INDEX

P.

INDEX.....................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................6
1. ALIGNMENT TERMS.........................................................................................7
1.1. Machine Alignment............................................................................................7
1.2. Axial play...........................................................................................................7
1.3. Diametral Game.................................................................................................7
1.4. Radial Game.......................................................................................................7
1.5. Concentricity......................................................................................................7
1.6. Eccentricity........................................................................................................8
1.7. Distance between axis........................................................................................8
1.8. Support with high or low height (lame leg).......................................................8
1.9. Frontal or vertical plane.....................................................................................9
1.10. Coupling angularity........................................................................................9
1.11. Base plane.......................................................................................................9
1.12. Center Height Line.......................................................................................10
1.13. Horizontal plane...........................................................................................10
1.14. Lateral vertical plane....................................................................................10
1.15. Parallel lines.................................................................................................11
1.16. Perpendicular lines ......................................................................................11
1.17. Magnetic Center...........................................................................................11
1.18. Relationship of triangles...............................................................................12
2.2. Flexible Couplings...........................................................................................14
2.3. Membrane Couplings.......................................................................................14
Notice:.........................................................................................................................14
2.4. Universal Couplings.........................................................................................16
Hydraulic Coupling:....................................................................................................16
2.5. Coupling Alignment Tolerances......................................................................16
2.5.2. Various flexible couplings............................................................................19
2.5.3. Alignment Tolerance Membrane coupling...................................................20
2.5.4. Generic misalignment tolerance charts.............................................................21
2.6. Security Protections:........................................................................................22

1
 Closed..........................................................................................................................22
Partially closed............................................................................................................23
3. TYPES OF MISALIGNMENT OF MACHINE ELEMENTS............................24
3.1. Angular Misalignment.....................................................................................24
3.2. Parallel Misalignment......................................................................................25
3.3. Mixed Misalignment........................................................................................25
4. ALIGNMENT METHODS OF ROTATING EQUIPMENT AND
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED FOR ALIGNMENT.........................27
“THE ALIGNMENT IS DONE BASED ON THE DRIVE SHAFTS AND NOT
BASED ON THE TRANSMISSION COUPLINGS”................................................27
4.1. Shim Gauge......................................................................................................28
4.2. Vernier Caliper.................................................................................................29
4.3. The Micrometer................................................................................................29
DESCRIPTION...........................................................................................................30
1. Bridge or fixed body............................................................................................30
2. Anvil or fixed stop...............................................................................................30
3. Measuring bar......................................................................................................30
4. Fixed drum (mm or inch scale)............................................................................30
5. Mobile drum (Vernier for mm or inch)...............................................................30
6. force limiter..........................................................................................................30
7. Fixing mechanism................................................................................................30
TYPES OF MICROMETERS.....................................................................................31
DEPTHS.........................................................................................................................31
INSIDE DIAMETER OF THREAD.............................................................................31
4.4. Quadrant Comparator.......................................................................................32
4.4.1. Description...................................................................................................32
4.4.2. Comparator Operation..................................................................................33
4.4.3. COMPARATOR INSTALLATION............................................................34
5. STEPS TO BE FOLLOWED FOR MACHINE ALIGNMENT.........................35
5.1. Establish the reference points according to the following concepts (Fig. 5.1. )
35
5.2. Have the following list of Tools available.......................................................35
5.3. Check the condition of the bench surfaces.......................................................36
5.4. Leveling of the equipment in reference...........................................................36
5.5. Lapa Coja Review............................................................................................37

2
 5.7. Verify linearity of the axes (Quadrant comparator method)............................39
5.8. Check axial displacement of the axes..............................................................39
5.10. Appendix 1...................................................................................................41
6. TAKING ALIGNMENT MEASURES...............................................................42
6.1. Calipers and Rule Method................................................................................42
6.1.2. Horizontal angular alignment (between 90 and 270 degrees)......................42
6.1.3. 3. Vertical parallel alignment (height)..........................................................43
6.1.4. Step IV: Horizontal parallel alignment (between 90 and 270 degrees)........44
6.2. Taking Alignment Measurements / Quadrant Comparator Method................45
Scale................................................................................................................................51
Quadrant or Counter.......................................................................................................51
7. INTERPRETATION OF ALIGNMENT MEASURES......................................54
7.1. Interpretation of Angular misalignment measurements:..................................54
7.1.1. Vertical Readings:........................................................................................54
7.1.1.1. If the unit to be aligned is more suspended on the interior supports, there
is vertical angular misalignment.................................................................................54
Comparator Method Interpretation.............................................................................54
8. ALIGNMENT PROCEDURE.............................................................................63
INITIAL REFERENCE ALIGNING..........................................................................66
WITH EQUIPMENT COUPLING SURFACE..........................................................66
WHEN TURNED 180°...............................................................................................66
TEAM B......................................................................................................................66
VARIATION OBTAINED WITH THE COMPARATOR = 2L..............................66
REFERENCE OF........................................................................................................66
MEASUREMENT AT 0°...........................................................................................66
TEAM B......................................................................................................................66
9. DIRECT ALIGNMENT CALCULATION / ANALYTICAL METHOD..........70
• FIGURE....................................................................................................................70
Name of the Nomenclature.........................................................................................70
Note :...........................................................................................................................71
NOTE: THE PIVOT POINT OF THE TRIANGULATION IS AT THE CENTRAL
POINT OF THE COUPLING OF THE EQUIPMENT TO BE ALIGNED, SO THE
PARALLEL MISALIGNITION DOES NOT VARY................................................73
• Solution:...............................................................................................................80
• Settings :..............................................................................................................80

3
 10. DIRECT ALIGNMENT CALCULATION / GRAPHIC METHOD..............81
10.1 Vertical Graphic Method..................................................................................81
Note :...........................................................................................................................83
IF THE COMPARATOR IS PLACED ON THE BACK SIDE OF THE
REFERENCE COUPLING THE DIRECTIONS ARE THE OPPOSITE..................83
AB/ 2 (+).........................................................................................................................83
—4..................................................................................................................................83
Exercise 1....................................................................................................................85
Note: Face comparator placed on the front of the reference coupling........................85
10.2. Horizontal Graphic Method..........................................................................86
Note :...........................................................................................................................88
IF THE COMPARATOR IS PLACED ON THE BACK SIDE.................................88
OF THE REFERENCE COUPLING THE DIRECTIONS ARE THE OPPOSITE...88
Exercise:......................................................................................................................89
11.2. Horizontal Alignment Correction Using Reference Standards....................94
Execution.....................................................................................................................98
12. ALIGNMENT CONSIDERING THERMAL EXPANSIONS (WITHOUT
INFORMATION ON THE MANUFACTURER'S PATTERNS ............................100
12.1. ALIGNMENT CONSIDERING DILATATIONS MEASURED ON SITE
105
• VERTICAL ANALYTICAL EXAMPLE.........................................................107

Section 3: Types of misalignment of Machine Elements 20-

21

Section 4: Alignment Methods for Rotating Equipment and Measuring Instruments 22

-29

Section 5: Steps to Follow for Machine Alignment. 30-

36

Section 6: Taking Alignment Measurements 37-

44

Section 7: Interpretation of Alignment Measurements 45-

53

4
Section 8: Alignment Procedure 54-
60

Section 9: Direct Alignment Calculation / Analytical Method 61 -

67

Section 10: Direct Alignment Calculation / Graphical Method 68-

76

Section 11: Alignment of Machines according to established patterns

77 -
79

Section 12: Alignment considering thermal expansions. 80 -

86

5
INTRODUCTION

In any maintenance management where it is desired to achieve the maximum availability of the
machinery at the lowest possible cost, guaranteeing the optimal operating conditions of the rotating
equipment through its good adjustment or alignment plays a primary role.

Within the world of machine element alignment there are various methods for different applications, which
aim to make the necessary adjustments in order to comply with the manufacturers' operating
specifications.

The purpose of this manual is to provide the necessary knowledge so that every Mechanical Technician
can effectively perform the alignment of any transmission system using couplings. For a good
understanding of this technique, the basic reference concepts are detailed, as well as the principles,
development and specific applications of the most well-known and used alignment methods, the Caliper
and Rule method and the Edge and Face method.

By properly mastering and applying the technique of this alignment of transmission systems, a longer
operating life of the equipment will be achieved since undesirable phenomena such as vibrations,
overheating of the supports and excess fat will be avoided.

In summary, below you are being given a valuable tool that will contribute to the benefit of those who use
it and therefore to the continuous improvement of any efficient maintenance organization.

6
1. ALIGNMENT TERMS

1.1. Machine Alignment

• Procedure through the center line of one machine with the center line of the shaft of the
other.

1.2. Axial play

• It is the allowable longitudinal clearance in the shaft of rotating equipment.

Mov. axial
shaft
4--------•= and

1.3. Diametral Game

• The clearance that exists between a sliding bearing and the shaft.
Game
Diametral Oil Oil

1.4. Radial Game

• It is the difference that exists between the radii of two circles, it is half of the diametrical
play.

1.5. Concentricity

• It is when the center of rotation coincides with the geometric center of a body or
geometric figure.
Centers of the
two bodies

7
 1.6. Eccentricity

• It is when the center of rotation does not coincide with the geometric center of a body or
geometric figure.

1.7. Distance between axis

• It is the separation that exists between the faces of the shafts of two rotating equipment (GAP)

AXIS AXIS
DRIVER DRIVER

GAP

1.8. Support with high or low height (lame leg)

• It is the unevenness that exists in the base or supports of the equipment.

Types of Lame Leg Lame Leg Correction

BENT UP BENT DOWN

PARALLEL BASEPLATE

8
1.9. Frontal or vertical plane

• It is the plane that contains the face of the shaft or coupling and is perpendicular to the base
plane.

FRONT PLANE

1.10. Coupling angularity

• It is when the front plane of the couplings to be aligned are not parallel.

1.11. Base plane

• It is the plane where the supports of the units rest.

BASE
PLAN

9
1.12. Center Height Line

• It is the vertical distance that exists from the base plane to the center line of the axis.

CENTER LINE
FROM THE AXIS

BASE PLAN

1.13. Horizontal plane

• It is the plane that cuts through the center of the axes and is parallel to the base plane.
HORIZONTAL
PLANE

1.14. Lateral vertical plane

• It is the one that cuts through the center of the axes and is perpendicular to the base plane.
VERTICAL PLANE
SIDE

1
0
1.15. Parallel lines

• They are those that maintain a constant separation, that is, no matter how long they last,
they cannot be found.

LINE 1

LINE 2

1.16. Perpendicular lines .

• They are those that touch or cut at a point forming a 90 degree angle.
-4— LINE 1

90°
_AND.

LINE 2

1.17. Magnetic Center

• It is the relative position of the rotor core of an electric motor with respect to the stator
core when it is working in a level position and without axial forces applied, it applies to
rotors with sliding bearings.

ENERGIZED NON-
POSITION ENERGIZED
POSITION

1
1
1.18. Relationship of triangles

• It is said that two or more triangles are similar, if and only if, the angles that form them
are equal “or” their sides are proportional.

o = constant b c L2 = L3
The angle
to
L1 =

The angle α = constant a = b = c ( Formula 1.1. )

L1 L2 L3

1
2
2. COUPLINGS AND ALIGNMENT TOLERANCES

In industry there are a wide variety of arrangements of rotating equipment such as electric
motors, turbines, pumps, gearboxes, compressors, etc. which require an element that allows
them to transfer torque from one piece of equipment to another.
This element that allows energy to be transferred from one conducting device to another driven
device is called “Coupling” (See figure 2.1. ).
Within the range of couplings most used in the cement industry there are different types which
are described below:

Rigid Couplings Flexible Couplings Universal Couplings Membrane Couplings

COUPLING DRIVEN EQUIPMENT

DRIVING TEAM

Fig. 2.1. ROTATING EQUIPMENT

2.1. Rigid Couplings

They are made up of two solid plates joined by screws or bolts. The alignment parameters are
demanding since the axes must be perfectly aligned.

(A) COUPLING (B) COUPLING

SLEEVE FLANGED

Fig. 2.2. RIGID COUPLING

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3
2.2. Flexible Couplings

They are those that are formed by two masses, one on each axis, joined by an intermediate
element that can be flexible, floating or both.

FLEXIBLE GRID FLEXIBLE DISCS

Fig. 2.3. FLEXIBLE COUPLING

2.3. Membrane Couplings

The membrane coupling consists of two coupling hubs (See figure 2.4. ) that are coupled by a
torsion shaft (20) and two sets of membranes (04). The membranes are riveted to the torsion shaft
and attached to the coupling hubs by bolts.
The coupling rings (06) are sandwiched between the membranes and the coupling hub. These
rings make it possible to disassemble the torsion shaft with the membranes without displacing the
motor or reducer.
A guide ring (05) is mounted on each set of membranes, the purpose of which is to prevent the
torsion shaft from leaving its normal position in the event of the membranes breaking. Normally
one or more distance rings (03) are inserted between the coupling ring and the membranes. The
number depends on how many distance rings need to be placed to keep the membranes flat.

Notice:
As for electric motors with sliding supports, the rotor shaft moves axially during service in relation
to the position during stops.
During the test run of the motor and before installing the diaphragm coupling, the position of the
rotor shaft is marked during operation by scratching a mark on the shaft if there are no indications
in the form of a groove that is level with the outside of the shaft. labyrinth closure.
The membranes must be flat during service. The axial displacement of the rotor shaft is
compensated by the supplied distance rings.

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4
 Membrane Coupling
1. Coupling bolt Coupling hub
2. 4. membranes
3. Distance Rings
5. Guide rings
6. Coupling ring
7. Control measure “e”
8. Control measure “f”
9. Screw press for (20)
10. measuring tool
11. Control measure for radial deviation
12. Control measure for angle deviation
13. Distance = 0.5 xh ( 14) from ( 06) to measurement location
14. Control measure “h”
15. Control measure “L”
16. Control measure “D”
17. Control measure “g”
18. straight ruler
19. steel rule
20. torsion shaft
21. Support iron for (10)
22. Threaded holes for pressure fittings
23. pressure screw
24. Hood
25. Supplement tacos
26. Base
27. Comparator
28. Magnetic foot with frame for (27)
29. Magnetic foot with stop key frame

Fig.2.4.

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5
2.4. Universal Couplings

Also known as universal or cardan joints. It is made up of two forks, one on each axis, joined by a
cross-shaped trunnion. These couplings absorb misalignment between the power transmission
shafts.

