MONOGRAPH

THE ALCOHOLISM

Advisor: ________________
Authors: Axel Aguilera Diaz
Subject: Philosophy
Management: 2017

Santa Cruz - Bolivia

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 Dedication.

TO:
God, for giving me the opportunity to
live and for being with me every step I
take, for strengthening my life and
enlightening my mind and for having
placed those people on my path who
have been my support and company
during my professional training.

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 Thanks.

I thank God for his strength in moments of

weakness and for giving me a life full of
learning, experiences and, above all,
happiness.

I thank my family for supporting me at all

times, for the values they have instilled in
me, and for giving me the opportunity to have
an excellent education throughout my life.
Above all for being an excellent example of
life to follow.

2
To my brothers for being an important part of
my life and representing the family unit.
To my friends for all the moments we spent
together.

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Alcoholism is a chronic, progressive and often fatal disease; It is a primary disorder

and not a symptom of other illnesses or emotional problems.

The WHO defines alcoholism as the daily intake of alcohol greater than 50 grams
in women and 70 grams in men (a glass of liquor or a mixed drink has
approximately 40 grams of alcohol, a quarter of a liter of wine 30 grams and a
quarter liter of beer 15 grams).

Alcoholism is a dependency with characteristics of addiction to alcoholic

beverages. It is characterized by the constant need to ingest alcoholic substances.
As well as the loss of self-control, physical dependence and withdrawal syndrome.

Alcoholism poses a serious health risk that often leads to death as a result of liver
conditions, internal bleeding, alcohol poisoning, accidents or suicide.

Alcoholism seems to be produced by the combination of various physiological,

psychological and genetic factors. It is characterized by an emotional and
sometimes organic dependence on alcohol, and produces progressive brain
damage and eventually death.

Throughout this work we will know bibliographic files about the topic, in order to
draw the best recommendations and conclusions from the case.

3
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF ALCOHOLISM

Man has known about alcohol since the dawn of its appearance on Earth, in the
Quaternary era, possibly since around 50,000 years, due to the spontaneous
fermentation of fruits and other foods found in the natural environment.

All the peoples of the world discovered alcoholic beverages from the phenomenon
of natural fermentation of fruits, milk and other foods, and all learned to
intentionally develop and control and perfect this process. That is why the ingestion
of alcohol is linked to the history of man and the traditions of all peoples.

Discovering the intoxicating power of these drinks gave man many almost magical
alternatives, because without dying or completely losing his natural conditions, he
was capable of reaching levels outside the normal, which priests and healers took
advantage of in their communication with the gods, the warriors to increase their
fierceness, the slaves to escape from their reality, the victors to celebrate their
victory, the cold to warm their bodies and the sad to rejoice.

But an observation is interesting (García Martínez and Fernández Roque, 2002):

while the use of alcohol was spontaneous, the drinks ingested did not have an
alcohol concentration greater than 12 -14 degrees; Higher concentrations and
therefore harmful effects and consequences on man and the environment are only
reached in the historical stage in which the fermentation process begins to be
carried out intentionally, something that already occurred in the Neolithic,
presumably 10,000 BC.

It is the duty of all honest and sensitive men to tirelessly educate on this topic.

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 RESEARCH PROFILE

IDENTIFY THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

1. Excessive alcohol consumption in Santa Cruz youth

2. Raise awareness among youth about the harmful effects of alcohol
3. Inform about the great social problems that excessive alcohol consumption
affects.
4. Improve quality of life, preventing excessive alcohol consumption.

SCHOOL YOUNG
LOSS OF LIVES
DECLINE CRIMINALS

THE
ALCOHOL

ABSENCE OF INFLUENCE OF LACK OF

EDUCATION FRIENDS SELFESTEEM

5
RESEARCH QUESTION

What is the greatest influence for young people to consume alcohol until they lose
their minds and commit illicit acts?

GOALS

GENERAL OBJECTIVE

Reveal and raise awareness about the consequences of excessive alcohol

consumption in young people.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

1. Point out the conceptual particularities of alcohol and alcoholism

2. Analyze alcoholism in its sociological dimension
3. Present the actions and facts of the Bolivian panorama regarding the
problem of alcoholism.
4. Know the guidelines for drinking in moderation

JUSTIFICATION

The issue of alcoholism is beginning to be raised as a social, collective problem

and considered as a disease, where the Bolivian reality shows that the conditions
that allow the development of this condition are ignored.

As students in our professional training, this research was carried out on this
problem, since it is considered a topic of which relevant knowledge must be
possessed.

The present documentary research allowed us to determine the main social

problems that develop regarding alcoholism and the statistical levels that are
known in Bolivia.

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 UNIT 2

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Development of the Theoretical Framework

The problem of alcohol consumption in young people and adolescents has been
spreading to such a point that today it must be considered a public health problem.

Young people begin consumption at an earlier age, with greater frequency and
intensity, and this has serious implications for general health conditions, since the
use or abuse of any of the so-called psychoactive substances has been widely
associated with an increase in diseases. gastrointestinal and cardiovascular
problems, cholesterol problems (District Epidemiological Bulletin, 2001a), traffic
accidents, violent deaths, sexual abuse and violence, contagion of sexually
transmitted infections, teenage pregnancy (Julián, 1998; Pérez, 1999, 2000).

