranged from Nil to 9.6mg/l. The

to Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). Total dissolved minimum value was recorded at station-1 during,

solids information is used to determine the overall July, 2020, while the maximum value was observed at

ionic effect in a water source. Total dissolved solids Station-4 during May, 2020 (Fig. 10).

in natural water mainly composed of a large variety

of salts and inorganic minerals i.e., dissolved solids DO in bottom water ranged from 0.0 – 12.4mg/l. The
such as chlorides, carbonates, bicarbonates, nitrate, minimum value was recorded at station-1 during,
phosphate etc. which impart particular taste to May, 2020, while the maximum value was observed
water at higher concentration. TDS when present in at Station-4 during April, 2019 (Fig. 11).

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Fig. 5. Variation in pH in Bottom water at different stations of Lower Lake during Jan-Dec, 2019-2020

Fig. 6. Variation in TDS in surface waters at different stations of Lower Lake during Jan-Dec, 2019-2020

Fig. 7. Variation in TDS in bottom waters at different stations of Lower Lake during Jan-Dec, 2019-2020

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Fig. 8. Variation in Turbidity (JTU) in surface water at different stations of Lower Lake during Jan-Dec, 2019-2020

Fig. 9. Variation in Turbidity (JTU) in bottom water at different stations of Lower Lake during Jan-Dec, 2019-2020

Fig. 10. Variation in Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) in surface water at different stations of Lower Lake during Jan-
Dec, 2019-2020

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Fig. 11. Variation in Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) in Bottom water at different stations of Lower Lake during Jan-
Dec, 2019-2020

High dissolved oxygen concentration during summer gives indication of pollution due to sewage. In Lower
months could be on account of high photosynthetic lake higher range of chloride values depicted
activity by the standing phytoplankton crop and contamination of the lake water due to inflow of
macrophytic vegetation in presence of optimum light. sewage from the three major inlets (Banganga,
In Lower lake comparatively higher values of Dhobighat and Jahagirabad).
Dissolved Oxygen were observed in water samples
Alkalinity is an important parameter for fish and
collected from Station 3 and Station-4 during most of
aquatic life because it protects or buffers against pH
the period of investigation while values were low in
changes and makes water less vulnerable to acid rain.
waters samples collected from Banganga, Dhobighat
The main sources of natural alkalinity are rocks,
and Jahangirabad inlet points. Surface water in
which contain mainly carbonate and bicarbonate
general during the period of investigation depicted
compounds. Borates, silicates, and phosphates may
higher values of DO.
also contribute to alkalinity.

Chloride occurs in all natural water in widely In Lower Lake, Total Alkalinity in surface water
varying concentration. As the mineral content ranged from 104-240mg/l. The minimum value was
increases chloride content also increases. Chloride recorded at station-5 during, March 2020, while the
in surface water during the period of investigation maximum value was observed at Station-1 during
ranged from 25-63mg/l. The minimum value was July, 2020 (Fig.14).
recorded at station-4 during, Sept, 2020, while the
maximum value was also observed at Station-1 Total Alkalinity in bottom water ranged from 100-
during July, 2019 (Fig.12). 220mg/l. The minimum value was recorded at station-5
during, March, 2020, while the maximum value was
Chloride in bottom water ranged from 21.90- observed at Station-1 during Aug, 2020 (Fig.15).
51.95mg/l. The minimum value was recorded at
Total hardness in water is the sum of the
station-3 during, Dec, 2019 while the maximum value
concentrations of alkaline earth metal (e.g.
was observed at Station-5 during May, 2019 (Fig.13).
Ca++,mg++). In most fresh water nearly all the
High chloride content in general indicates pollution hardness is imparted by the calcium and magnesium
in the water body. High chloride content may also be ions which are in combination with bicarbonates and
attributed to quantity of domestic sewage. Pani and carbonates (temporary hardness) apart from
Misra (2005), reported that a high value of chloride sulphates, chlorides and nitrates.

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Fig. 12. Variation in Chloride (mg/l) in Surface waters at different stations of Lower Lake during Jan-Dec, 2019-2020

Fig. 13. Variation in Chloride (mg/l) in Bottom waters at different stations of Lower Lake during Jan-Dec, 2019-2020

Fig. 14. Variation in Total Alkalinity (mg/l) in Surface waters at different stations of Lower Lake during Jan-Dec,
2019-2020.