(A) SIMPLE UNION

(B) DOUBLE
UNION

Fig. 2.5. UNIVERSAL COUPLINGS

Hydraulic Coupling:

It consists of two basic parts, the driving or driving element and the driven or impeller. There is no
mechanical connection between both elements. Torque is transmitted through the kinetic energy of
the acting fluid.

Hydraulic coupling: (A) Converter or transformer hi-

flywheel; (B) impeller; (C) ro torque draulic: (A) flywheel; (B)
stop; (D) output shaft. impeller; (C) impeller; (D) output
shaft; (E) reactor.
Fig. 2.6.
2.5. Coupling Alignment Tolerances

Apart from the main function of the couplings which is to transmit torque, there are a series of

1
6
additional functions which are listed below:

2.5.1. Absorb slight misalignments

2.5.2. Absorb vibrations
2.5.3. Facilitate installation and maintenance
Regarding the concept of absorbing slight misalignments, tables, tables and formulas of the
allowable tolerances for each of the types of couplings previously described are listed below.

1
7
2.5.1. Flexible coupling tolerance, grid type
The misalignment tolerances of the Flexible couplings, grid type (Falk) are determined based on
the size of the coupling, the allowable values are shown below

MISALIGNMENT MISALIGNMENT
ANGULAR PARALLEL AXIAL PLAY
And
- +-

Installation Limits Operating Limits

Coupling Displacement Cap Bolt Torque
Offset-P Offset-P Values Allowable
Angular (xy) separation Angular (xy) limits. axial
Size

Parallelism Parallelism speed

±10% (Min.) 2xf
In. Series Metric (rpm)
Max. Max. Max. Max. Max. Max. Max. Max.
In. mm. In. mm. Fasteners Fasteners
In. mm. In. mm. In. mm. In. mm.
(Ib-in.) (Nm)
1020T .006 .15 .003 .08 .125 3 .012 .30 .010 .25 .210 5.33 100 11.3 4500
1030T .006 .15 .003 .08 .125 3 .012 .30 .012 .30 .198 5.03 100 11.3 4500
1040T .006 .15 .003 .08 .125 3 .012 .30 .013 .33 .211 5.36 100 11.3 4500
1050T .008 .20 .004 .10 .125 3 .016 .41 .016 .41 .212 5.38 200 23.6 4500
1060T .008 .20 .005 .13 .125 3 .016 .41 .018 .46 .258 6.55 200 23.6 4350

1070T .008 .20 .005 .13 .125 3 .016 .41 .020 .51 .259 6.58 200 23.6 4125
1080T .008 .20 .006 .15 .125 3 .016 .41 .024 .61 .288 7.32 200 23.6 3600
1090T .008 .20 .007 .18 .125 3 .016 .41 .028 .71 .286 7.26 200 23.6 3600
1100T .010 .25 .008 .20 .188 5 .020 .51 .033 .84 .429 10.90 312 35 2440
1110T .010 .25 .009 .23 .188 5 .020 .51 .036 .91 .429 10.90 312 35 2250

1120T .011 .28 .010 .25 .250 6 .022 .56 .040 1.02 .556 14.12 650 73 2025
1130T .011 .28 .012 .30 .250 6 .022 .56 .047 1.19 .551 14.00 650 73 1800
1140T .011 .28 .013 .33 .250 6 .022 .56 .053 1.35 .571 14.50 650 73 1650
FALK'S TABLE

1
8
 2.5.2. Various flexible couplings

Below is a generic table with tolerance values which take into consideration the rotation
speed.

TOLERANCE
RPM Meters (mm) Inches (mils)
Lame Leg any 0.06mm 2.0 mils
Flexible Couplings Acceptable Excellent Acceptable Excellent
Parallelism 600 9 5.0
750 0.19 0.09
900 6.0 3.0
1200 4.0 2.5
1500 0.09 0.06
1800 3.0 2.0
3000 0.06 0.03
3600 1.5 1.0
6000 0.03 0.02
7200 1.0 0.5

Angularity 600 15.0 10.0

750 0.13 0.09 5.0
900 10.0
1200 8.0
1500 0.07 0.05
1800 5.0 3.0
3000 0.04 0.03
3600 3.0 2.0
6000 0.03 0.02
7200 2.0 1.0

1
9
2.5.3. Alignment Tolerance Membrane coupling

The maximum deviation allowed in the comparator, rotated 360°, is the following:
According to
• Parallelism Fig. 2.7 : 0.001 x L mm
• Angularity Fig. 2.8 : 0.005 x D mm

where D mm is the external diameter of the coupling flange, and L mm is the distance
between the ends of the shafts.

09 21 27

Fig. 2.7.

Fig. 2.8.

2
0
 2.5.4. Generic misalignment tolerance charts.

Tolerance Chart Tolerance Chart

<500 RPM 500 to 1250RPM
2.0 1.5
Acceptable Acceptable
1.5 c)
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5 Excellent Excellent

3 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
Offset (mils) Offset (mils)

Tolerance Chart Tolerance Chart

1250 to 2000 RPM 2000 to 3500RPM
1.0 0.5
Acceptable Acceptable

E or
0.5 0.25

Excellent Excellent
Angle (mils/inch)Angle (mils/inch)Angle (mils/inch)

1 2 3 4 1 2 3
Offset (mils) Offset (mils)

Tolerance Chart Tolerance Chart

3500 to 7000 RPM <7000RPM
0.3 0.2
Acceptable Acceptable

AND
• 0.13

Excellent Excellent

1 2 0.5 1.0
Offset (mils) Offset (mils)

2
1
 2.6. Security Protections:

As a safety measure, all couplings must be provided with a protector which prevents:

• Someone places their hands or feet on the coupling when the equipment is in
operation.

• When a nut, screw or particle comes off the coupling, it causes personal accidents.
• Among the types of protectors are

• Closed
• Partially Closed

Closed
The closed ones completely cover the area of the shaft and coupling of two rotating
pieces of equipment.

Fig. 2.9. CLOSED PROTECTOR

2
2
 Partially closed

• They are those that expose part of the axles and lower part of the coupling.

Fig. 2.10. PARTIALLY CLOSED PROTECTOR

2
3
3. TYPES OF MISALIGNMENT OF MACHINE ELEMENTS

Misalignment is understood as the angular or parallel displacement of the planes of the axes of
two rotating equipment. When misalignment values exceed the tolerances given by the
manufacturer, the following conditions occur:

Critical vibrations
Abnormal noises
Overheating and wear on machine elements

The different types of misalignment are listed below, which can occur in both the vertical and
horizontal planes:

ANGULAR PARALLEL
MISALIGNMENT MISALIGNMENT

MISALIGNMENT
MIXED
Fig. 3.1.

3.1. Angular Misalignment

It is when the lines of the driving and driven equipment are not parallel, that is, they intersect
either in a vertical or horizontal plane.

VERTICAL ANGLE HORIZONTAL ANGLE

Fig. 3.2. ANGULAR MISALIGNMENT

2
4
3.2. Parallel Misalignment

It is the decentralization of the centers of the axes (Figure 3.3.)

VERTICAL PARALLEL HORIZONTAL PARALLEL

Fig. 3.3. PARALLEL MISALIGNMENT

3.3. Mixed Misalignment

It is the combination of angular and parallel misalignment in the vertical and horizontal planes
(figure 3.4).

VERTICAL MIXED MIXED HORIZONTAL

Fig. 3.4. MIXED MISALIGNMENT

2
5
4. ALIGNMENT METHODS OF ROTATING EQUIPMENT AND MEASURING
INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED FOR ALIGNMENT.

For the purposes of aligning transmission elements, it is important to be clear about the following
concept:
“THE ALIGNMENT IS DONE BASED ON THE DRIVE SHAFTS AND NOT BASED
ON THE TRANSMISSION COUPLINGS”

The term alignment is applied when the misalignment values of the different machine elements are
below the values allowed and/or specified by the manufacturer.

ASPIRATION
SUCTION DISCHARGE
GEAR
DISCHARGE BOX

THEORETICAL HOT AXLE

CENTER LINE ENGINE TREE TREE TREE
THEORETICAL CENTRAL
LINE GEARBOX
OF THE AXIS IN

FORWARD

Fig. 4.1. SET OF EQUIPMENT IN VERTICAL PLANE

The methods commonly used to correct misalignment are:

^ Caliper and ruler method

^ Method with comparators (edge and face)

As can be seen, the name of the alignment methods is attributed to the measuring instruments
used, for this reason the characteristics of said instruments are detailed below.

2
6
4.1. Shim Gauge

.0015
.038
mm.

This caliper consists of a series of steel sheets whose thicknesses are strictly calibrated and duly
identified on each one of them.
This instrument is used to control or measure lengths that correspond to clearances or clearances
in multiple assemblies such as those illustrated:
The precision of measurements with this instrument will depend on the factors Operator

Fig. 4.3.
experience
Condition of the surfaces between which it is measured.
The determination of the measurement is done by choosing the sheet or sheets that can slide with
a certain resistance between the surfaces to be controlled, and the individual thicknesses are
added or also by measuring the total of all of them with a vernier caliper or micrometer.

2
7
 4.2. Vernier Caliper

It is mainly used to measure lengths when they refer to

thicknesses, diameters or widths, as shown in the following figures.

45
11000 11110 11220

SHEET
GAUGE

Fig. 4.4.
This instrument allows readings of lengths expressed in whole units and fractions or decimals of
millimeters or inches as the case may be.
The units obtained can be with the following degree of accuracy or precision
4.3. The Micrometer

It is a highly precise measuring instrument used for exact measurement. The construction of
this instrument is made of special steels (stainless), with hardened and ground parts, non-
deformable and not very sensitive to temperature changes.
Their pressure reaches up to 0.0001” (one ten-thousandth of an inch) and 0.001 mm (one-
thousandth of a millimeter). Currently, the 0.01 mm (one-hundredth of a millimeter) and the
0.001” (one-thousandth of an inch) are used. ).
The function is to measure lengths referring to: exterior or interior diameters, thicknesses,
depths, etc.

2
8
 DESCRIPTION

5 5
0
45

1. Bridge or fixed body

2. Anvil or fixed stop
3. Measuring bar
4. Fixed drum (mm or inch scale)
5. Mobile drum (Vernier for mm or inch)
6. force limiter
7. Fixing mechanism

2
9
 TYPES OF MICROMETERS

9
=llllllllllllllllfllll
eit
he
9
r
flk Ok fl 0

OUTER DIAMETERS THICKNESSE

S

INTERIOR DIAMETERS

3
0
 5 10 5
0
llllllllllllll =

DEPTHS
INSIDE DIAMETER
OF THREAD

3
1
4.4. Quadrant Comparator

The dial indicator is a precision and highly sensitive instrument. It is used in verifying
measurements, flat surfaces, concentricity and parallelism or in direct readings.

COMPARATOR SCALES

ONE HUNDREDTH OF MILIMETERS = 0.01 mm.

ONE THOUSANDTH OF A MILIMETER = 0.001 mm.

ONE THOUSANDTH OF AN INCH = 0.001"

FIVE THOUSANDTHS OF AN INCH = 0.0005"

4.4.1. Description

It is made up of the different elements illustrated in the following figures.

Dial indicator
clock

3
2
 4.4.2. Comparator Operation

The operation of the dial comparator is based on the movement of the Sensor stem that
amplifies 100 or 1000 times by means of gears housed in the body of the indicator.

The main scale is divided into 100 to 1000 equal parts depending on the degree of precision, in
the case of millimeter dials, one complete turn of the indicator needles corresponds to a
displacement of one millimeter (1 mm) of the Sensor stem and this is controlled by the auxiliary
scale, that is, it counts the number of complete revolutions that the indicator needle makes.
In this way, each division of the main scales represents one hundredth of a millimeter (0.01
mm) or one thousandth of a millimeter (0.001 mm) depending on the number of divisions that
the scale has.
The limb is not fixed, but rotates to allow the adjustment of the needle with it zero of the scale.

3
3
 4.4.3. COMPARATOR INSTALLATION

When this instrument is mounted, it is done so that the Sensor is in contact with the piece to be
controlled, but the stem must be halfway along its travel and in this position the instrument is
fixed with the zero of the main scale.
This is done to control the positive and negative readings.

• Positive Readings : These are those measured by the instrument when the indicator
needle rotates or moves in the same direction as the clock pointers. (The movement of
the stem is towards the inside of the dial gauge)

• Negative Readings: These are those measured by the instrument when the indicator
needle rotates or moves in the opposite direction to the clock pointers. (The movement of
the stem is outwards from the dial gauge).
The following figures illustrate the application of this instrument for shaft alignment
measurement.

Verification of the alignment of the

axes between machines.

Parallelism error control

Angular error handling

3
4
5. STEPS TO BE FOLLOWED FOR MACHINE ALIGNMENT

Below are the steps to follow for the purposes of taking dimension measurements.

5.1. Establish the reference points according to the following concepts (Fig. 5.1. )

ALIGNMENT
MACHINE

INTERIOR SUPPORT
SUPPORT ABROAD

REPRESENTATION OF MEASUREMENT
VALUES

1234) VALUES OF MEASUREMENTS

THE REFERENCE 0°,90°,180°,270° IS VIEWED FROM
THE POWER UNIT

Fig. 5.1.
5.2. Have the following list of Tools available
2 Cover Indicators
2 Axle clamps or Magnetic bases
2 Tubular extension sets
2 Joint games
1 Fixed spanner set
1 Screwdrivers set
1 Bronze or lead hammer
1 Gripper
1 Lever with sash or chain
1 Micrometric screw (0” - 1”)
1 Mirror with joint
1 Level precision
1 Calibrated ruler (1/32”)
1 Measuring tape
1 metal scissors
Screws
Nuts
Assorted washers
Prefabricated shims .001” to .125”
1 Table or folder to carry out calculations Graph paper (format)
Pencil
1 Calculator

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 5.3. Check the condition of the bench surfaces.

Before starting the alignment process, it must be checked that the benches of the equipment to
be aligned do not present any irregularities. In the first instance, it is desirable that they have
the same inclination, which is checked with a level of precision, then the regularity of the bench
surfaces must be rigorously controlled with a calibrated rule, avoiding the presence of any
deformation that prevents the uniform support of the benches. the four legs of the units to be
aligned. See graphic example Figure 5.2.

SURFACE REVIEW

UNIT INCLINE CONTROL

REFERENTIAL WITH PRESSURE LEVEL PRESSURE RULE

CONTROL WITH CALIBRATOR

OF SHEET

Fig. 5.2.