In addition, there are significant academic difficulties (Cooper, 1999), family

problems and low socioeconomic development of nations. The fact that
adolescents and young people frequently consume alcohol carries a significant risk
for both individual health and public health, since consuming alcohol at an early
age increases the probability that this problem will be maintained or exacerbated
during adult life and will be exacerbated. may depend on the substance.

Likewise, alcohol is the gateway to the consumption of other psychoactive

substances and represents a health risk alone or in combination with other
common habits in university students such as tobacco consumption and the
practice of inadequate diets associated with chronic diseases.1

Alcohol addiction

1
Constanza Londoño Pérez1, Wilson García Hernández1, Sandra Carolina Valencia Lara (EXPECTATIONS
REGARDING ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IN YOUNG COLOMBIAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS). _
http://search.proquest.com/openview/962c51f3aa1e8d5c124a0718b45ac6a1/1?pq-
origsite=gscholar&cbl=1606360. Consultation date: May 15, 2017

7
In Mexico, studies carried out on addictions in middle and high school school
populations are already a tradition, which has made it possible to understand some
risks associated with alcohol abuse. These include the greater probability of
experimenting with other drugs, mainly in the case of men, and engaging in risky
sexual practices and suicide attempts, circumstances twice as common among
those who drink and drive after drinking. However, research on alcohol abuse in
the university population has been a less explored field, particularly with regard to
the identification of variables that predict excessive alcohol consumption. A review
of the international literature on the factors associated with alcohol abuse in this
population indicates that it is among university students that high or explosive
consumption tends to be greater, even among young people who do not attend
university, and that The period of greatest consumption occurs between 18 and 21
years of age.2

Alcohol consumption in Spain

Although overall alcohol consumption is decreasing in Spain, for years we have

been witnessing an increase in alcohol consumption by young people in the form of
binge drinking or concentrated alcohol consumption in a few hours to reach a
certain level of drunkenness. what the Anglo-Saxons call 'binge drinking'. The most
typical – although not the only – expression of this phenomenon is the bottle, which
in reality is nothing more than one of the expressions of alcohol consumption
throughout the nighttime recreational spaces of the weekend.

It is worrying that, along with its leading position in the consumption of illegal drugs
in Europe, Spain is also so quickly incorporating this pattern of alcohol
consumption that was not part of our traditions. However, it does not seem that for
Spanish society these issues are a priority as confirmed by sociological studies or
the way in which the recent withdrawal of the law that was going to regulate alcohol
consumption by minors has occurred. Various issues must be taken into account if

2
Jazmín Mora-Ríos, Guillermina Natera, Francisco Juárez (EXPECTATIONS RELATED TO ALCOHOL IN THE
PREDICTION OF CONSUMPTION ABUSE IN YOUNG PEOPLE)http://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/salmen/sam-
2005/sam052h.pdf Date of consultation: May 15, 2017

8
we want the current situation to reverse: the active role of the alcohol and
recreational industries, the overall passive role of alcohol and drug professionals in
public debate, the lack of determination of the authorities, the media discourse, the
difficulty that the adult world has in taking a position on these risk behaviors. Not
starting to act now will make everything more difficult later.3

Factors for alcohol consumption

Other factors identified are exposure to negative life events, inappropriate forms of
coping, personality variables, resorting to alcohol to reduce tension and
environmental and socio-cognitive context variables, among which expectations
regarding to the positive effects of alcohol. Expectations not only predict alcohol
consumption, but also allow us to differentiate problematic from non-problematic
consumption. For example, while social drinkers tend to have more social
expectations when consuming alcohol, heavy drinkers expect alcohol to increase
their potential for aggressive and sexual behavior, and in turn, reduce stress or
tension.4

Harmful effects of alcohol

The harmful effects of the use and abuse of alcoholic beverages have been known
since ancient times. Alcoholism is a chronic, progressive and fatal disease,
characterized by tolerance and physical dependence and by pathological organic
changes.

There is a predominance of the male sex of this condition, although its addition by
the female sex is increasing and in young people in general it is observed in more
3
Amador Calafat fa (Alcohol abuse among young people in Spain); pages
12-25.http://m.adicciones.es/index.php/adicciones/article/view/302. Consultation date: May 17, 2017
4
Amador Calafat Fa (Alcohol abuse by young people in Spain);
Pag.28-33.http://m.adicciones.es/index.php/adicciones/article/view/302
Consultation date: May 17, 2017

9
than 16% of people over 65 years of age and an alarming worldwide incidence is
reported.

Unlike coffee and tobacco, alcohol modifies the personality of those who consume
it in excess and significantly affects their consciousness.

The danger of alcoholism is present equally in all people, although knowledge of

this poison can help prevent it from falling into its trap.

Adolescence is a difficult stage of development, where alcohol consumption

behaviors can be encouraged, either by reaffirming independence, virility, freedom
in decision-making, belief in certain myths or imitation of others. Adults.