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Fig. 15. Variation in Total Alkalinity (mg/l) in Bottom waters at different stations of Lower Lake during Jan-Dec,
2019-2020

Total Hardness of Lower Lake in surface water ranged nitrogen and phosphorus to lake water can cause
from 110-230mg/l. The minimum value was recorded eutrophication problems (Kouimtzis et. al., 1994).
at station-3 during, Jan, 2020, while the maximum Nutrient pollution especially not only with phosphorus
value was observed at Station-1 during July, 2019 but also with nitrogen coming from urban runoff and
(Fig. 16). sanitary sewer systems can lead to eutrophication of the
receiving water bodies, Stevens, (2005).
Total Hardness in bottom water ranged from 104 -
214mg/l. The minimum value was recorded at Nitrate – Nitrogen (NO3-N) in surface water ranged
station-5 during, Jan, 2020, while the maximum from 0.44-5.71mg/l. The minimum value was
value was observed at Station-1 during July, 2019 recorded at station-1 during, Oct, 2020, while the
(Fig. 17). maximum value was observed at Station-2 during
July, 2020 (Fig.20).
Hirekhan and Patil (2003) stated that in the hardness
of water, CaCO3 is an important measure of pollution Nitrate – Nitrogen in bottom water ranged from 0.41-
and its increase pertains to the excess presence of 5.31mg/l. The minimum value was also recorded at
Ca,mg and Fe. station-1 during, Oct, 2020, while the maximum value
was observed at Station-1 during July, 2020 (Fig.21).
Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand in surface water
ranged from 1.2-32mg/l. The minimum value was Like Nitrate – Nitrogen, Phosphorus is also an
recorded at station-3&4 during, Dec, 2020 while the important parameter in understanding the trophic
maximum value was observed at Station-1 during status of a water body. Total phosphorus in surface
June, 2019 (Fig. 18). water during the period of investigation ranged from 1.17
-5.62mg/l. The minimum value was recorded at station-
Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand in bottom water 5 during, Dec, 2019, while the maximum value was
ranged from 0.8 -22mg/l. The minimum value was observed at Station-4 during Aug, 2020 (Fig.22).
recorded at station-2 during, Dec, 2020, while the
maximum value was observed at Station-1, 2&5 Total phosphorus in bottom water ranged from 1.19-
during March, 2020 (Fig. 19). 8.42mg/l. The minimum value was recorded at
station-3, 4, and 5 during, Dec, 2019, while the
Nitrates derived from agriculture sources. The maximum value was observed at Station-5 during
introduction of large quantity of nutrients, mainly July, 2019 (Fig.23).

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Fig. 16. Variation in Total Hardness (mg/l) in Surface waters at different stations of Lower Lake during Jan-Dec, 19-20.

Fig. 17. Variation in Total Hardness (mg/l) in Bottom waters at different stations of Lower Lake during Jan-Dec, 19-20.

Fig. 18. Variation in BOD (mg/l) in Surface waters at different stations of Lower Lake during Jan-Dec, 19-20.

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Fig. 19. Variation in BOD (mg/l) in Bottom waters at different stations of Lower Lake during Jan-Dec, 19-20.

Fig. 20. Variation in Nitrate (mg/l) in Surface water at different stations of Lower Lake during Jan-Dec, 19-20.

Fig. 21. Variation in Nitrate (mg/l) in Bottom water at different stations of Lower Lake during Jan-Dec, 19-20.

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Fig. 22. Variation in Total Phosphorus (mg/l) in Surface waters at different stations of Lower Lake during Jan-
Dec, 2019-2020.

Fig. 23. Variation in Total Phosphorus (mg/l) in Bottom waters at different stations of Lower Lake during Jan-
Dec, 2019-2020.

Phosphates enter waterways from human and animal weathering of minerals are slow process in causing
wastes. The element phosphorus is necessary for eutrophication but modern civilization,
plant and animal growth. Nearly all fertilizers contain industrialization and increase in pollution have lead
phosphates (chemical compounds containing the to fast degradation of our fresh resources (Pandey et
element, phosphorous). When it rains, varying al., 2010). With the increase in human population
amounts of phosphates wash from farm soils into and their activities the self- purification power of
nearby waterways. water resources has diminished, leading to severe
problems. In urban areas the situation is still worse
There has been a greater evidence of progressive where the water body is subject to much greater
deterioration of the water quality not only in India human pressure including direct discharge of sewage
but also all over the world (Pani and Misra, 2005). and industrial waste, which often contains heavy
While the natural factors like dust, storm, runoffs and metals (Pani, and Mishra, 2000).

