1.

Epic poetry AN/AY/N HIGH SCHOOL

Introduction to the unit: A hellish journey

Page 14
1. The Sibyl and Aeneas go down to the underworld. What characters are found at
the entrance to the Orco?
Mourning, the Worries of revenge, Morbidity, Old Age, Fear, Hunger, Poverty, Death,
Fatigue, Drowsiness, the bad Joys of the mind, War, Eumenides and Discord.
2. In the first verse there is a figure of speech that you don't know: the hypálage.
Averi Find out what it is and identify it in the text.
Hypálage consists of attributing to a noun a quality or an action that would correspond
to another mentioned or implied in the text. The natural thing would have been to say
"they (Aeneas and the Sibyl) were alone under the dark night."
3. Aeneas is the protagonist hero of the Aeneid; What qualities do you think a hero
should have?
Answer suggestion .
Courage, authority, intelligence, honor, loyalty, strength, courage, fortitude.
4. Why do you think Virgil says that hunger is a bad advisor? in Spanish We don't
have the same saying. What other things are bad advisors?
Because when one is prey to hunger one is not able to think clearly and obsessively.
jectivity, so they can commit reprehensible actions.

Answer suggestion .
Arrogance, envy, greed, ambition, pride, ignorance, desperation, haste are also bad
advisors.
1. Epic poetry AN/AY/N HIGH SCHOOL

1 Literature
Page 18
1. What are the characteristics of the Latin epic?
• Latin epic poetry, unlike Greek poetry, is the result of poetic elaborations, and not the
fruit of writing down sagas and exploits of heroes spread orally generation after
generation.
• Faced with this current of heroic epic, with oral and ancestral roots, of a mular and
repetitive, there is a cultured epic, a consequence of the composing desire of
various authors, which started from Greek models, maintained ning its schemes:
dactylic verse, solemn style, elevated characters and grandiloquent tone.
• Latin writers wrote works destined to last and mark a milestone in literature.
• The deed that was sung and taken as a model was, at first, the confrontation ment
with Carthage: the Punic Wars. Later, other confrontations were mythologized, until
the song of deeds gave way to historiographic prose, more interested in narrating
facts than in singing feats.

2. From what sources did the Latin epic draw?

There are two sources of the Latin epic: the Greek epic tradition, both in its purest and
most genuine facet, Iliad and Odyssey, and in its reworking from the Alexander era. na,
The Argonáuticas, and the exploits of illustrious Romans on the battlefield.

3. Find out what a dactylic verse is and look for examples that illustrate it.
Dactylic hexameter is the verse of epic poetry; The entire Aeneid is written in dactylic
hexameters. It consists of six feet called dactyls. Every dactyl consists of one long
syllable and two short ones. The two short syllables can be replaced by a long one,
except in the fifth foot; The sixth foot presents the structure — — *, since if the last
syllable is short, when it comes before a verse pause (ll), it will always be considered
long. Thus, the scheme of the dactylic hexameter is:
– áá – áá – áá – áá – áá – –* ||
It also happens that other elements intervene in the rhythm of the dactylic hexameter.
ments: the caesuras (end of a word inside a foot) and the bucolic umlaut (end of a
word after the fourth foot, which in both cases is marked with a vertical bar (l). The
caesuras that we can find in a dactylic hexameter are:
• Trihemimer (after the third half foot)
– áá – | áá – áá – áá – áá – –* ||
• Pentemimera (after the fifth half foot)
– áá – áá – | áá – áá – áá – –* ||
• Heptemimera (after the seventh half foot)
– áá – áá – áá – | áá – áá – –* ||
Examples :
– áá – áá – | – – | – | – áá – –
Arma virumque cano, Troiae qui primus ab oris
– áá – | – – | áá – | – – áá – –
Italym fato profugus Lavinaque venit
4. Prepare a diagram with the different epic works of Latin literature, au tors, dating
and content.
ARCHAIC PERIOD
• The first epic text is the work of a pioneer of Greek origin captured by the Romans when
they took Tarentum, Livy Andronicus (284-204 BC). C.). He taught Greek in Rome and
translated the Odyssey into Latin.
• In a totally different vein, although in an equally elevated and archaic style Zante, wrote
Gnaeus Naevius (270-201 BC. C.) a Bellum Poenicum, which narrates the in armed
confrontations of the First Punic War, in which the author participated as a combatant.
1. Epic poetry AN/AY/N HIGH SCHOOL