Alcohol, from the Arabic alkuhi (essence or spirit) is the most consumed drug in the
world. Its use by man, in the form of a concoction, is supposed to date back to the
dawn of humanity. The initial ingestion linked to religious activities gave way to its
collective consumption. Since then, two large categories of consumers have been
distinguished: those who drink within the social norms of responsibility and those
who, unfortunately, lose control and become irresponsible drinkers.5

Prospective and descriptive study of alcohol consumption

A prospective and descriptive study was carried out on 261 alcohol-consuming

patients from an office in the area of the "Bayamo Oeste" Teaching Polyclinic of
the Bayamo municipality, Granma province, in the period from January 1 to
December 31, 1995.

To determine the type of consumption of each of them and define the proportion of
alcoholics in the population, a survey was carried out in said clinic and the
following results were found: the majority of people who drank alcoholic beverages
were between 15 and 44 years of age, the highest percentage maintained a marital
5
Eulalia García Gutiérrez, Lic. Gilda Lima Mompó (Alcoholism and society, current trends)
http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0138-65572004000300007. Consultation date: May
17, 2017

10
relationship in both males and females. Alcohol ingestion began at a very early age
in more than two-thirds of the cases.6

The alcoholism

Alcohol is a drug but alcoholism is a chronic disease that damages the body, family
and social functioning and can cause violence and anti-social behavior and can be
financial, including loss of employment.

Alcohol causes tremors and nervousness. Most people consume alcoholic

beverages: to feel good, to escape from negative and unpleasant situations, to be
part of the group, genes and the environment also influence.

When these people stop drinking, the withdrawal causes: confusion, sweating,
vomiting, etc. Many people with alcohol problems need to completely stop drinking,
this is called abstinence. Have strong social networks and family support.

They can help make quitting easier. On the other hand, others are not able to
reduce the amount they live, but they make an effort to drink less.7

Alcohol prevalence

The high prevalence of psychopathological comorbidity in alcoholics has been a

topic of growing interest in recent years. According to studies carried out in the
general population (Regier et al., 1990; Ross, 1995), approximately half of
alcoholics have an additional psychiatric disorder. This figure far exceeds that
obtained in the general population, which indicates that nearly a quarter of subjects
are affected by a psychopathological disorder. This percentage is even higher in
clinical populations of alcoholics, due to the so-called Berckson prejudice (Galbaud
du Fort, Newman and Bland, 1993): alcoholics with a comorbid disorder have a

6
Irene Muracén Disotuar, Adalgizar Martínez Jiménez. (Alcoholism Research in a Health Area)
http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?pid=S0864-21252001000100009&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en. Consultation
date: May 17, 2017
7
Mental Health Day Hospital of the Health Management Area of the South of Córdoba. (ALCOHOLISM).
http://www.hospitalinfantamargarita.es/saludmentalhdia/?p=1433. Consultation date: May 17, 2017

11
greater probability of attending treatment, fundamentally due to the greater
suffering that double diagnosis entails.8

Alcohol consumption patterns

Consumption patterns Regarding consumption patterns, women tend to minimize

their consumption and assume their problem worse on a social level. Men have a
higher incidence of excessive consumption and more difficulty in quitting than
women, but on a social scale their problem is more accepted.

The stigma of alcoholism is still much greater in women. Body composition

Women have a different distribution of body composition, with lower lean body
mass and greater fluctuation in the body's water component due to the menstrual
cycle, which may lead to greater alcohol toxicity, although this is not the only factor.

Pharmacokinetics of alcohol The pharmacokinetics of alcohol is the factor that

determines the plasma concentration after ingestion, as well as the degree of
exposure of the different organs. In experimental studies in male hamsters, there
was greater enzymatic activity of gastric alcohol dehydrogenase, cytochrome P450
and hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase.9

Effects of alcohol intake

The effects of excessive alcohol intake on the nervous system (SN) are multiple.
ACUTE ALCOHOLIC INTOXICATION Acute alcohol poisoning produces a variable
degree of stimulation of the nervous system. In chronic alcoholism, other
processes are frequently associated, which, in short, are the causes of the most
8
International Journal of clinical and health psychology -alcoholism- a-descriptive-study.pdf. Consultation
date: May 17, 2017
9
J. Fernández-Solà(Different effects of alcohol depending on
sex)http://www.jano.es/ficheros/sumarios/1/0/1636/27/1v0n1636a13098326pdf001.pdf. Consultation
date: May 17, 2017

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common neurological disorders associated with this addiction, as well as a higher
incidence of various neurological diseases. Thus, in alcoholism we find:

Nutritional deficiencies.

- Involvement of organs whose pathology has a secondary impact on the NS

(mainly liver cirrhosis).
- Possible existence of toxic contaminants in alcoholic beverages.
- High incidence of head trauma, sometimes not well documented, causing
subdural hematomas; in fact, 50% of them are associated with alcoholism.10

Alcoholism a disease

Alcoholism is a disease since ancient times and has aroused great interest in
clinical research due to its widespread nature and medical, legal and social
problems.