5.4. Leveling of the equipment in reference.

In any set formed by a driving and a driven team, one of these must be taken as a reference team,
for which it is advisable to follow the instructions given by the manufacturer which indicates which
of the units must be previously leveled. In those cases where there is no technical information; The
transmission systems begin to be leveled, ending with the alignment of the drive motors.
As an example, figure 5.3. represents equipment that must be leveled in the lateral vertical plane.

Fig. 5.3. LEVELING

Once the reading (L) indicated by the instrument (pressure level) and the distance between the
supports (P) have been obtained, these two values are multiplied according to formula 5.1. to
obtain the thickness of the supplement to be introduced or removed from the interior or exterior

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supports of the equipment for leveling purposes.

S = L * P (Formula 5.1) Formula for similar triangles.

S = Supplement
P = Distance between supports
L= Measuring instrument reading [Level ]
Reference length

5.5. Lapa Coja Review.

Once the bench has been checked and/or rectified, the unit to be aligned must be positioned in its
place and, without tightening the fixing bolts, it must be confirmed with a sheet gauge that there is
no play between any of the legs and the bench. If play is observed in any of the legs, this must be
measured with the shim gauge in order to introduce the corresponding supplement with the
measured thickness into that leg. This supplement must be recorded in the alignment form and
cannot be removed during the entire alignment process. There are cases where the free space in
the soft leg is not uniform, so this must be supplemented using conical-shaped supplements. See
graphic example Fig. 5.4.

Fig. 5.4.
5.6. Tighten the fixing bolts of the unit to be aligned.

Before fixing the unit, a prior alignment must be carried out using a calibrated ruler and sheet
gauge and then the fixing bolts must be tightened according to the required torque, (see table 5.1).
In this way, reliable alignment measurement results can be obtained for correction purposes.

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33
5.7. Verify linearity of the axes (Quadrant comparator method)

To determine if one of the axes is deformed, the dial indicator must be placed at a fixed point
and the axis to be aligned must be rotated 360° independently to evaluate if there is a variation
in the dial indicator, if an absolute variation greater than 0.05 mm is found. It is advisable not to
align under these conditions (See Fig. 5.5) since it can result in possible vibrations and
overheating of the equipment.

COMPARATOR COMPARATOR
ON THE AXIS ABOUT THE
AXIS

POSITION 0° POSITION 180°

READING VARIATION
MEASUREMENT (180°) - MEASUREMENT (0°)
Fig. 5.5.

5.8. Check axial displacement of the axes

For the purposes of measuring angular misalignment, it is vitally important to check that none of
the axes have axial displacement since this condition would alter the results. To check this
condition, place the dial gauge on the axial face of the shaft or coupling of the machine to be
aligned and try to move the shaft axially to see if the displacement is recorded on the dial
gauge clock. See graphic example.

ADDRESSESCLOCK
COMPARATOR

TRY TO MOVE THE AXLE IN BOTH

In case there is Axial movement, actions must be taken to limit its movement during the
measurement and in those cases where it is not feasible, at the time of alignment a second
comparator must be placed in the center of the axis that moves axially. and then subtract or
add the values obtained to the readings at each point (0°, 90°, 180°, 270°).

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5.9. Check the condition of the couplings.

It is important to examine in detail the condition of the surface of the coupling that will be taken
as a reference for the measurement since any irregularity could be considered a misalignment
at the time of measurement.
Likewise, it must be ensured that the coupling is neither deformed nor eccentric with respect to
the axis. For these purposes, the comparator must be placed axially and radially on the
coupling and the coupling axis of the machine to be aligned is rotated to determine if a variation
is observed in the dial gauge clocks. See graphic example.

RADIAL COMPARATOR

THE REDUCER SHAFT IS TURNED TO

DETERMINE IF THERE ARE VARIATIONS 7----- ON THE WATCHES

AXIAL COMPARATOR

In case there is no variation in the clocks, alignment measurements can be taken without any
problem by leaving the reducer axis (reference machine) fixed and rotating the motor axis.
In case of observing variations in the clocks when rotating the axis of the reference machine
(Reducer), the readings must be taken and then added or subtracted from the alignment
measurements taken. IF ANY DEFORMATION OR ECCENTRICITY IS OBSERVED IN
THE COUPLINGS, THIS SITUATION CAN BE OBVIATED IF AT THE TIME OF MAKING
THE ALIGNMENT MEASUREMENTS THE TWO SHAFT COUPLINGS ARE ROTATED
SIMULTANEOUSLY

IT IS IMPORTANT TO BE CLEAR THAT:

THE ALIGNMENT IS ALWAYS DONE BASED ON THE AXLES AND NOT THE
COUPLINGS, SO IN THOSE CASES WHERE THE SHAFTS ARE ALIGNED BUT ONE
OF THE COUPLINGS IS DEFORMED, ECCENTRIC OR POORLY MACHINED, THIS NO
LONGER PRODUCES VIBRATION OR OVERHEATING EFFECTS THAT WOULD HAVE
NO RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN COUPLINGS.

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An example of the alignment condition with an eccentric coupling is given below.
• Result rotating the axes simultaneously (having the axes aligned)

RELATIVE VARIATION
POINT 2 2
= dd 1 =0

• Result rotating a single axis (having the axes aligned)

5.10. Appendix 1

Annex 1 contains formats for the controls to be carried out during the alignment process.

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6. TAKING ALIGNMENT MEASURES
6.1. Calipers and Rule Method

Using the shim gauge and the ruler, measurements are made to perform the alignment
calculations in the vertical and horizontal planes, following the following steps:

6.1.1. Vertical angular alignment (face). Using the shim gauge and the Vernier, the
light or separation existing at the top (o°) and bottom (180°) of the coupling faces is
measured. The subtraction of these two values corresponds to the angular (face) vertical
misalignment.

Fig. 6.1.
The graphical representation of the measured values is carried out in the following way.

Fig. 6.2.

6.1.2. Horizontal angular alignment (between 90 and 270 degrees).

Using the conical caliper, the existing clearance or separation of the coupling faces on the
horizontal axis is measured (Figure 6.3. )
90°

270
Fig. 6.3.

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The difference between the values obtained is the horizontal angular misalignment.

The representation of the measured values is as follows

VIEW FROM THE EQUIPMENT TO BE ALIGNED

Fig. 6.4.

6.1.3. 3. Vertical parallel alignment (height).

The ruler is placed on top of the coupling (Figure 6.5)

180°
Fig. 6.5.

With the shim gauge, the light between the edges of the coupling is measured (Figure
6.6. ).

Fig. 6.6.

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The graphical representation of the measurement is as follows

+ IF THE UNIT TO ALIGN IS UP

- IF THE UNIT TO ALIGN IS DOWN
Fig. 6.7.

6.1.4. Step IV: Horizontal parallel alignment (between 90 and 270 degrees).

Place the ruler at 90 or 270 degrees from the coupling (Figure 6.8. )

270°

90°

Fig. 6.8.

With the shim gauge, the clearance between the edges of the couplings is measured
(figure 6.9. )
LIGHT 270°

Fig. 6.9.
The graphic representation of the measurement taken is

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IF THE UNIT TO BE ALIGNED IS DISPLACED TOWARDS 90° THE V90° SIGN IS POSITIVE.
Fig. 6.10.

6.2. Taking Alignment Measurements / Quadrant Comparator Method.

This method involves taking parallel and angular alignment readings with dial gauges. The
steps to correct alignment with this method are similar to those of the calipers and ruler
method. The main difference lies in the way the measurements are taken and their
interpretation. This method allows for better alignment results. Figure 6.11. shows the
placement arrangement of the comparators.
EDGE EXPENSIVE
00

Fig. 6.11. EDGE AND FACE COMPARATOR METHOD ARRANGEMENT I

Before taking measures, we must keep the following in mind:

6.2.1.The division of the frontal or axial plane corresponds to the four quadrants of
the Cartesian axes, starting from the top with 0 degrees and rotating clockwise
to then measure at 90°, 180° and 270° degrees; for both edge and face (Figure
6.12. )

EDGE EXPENSIVE
INDEX.............................................................................................................................
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................
1. ALIGNMENT TERMS.................................................................................
1.1. Machine Alignment...................................................................................
1.2. Axial play...................................................................................................
1.3. Diametral Game.........................................................................................
1.4. Radial Game...............................................................................................

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5
1.5. Concentricity..............................................................................................
1.6. Eccentricity................................................................................................
1.7. Distance between axis................................................................................
1.8. Support with high or low height (lame leg)...............................................
1.9. Frontal or vertical plane.............................................................................
1.10. Coupling angularity................................................................................
1.11. Base plane..............................................................................................
1.12. Center Height Line...............................................................................
1.13. Horizontal plane...................................................................................
1.14. Lateral vertical plane............................................................................
1.15. Parallel lines.........................................................................................
1.16. Perpendicular lines ..............................................................................
1.17. Magnetic Center...................................................................................
1.18. Relationship of triangles.......................................................................
2.2. Flexible Couplings...................................................................................
2.3. Membrane Couplings...............................................................................
Notice:.................................................................................................................
2.4. Universal Couplings................................................................................
Hydraulic Coupling:...........................................................................................
2.5. Coupling Alignment Tolerances..............................................................
2.5.2. Various flexible couplings...................................................................
2.5.3. Alignment Tolerance Membrane coupling..........................................
2.5.4. Generic misalignment tolerance charts.....................................................
2.6. Security Protections:................................................................................
Closed.................................................................................................................
Partially closed....................................................................................................
3. TYPES OF MISALIGNMENT OF MACHINE ELEMENTS...................
3.1. Angular Misalignment.............................................................................
3.2. Parallel Misalignment..............................................................................
3.3. Mixed Misalignment................................................................................
4. ALIGNMENT METHODS OF ROTATING EQUIPMENT AND
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED FOR ALIGNMENT.................
“THE ALIGNMENT IS DONE BASED ON THE DRIVE SHAFTS AND

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 NOT BASED ON THE TRANSMISSION COUPLINGS”...............................
4.1. Shim Gauge..............................................................................................
4.2. Vernier Caliper.........................................................................................
4.3. The Micrometer.......................................................................................
DESCRIPTION..................................................................................................
1. Bridge or fixed body....................................................................................
2. Anvil or fixed stop.......................................................................................
3. Measuring bar..............................................................................................
4. Fixed drum (mm or inch scale)....................................................................
5. Mobile drum (Vernier for mm or inch).......................................................
6. force limiter.................................................................................................
7. Fixing mechanism.......................................................................................
TYPES OF MICROMETERS............................................................................
DEPTHS.................................................................................................................
INSIDE DIAMETER OF THREAD.....................................................................
4.4. Quadrant Comparator...............................................................................
4.4.1. Description...........................................................................................
4.4.2. Comparator Operation..........................................................................
4.4.3. COMPARATOR INSTALLATION....................................................
5. STEPS TO BE FOLLOWED FOR MACHINE ALIGNMENT.................
5.1. Establish the reference points according to the following concepts
(Fig. 5.1. )...........................................................................................................
5.2. Have the following list of Tools available...............................................
5.3. Check the condition of the bench surfaces..............................................
5.4. Leveling of the equipment in reference...................................................
5.5. Lapa Coja Review....................................................................................
5.7. Verify linearity of the axes (Quadrant comparator method)....................
5.8. Check axial displacement of the axes......................................................
5.10. Appendix 1...........................................................................................
6. TAKING ALIGNMENT MEASURES.......................................................
6.1. Calipers and Rule Method.......................................................................
6.1.2. Horizontal angular alignment (between 90 and 270 degrees)..............
6.1.3. 3. Vertical parallel alignment (height).................................................

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 6.1.4. Step IV: Horizontal parallel alignment (between 90 and 270
degrees).44
6.2. Taking Alignment Measurements / Quadrant Comparator Method........
Scale.......................................................................................................................
Quadrant or Counter...............................................................................................
7. INTERPRETATION OF ALIGNMENT MEASURES..............................
7.1. Interpretation of Angular misalignment measurements:..........................
7.1.1. Vertical Readings:................................................................................
7.1.1.1. If the unit to be aligned is more suspended on the interior
supports, there is vertical angular misalignment.................................................
Comparator Method Interpretation.....................................................................
8. ALIGNMENT PROCEDURE.....................................................................
INITIAL REFERENCE ALIGNING.................................................................
WITH EQUIPMENT COUPLING SURFACE..................................................
WHEN TURNED 180°.......................................................................................
TEAM B.............................................................................................................
VARIATION OBTAINED WITH THE COMPARATOR = 2L......................
REFERENCE OF...............................................................................................
MEASUREMENT AT 0°...................................................................................
TEAM B.............................................................................................................
9. DIRECT ALIGNMENT CALCULATION / ANALYTICAL METHOD
70
• FIGURE............................................................................................................
Name of the Nomenclature.................................................................................
Note :...................................................................................................................
NOTE: THE PIVOT POINT OF THE TRIANGULATION IS AT THE
CENTRAL POINT OF THE COUPLING OF THE EQUIPMENT TO BE
ALIGNED, SO THE PARALLEL MISALIGNITION DOES NOT VARY.
............................................................................................................................
• Solution:......................................................................................................
• Settings :......................................................................................................
10. DIRECT ALIGNMENT CALCULATION / GRAPHIC METHOD......
10.1 Vertical Graphic Method.........................................................................
Note :...................................................................................................................

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 IF THE COMPARATOR IS PLACED ON THE BACK SIDE OF THE
REFERENCE COUPLING THE DIRECTIONS ARE THE OPPOSITE.........
AB/ 2 (+).................................................................................................................
—4..........................................................................................................................
Exercise 1............................................................................................................
Note: Face comparator placed on the front of the reference coupling................
10.2. Horizontal Graphic Method.................................................................
Note :...................................................................................................................
IF THE COMPARATOR IS PLACED ON THE BACK SIDE.........................
OF THE REFERENCE COUPLING THE DIRECTIONS ARE THE
OPPOSITE..........................................................................................................
Exercise:..............................................................................................................
11.2. Horizontal Alignment Correction Using Reference Standards............
Execution............................................................................................................
12. ALIGNMENT CONSIDERING THERMAL EXPANSIONS
(WITHOUT INFORMATION ON THE MANUFACTURER'S PATTERNS
. 100
12.1. ALIGNMENT CONSIDERING DILATATIONS MEASURED
ON SITE...........................................................................................................105
• VERTICAL ANALYTICAL EXAMPLE.................................................107

Fig. 6.12. DIVISION OF THE FRONT OR AXIAL PLANE VIEWED

FROM THE ENGINE OR EQUIPMENT TO BE ALIGNED

6.2.2.As a rule to corroborate the precision of the measurements, THE ALGEBRAIC

SUMMATION OF THE HORIZONTAL VALUES MUST BE EQUAL TO THE
SUMMATION OF THE VERTICAL VALUES (THIS RULE MUST BE FULFILLED
FOR BOTH “EDGE” MEASUREMENTS AND FOR “FACE” MEASUREMENTS)

6.2.3.After turning the measurement, the dial comparators must retain the initial
values at the point (0°) with a maximum deviation of 0.02 mm, otherwise all
measurements must be repeated.