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Water quality can be assessed by various strategy, dominance of tolerant species, change in
parameters such as BOD, temperature, electrical diversity and morphological and physiological
conductivity, nitrate, phosphorus, potassium, changes (Dixit et al., 2014).
dissolved oxygen, etc. along with heavy metals such
as Pb, Cr, Fe, Hg, etc. which are of special concern Nutrients are essential for plant growth and
because they produce water or chronic poisoning in development. Many nutrients are found in wastewater
aquatic animals. Harmful algal blooms are and fertilisers, and these can cause excess weed and
becoming increasingly common in freshwater algae growth if large concentrations end up in water.
ecosystems globally. Pollution by plastic debris is This can contaminate drinking water and clog filters.
an increasing environmental concern in water Nutrient over-enrichment can cause a range of economic
bodies, where it affects open-water, shoreline and and non-economic impacts, including eutrophication
benthic environments (Bhateria and Jain, 2016). and associated anoxia and hypoxia, loss of sea grass beds
and corals, loss of fishery resources, changes in
In India River and lake pollution is very severe ecological structure, loss of biotic diversity, and
and critical problem due to huge amount of impairment of aesthetic enjoyment.
pollutants discharged by urban activities. Thus,
water pollution needs serious immediate action and Eutrophication is nutrient enrichment; it drives
continuous monitoring of pollution level in order to excess primary productivity in waterways. It can be
prevent the water because of its importance in either natural or caused by human impact.
maintaining the human health, plants and Eutrophication sets off a chain reaction in the
agriculture. Without fresh water sustainable ecosystem, starting with an overabundance of algae
development will not be possible. and plants. The excess algae and plant matter
eventually decompose, producing large amounts of
Water quality assessment is very important, as the carbon dioxide. This lowers the pH of lake water.
majority of the water used in urban cities comes from
surface water. It is the measure of how suitable the The aim of this study was to evaluate the existing
water is from a biological, chemical and physical quality of lower lake of Bhopal with respect to inflow
perspective. Water quality can be impacted negatively of nutrients through sewage especially from various
by both natural and human causes. Physico-chemical major inlets of the lake. The present investigation
parameters like pH. Dissolve oxygen, hardness, concludes that the water quality of the Lower Lake is
nitrates phosphates have direct impact on water being deteriorated at several places due to various
quality of any aquatic system. The changes in factors. The concentration of BOD (0.8mg/l to
different parameters have a relationship with the 32mg/l), Total Phosphorus, Nitrate-nitrogen and
external influence, anthropogenic activities, nutrient Chloride reveal high degree of organic pollution from
loading etc. These physico-chemical parameters have the major inlets at some intervals. Similarly high
deep and strong relationship with biological concentrations of inorganic constituents like total
parameters as well as the biodiversity of aquatic hardness (104mg/l to 230mg/l), total alkalinity
system. Thus the assessment of water quality through (100mg/l to 290mg/l), etc also indicate deteriorating
physico-chemical and biological analysis for water quality of the lake. All the water samples
understanding the changes in constituents of water is contain significant amount of nitrate and phosphate
very important as it can reflect directly on the biotic that provides nutrition for the growth and
community of the aquatic system. multiplication of microorganisms. Thus, by detailed
analysis of the data obtained during the study period
The effects of pollution stress manifest themselves in Jan, 2019-Dec, 2020 it can be concluded that the
several ways in the lake biota viz. change in the quality of water of Lower lake in general observed to
pattern of distribution, elimination of scientific be of alarming level and mostly falls within class – C

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of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB, New Delhi) Kouimtzis TH, Samara C, Voutsa D,
under designated best uses of water for irrigation and Zachariadis G. 1994. Evaluation of Chemical
drinking water after conventional treatment. parameters in Aliakmon River, N. Greece, Journal of
environmental science and health 29(10), 2115-2126.
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