In recent years, a series of events have accumulated that make it necessary to

update many concepts with precision that allow establishing clinical pictures.
According to recent research, the problems are largely located in the field of
genetics and biochemistry.

If the various manifestations of alcohol poisoning are analyzed, it is observed that

all sectors of the body can participate in these conditions, such as neurosyptic
manifestations and digestive manifestations and other problems as a
consequence.11

Injuries that cause alcoholism

From various pathologies such as pancreatopia stereotyopia, esophageal

gastropathies and liver problems such as liver anatomo-histology, however all

10
Armando Martínez Martínez & Alberto Rábano Gutiérrez (Effects of ethyl alcohol on the nervous system)
http://patologia.es/volumen35/vol35-num1/pdf%20patologia%2035-1/35-1-06.pdf. Consultation date: May
17, 2017
11
Gustavo F. Poch & Horacio H. Rubio (1979). Alcoholism; P. 23-55; Second Edition: Republic of Argentina -
Argentina.

13
these problems are non-beneficial consequences for consumers of alcoholic
beverages (to colic) causing serious damage, whether internal or correlated
damage within the body. and the mind is to say that these diseases and many
more others have already existed for a long time.12

Human beings tend to be very obsessively compulsive towards certain substances

or activities, including excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages and also
narcotic substances. Some of these addictive behaviors are accepted and even
admired by society. There are questions that lead to consumption of alcoholic
beverages, but researchers and toxicologists agree that there is a variety of factors
that operate on a wide spectrum of addictive behaviors, one of them would be
family stories, because he learns it from family sectors and because his father did it
to him. They do it, due to taboos since they consider that it is frowned upon or due
to other cases where the taboo is seen and they consume it, due to genetic factors,
availability that is already easy to consume alcoholic beverages anywhere,
effectiveness since drinking alcoholic beverages causes “hangovers” lead to drug
use.13

Alcoholism as a chronic disease

Alcoholism as a chronic, progressive and incurable disease characterized by a

major symptom: the loss of control over alcohol and other chemical substances
that alter the character.

Chemical addiction, drug addiction and drug abuse are synonymous with what
essentially constitutes the disease of “alcoholism”.

Putting addiction against alcoholism may seem strange at first given that in our
alcohol-tolerant culture we tend to forget that like cocaine and marijuana, heroin,
Valium, amphetamines and barbiturates; Alcohol is a powerful drug.

12
Gustavo F. Poch & Horacio H. Rubio (1979). Alcoholism; P. 69-97; Second Edition: Republic of Argentina -
Argentina.
13
Drusilla Campbell Marilyn Gaham (1991) Drugs and alcohol in the workplace; page 9-23; Third edition:
Republic of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

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Alcoholism is considered a chronic disease because once contracted it is never
cured. As far as research cases of alcoholism or treatment have gone, no other
spontaneously cured case can be found where the author was able to drink
properly. recreational.14

Consumer denial

Consumer denial is the most common form of an alcoholic's mind that has been
most documented and written about. An alcoholic's first reaction is to deny that
anything is wrong. Even if he or she is found lying unconsciously imbibed
“alcoholized”. Although it is true that if all drug addicts and alcoholics fall into denial
as a symptom of their illness, recent studies reveal that the pattern of denial in
addicted and alcoholic women differs from their male counterpart.15

Some research indicates that alcohol appeared with the earliest civilization that
history remembers, the primitive forms of alcohol were not particularly strong, from
the fermentation of honey, fruits or grains, an alcoholic content of 15 percent
maximum is obtained. The ancient Egyptians used alcohol as a recreational drug,
but they also had rules that dictated who could drink.16

The World Health Organization (WHO) and alcohol

On problems related to alcohol consumption, it met in Geneva on October 10 and

13, 2016.

Dr. B. Saraceno, Director of the Department of Mental Health and Substance

Abuse at the WHO headquarters in Geneva (Switzerland) opened the meeting by
pointing out that talking and arguing for a possible solution to the issue of the
consumption of alcoholic beverages, the damage caused in various areas of

14
Drusilla Campbell Marilyn Gaham (1991) Drugs and alcohol in the workplace; pages 24-59; Third edition:
Republic of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
15
Drusilla Campbell Marilyn Gaham (1991) Drugs and alcohol in the workplace; pages 60-75; Third edition:
Republic of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
16
Drusilla Campbell Marilyn Gaham (1991) Drugs and alcohol in the workplace; pages 60-75; Third edition:
Republic of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

15
society and what it leads to them, as well as the degradation of people who turn it
into a type of life since consumption creates a certain addition.17

Damage mechanisms caused by excessive alcohol consumption

The mechanisms of damage caused by alcohol, intoxication, dependence and

toxicity throughout history, alcoholic beverages have been consumed in many
societies for many different purposes, alcoholic beverages are used for their
property to alter the mood. As a substance intoxicating tea, it is used to escape
from the reality that accompanies the state of sobriety, according to studies carried
out by the WHO (a visibly drunk person) was one of the worst considered among a
group affected by minor health disorders.18

Types of alcohol-related harm and their physiological basis

Whatever the social and personal assessment of the use of alcoholic beverages,
whether positive or negative or mixed, alcohol consumption leads to social and
health harm both for the drinker and for other people around them.