6.2.4.The way the comparator is placed on the reference coupling must be taken
into account since this determines the direction of the misalignment. There are
two alternatives described below:

CASE B : On the face

CASE A: In the face

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According to the position of figure 6.13. By rotating the comparator 180°, the
buyer's results will be the following:
^ Comparator on the front side: Positive values (Case A)
^ Comparator on the back: Negative values Case B)
The positive values in case A mean the same as the negative values in Case
B, it is only a matter of location of the comparator and interpretation of the
results, in this case the distance between couplings is lower at the point
“(180°)”

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 6.2.5. It is important to be clear in which equipment the comparator is placed, since if
it is placed in the reference equipment or in the equipment to be linear, the results
to be obtained are equal but with opposite sign, see practical example in Chapter
7.2.

Keeping in mind the previous recommendations, the alignment measurements are carried out
according to the following steps.

6.2.1. Place the dial gauges in the zero degree position and according to the recorded
arrangement (axially and radially), then adjust the stem to the middle of its travel and with
an exact location of the auxiliary clock hand.

6.2.2. Adjust the limb of the clocks so that the main hand coincides with “0”

Scale

Quadrant or
Counter

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 6.2.3. Rotate the axes 90° and record the readings obtained.
Edge = Parallelism
Face = Angular
EDGE 0 FACE
0

x2 x1

6.2.4. Rotate the axes 90° plus to the 180° position then record the readings
obtained (Y2 and Y3).

EDGE
0

And 2

6.2.5. Rotate the axis 90° more (to the 270 position, then record the readings
obtained (Z2, Z1)

EDGE 0 FACE
0

Z2 Z1

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6.2.6. Rotate the axes 90° more (to the initial position) and the readings obtained should
be zero ± 002”. If this does not comply, the entire operation must be repeated, that is,
repeat the steps from point 6.1 to 6.6.

EDGE
0

IMPORTANT NOTE: To confirm that the measurements taken are correct, the following
condition must be met: THE ALGEBRAIC SUM OF THE VERTICAL VALUES MUST BE
EQUAL TO THE ALGEBRAIC SUM OF THE HORIZONTAL VALUES.

O + Yi = Xi + Zi FORMULA 6.1.
O = INITIAL POSITION

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7. INTERPRETATION OF ALIGNMENT MEASURES

Regardless of the alignment method to be used, the interpretation of the readings obtained from
the measuring instruments is of vital importance, since these indicate the relative position of the
axes (angular misalignment and parallel misalignment).

7.1. Interpretation of Angular misalignment measurements:

7.1.1. Vertical Readings:

7.1.1.1. If the unit to be aligned is more suspended on the interior supports, there
is vertical angular misalignment.

Comparator Method Interpretation

CASE B CASE A
EXPENSIVE

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 7.1.1.2. If the axial vertical axes are parallel, there is no vertical angular
misalignment.

Comparator Method Interpretation

CASE B CASE A
EXPENSIVE EXPENSIVE

7.1.1.3. If the unit to be aligned is more suspended on the exterior supports, there
is a vertical angular misalignment.

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 Comparator Method Interpretation

CASE B CASE A
EXPENSIVE EXPENSIVE

7.1.2. Horizontal Readings:

7.1.2.1. If the unit to be aligned is more displaced towards 270° on the exterior supports,
there is horizontal angular misalignment.

Comparator Method Interpretation

CASE B CASE A

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7.1.2.2. If the axial horizontal axes are parallel, there is no horizontal angular
misalignment.

Comparator Method Interpretation

CASE B CASE A

7.1.2.3. If the unit to be aligned is more displaced towards 90° on the exterior
supports, there is horizontal angular misalignment.

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 Comparator Method Interpretation

CASE B CASE A

7.2. Interpretation of Parallel misalignment measurements:

Note: In the case of measuring with a comparator, the values are equal but with a different
sign if the comparator is placed on the equipment to be aligned or on the reference
equipment (point e, section 2.2. )

7.2.1. Vertical Readings

7.2.1.1. Case in which the unit to be aligned is above the reference unit in the
plane of parallelism.

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 Comparator Method Interpretation

EDGE

7.2.1.2. Case in which the unit to be aligned is at the same level as the reference
unit in the plane of parallelism.

Comparator Method Interpretation

EDGE

0 0°

0 180°

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 7.2.1.3. Case in which the unit to be aligned is below the reference unit in the
plane of parallelism.

Comparator Method Interpretation

EDGE

0 0°

(-) 180°

7.2.2. Horizontal Readings

7.2.2.1. Case in which the unit to be aligned is displaced to the right of the reference unit.

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 Comparator Method Interpretation

EDGE
90°

(-)270°
EQUIPM TEAM A
ENT
REFERENCE TO LINE
UP

7.2.2.2. Case in which the unit to be aligned is centered with respect to the
reference unit.

Comparator Method Interpretation

EDGE

0
270° 90°

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7.2.2.3. Case in which the unit to be aligned is displaced to the left of the
reference unit.

Comparator Method Interpretation

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8. ALIGNMENT PROCEDURE

To correct the alignment of machines, the following points must be considered:

• No more than 5 sheets of supplements should be placed on each leg; in this sense,
the thickness of the supplements should be selected to place the smallest amount
possible. This will avoid possible looseness, vibrations, etc.

• To facilitate correction movements, it is important to place adjustment screws on the

benches that allow the base of the unit to be aligned to be moved in any direction, see
graphic examples.

Regardless of the type of alignment to be performed (cold or hot), four stages must be
completed, which are described below:

8.1. Adjustment I: Vertical angular alignment (face, between 0 and 180 degrees) The first
adjustment is made to correct angular misalignment in the vertical plane. This is achieved by
tilting the equipment being aligned as required by placing or removing shims on the two inner
legs or the two outer legs until the two faces are aligned (figure 8.1).

TEAM TO ALIGN

TEAM TO
ALIGN

ADJUSTME
NT
SCREWS
Fig. 8.1. CORRECTION OF MISALIGNMENT
VERTICAL ANGLE

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To calculate the supplements to be placed or removed, the triangle relationship formula (1.1.) is
used as described below:

Q1= Tilt angle = Constant

L = Vertical angular misalignment.
C = Diameter of the coupling or circumference described by the comparator.
P = Distance between legs. (Projected on the bench) S = Coinage required.
Fig. 3.10. RELATIONSHIP OF TRIANGLES

By relationship of triangles:

S = L ⇒ Supplements S = L x P
PC C (Formula 8.1)

Example: vertical angular alignment correction

L = (.108) - (.100) = .008" Distance between legs = (P) = 1 2"

Coupling Ø (C) = 4"

Applying the formula (8.1) we will

have:

S= L * P = 0.0008” * 12 ” = 0.024”
c 4”

S = 0.024”
As the coupling is more open at the top, a supplement of . 024” on the two outer legs or we
take out . 024” on the interior legs, as appropriate.

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 8.2. Adjustment II. Vertical parallel alignment (height between 0 and 180 degrees) . This
adjustment is made to correct the height of the equipment to be linear either by raising or
lowering it as required (evenly, that is, equal amounts on all four legs) (figure 8.2).

Fig. 8.2. CORRECTION OF VERTICAL PARALLEL MISALIGNITION

In the case of the Caliper and ruler Method, the movement up or down is equal to the value taken
with the Sheet Caliper.
In the case of the quadrant comparator method, the correction value from up to down IS EQUAL
TO HALF OF THE RESULT OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE VALUE MINUS VALUE AT
0°.

Correction = - ( V 180° - Value 0° ) (formula 8.2)

Vertical 2
IF the result is negative, the supplement is removed
If the result is positive, a supplement is placed

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The reason why the difference between the value at 180° and the value at 0° must be divided by
two is explained below.

INITIAL REFERENCE ALIGNING

WITH EQUIPMENT COUPLING SURFACE

POSITION 0°
L = PARALLEL
MISALIGNITION
F
TEAM A TEAM B

WHEN
TURNED 180° REFERENCE OF
MEASUREMENT
AT 0°
TEAM B
TEAM B

VARIATION OBTAINED
WITH THE COMPARATOR =
2L

Example Vertical Parallel Alignment Correction

EQUIPMEN
T
TO ALIGN

In this case you have to remove them. 015” in supplement on each of the legs to be aligned.

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 Note: In the case of having measured with the comparator placed on the reference coupling,
the values to be obtained would be:

8.3. Adjustment III. Horizontal angular alignment (face between 90 and 270 degrees). This third
adjustment is made to correct angular misalignment in the horizontal plane. This is achieved by
moving the equipment towards 90 or 270 degrees as required. (Figure 8.3). To control
horizontal movements, dial comparators are used, placed both on the coupling and on the legs
of the unit to be aligned.

Fig. 8.3. CORRECTION OF HORIZONTAL ANGULAR MISALIGNMENT

The correction formula is equal to D = H x G (Formula 8.3)

c

H = Difference values (90° - 270°)

C= φ of the coupling or circumference described by the buyer

G= Distance between tensioning bolts
D = Horizontal movement correction

Note: This formula is similar to 8.1 except that this takes the distance between tensioning bolts
“G”, which in most cases is equal to the distance between legs “P”.

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 Example of horizontal angular alignment correction.

AXIS
OF

Solution: L = . 132” - 0.90” = .042”

D = L * P = (0.042” ) (18” ) = .189”

c 4”

As the coupling is more open on the left side, the motor must be moved 0.189” by means of the right
exterior jack, leaving only the left interior jack adjusted and leaving the right interior and left exterior
jacks free.

8.4. Setting IV: Horizontal parallel alignment (edge, between 90 and 270 degrees). This fourth
adjustment is made to correct horizontal decentralization. This is achieved by moving the equipment
in parallel either towards 90 or 270 degrees applying the same criteria set out in point 8.2 (See
figure 8.4).

Fig. 8.4. CORRECTION OF HORIZONTAL

PARALLEL MISALIGNMENT

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In the case of the Caliper and ruler method the movement to the left or right is equal to the value
measured in the case of the Dial Shopper method.

In the case of the Quadrant Comparator Method, the horizontal correction movement is obtained by
applying formula 8.4.

Correction =( Value 270° - Value 90°)

Horizontal 2 (Formula 8.4)
IF THE VALUE IS POSITIVE, IT MOVES TOWARDS 90°
IF THE VALUE IS NEGATIVE, IT MOVES TOWARDS 270°
Example:

Move the motor .030” evenly towards 270 degrees.

Note: In the case of having measured with the comparator placed on the reference coupling, the
values to be obtained would be:

9. DIRECT ALIGNMENT CALCULATION / ANALYTICAL METHOD

By means of this method, the requirements for supplements to be placed in the unit to be
aligned can be directly determined after taking the angular and parallel deviation
measurements. In figure 4.3. The lateral vertical plane of a unit to be aligned is shown and the
front view of the coupling of the reference unit also shows all the measurements that must be
taken into consideration for calculation purposes.

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 • FIGURE

Fig. 9.1. VERTICAL PLANE OF A ROTATING EQUIPMENT

Name of the Nomenclature

YES = Supplements in inner legs
SE = Supplements on external legs
C = Diameter of the circumference described by the face comparator
Pi = Distance between the equipment coupling to be aligned and the interior legs. (Projected on the
Bench)
PE = Distance between the equipment coupling to be aligned and the exterior legs. (Projected on
the Bench)

9.1. Vertical Analytical Method . To calculate the supplements to be placed or removed, the
following formulas are used.

SE = ± [AC ( 180° - 0° ) x PE ] - AB ( 180° - 0° ) Formula 8.1

c 2

SI = ± [AC ( 180° - 0° ) x PI ] - AB ( 180° - 0° ) Formula 8.2

c 2

AC = Face Measurement 180° - Face Measurement 0°

AB = Edge Measurement 180° - Edge Measurement 0°
Note :

• The formula is based on the placement of the comparators on the reference coupling. The
sign of the first operation depends on where the face comparator is placed, it is (-) if it is
placed on the back of the reference coupling and it is (+) if it is placed on the front of the
reference coupling.

In case of face gauge on the rear side of the reference coupling

The comparators must be placed in the reference coupling.

7
0
 REFERENCE
COUPLING

SI = - [ AC ( 180° - 0° ) x Pi ] - AB ( 180° - 0° )
c 2

SE = - [ AC ( 180° - 0° ) x PE] - AB ( 180° - 0° ) Formula 4.9. Reference Coupling C

2
If the SI and SE values are positive, it is supplemented
If the SI and SE values are negative, supplements are removed

In the case of the face comparator on the front side of the reference coupling the formulas are
as follows

COUPLING
OF
REFERENCE

SI = + [ AC ( 180° - 0° ) x Pi ] - AB ( 180° - 0° )
c 2
SE = + [ AC ( 180° - 0° ) x PE] - AB ( 180° - 0° )
c 2
In order to understand the origin of formulas 8.1 and 8.2, their development is explained
below. Fig. 9.2

Relationship of Triangles

7
1
 By relationship of triangles we have that:

AC = YES = SE
C Pi PE

Known values: C, Pi, PE

Values to Measure: AC. AB
Values to Calculate: Yes, SE
Steps to follow:

1. Calculation of supplements according to angular deviation applying triangle

relationship formula 1.1

SI = AC x PI SE = AC x PE
c c

NOTE: THE PIVOT POINT OF THE TRIANGULATION IS AT THE CENTRAL

POINT OF THE COUPLING OF THE EQUIPMENT TO BE ALIGNED, SO THE
PARALLEL MISALIGNITION DOES NOT VARY.

2. Once the angular misalignment has been corrected, the parallel misalignment is
corrected according to formula 8.2 described in chapter No. 8.