Some damages are immediate (injuries or other damages associated with

intoxication or a high concentration in the blood), others occur in the longer term,
such as the cumulative damage that life suffers to the family or personal
environment or social position to chronic damages. Of the health.19

Toxic effects of alcohol

Toxic effects of alcohol, alcohol is a toxic substance related to more than 60

different disorders. In some chronic conditions in which alcohol consumption is
applied, such as breast cancer in three women, there is an increasing risk as levels
of alcohol consumption increase.

17
World Health Organization (10-13 OCTOBER 2016). WHO Expert Committee on problems related to
alcohol consumption.; Pg.3-5; second report Geneva, Switzerland.
18
World Health Organization (10-13 OCTOBER 2016). WHO Expert Committee on problems related to
alcohol consumption.; Pg.8-19; second report Geneva, Switzerland.
19
World Health Organization (10-13 OCTOBER 2016). WHO Expert Committee on problems related to
alcohol consumption.; Pg.22-30.; second report Geneva, Switzerland.

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Alcohol is a powerful teratogenic agent.

The most serious consequence of alcohol ingestion during pregnancy is fetal

alcohol syndrome. , alcohol also influences the disorder of brain development,
adolescents and young people have been shown to be particularly vulnerable to
the harmful effects of alcohol consumption, during adolescence alcohol can
produce structural changes in the hippocampus, (part of the brain that participates
in the learning process).20

Conclusions on the availability and consumption of alcohol, the consumption of

alcoholic beverages is very high since alcoholic beverages are easily available in
practically the entire world, due to the production and marketing of alcoholic
beverages it has an increasingly global reach. , advertising and other types of
promotions aimed at increasing the consumption of alcoholic beverages are a
growing and disturbing presence.21

Harms of alcoholism

“social harms” the harms included in the global burden estimates are limited to
physical and mental conditions included in the global classifications of diseases
among the important social harms can be related to the set of alcohol fall family
problems and other interpersonal problems , problems in the workplace and violent
cases of social indignation, the individual's consumption pattern can have adverse
effects on his or her own life, destruction of marriages and family life, consumption
can also affect other areas, such as the quality of life of a person or members and
family members and also leading to crime in society and especially different forms
of violence, in conclusion the particular pattern of those who consume alcoholic
beverages is the object of social evaluation.22

Alcohol price
20
World Health Organization (10-13 OCTOBER 2016). WHO Expert Committee on problems related to
alcohol consumption.; Pg.32-36; second report Geneva, Switzerland.
21
World Health Organization (10-13 OCTOBER 2016). WHO Expert Committee on problems related to
alcohol consumption.; Pg.38-42; second report Geneva, Switzerland.
22
World Health Organization (10-13 OCTOBER 2016). WHO Expert Committee on problems related to
alcohol consumption.; Pg.44-56; second report Geneva, Switzerland.

17
Alcohol Price and Alcohol Taxes The Committee reviewed data indicating that, in
general, the way drinkers respond to changes in the price of alcohol is similar to
their response to changes in the prices of other consumer products. Other factors
held constant, rising alcohol prices lead to a drop in consumption and a decrease
in alcohol-related harm.

In many high-income countries, the demand for alcohol has been found to be
relatively price-inelastic, like that of many other consumer goods.

That is, a change in prices leads to a drop in consumption, although relatively

smaller than the increase in price.

This means that while increasing taxes on alcoholic beverages can be used as a
strategy to reduce consumption and the resulting harm, in practice, in most
countries government revenue from those taxes will increase.23

Restriction of the sale of alcohol Muslim While in several countries, of indigenous

population also at community level in alcohol, other prohibitions widely dispersed
for individuals.

For example, in many countries consumption of alcoholic beverages in parks or on

public roads, in order to improve the environment for families and local residents.

The prohibition of consumption in particular circumstances, for example in the

workplace, is also very widespread. Acquisition or consumption of alcoholic
beverages is, in fact, one of the most widespread.

There is considerable evidence of the effects of laws establishing minimum ages

for the purchase of alcohol, demonstrating, for example, clear reductions in
accidents due to alcohol and driving and in several other indicators.

23

18
The minimum purchase ages influence both the frequency and the circumstances
of consumption, although they seem to have less influence on the age of initiation
of consumption.24

Measures against alcohol while driving

Measures aimed at reducing the number of victims of drinking and driving are
among the most studied strategies to reduce alcohol-related problems.

It should be noted that several of the other strategies, such as minimum laws and
the implementation of mandatory waiter programs, have also been effective in
reducing victims of drinking and driving.

On the other hand, it must be recognized that in many low-income countries

injuries to drunk pedestrians are more common than injuries to drivers and
passengers, so even the most effective measures against drink-driving may not be
able to address to a significant proportion of alcohol-related traffic accident
injuries.25

Alcoholics Anonymous

The difficulties concerning the clinical approach to drug addiction and alcoholism
are generally known.

Given the difficulties in the clinical approach to drug addicts and alcoholics, we
sometimes hear that AA It is presented as one of the "only" ways to "overcome"
alcoholism, to the extent that it is recognized for efficiently promoting the encounter
of alcoholics with serene sobriety, allowing discussions on the treatments of "drug
addictions" to confirm that different modes of exit from the whole and that there are
different meanings of the term "cure" in that field "cure" and "exit" are not

24
World Health Organization (10-13 OCTOBER 2016). WHO Expert Committee on problems related to
alcohol consumption.; Pg.38-42; second report Geneva, Switzerland.
25
World Health Organization (10-13 OCTOBER 2016). WHO Expert Committee on problems related to
alcohol consumption.; Pg.38-42; second report Geneva, Switzerland.

19
synonyms, emphasizing that the different treatment management strategies aim at
different people, constituting, therefore, different modes of treatment of claims. 26

Emergence of alcoholics anonymous

The appearance of Alcoholics Anonymous reflects the moment eminently the North
American model of addressing alcohol problems, the characteristic scenario of
American society for the treatment of the issue linked to alcohol, allows the
contextualization of the appearance of AA, as an ancient cross effect. American
alcohol recognizing in the foundations of AA, the appearance of some groups first
that were characterized by public confessions, these were societies composed of
basically workers who had the purpose of rehabilitating habitual drinkers through
the revelation of public votes.27

The analysis of the AA recovery program.

It demonstrates what describes step by step the decisive elements to achieve and
maintain a serene sobriety, as the AA (alcoholics anonymous) says, these steps
are articulated in such a way as to translate a sequential path towards sobriety
from the following actions, surrender to a higher power, carrying out internal
evaluation as explained in the reference to the moral winter, recognizing and
repairing errors and finally reaching the goal of giving up drinking, transmitting the
message to alcoholics who still suffer consider alcoholism a premise that guides
their incurable, progressive and fatal principle.

The principle is that some people are attributed to an "allergy" to alcoholism, the
cause of which, being unknown, is to alcohol.

They postulate that alcoholism is consistent with this concept, and that total
abstinence from alcoholic beverages is proposed, an objective that must be
achieved.

26
Lilany Vieria Pacheco (PHARMAKON) Mazo 2000; Pag.29-35.publicacion, group of drug addiction and
alcoholism of the Freudian field. Peace - Bolivia
27
Lilany Vieria Pacheco (PHARMAKON) Mazo 2000; Pag.29-35.publicacion, group on drug addiction and
alcoholism from the Freudian field. Peace - Bolivia

20
The addicted alcoholic must be sober for more than twenty-four hours each day;
therefore, for AA members, ex-alcoholics or cured alcoholics, once the illness
remains, the ingestion of a single drink of alcohol (Mansur, 1988).28

Spirit position

The alcoholic is in the position of the mountaineer, making it imperative for them to
jump in the direction of abstinence.

Knowing the reasons for reaching a certain goal is not relevant, says pragmatic
philosophy, barely subtracting from the course of action already recognized by AA,
as the way out that can lead the alcoholic to escape from his dilemma: don't drink!

Thus, according to the AAs, what interests the alcoholic is to eliminate doubts, not
look for reasons and jump towards sobriety, because as their mottos warn, the
alcoholic has only seven reasons to join AA: Saturday, Sunday, Monday, Tuesday ,
Wednesday, Thursday and Friday.

It is AA's task, therefore, to offer the alcoholic an existential conviction, to give

meaning to his life, providing him with the necessary belief that he can take the
steps towards sobriety. What is crucial, therefore, is not to doubt, on the contrary, it
is necessary to maintain the belief in the success of your own actions, do concrete
things that can lead you in that direction, and not remain absorbed, no doubt, in the
thought. (Rehm, 1993).29

28
Lilany Vieria Pacheco (PHARMAKON) Mazo 2000; Pag.29-35.publicacion, group on drug addiction and
alcoholism from the Freudian field. Peace - Bolivia
29
Lilany Vieria Pacheco (PHARMAKON) Mazo 2000; Pag.29-35.publicacion, group of drug addiction and
alcoholism of the Freudian field. Peace - Bolivia

21
 CHAPTER 3

DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA

A study by the Ministry of Health reveals that 59% of people, between 25 and 35
years of age, drink alcohol in Bolivia, this being the most consumed drug in the
country.

“It is a fact (alcohol consumption) that is rooted in the culture and tradition of the
Bolivian people that generates social and public health problems,” the report
states.

According to the data, obtained in the nine departments, tobacco is the second
most used drug followed by tranquilizers, inhalants and marijuana.

The report also points out that in our country, drug consumption constitutes one of
the main Public Health problems.

“32% of people (men), aged 18 to 24, consume tobacco, which is the second
highest annual prevalence,” the report indicates.

According to the Ministry of Health study, it is established that the use of alcohol
has moved to the younger population. 37.7% of the Bolivian population drinks
alcohol.