AB = - ( B ( 180° ) - B ( 0° ))
2

3. Total supplement calculation

Total supplement = ± ( Supplement - ( Supplement
Angular Correction) Parallelism Correction)

7
2
 Total Supplement Si = ± [ AC 180° - 0° x Pi ] - AB (0 - 180°)
c 2

SE = ± [ AC ( 180° - 0° ) x Pe] - AB ( 180° - 0° )

c 2

Note: In the case where the comparator is placed on the rear face of the coupling, the first
sign is negative (formula 4.8 and 4.9).
In the case where the comparator is placed on the front face of the coupling
the first sign is positive (formulas 4,6 and 4,7)

Practical example

• Vertical Analytics :
Example:
Data Shape Found Face Pattern
PI = 8” comparator placed on the front
PE= 24” of the reference coupling
C = 3” Edge Expensive
0 0 Edge

Expensive

.016” .006” 0 0
(AB) (AC) (LB) ( THE
)
AC (180° - 0°) =0.006 - 0.0 = 0.006”
AB (180° - 0°) = 0.016” - 0 = 0.016”

Si = [ AC ( 180° - 0° ) x ( PI ) ]-[ AB(180°-0° ] =[ ( 0.006 ) ( 8 )

c 2 3 ] - [ ( .016 ) ] = .008”
2

7
3
 If = . 008” Supplement. 008” on the interior support.
SE= [ AC ( 180° - 0° ) x ( PE ) ] -[ ( AB( 180°- 0° )] = [ ( .006 ) ( 24 ) ] - [ ( .016 ) ]=
.040” C 2 3 2
SE= .040” Supplement. 040” on the external support

9.2. Horizontal Analytical Method. Once the adjustments have been made in the vertical plane,
the misalignment in the horizontal plane is corrected (see figure 4.4), for this the edge and face
readings are taken, starting from zero in the 90° position. Then we proceed to calculate the
displacements that allow correcting the misalignment in the horizontal plane using the same
procedure described in the previous point.

INDOOR JACK OUTDOOR JACK

90° 90°

OUTDOOR
JACK 270°

HORIZONTAL PLANE OF THE UNIT TO ALIGN

Fig. 9.3
Below are formulas 8.3 and 8.4 from which the interior and exterior displacements are obtained
respectively.

DI = ± [AC ( 90° - 270° ) ( GI ) ] - [ ∆ B ( 90° - 270° ) ] Formula 8.3 C 2

DE = ± [ ∆ C ( 90° - 270° ) ( GE ) ] - [ AB ( 90° - 270° ) ] Formula 8.4 C 2

Where:

• DI: - Amount to move the unit linearly with the internal jack towards 90° or 270°.
• DE: Amount to move the unit to align with the external jack towards 90 or 270°
• C: Diameter described by the face comparator on the reference coupling.
• ∆ C (90° - 270°): Variation of face comparator reading from 90° to 270°

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4
 AC (90° - 270°) = Med. Face 270° - Med. Face 90°
• ∆ B ( 90 - 270° ) : Reading variation with edge comparator from 90° to 270°
AB = (90° - 270°) = Med. Edge 270° - Med. 90° edge

• GI: Distance that exists from the interior jacks to the line of action of the buyer placed on
the edge of the coupling, shaft or housing of the unit to be aligned. See Figure

• GE: Distance that exists from the external jacks to the line of action of the comparator
placed on the edge of the coupling, shaft or housing of the unit to be aligned. See Figure.
• INTERPRETATION OF FORMULA RESULTS
⇒ RESULTS “ + “ = MOVE IN THE DIRECTION OF 90°.
⇒ RESULTS “ - “ = MOVE IN THE DIRECTION OF 270°.

Note: Comparators must be placed in the reference coupling

If the face comparator is on the front face of the reference coupling, the formulas are:

DI = + [ ( ∆ C ) ( 90° - 270° ) ( GI ) ] - [ ( ∆ B 90° - 270° ) ]

c

DE =+ [ ( ∆ C ) ( 90° - 270° ) ( GE ) ] - [ ( ∆ B ) ( 90° - 270° ) ]

c 2
If the face comparator is on the back of the reference coupling the formulas are:

DI = - [ ∆ C ( 90° - 270° ) ( GI ) ] - [ ∆ B 90° - 270° ]

c

DE = ± [ ∆ C ( 90° - 270° ) ( GE ) ] - [ ∆ B ( 90° - 270° ) ]

c 2
• A practical example is given below.

Exercise
Data Found Form Pattern
PI = 8” face comparator
PE= 24” front side of coupling
C = 3” Edge Face
0 0 Expe
nsive
0

INDEX...........................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................6

7
5
1. ALIGNMENT TERMS...............................................................................7
1.1. Machine Alignment.................................................................................7
1.2. Axial play.................................................................................................7
1.3. Diametral Game.......................................................................................7
1.4. Radial Game............................................................................................7
1.5. Concentricity............................................................................................7
1.6. Eccentricity..............................................................................................8
1.7. Distance between axis..............................................................................8
1.8. Support with high or low height (lame leg).............................................8
1.9. Frontal or vertical plane...........................................................................9
1.10. Coupling angularity..............................................................................9
1.11. Base plane............................................................................................9
1.12. Center Height Line.............................................................................10
1.13. Horizontal plane.................................................................................10
1.14. Lateral vertical plane..........................................................................10
1.15. Parallel lines.......................................................................................11
1.16. Perpendicular lines ............................................................................11
1.17. Magnetic Center.................................................................................11
1.18. Relationship of triangles....................................................................12
2.2. Flexible Couplings.................................................................................14
2.3. Membrane Couplings.............................................................................14
Notice:...............................................................................................................14
2.4. Universal Couplings..............................................................................16
Hydraulic Coupling:.........................................................................................16
2.5. Coupling Alignment Tolerances............................................................16
2.5.2. Various flexible couplings.................................................................19
2.5.3. Alignment Tolerance Membrane coupling........................................20
2.5.4. Generic misalignment tolerance charts...................................................21
2.6. Security Protections:..............................................................................22
Closed...............................................................................................................22
Partially closed..................................................................................................23
3. TYPES OF MISALIGNMENT OF MACHINE ELEMENTS.................24

7
6
 3.1. Angular Misalignment...........................................................................24
3.2. Parallel Misalignment............................................................................25
3.3. Mixed Misalignment..............................................................................25
4. ALIGNMENT METHODS OF ROTATING EQUIPMENT AND
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED FOR ALIGNMENT...............27
“THE ALIGNMENT IS DONE BASED ON THE DRIVE SHAFTS AND NOT
BASED ON THE TRANSMISSION COUPLINGS”......................................27
4.1. Shim Gauge............................................................................................28
4.2. Vernier Caliper......................................................................................29
4.3. The Micrometer.....................................................................................29
DESCRIPTION................................................................................................30
1. Bridge or fixed body..................................................................................30
2. Anvil or fixed stop.....................................................................................30
3. Measuring bar............................................................................................30
4. Fixed drum (mm or inch scale).................................................................30
5. Mobile drum (Vernier for mm or inch).....................................................30
6. force limiter...............................................................................................30
7. Fixing mechanism.....................................................................................30
TYPES OF MICROMETERS..........................................................................31
DEPTHS...............................................................................................................31
INSIDE DIAMETER OF THREAD...................................................................31
4.4. Quadrant Comparator............................................................................32
4.4.1. Description.........................................................................................32
4.4.2. Comparator Operation........................................................................33
4.4.3. COMPARATOR INSTALLATION..................................................34
5. STEPS TO BE FOLLOWED FOR MACHINE ALIGNMENT...............35
5.1. Establish the reference points according to the following concepts (Fig.
5.1. ) 35
5.2. Have the following list of Tools available.............................................35
5.3. Check the condition of the bench surfaces............................................36
5.4. Leveling of the equipment in reference.................................................36
5.5. Lapa Coja Review..................................................................................37
5.7. Verify linearity of the axes (Quadrant comparator method)..................39

7
7
 5.8. Check axial displacement of the axes....................................................39
5.10. Appendix 1.........................................................................................41
6. TAKING ALIGNMENT MEASURES.....................................................42
6.1. Calipers and Rule Method.....................................................................42
6.1.2. Horizontal angular alignment (between 90 and 270 degrees)............42
6.1.3. 3. Vertical parallel alignment (height)...............................................43
6.1.4. Step IV: Horizontal parallel alignment (between 90 and 270 degrees).
44
6.2. Taking Alignment Measurements / Quadrant Comparator Method......45
Scale.....................................................................................................................51
Quadrant or Counter.............................................................................................51
7. INTERPRETATION OF ALIGNMENT MEASURES............................54
7.1. Interpretation of Angular misalignment measurements:.......................54
7.1.1. Vertical Readings:..............................................................................54
7.1.1.1. If the unit to be aligned is more suspended on the interior supports,
there is vertical angular misalignment..............................................................54
Comparator Method Interpretation...................................................................54
8. ALIGNMENT PROCEDURE...................................................................63
INITIAL REFERENCE ALIGNING...............................................................66
WITH EQUIPMENT COUPLING SURFACE................................................66
WHEN TURNED 180°.....................................................................................66
TEAM B...........................................................................................................66
VARIATION OBTAINED WITH THE COMPARATOR = 2L....................66
REFERENCE OF.............................................................................................66
MEASUREMENT AT 0°.................................................................................66
TEAM B...........................................................................................................66
9. DIRECT ALIGNMENT CALCULATION / ANALYTICAL METHOD70
• FIGURE..........................................................................................................70
Name of the Nomenclature...............................................................................70
Note :.................................................................................................................71
NOTE: THE PIVOT POINT OF THE TRIANGULATION IS AT THE
CENTRAL POINT OF THE COUPLING OF THE EQUIPMENT TO BE
ALIGNED, SO THE PARALLEL MISALIGNITION DOES NOT VARY...73

7
8
 • Solution:....................................................................................................80
• Settings :....................................................................................................80
10. DIRECT ALIGNMENT CALCULATION / GRAPHIC METHOD....81
10.1 Vertical Graphic Method.......................................................................81
Note :.................................................................................................................83
IF THE COMPARATOR IS PLACED ON THE BACK SIDE OF THE
REFERENCE COUPLING THE DIRECTIONS ARE THE OPPOSITE.......83
AB/ 2 (+)..............................................................................................................83
—4........................................................................................................................83
Exercise 1..........................................................................................................85
Note: Face comparator placed on the front of the reference coupling..............85
10.2. Horizontal Graphic Method...............................................................86
Note :.................................................................................................................88
IF THE COMPARATOR IS PLACED ON THE BACK SIDE.......................88
OF THE REFERENCE COUPLING THE DIRECTIONS ARE THE
OPPOSITE........................................................................................................88
Exercise:............................................................................................................89
11.2. Horizontal Alignment Correction Using Reference Standards..........94
Execution..........................................................................................................98
12. ALIGNMENT CONSIDERING THERMAL EXPANSIONS
(WITHOUT INFORMATION ON THE MANUFACTURER'S PATTERNS .
100
12.1. ALIGNMENT CONSIDERING DILATATIONS MEASURED ON
SITE 105
• VERTICAL ANALYTICAL EXAMPLE...............................................107

• Solution:
∆ LA = .004”
∆LB = -.010”
DI = [ ( ∆ C ) ( GI ) ] - [ ( ∆ B ) ] = [ ( .004 ) ( 8 ) - [ ( - .010 ) ] = .0156
c 2 3 2

7
9
ID = .016”

DE = [ ( ∆ C) ( GE) ] - [ ( ∆ B) ] = [ (.004) ( 24 ) - [ ( - .010 ) ] = .037”

c 2 3 2
OF: . 037”
• Settings :
• Move the unit .016” towards 90° with the internal 270° jack

• Move the unit .037” towards 90° with the external 270° jack

8
0
10. DIRECT ALIGNMENT CALCULATION / GRAPHIC METHOD

Like the analytical method, there is a graphic method that, based on angular and parallel
misalignment, allows the thickness of the supplements to be placed or removed to be directly
determined.
10.1 Vertical Graphic Method.

Fig. 10.1
10.1.1. On a graph paper, the reference or standard “T” is drawn at zero. Taking the
appropriate scale (E1) proportional to the distances Pi and PE.
0°

HORIZONTAL o
m
L
LINE OF U
REFERENCE
180°
10.1.2. On the vertical of the intersection, a point equal to AB is marked Using a scale
proportional to the misalignment values (E2) AB = Reading 180° - Reading 0°.

If the edge reading (AB) is positive (+), we mark the point at the top inside of the
intersection.

8
1
If the edge reading (AB) is negative (-), we mark the point towards the bottom of the
intersection.

REFERENCE LINE

AB/2 (-)

10.1.3. Draw a line towards the inside of the “T” (parallel to the horizontal) starting from AB/2
and with a length equal to the diameter described by the comparator in the coupling “C”, shaft
or in the casing, use an appropriate scale. E1.

10.1.4. Draw a line perpendicular to “C” starting from the free end using the E2 scale equal to
point 9.1.2.

• If the AC reading (0° - 180°) obtained is positive, we draw the line downwards (face
comparator on the front side Scale E-2)
AC = Reading 180° - Reading 0°

AB/2(+)

8
2
 • If the AC reading (0° - 180°) obtained is negative, we draw the line upwards. Scale E2
(Face comparator on frontal side).

Note :
IF THE COMPARATOR IS PLACED ON THE BACK SIDE OF THE REFERENCE
COUPLING THE DIRECTIONS ARE THE OPPOSITE.

10.1.5. Starting from AB/2, draw a line that passes through the free end of AC. This line
represents the way the team is located.

AB/ 2
(+)
—4

10.1.6. Plot the distances PI and PE, on the reference line on scale E1 starting from the “T”.
THE HEIGHTS REPRESENT
SUPPLEMENT VALUES

8
3
 The vertical distance between the reference line and the intersection with the shape found at the
height of PI and PE, using the E2 scale will be equal to the thickness of the supplements to be
inserted or removed. The criteria to follow is the following:

• We supplement in one support or both, if and only if, the shape line found is below the
reference line or pattern at the height of the supports.

• We will extract supplements in one support or both if and only if the shape line found is
above the reference line or pattern at the height of the supports.
Example:

-Extract the value of

SI from the interior
support.

-Extract the value of

SE from the external
support.

-Extract the value of SI from the

-Supplement in support I
exterior the value of SE.
interior support.

8
4
Exercise 1
Data Found Form Reference
PI = 8” Edge Expensive
PE= 24” C = 0 0
3”
FLEX =0” .006” .010” .004” .002

.016” .006”

Note: Face comparator placed on the front of the reference coupling

Pattern

Scale E1 = one square = 1”

Scale E 2 = a fraction of a frame = 0.002”
Insert .008 into the interior supports
Introduce .0.040” in the exterior supports

8
5
10.2. Horizontal Graphic Method

PLANT VIEW OF A ROTARY EQUIPMENT Fig. 10.2

10.2.1. On a graph paper, the reference or standard “T” is drawn at zero. Taking the
appropriate scale (E1) proportional to the distances Pi and PE
90°

HORIZONTAL

REFERENCE
LINE
270°
10.2.2. On the vertical of the intersection, a point equal to AB is marked
Using a scale proportional to the misalignment values (E2) AB = Reading 270° - Reading
90°.
If the edge reading (AB) is positive (+), we mark the point at the top inside of the
intersection.

If the edge reading (AB) is negative (-), we mark the point towards the bottom of the
intersection.

8
6
10.2.3. Draw a line towards the inside of the “T” (parallel to the horizontal) starting from
AB/2 and with a length equal to the diameter described by the comparator in the coupling
“C”, on the shaft or in the housing, use appropriate scale E1.

10.2.4. Draw a line perpendicular to “C” starting from the free end, use
Scale E2 (equal to point 9.2.2. )

• If the AC reading (90° - 270°) obtained is positive, we draw the line downwards.
(Face comparator on frontal side Scale E2).
AC = Reading 270° - Reading 90°

• If the AC reading (90° - 270°) obtained is negative, we draw the line upwards.
Scale E2 (Face comparator on posterior side E-2).

AB/2(-)

8
7
 Note :
IF THE COMPARATOR IS PLACED ON THE BACK SIDE
OF THE REFERENCE COUPLING THE DIRECTIONS ARE THE OPPOSITE.

10.2.5. Starting from AB/2, draw a line that passes through the free end of AC.
This line represents the way the team is located.

10.2.6. Plot the GI and GE distances on E1 scale from the vertical of the reference
line. The distance between the reference line and the shape found at the height of GI
and GE will be equal to the amount to be moved with the interior and/or exterior
jacks.

The corrective movements are:

• It moves towards 90° when the line found is below the reference line.

• It moves towards 270° when the found line is above the reference line.

Below are two exercises of graphic calculations applied to arrangement I in the

horizontal plane.

8
8
 Exercise:

REFERENCE
COUPLING

Data Found Form Pattern Reference

GI = 8” Edge Edge Face
GE= 24”
C = 3” Expensive

0 0

SOLUTION

REFERENCE
LINE

(-)AB
2

- SCALE E1 = EACH FRAMES EQUIVALENT TO 1”

- SCALE E2 = EACH FRACTION IS EQUIVALENT TO 0.002”
- MOVE .0155” TOWARDS 270° WITH THE INTERNAL 90° JACK
- MOVE .0365” TOWARDS 270° WITH THE OUTER 90° JACK
11. ALIGNMENT OF MACHINES ACCORDING TO ESTABLISHED PATTERNS.

8
9
During the operation of a machinery, the different elements of the transmission chain can suffer
non-uniform displacements due to thermal effects which, if not considered during cold
alignment, can cause misalignment, vibrations and overheating. It is important to highlight that
the alignments are based on the actual operating conditions of the machinery, which is why
manufacturers establish the patterns under which cold equipment must be aligned.

11.1. Vertical alignment correction with reference standards.

When there are standards established by the manufacturer, the formulas to be applied for
cold alignment purposes are the following.
With the dial gauge on the front side of the reference coupling.

INDEX............................................................................................................................
INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................
1. ALIGNMENT TERMS................................................................................
1.1. Machine Alignment..................................................................................
1.2. Axial play..................................................................................................
1.3. Diametral Game........................................................................................
1.4. Radial Game.............................................................................................
1.5. Concentricity.............................................................................................
1.6. Eccentricity...............................................................................................
1.7. Distance between axis...............................................................................
1.8. Support with high or low height (lame leg)..............................................
1.9. Frontal or vertical plane............................................................................
1.10. Coupling angularity...............................................................................
1.11. Base plane.............................................................................................
1.12. Center Height Line..............................................................................
1.13. Horizontal plane..................................................................................
1.14. Lateral vertical plane...........................................................................
1.15. Parallel lines........................................................................................
1.16. Perpendicular lines .............................................................................
1.17. Magnetic Center..................................................................................
1.18. Relationship of triangles.....................................................................
2.2. Flexible Couplings..................................................................................

9
0
2.3. Membrane Couplings..............................................................................
Notice:................................................................................................................
2.4. Universal Couplings...............................................................................
Hydraulic Coupling:..........................................................................................
2.5. Coupling Alignment Tolerances.............................................................
2.5.2. Various flexible couplings..................................................................
2.5.3. Alignment Tolerance Membrane coupling.........................................
2.5.4. Generic misalignment tolerance charts....................................................
2.6. Security Protections:...............................................................................
Closed................................................................................................................
Partially closed...................................................................................................
3. TYPES OF MISALIGNMENT OF MACHINE ELEMENTS..................
3.1. Angular Misalignment............................................................................
3.2. Parallel Misalignment.............................................................................
3.3. Mixed Misalignment...............................................................................
4. ALIGNMENT METHODS OF ROTATING EQUIPMENT AND
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED FOR ALIGNMENT................
“THE ALIGNMENT IS DONE BASED ON THE DRIVE SHAFTS AND
NOT BASED ON THE TRANSMISSION COUPLINGS”..............................
4.1. Shim Gauge.............................................................................................
4.2. Vernier Caliper.......................................................................................
4.3. The Micrometer......................................................................................
DESCRIPTION.................................................................................................
1. Bridge or fixed body...................................................................................
2. Anvil or fixed stop......................................................................................
3. Measuring bar.............................................................................................
4. Fixed drum (mm or inch scale)..................................................................
5. Mobile drum (Vernier for mm or inch)......................................................
6. force limiter................................................................................................
7. Fixing mechanism......................................................................................
TYPES OF MICROMETERS...........................................................................

9
1
DEPTHS................................................................................................................
INSIDE DIAMETER OF THREAD....................................................................
4.4. Quadrant Comparator.............................................................................
4.4.1. Description..........................................................................................
4.4.2. Comparator Operation.........................................................................
4.4.3. COMPARATOR INSTALLATION...................................................
5. STEPS TO BE FOLLOWED FOR MACHINE ALIGNMENT................
5.1. Establish the reference points according to the following concepts
(Fig. 5.1. )..........................................................................................................
5.2. Have the following list of Tools available..............................................
5.3. Check the condition of the bench surfaces.............................................
5.4. Leveling of the equipment in reference..................................................
5.5. Lapa Coja Review...................................................................................
5.7. Verify linearity of the axes (Quadrant comparator method)...................
5.8. Check axial displacement of the axes.....................................................
5.10. Appendix 1..........................................................................................
6. TAKING ALIGNMENT MEASURES......................................................
6.1. Calipers and Rule Method......................................................................
6.1.2. Horizontal angular alignment (between 90 and 270 degrees).............
6.1.3. 3. Vertical parallel alignment (height)................................................
6.1.4. Step IV: Horizontal parallel alignment (between 90 and 270
degrees).44
6.2. Taking Alignment Measurements / Quadrant Comparator Method.......
Scale......................................................................................................................
Quadrant or Counter..............................................................................................
7. INTERPRETATION OF ALIGNMENT MEASURES.............................
7.1. Interpretation of Angular misalignment measurements:........................
7.1.1. Vertical Readings:...............................................................................
7.1.1.1. If the unit to be aligned is more suspended on the interior
supports, there is vertical angular misalignment...............................................
Comparator Method Interpretation....................................................................

9
2
 8. ALIGNMENT PROCEDURE....................................................................
INITIAL REFERENCE ALIGNING................................................................
WITH EQUIPMENT COUPLING SURFACE.................................................
WHEN TURNED 180°......................................................................................
TEAM B............................................................................................................
VARIATION OBTAINED WITH THE COMPARATOR = 2L.....................
REFERENCE OF..............................................................................................
MEASUREMENT AT 0°..................................................................................
TEAM B............................................................................................................
9. DIRECT ALIGNMENT CALCULATION / ANALYTICAL
METHOD..........................................................................................................
• FIGURE...........................................................................................................
Name of the Nomenclature................................................................................
Note :..................................................................................................................
NOTE: THE PIVOT POINT OF THE TRIANGULATION IS AT THE
CENTRAL POINT OF THE COUPLING OF THE EQUIPMENT TO BE
ALIGNED, SO THE PARALLEL MISALIGNITION DOES NOT VARY.
...........................................................................................................................
• Solution:.....................................................................................................
• Settings :.....................................................................................................
10. DIRECT ALIGNMENT CALCULATION / GRAPHIC METHOD.....
10.1 Vertical Graphic Method........................................................................
Note :..................................................................................................................
IF THE COMPARATOR IS PLACED ON THE BACK SIDE OF THE
REFERENCE COUPLING THE DIRECTIONS ARE THE OPPOSITE........
AB/ 2 (+)................................................................................................................
—4.........................................................................................................................
Exercise 1...........................................................................................................
Note: Face comparator placed on the front of the reference coupling...............
10.2. Horizontal Graphic Method................................................................
Note :..................................................................................................................
IF THE COMPARATOR IS PLACED ON THE BACK SIDE........................

9
3
 OF THE REFERENCE COUPLING THE DIRECTIONS ARE THE
OPPOSITE.........................................................................................................
Exercise:.............................................................................................................
11.2. Horizontal Alignment Correction Using Reference Standards...........
Execution...........................................................................................................
12. ALIGNMENT CONSIDERING THERMAL EXPANSIONS
(WITHOUT INFORMATION ON THE MANUFACTURER'S
PATTERNS ....................................................................................................100
12.1. ALIGNMENT CONSIDERING DILATATIONS MEASURED
ON SITE..........................................................................................................105
• VERTICAL ANALYTICAL EXAMPLE................................................107

∆ LA = ∆ LAE - ∆ LAP
∆LB = ∆LBE - ∆LBP
∆ LAE = Face comparator variation 180° - 0° found
∆ LAP = Variation of face comparators 180° - 0° Pattern
∆ LBE = Edge comparator variation 180° - 0° found
∆ LBE = Edge comparator variation 180° - 0° Pattern
As you can see, they are the same formulas set out in chapter 8, but now the
manufacturer's patterns are considered. In other words, THE MACHINE IS LEFT
MISALIGNED WHEN COLD SO THAT WHEN STARTING AND REACHING
OPERATING CONDITIONS, THE TRANSMISSION ELEMENTS ARE ALIGNED.

Below is a practical example.

Example:
Data Found Form Pattern
PI = 7 ^ ” Edge Expensiv Edge Expe
e nsive
PE= 24” 0 0 0 0
C = 3”

.004”
.016” (LB) .006” (LA) .010” (LB) (LA)
Note: Face Comparator on the front side of the reference coupling

9
4
 ∆ LB = ( LBe ) - ( LBp) = ( .016 ) - ( . 010 ) = .006” ∆ LA= ( LAe ) - ( LAp) =
( .006 ) - ( . 004 ) = .002”

SI = [ ( ∆
LA ) ( Pi ) ] - ALB = [ ( .002 ) ( 7.5 ) ] - [ ( .006 ) ] = . 002
C2 2 2”
SI = .002 Supplement . 002 on the interior support.

SE = [ ( ∆ LA ) ( PE ) ] - [ ( . ∆ LB) ] = [ ( 0.002 x 24 ) - ( 0.006 ) ] = 0.013”

c 2 3 2
SE = 0.13” Supplement . 013” on the external support.
SI = 0.002 Supplement 0.002 in the internal support

11.2. Horizontal Alignment Correction Using Reference Standards

Like the correction of the vertical alignment, in this case the same formulas described in
chapter 8 are used but considering the patterns established for cold alignment. The
formulas are the following:
With the dial gauge on the front face of the reference coupling.

DI = [ ( ∆ LA 90° - 270 ° ) X GI ] - [ ( ∆ LB ( 90° - 270° ) ]

INDEX............................................................................................................................
INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................
1. ALIGNMENT TERMS................................................................................
1.1. Machine Alignment..................................................................................
1.2. Axial play..................................................................................................
1.3. Diametral Game........................................................................................
1.4. Radial Game.............................................................................................
1.5. Concentricity.............................................................................................
1.6. Eccentricity...............................................................................................
1.7. Distance between axis...............................................................................
1.8. Support with high or low height (lame leg)..............................................
1.9. Frontal or vertical plane............................................................................
1.10. Coupling angularity...............................................................................
1.11. Base plane.............................................................................................
1.12. Center Height Line..............................................................................
1.13. Horizontal plane..................................................................................
1.14. Lateral vertical plane...........................................................................

9
5
1.15. Parallel lines........................................................................................
1.16. Perpendicular lines .............................................................................
1.17. Magnetic Center..................................................................................
1.18. Relationship of triangles.....................................................................
2.2. Flexible Couplings..................................................................................
2.3. Membrane Couplings..............................................................................
Notice:................................................................................................................
2.4. Universal Couplings...............................................................................
Hydraulic Coupling:..........................................................................................
2.5. Coupling Alignment Tolerances.............................................................
2.5.2. Various flexible couplings..................................................................
2.5.3. Alignment Tolerance Membrane coupling.........................................
2.5.4. Generic misalignment tolerance charts....................................................
2.6. Security Protections:...............................................................................
Closed................................................................................................................
Partially closed...................................................................................................
3. TYPES OF MISALIGNMENT OF MACHINE ELEMENTS..................
3.1. Angular Misalignment............................................................................
3.2. Parallel Misalignment.............................................................................
3.3. Mixed Misalignment...............................................................................
4. ALIGNMENT METHODS OF ROTATING EQUIPMENT AND
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED FOR ALIGNMENT................
“THE ALIGNMENT IS DONE BASED ON THE DRIVE SHAFTS AND
NOT BASED ON THE TRANSMISSION COUPLINGS”..............................
4.1. Shim Gauge.............................................................................................
4.2. Vernier Caliper.......................................................................................
4.3. The Micrometer......................................................................................
DESCRIPTION.................................................................................................
1. Bridge or fixed body...................................................................................
2. Anvil or fixed stop......................................................................................
3. Measuring bar.............................................................................................

9
6
 4. Fixed drum (mm or inch scale)..................................................................
5. Mobile drum (Vernier for mm or inch)......................................................
6. force limiter................................................................................................
7. Fixing mechanism......................................................................................
TYPES OF MICROMETERS...........................................................................
DEPTHS................................................................................................................
INSIDE DIAMETER OF THREAD....................................................................
4.4. Quadrant Comparator.............................................................................
4.4.1. Description..........................................................................................
4.4.2. Comparator Operation.........................................................................
4.4.3. COMPARATOR INSTALLATION...................................................
5. STEPS TO BE FOLLOWED FOR MACHINE ALIGNMENT................
5.1. Establish the reference points according to the following concepts
(Fig. 5.1. )..........................................................................................................
5.2. Have the following list of Tools available..............................................
5.3. Check the condition of the bench surfaces.............................................
5.4. Leveling of the equipment in reference..................................................
5.5. Lapa Coja Review...................................................................................
5.7. Verify linearity of the axes (Quadrant comparator method)...................
5.8. Check axial displacement of the axes.....................................................
5.10. Appendix 1..........................................................................................
6. TAKING ALIGNMENT MEASURES......................................................
6.1. Calipers and Rule Method......................................................................
6.1.2. Horizontal angular alignment (between 90 and 270 degrees).............
6.1.3. 3. Vertical parallel alignment (height)................................................
6.1.4. Step IV: Horizontal parallel alignment (between 90 and 270
degrees).44
6.2. Taking Alignment Measurements / Quadrant Comparator Method.......
Scale......................................................................................................................
Quadrant or Counter..............................................................................................
7. INTERPRETATION OF ALIGNMENT MEASURES.............................