22
“Approximately three out of four people say they have consumed alcohol at some
point in their lives, six out of 10 have done so in the last year and four out of 10
have done so in the last month.”

The majority of drinkers are in Santa Cruz (85.7%). In second place is Sucre and
then in La Paz.

According to the Ebba test, one in three alcohol consumers had two or more
problems associated with this practice. The highest percentage (25.8%) had
conflicts with their family.

The report also indicates that men drink more than women, but that the level of
female consumption is worrying.

At the national level, Santa Cruz is the region with the highest rate of cocaine
consumption, according to data provided by a study carried out by Conaltid
throughout the country; In the department of Santa Cruz, 0.3% of its inhabitants,
that is, one in every 100, used this drug at least once in their lives.

Tatiana Dalence reported that the cities of Santa Cruz and Trinidad (Beni) have the
highest rate of cocaine and marijuana consumption in the country.

“In Santa Cruz we have the highest prevalence of cocaine consumption in the
country and we have the other city that worries us, which is Trinidad (because of
marijuana),” he said.

In the case of the city of Trinidad, Dalence mentioned that the study determined in
that region, capital of the Amazonian department of Beni, that the prevalence of
marijuana use occurred in 1.6% of its population, two out of every 100 , in the last
year.

“Every year, events are organized at the global and national level to verify the
results and achievements that have been achieved with the 'Drug Abuse and
Crime Prevention Project', mainly in Bolivia,” reported Víctor Hugo Velasco Iporre,
president of the Bolivian Association of Human Rights.

23
In Santa Cruz, since August 2015 to date, more than 800 directors of educational
units and 50 trainers from the Santa Cruz Departmental Human Rights Association
have been trained, who will be in charge of holding workshops in the municipalities
surrounding the capital of Santa Cruz

In the project that is being developed, educational prevention processes in the

school, family, community and work environment, contributing to curbing the
growth rates of drug abuse in different Santa Cruz municipalities.

There are several educational units, which under the monitoring and supervision of
Seduca and A.DD.HH., both from Santa Cruz, develop prevention workshops on
drug abuse.

According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Bolivia has
managed to reduce the rate of consumption of illicit substances, but new drugs are
being created every time around the world.

In Bolivia, the price of cocaine per gram costs up to Bs 20 and marijuana costs Bs
5, this means that even minors can acquire it since drug traffickers in recent times
are using teenagers to be the sellers and even within schools, which is why routine
controls have been implemented every school day, to prevent them from
continuing to use children in illicit acts that can end their lives.

So far this year in several educational units, minors have been caught in
possession of controlled substances. The minor students who had the drugs in
their possession claimed that they were given them to sell for which they were paid
money.

The Felcn and the Departmental Police Command in Santa Cruz are also carrying
out prevention campaigns in schools and universities, in order to reduce the rate in
this eastern region, where there are many consumers.

24
3.2 METHODOLOGY

3.2.1 TYPE OF RESEARCH

This research is monographic in nature therefore it is theoretical/documentary.

3.2.2 DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES

Surveys:

A survey on the topic of alcoholism was conducted among young people between
17 and 25 years old and adults between 25 and 40 years old.

25
 UNIT 4

RESULTS

1. Survey on alcohol consumption carried out with 10 young people and 10 adults
in the city of Santa Cruz.

Sex: Male…….. Female………Age:

1 What is the amount and frequency of your alcohol intake?

every day 4
weekends 10
only on special
occasions 6

¿Con qué frecuencia bebes alcohol?

todos los días fines de semana
solo en ocasiones especiales

30% 20%

50%

INTERPRETATION

According to the survey the results are the following every day 4 weekends 10,
only on special occasions 6.

26
2 Where do you consume alcohol?

bowling
alleys 12
Parties 7
Plazas 1

¿En qué lugares consume alcohol?

Boliches Fiestas Plazas

5%

35%

60%

INTERPRETATION

Drinkers prefer 12 bowling alleys, 7 parties, and only one in the plazas.

27
3 In what situations do you consume alcohol?

Birthday 5
Special days 12
Holidays 3

¿En qué situaciones consume alcohol?

Cumpleaños Dias especiales Feriados

15% 25%

60%

INTERPRETATION

The drinkers surveyed frequently drink Birthday 5

Special days 12

Holidays 3

28
4 At a party or outing with friends, how much is the most alcohol you
consume?

two bottles 5
I drink moderately 13
I do not drink 2

¿En una fiesta o salida con amigos cuanto

es lo máximo que consume de alcohol?
dos botellas bebo moderadamente no bebo

10%
25%

65%

29
5 Do you think that alcohol consumption is an addiction?

5 Do you think that alcohol consumption is an

addiction?

Yeah 12
No 5
I don't
know 3

¿Crees que el consume de alcohol es una

adicción?
Si No No se

15%

25%
60%

30
 UNIT 5

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

At the end of this investigation we reached the following conclusions and

recommendations:

CONCLUSIONS

At the end of this research I have been able to inform myself about all the
consequences that excessive alcohol consumption can cause. As well as the
discomfort that it can cause in our lives.