9
7
 7.1. Interpretation of Angular misalignment measurements:........................
7.1.1. Vertical Readings:...............................................................................
7.1.1.1. If the unit to be aligned is more suspended on the interior
supports, there is vertical angular misalignment...............................................
Comparator Method Interpretation....................................................................
8. ALIGNMENT PROCEDURE....................................................................
INITIAL REFERENCE ALIGNING................................................................
WITH EQUIPMENT COUPLING SURFACE.................................................
WHEN TURNED 180°......................................................................................
TEAM B............................................................................................................
VARIATION OBTAINED WITH THE COMPARATOR = 2L.....................
REFERENCE OF..............................................................................................
MEASUREMENT AT 0°..................................................................................
TEAM B............................................................................................................
9. DIRECT ALIGNMENT CALCULATION / ANALYTICAL
METHOD..........................................................................................................
• FIGURE...........................................................................................................
Name of the Nomenclature................................................................................
Note :..................................................................................................................
NOTE: THE PIVOT POINT OF THE TRIANGULATION IS AT THE
CENTRAL POINT OF THE COUPLING OF THE EQUIPMENT TO BE
ALIGNED, SO THE PARALLEL MISALIGNITION DOES NOT VARY.
...........................................................................................................................
• Solution:.....................................................................................................
• Settings :.....................................................................................................
10. DIRECT ALIGNMENT CALCULATION / GRAPHIC METHOD.....
10.1 Vertical Graphic Method........................................................................
Note :..................................................................................................................
IF THE COMPARATOR IS PLACED ON THE BACK SIDE OF THE
REFERENCE COUPLING THE DIRECTIONS ARE THE OPPOSITE........
AB/ 2 (+)................................................................................................................
—4.........................................................................................................................

9
8
 Exercise 1...........................................................................................................
Note: Face comparator placed on the front of the reference coupling...............
10.2. Horizontal Graphic Method................................................................
Note :..................................................................................................................
IF THE COMPARATOR IS PLACED ON THE BACK SIDE........................
OF THE REFERENCE COUPLING THE DIRECTIONS ARE THE
OPPOSITE.........................................................................................................
Exercise:.............................................................................................................
11.2. Horizontal Alignment Correction Using Reference Standards...........
Execution...........................................................................................................
12. ALIGNMENT CONSIDERING THERMAL EXPANSIONS
(WITHOUT INFORMATION ON THE MANUFACTURER'S
PATTERNS ....................................................................................................100
12.1. ALIGNMENT CONSIDERING DILATATIONS MEASURED
ON SITE..........................................................................................................105
• VERTICAL ANALYTICAL EXAMPLE................................................107

∆ LA = (L ∆ e) - (L ∆ p)
∆LB = (Lbe) - (LBp)
∆ LAe = Face comparator variation 270° - 90° found
∆ LAP = Variation of face comparators 270° - 90° Pattern
∆ LBe = Edge comparator variation 270° - 90° found
∆ LBp = Edge comparator variation 270° - 90° Pattern
Below is a practical example of the reference correction.

9
9
 Execution
Pattern
Edge
GE=36” 0 0 Expensive

.012” .005” .012” .005”

Data Found Form

GI =18 “ Edge Expensive

.002” 0 -.007” 0 -.004” 0 -.001”

0

(LBe) ( The e )

Solution:
∆ LA = ( LAe ) - ( LAP ) = ( - .007 ) - ( - . 001 ) = - . 006”
∆ LB = ( LBe ) - ( LBP ) = ( + .002 ) - ( - . 004 ) = . 006”
DI = [ ( ∆ LA ) (GE ) ] - [ ( ∆ LB ) ] = [ ( - .006 ) ( 18 ) ] - [ ( . 006 ) ] = - .030”
c 2 4 2

OD = - .030”

DE = [ ( ∆ LA ) (GE ) ] - [ ( ∆ LB ) ] = [ ( - .006 ) ( 36 ) ] - [ ( . 006 ) ] = - .057”

c 2 4 2

OD = - .057”

• Settings:
• Move .030” the unit towards 270° with the internal 90° jack

1
0
• Move the unit .57” towards 270° with the external 90° jack

1
0
12. ALIGNMENT CONSIDERING THERMAL EXPANSIONS (WITHOUT INFORMATION
ON THE MANUFACTURER'S PATTERNS .

In cases where the manufacturer's information about cold alignment patterns is not
available, the following formula is applied to correct the vertical alignment.
With the comparator on the front face of the reference coupling

SI = ∆ LA ( 0 - 180° ) x Pi - ∆ LA ( 0-180° ) ± IT
INDEX............................................................................................................................
INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................
1. ALIGNMENT TERMS................................................................................
1.1. Machine Alignment..................................................................................
1.2. Axial play..................................................................................................
1.3. Diametral Game........................................................................................
1.4. Radial Game.............................................................................................
1.5. Concentricity.............................................................................................
1.6. Eccentricity...............................................................................................
1.7. Distance between axis...............................................................................
1.8. Support with high or low height (lame leg)..............................................
1.9. Frontal or vertical plane............................................................................
1.10. Coupling angularity...............................................................................
1.11. Base plane.............................................................................................
1.12. Center Height Line..............................................................................
1.13. Horizontal plane..................................................................................
1.14. Lateral vertical plane...........................................................................
1.15. Parallel lines........................................................................................
1.16. Perpendicular lines .............................................................................
1.17. Magnetic Center..................................................................................
1.18. Relationship of triangles.....................................................................
2.2. Flexible Couplings..................................................................................
2.3. Membrane Couplings..............................................................................
Notice:................................................................................................................

1
0
 2.4. Universal Couplings...............................................................................
Hydraulic Coupling:..........................................................................................
2.5. Coupling Alignment Tolerances.............................................................
2.5.2. Various flexible couplings..................................................................
2.5.3. Alignment Tolerance Membrane coupling.........................................
2.5.4. Generic misalignment tolerance charts....................................................
2.6. Security Protections:...............................................................................
Closed................................................................................................................
Partially closed...................................................................................................
3. TYPES OF MISALIGNMENT OF MACHINE ELEMENTS..................
3.1. Angular Misalignment............................................................................
3.2. Parallel Misalignment.............................................................................
3.3. Mixed Misalignment...............................................................................
4. ALIGNMENT METHODS OF ROTATING EQUIPMENT AND
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED FOR ALIGNMENT................
“THE ALIGNMENT IS DONE BASED ON THE DRIVE SHAFTS AND
NOT BASED ON THE TRANSMISSION COUPLINGS”..............................
4.1. Shim Gauge.............................................................................................
4.2. Vernier Caliper.......................................................................................
4.3. The Micrometer......................................................................................
DESCRIPTION.................................................................................................
1. Bridge or fixed body...................................................................................
2. Anvil or fixed stop......................................................................................
3. Measuring bar.............................................................................................
4. Fixed drum (mm or inch scale)..................................................................
5. Mobile drum (Vernier for mm or inch)......................................................
6. force limiter................................................................................................
7. Fixing mechanism......................................................................................
TYPES OF MICROMETERS...........................................................................
DEPTHS................................................................................................................
INSIDE DIAMETER OF THREAD....................................................................

1
0
 4.4. Quadrant Comparator.............................................................................
4.4.1. Description..........................................................................................
4.4.2. Comparator Operation.........................................................................
4.4.3. COMPARATOR INSTALLATION...................................................
5. STEPS TO BE FOLLOWED FOR MACHINE ALIGNMENT................
5.1. Establish the reference points according to the following concepts
(Fig. 5.1. )..........................................................................................................
5.2. Have the following list of Tools available..............................................
5.3. Check the condition of the bench surfaces.............................................
5.4. Leveling of the equipment in reference..................................................
5.5. Lapa Coja Review...................................................................................
5.7. Verify linearity of the axes (Quadrant comparator method)...................
5.8. Check axial displacement of the axes.....................................................
5.10. Appendix 1..........................................................................................
6. TAKING ALIGNMENT MEASURES......................................................
6.1. Calipers and Rule Method......................................................................
6.1.2. Horizontal angular alignment (between 90 and 270 degrees).............
6.1.3. 3. Vertical parallel alignment (height)................................................
6.1.4. Step IV: Horizontal parallel alignment (between 90 and 270
degrees).44
6.2. Taking Alignment Measurements / Quadrant Comparator Method.......
Scale......................................................................................................................
Quadrant or Counter..............................................................................................
7. INTERPRETATION OF ALIGNMENT MEASURES.............................
7.1. Interpretation of Angular misalignment measurements:........................
7.1.1. Vertical Readings:...............................................................................
7.1.1.1. If the unit to be aligned is more suspended on the interior
supports, there is vertical angular misalignment...............................................
Comparator Method Interpretation....................................................................
8. ALIGNMENT PROCEDURE....................................................................
INITIAL REFERENCE ALIGNING................................................................

1
0
 WITH EQUIPMENT COUPLING SURFACE.................................................
WHEN TURNED 180°......................................................................................
TEAM B............................................................................................................
VARIATION OBTAINED WITH THE COMPARATOR = 2L.....................
REFERENCE OF..............................................................................................
MEASUREMENT AT 0°..................................................................................
TEAM B............................................................................................................
9. DIRECT ALIGNMENT CALCULATION / ANALYTICAL
METHOD..........................................................................................................
• FIGURE...........................................................................................................
Name of the Nomenclature................................................................................
Note :..................................................................................................................
NOTE: THE PIVOT POINT OF THE TRIANGULATION IS AT THE
CENTRAL POINT OF THE COUPLING OF THE EQUIPMENT TO BE
ALIGNED, SO THE PARALLEL MISALIGNITION DOES NOT VARY.
...........................................................................................................................
• Solution:.....................................................................................................
• Settings :.....................................................................................................
10. DIRECT ALIGNMENT CALCULATION / GRAPHIC METHOD.....
10.1 Vertical Graphic Method........................................................................
Note :..................................................................................................................
IF THE COMPARATOR IS PLACED ON THE BACK SIDE OF THE
REFERENCE COUPLING THE DIRECTIONS ARE THE OPPOSITE........
AB/ 2 (+)................................................................................................................
—4.........................................................................................................................
Exercise 1...........................................................................................................
Note: Face comparator placed on the front of the reference coupling...............
10.2. Horizontal Graphic Method................................................................
Note :..................................................................................................................
IF THE COMPARATOR IS PLACED ON THE BACK SIDE........................
OF THE REFERENCE COUPLING THE DIRECTIONS ARE THE
OPPOSITE.........................................................................................................

1
0
 Exercise:.............................................................................................................
11.2. Horizontal Alignment Correction Using Reference Standards...........
Execution...........................................................................................................
12. ALIGNMENT CONSIDERING THERMAL EXPANSIONS
(WITHOUT INFORMATION ON THE MANUFACTURER'S
PATTERNS ....................................................................................................100
12.1. ALIGNMENT CONSIDERING DILATATIONS MEASURED
ON SITE..........................................................................................................105
• VERTICAL ANALYTICAL EXAMPLE................................................107

IT = Variation due to temperature increase

IT = KX AT XR
^ K: Expansion constant of metals (It is assumed that the two linear devices
have the same K)
^ AT: Difference in operating temperature of the equipment.
^ R: Line Center Height
• Variation of IT signs
• If the temperature of the reference equipment greater than “ + “
• If the temperature of the reference equipment is “ - “
• Below is a practical, analytical and graphic example.

• Example:
Found Form
Edge Expensive
0 0

Data Pattern
PI =20“ DOES NOT
PE= 50”
C = 10” EXIST
(IT IS ASSUMED
PA-

.008” .002”

1
0
 T. Engine ⇒ 131° F
AT= 63°F
T. Driven ⇒ 194 °FR= 18”

Solution:
Let us first find the algebraic differences of the angular readings

( ∆ LA ) and edge ones ( ∆ LB )

∆ LA = ( LAe ) - ( LAp ) = ( .002 ) - ( 0 ) = .002”
∆ LB = ( LBe ) - ( LBp ) = ( .008 ) - ( 0 ) = .008”
Let's now calculate the temperature increase (IT)

IT = ( .000006 ) ( ∆ T ) ( R) = ( .000006 ) (63) (18) = .007

LET US NOW APPLY THE GENERAL FORMULA TO SUPPORTS.

Interior Supports:

SI = [ ( ∆ LA ) (PI ) ] - ( ∆ LB 9 ] + ( IT ) = [ (.002 ) ( 20 ) ] - [ ( .008 ) ] + [( .007 ) ] C

2 10 2

IF = 0.007”

IF = [ ( ∆LA )(PE) ] - ( ∆LB )] + (IT) = [ (.002)(50 )] -[ (.008)] + [(.007)]C

2 10 2

SE = 0.013”

12.1. ALIGNMENT CONSIDERING DILATATIONS MEASURED ON SITE

To determine the real expansion of the machine, proceed as follows:

• Stop the unit and note the stop time

• Assemble the extension and dial comparators
• Take a first set of edge and face readings and note the time
• Take a second set of readings, with a time interval between these and the first,
equal to the interval between the stop and the first reading.

• Extrapolate the readings obtained in the two sets mentioned above, in order to
obtain the closest possible readings under operating conditions (See the figure).
• Perform calculations to correct misalignment in both the vertical and horizontal
planes.

1
0
 EXTRAPOLATION LETTER

VERTICAL ANGLE HORIZONTAL ANGLE

(minutes)
thousandths of an inchthousandths of

VERTICAL EDGE HORIZONTAL EDGE

(minutes)

1
0
• VERTICAL ANALYTICAL EXAMPLE

Stop time: 10:00 AM Second reading: 10:20 AM

First Reading: 10:10 AM

Edge Edge
0
Expensive
0 0
-.001

-.008” .003” -.004”

.002” 0 -.001” 0 .002” 0 -.001” 0

• Then, these two sets of readings are graphed to obtain a single set that allows us to
make hot corrections on the vertical axes.

1
0
 VERTICAL ANGLE HORIZONTAL ANGLE
(minutes)

th
ou
sa
nd
ths
of
an
inc
h

th
ou
sa -.0
01
0
nd
.005”
th VERTICAL EDGE HORIZONTAL EDGE
s
(minutes)
of
an
in
ch

t
.002--------1 0
-.012”

1
1
 • Once the values are obtained in the extrapolation chart, the calculations are carried
out.
• CALCULATIONS
• SOLUTION
• Vertical correction
∆ LA = ( .005” ) - (0) = .005”
∆ LB = (- .012” ) - (0) = .012”
IF = [ ( ∆ LA ) (PI ) ] - [ ( ∆ LB ) + (FLEX ) ]
INDEX..................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................6
1. ALIGNMENT TERMS......................................................................7
1.1. Machine Alignment........................................................................7
1.2. Axial play........................................................................................7
1.3. Diametral Game..............................................................................7
1.4. Radial Game...................................................................................7
1.5. Concentricity...................................................................................7
1.6. Eccentricity.....................................................................................8
1.7. Distance between axis.....................................................................8
1.8. Support with high or low height (lame leg)....................................8
1.9. Frontal or vertical plane..................................................................9
1.10. Coupling angularity.....................................................................9
1.11. Base plane...................................................................................9
1.12. Center Height Line....................................................................10
1.13. Horizontal plane........................................................................10
1.14. Lateral vertical plane.................................................................10
1.15. Parallel lines..............................................................................11
1.16. Perpendicular lines ...................................................................11
1.17. Magnetic Center........................................................................11
1.18. Relationship of triangles...........................................................12
2.2. Flexible Couplings........................................................................14
2.3. Membrane Couplings....................................................................14
Notice:......................................................................................................14
2.4. Universal Couplings.....................................................................16

1
1
 Hydraulic Coupling:................................................................................16
2.5. Coupling Alignment Tolerances...................................................16
2.5.2. Various flexible couplings........................................................19
2.5.3. Alignment Tolerance Membrane coupling...............................20
2.5.4. Generic misalignment tolerance charts..........................................21
2.6. Security Protections:.....................................................................22
Closed......................................................................................................22
Partially closed.........................................................................................23
3. TYPES OF MISALIGNMENT OF MACHINE ELEMENTS........24
3.1. Angular Misalignment..................................................................24
3.2. Parallel Misalignment...................................................................25
3.3. Mixed Misalignment.....................................................................25
4. ALIGNMENT METHODS OF ROTATING EQUIPMENT AND
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED FOR ALIGNMENT......27
“THE ALIGNMENT IS DONE BASED ON THE DRIVE SHAFTS
AND NOT BASED ON THE TRANSMISSION COUPLINGS”..........27
4.1. Shim Gauge...................................................................................28
4.2. Vernier Caliper.............................................................................29
4.3. The Micrometer............................................................................29
DESCRIPTION.......................................................................................30
1. Bridge or fixed body.........................................................................30
2. Anvil or fixed stop............................................................................30
3. Measuring bar...................................................................................30
4. Fixed drum (mm or inch scale)........................................................30
5. Mobile drum (Vernier for mm or inch)............................................30
6. force limiter......................................................................................30
7. Fixing mechanism............................................................................30
TYPES OF MICROMETERS.................................................................31
DEPTHS......................................................................................................31
INSIDE DIAMETER OF THREAD..........................................................31
4.4. Quadrant Comparator...................................................................32
4.4.1. Description................................................................................32
4.4.2. Comparator Operation...............................................................33
4.4.3. COMPARATOR INSTALLATION.........................................34

1
1
 5. STEPS TO BE FOLLOWED FOR MACHINE ALIGNMENT......35
5.1. Establish the reference points according to the following concepts
(Fig. 5.1. )................................................................................................35
5.2. Have the following list of Tools available....................................35
5.3. Check the condition of the bench surfaces...................................36
5.4. Leveling of the equipment in reference........................................36
5.5. Lapa Coja Review.........................................................................37
5.7. Verify linearity of the axes (Quadrant comparator method).........39
5.8. Check axial displacement of the axes...........................................39
5.10. Appendix 1................................................................................41
6. TAKING ALIGNMENT MEASURES............................................42
6.1. Calipers and Rule Method............................................................42
6.1.2. Horizontal angular alignment (between 90 and 270 degrees)...42
6.1.3. 3. Vertical parallel alignment (height)......................................43
6.1.4. Step IV: Horizontal parallel alignment (between 90 and 270
degrees).44
6.2. Taking Alignment Measurements / Quadrant Comparator Method.
45
Scale............................................................................................................51
Quadrant or Counter....................................................................................51
7. INTERPRETATION OF ALIGNMENT MEASURES...................54
7.1. Interpretation of Angular misalignment measurements:...............54
7.1.1. Vertical Readings:.....................................................................54
7.1.1.1. If the unit to be aligned is more suspended on the interior
supports, there is vertical angular misalignment.....................................54
Comparator Method Interpretation..........................................................54
8. ALIGNMENT PROCEDURE..........................................................63
INITIAL REFERENCE ALIGNING......................................................66
WITH EQUIPMENT COUPLING SURFACE.......................................66
WHEN TURNED 180°............................................................................66
TEAM B..................................................................................................66
VARIATION OBTAINED WITH THE COMPARATOR = 2L...........66
REFERENCE OF....................................................................................66
MEASUREMENT AT 0°........................................................................66

1
1
 TEAM B..................................................................................................66
9. DIRECT ALIGNMENT CALCULATION / ANALYTICAL
METHOD................................................................................................70
• FIGURE.................................................................................................70
Name of the Nomenclature......................................................................70
Note :........................................................................................................71
NOTE: THE PIVOT POINT OF THE TRIANGULATION IS AT THE
CENTRAL POINT OF THE COUPLING OF THE EQUIPMENT TO
BE ALIGNED, SO THE PARALLEL MISALIGNITION DOES NOT
VARY......................................................................................................73
• Solution:...........................................................................................80
• Settings :...........................................................................................80
10. DIRECT ALIGNMENT CALCULATION / GRAPHIC
METHOD................................................................................................81
10.1 Vertical Graphic Method..............................................................81
Note :........................................................................................................83
IF THE COMPARATOR IS PLACED ON THE BACK SIDE OF THE
REFERENCE COUPLING THE DIRECTIONS ARE THE OPPOSITE.
.................................................................................................................83
AB/ 2 (+)......................................................................................................83
—4...............................................................................................................83
Exercise 1.................................................................................................85
Note: Face comparator placed on the front of the reference coupling.....85
10.2. Horizontal Graphic Method......................................................86
Note :........................................................................................................88
IF THE COMPARATOR IS PLACED ON THE BACK SIDE..............88
OF THE REFERENCE COUPLING THE DIRECTIONS ARE THE
OPPOSITE...............................................................................................88
Exercise:...................................................................................................89
11.2. Horizontal Alignment Correction Using Reference Standards. 94
Execution.................................................................................................98
12. ALIGNMENT CONSIDERING THERMAL EXPANSIONS
(WITHOUT INFORMATION ON THE MANUFACTURER'S
PATTERNS ..........................................................................................100
12.1. ALIGNMENT CONSIDERING DILATATIONS MEASURED
ON SITE................................................................................................105

1
1
• VERTICAL ANALYTICAL EXAMPLE......................................107

Settings:
• Insert .010” into the interior supports
• Insert .034” into the exterior supports

1
1
• HORIZONTAL ANALYTICAL EXAMPLE

• From the values obtained in the extrapolation chart in the angular and parallel we will
have

∆ LA = ( - .001 ) - (0) = - .001”

∆ LB + ( - .002 ) - (0) = - .002”

DI = [ ( ∆ LA ) (GI) ] - [ ∆ LB]
INDEX..................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................6
1. ALIGNMENT TERMS......................................................................7
1.1. Machine Alignment........................................................................7
1.2. Axial play........................................................................................7
1.3. Diametral Game..............................................................................7
1.4. Radial Game...................................................................................7
1.5. Concentricity...................................................................................7
1.6. Eccentricity.....................................................................................8
1.7. Distance between axis.....................................................................8
1.8. Support with high or low height (lame leg)....................................8
1.9. Frontal or vertical plane..................................................................9
1.10. Coupling angularity.....................................................................9

1
1
1.11. Base plane...................................................................................9
1.12. Center Height Line....................................................................10
1.13. Horizontal plane........................................................................10
1.14. Lateral vertical plane.................................................................10
1.15. Parallel lines..............................................................................11
1.16. Perpendicular lines ...................................................................11
1.17. Magnetic Center........................................................................11
1.18. Relationship of triangles...........................................................12
2.2. Flexible Couplings........................................................................14
2.3. Membrane Couplings....................................................................14
Notice:......................................................................................................14
2.4. Universal Couplings.....................................................................16
Hydraulic Coupling:................................................................................16
2.5. Coupling Alignment Tolerances...................................................16
2.5.2. Various flexible couplings........................................................19
2.5.3. Alignment Tolerance Membrane coupling...............................20
2.5.4. Generic misalignment tolerance charts..........................................21
2.6. Security Protections:.....................................................................22
Closed......................................................................................................22
Partially closed.........................................................................................23
3. TYPES OF MISALIGNMENT OF MACHINE ELEMENTS........24
3.1. Angular Misalignment..................................................................24
3.2. Parallel Misalignment...................................................................25
3.3. Mixed Misalignment.....................................................................25
4. ALIGNMENT METHODS OF ROTATING EQUIPMENT AND
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED FOR ALIGNMENT......27
“THE ALIGNMENT IS DONE BASED ON THE DRIVE SHAFTS
AND NOT BASED ON THE TRANSMISSION COUPLINGS”..........27
4.1. Shim Gauge...................................................................................28
4.2. Vernier Caliper.............................................................................29
4.3. The Micrometer............................................................................29
DESCRIPTION.......................................................................................30

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 1. Bridge or fixed body.........................................................................30
2. Anvil or fixed stop............................................................................30
3. Measuring bar...................................................................................30
4. Fixed drum (mm or inch scale)........................................................30
5. Mobile drum (Vernier for mm or inch)............................................30
6. force limiter......................................................................................30
7. Fixing mechanism............................................................................30
TYPES OF MICROMETERS.................................................................31
DEPTHS......................................................................................................31
INSIDE DIAMETER OF THREAD..........................................................31
4.4. Quadrant Comparator...................................................................32
4.4.1. Description................................................................................32
4.4.2. Comparator Operation...............................................................33
4.4.3. COMPARATOR INSTALLATION.........................................34
5. STEPS TO BE FOLLOWED FOR MACHINE ALIGNMENT......35
5.1. Establish the reference points according to the following concepts
(Fig. 5.1. )................................................................................................35
5.2. Have the following list of Tools available....................................35
5.3. Check the condition of the bench surfaces...................................36
5.4. Leveling of the equipment in reference........................................36
5.5. Lapa Coja Review.........................................................................37
5.7. Verify linearity of the axes (Quadrant comparator method).........39
5.8. Check axial displacement of the axes...........................................39
5.10. Appendix 1................................................................................41
6. TAKING ALIGNMENT MEASURES............................................42
6.1. Calipers and Rule Method............................................................42
6.1.2. Horizontal angular alignment (between 90 and 270 degrees)...42
6.1.3. 3. Vertical parallel alignment (height)......................................43
6.1.4. Step IV: Horizontal parallel alignment (between 90 and 270
degrees).44
6.2. Taking Alignment Measurements / Quadrant Comparator Method.
45

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Scale............................................................................................................51
Quadrant or Counter....................................................................................51
7. INTERPRETATION OF ALIGNMENT MEASURES...................54
7.1. Interpretation of Angular misalignment measurements:..............54
7.1.1. Vertical Readings:.....................................................................54
7.1.1.1. If the unit to be aligned is more suspended on the interior
supports, there is vertical angular misalignment.....................................54
Comparator Method Interpretation..........................................................54
8. ALIGNMENT PROCEDURE..........................................................63
INITIAL REFERENCE ALIGNING......................................................66
WITH EQUIPMENT COUPLING SURFACE.......................................66
WHEN TURNED 180°............................................................................66
TEAM B..................................................................................................66
VARIATION OBTAINED WITH THE COMPARATOR = 2L...........66
REFERENCE OF....................................................................................66
MEASUREMENT AT 0°........................................................................66
TEAM B..................................................................................................66
9. DIRECT ALIGNMENT CALCULATION / ANALYTICAL
METHOD................................................................................................70
• FIGURE.................................................................................................70
Name of the Nomenclature......................................................................70
Note :........................................................................................................71
NOTE: THE PIVOT POINT OF THE TRIANGULATION IS AT THE
CENTRAL POINT OF THE COUPLING OF THE EQUIPMENT TO
BE ALIGNED, SO THE PARALLEL MISALIGNITION DOES NOT
VARY......................................................................................................73
• Solution:...........................................................................................80
• Settings :...........................................................................................80
10. DIRECT ALIGNMENT CALCULATION / GRAPHIC
METHOD................................................................................................81
10.1 Vertical Graphic Method..............................................................81
Note :........................................................................................................83
IF THE COMPARATOR IS PLACED ON THE BACK SIDE OF THE

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 REFERENCE COUPLING THE DIRECTIONS ARE THE OPPOSITE.
.................................................................................................................83
AB/ 2 (+)......................................................................................................83
—4...............................................................................................................83
Exercise 1.................................................................................................85
Note: Face comparator placed on the front of the reference coupling.....85
10.2. Horizontal Graphic Method......................................................86
Note :........................................................................................................88
IF THE COMPARATOR IS PLACED ON THE BACK SIDE..............88
OF THE REFERENCE COUPLING THE DIRECTIONS ARE THE
OPPOSITE...............................................................................................88
Exercise:...................................................................................................89
11.2. Horizontal Alignment Correction Using Reference Standards. 94
Execution.................................................................................................98
12. ALIGNMENT CONSIDERING THERMAL EXPANSIONS
(WITHOUT INFORMATION ON THE MANUFACTURER'S
PATTERNS ..........................................................................................100
12.1. ALIGNMENT CONSIDERING DILATATIONS MEASURED
ON SITE................................................................................................105
• VERTICAL ANALYTICAL EXAMPLE......................................107

• SETTINGS:
• Move the equipment .004” towards 270° with the internal 90° jack
• Move the equipment .007” towards 270° with the external 90° jack.

WORKSHOP:
ALIGNMENT OF
ROTATING
EQUIPMENT

NOTES

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