I have been able to realize that this problem arises on many occasions because
"friends" say it so we imitate it, because that is how we believe we are cool.

Another problem that influences them are personal problems (with family, society,
etc.), and especially with themselves.

Likewise, I can say that if you have willpower and if you want, you can stop
drinking, with the help of experts, treatments, support centers and, above all,
understanding from your family.

Youth is a very important stage of life in which men and women spontaneously and
quickly discover themselves. Some do it without major setbacks, advancing in the
formation of the personality that will allow them to be, when they grow up, useful
people to the society of which they will be a part.

Others, however, will not have such a happy destiny and will be cornered by
unfavorable and sometimes sad circumstances. Among them are alcoholics who
are early predisposed to this terrible disease overtaking them in that jovial stage of
their lives.

31
RECOMMENDATIONS

Drink responsibly

Responsible attitudes toward drinking should serve to behave in such a way that
we never have to feel ashamed or sorry for our behavior. Thus, for the individual
who drinks occasionally or regularly, but who is not an alcoholic and is aware of the
danger of becoming one, there are certain norms or rules that allow him to safely
avoid the state of drunkenness and its consequences.

These rules, translated into advice that can be useful to everyone, are the
following:

1. Recognize our true limits. Almost all individuals who drink tend to boast
that they "last" longer than others, but this is nonsense. Apart from the fact
that greater or lesser "endurance" is not a reason for pride, self-deception
almost always occurs when one does not want to admit that one is drunk
when others already notice it for sure.
2. Eat while drinking. Food mixes with alcohol and prevents its absorption
from being too rapid. Many people enjoy food better if they accompany it
with low-alcohol drinks. It should also be added that there are psychological
factors that lead to drinking less if solid foods are consumed at the same
time.
3. Do not take quickly. Drink to enjoy and taste your drink, not to seek the
effects of alcohol. As an observation, we know that the drinker who "gets
ahead" and who rushes his companions "so that they do not fall behind
him," is usually someone who does not stop easily and who almost always
reaches drunkenness.
4. Accept the invitation to have a drink only when you really want to. You
shouldn't admit any pressure to drink when you don't want to. If you allow it,
you deny the value that sharing a friendly situation with others in which
alcoholic beverages are moderately consumed can have.
32
5. Avoid "drinks" here and there. Certain individuals drink at any time,
and at any time they offer a "drink." But you don't have to accept it,
especially if it's just a matter of taking it for the sake of it.
6. Do not drive drunk. In any case, drink moderately and with food, never
after. It is fully proven that the ability to drive a vehicle greatly decreases
even with low levels of alcohol in the blood.
7. Whenever you can, avoid drinking outside of the family environment.
Many of those who drink in bars (not all, of course) seek the effects of
alcohol rather than the social relationship. This does not mean that "having
a drink with friends" is irresponsible, everything will depend on whether the
"rules" that we are recommending are respected.
8. Don't take it to "relax" or calm down, when what you really need is a
change of activity or a little rest. Drinking every time you are restless,
worried or depressed can turn alcohol into a need that leads to alcoholism.

33
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REVIEW

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Valencia Lara (EXPECTATIONS REGARDING ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
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RELATED TO ALCOHOL IN THE PREDICTION OF ABUSE IN
CONSUMPTION IN
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Date of consultation: May 15, 2017
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7. Consultation date: May 17, 2017
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in a Health Area) http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?pid=S0864-
21252001000100009&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en. Consultation date: May
17, 2017
10. Mental Health Day Hospital of the Health Management Area of the South of
Córdoba. (ALCOHOLISM).
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descriptive-study.pdf. Consultation date: May 17, 2017

34
12. J. Fernández-Solà(Different effects of alcohol depending on
sex)http://www.jano.es/ficheros/sumarios/1/0/1636/27/1v0n1636a13098326
pdf001.pdf. Consultation date: May 17, 2017
13. Armando Martínez Martínez & Alberto Rábano Gutiérrez (Effects of ethyl
alcohol on the nervous system)
http://patologia.es/volumen35/vol35-num1/pdf%20patologia%2035-1/35-1-
06.pdf. Consultation date: May 17, 2017
14. Gustavo F. Poch & Horacio H. Rubio (1979). Alcoholism; P. 23-55; Second
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Edition: Republic of Argentina - Argentina.
16. Drusilla Campbell Marilyn Gaham (1991) Drugs and alcohol in the
workplace; page 9-23; Third edition: Republic of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
17. Drusilla Campbell Marilyn Gaham (1991) Drugs and alcohol in the
workplace; pages 24-59; Third edition: Republic of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
18. Drusilla Campbell Marilyn Gaham (1991) Drugs and alcohol in the
workplace; pages 60-75; Third edition: Republic of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
19. Drusilla Campbell Marilyn Gaham (1991) Drugs and alcohol in the
workplace; pages 60-75; Third edition: Republic of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
20. World Health Organization (10-13 OCTOBER 2016). WHO Expert
Committee on problems related to alcohol consumption.; Pg.3-5; second
report Geneva, Switzerland.

35
ANNEXES

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