• Years later, Ennio (239-169 BC. C.) composed the Annals, an extensive poem in
eighteen books, of which we only know 628 verses, several of them very fragmented
and in poor condition. Ennius narrated the history of Rome from its founding to the
author's own time. Most of the Those narrated are those corresponding to the Second
Punic War.
CLASSIC PERIOD
• In the year 19 BC. C., Virgil (71-19 BC. C.) wrote the Aeneid, the most important work
of Latin epic.
• M. Anneus Lucanus (39-65 AD) C.) wrote an epic that he titled Bellum Civile, but that
posterity has immortalized with the name of Pharsalia, which narrates, as a song of
deed, the armed confrontation between Caesar and Pompey.
POST-CLASSICAL PERIOD
• Silio Italico (25-101 AD. C.) wrote Púnica, a work of Virgilian influence that attempts to
mythologize the confrontation between Rome and Carthage. Focuses on the Second
World War Punic rra, which is used as a pretext to highlight once again the greatness of
Rome.
• Valerius Flaccus (c. 45-h. 90 d. C.) wrote in eight books Argonautica, a poem of
Alexandrian Greek inspiration.
• Papinius Statius (45-96 AD) C.) wrote Thebaida, which consists, like the Aeneid, of
twelve books. It is also a work of Greek inspiration. The legend of the seven against
Thebes, the confrontation between the sons of Oedipus, Eteocles and Poly nices, for the
throne of the Boeotian city are in the axis of the poem. Years later, Statius looked to the
quintessential Greek hero, Achilles, to trace his legend and create another epic poem,
the Aquileid.
5. Say the names of the characters in the Aeneid. Point out their most characteristic
features ristic.
• Aeneas is a warrior who already appears in the Iliad but does not stand out like Hector,
although he is not an insignificant character either. Aeneas perseveres in his destiny; He
is often so subservient to it that he seems to lack human warmth. His obedience to the
divine command is constant, sometimes obsessive. He overcomes difficulties,
overcomes dangers, achieves goals in the manner of Homeric heroes, but it seems as if
something - fatum - destiny, or someone - divus - divinity, always has to say the last
word in his place.
• Dido, the queen of Carthage, unlike Aeneas, does shine with her own light. She is a
fiery, ardent, in love and enormously vital woman. His appearance in the epo peya is
limited to the first part, and especially to book IV.
• Turnus is Aeneas' warrior rival, who sometimes reminds us of Hector for his courage,
his sincerity and his misfortune, and of Achilles for his fierce, irascible and somewhat
primal temperament. He is an important character in the second part of the poem.
• Nisus, Euryalus and Palante make up the mosaic of young people who lose their lives
in the prime of their age. In front of them, Anchises, the father of Aeneas, and Evander,
the pa triarchal, they are poorly profiled elders who do not seem to interest the poet
much.
• The gods play an important role in the plot of the Aeneid. Virgil has a reverential respect
for Jupiter, who seems to hold the reins of Rome's destiny in his hands. At his side,
Juno, Venus and Minerva act as inter mediators between the father of the gods and
humans, engaged in tense war conflicts.

6. Investigate if the term "patronage" is related to the historical character rich patron.
Answer suggestion .
The term patronage gives meaning to the quality of patron, that is, a rich and powerful
person or foundation that protects artists and acquires or promotes their works. It is also
said of the protection or help given to a cultural activity. tural, artistic or scientific.
This term is related to Maecenas, who was protector of the arts in the Rome of Octavian
Augustus at the end of the 1st century BC. C., supporting poets such as Virgilio or Horacio,
so his name came to designate said social function.
7. Aeneas, Ulysses, Achilles, Charlemagne, the Cid are great epic heroes of the li
universal terature. Try to remember his main exploits and try to recognise. find out
reasons that are repeated in them.
Answer suggestion .
1. Epic poetry AN/AY/N HIGH SCHOOL

• Aeneas: Latin hero, who manages to escape the Trojan War in search of a new destiny,
overcoming and suffering great hardships and adventures during a long journey, with the
aim of fulfilling the mission that the gods had entrusted to him: founding a new
homeland. , Rome, which cost him great confrontations cough in Italian lands.
• Ulysses: Greek epic hero, who, like Aeneas, after the Trojan War, became He embarks
on a long journey full of obstacles with the aim of reaching Ithaca, where his son, his
wife Penelope and his kingdom await him.
• Achilles: Greek epic hero, he fought in the Trojan War alongside the Greek army, killed
Hector, the leader of the Trojan army, and participated in the conquest of Troy.
• Charlemagne: hero of medieval epic, who was conqueror of great territories tories and
fought hard in many battles with a single objective: to expand his vast empire.
• El Mio Cid: hero of the 12th century Spanish epic, Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, is from this was
expelled from Castile by King Alfonso VI, leaving his daughters in their homeland. His
destiny will bring him continuous struggles with a single objective: to obtain the king's
forgiveness and return to his homeland.
All of them are protagonists of famous epic poems. Charlemagne and the Cid are real
characters, compared to Aeneas, Ulysses and Achilles who belong to the realm of
mythology. Aeneas and Achilles are children of a mortal and a divinity. The three Greek
heroes will receive teachings from the centaur Chiron. Aeneas and the Cid will be forced
to go into exile. Both Ulysses and the Cid will have to leave their families to carry out
their exploits and their wives will faithfully wait for them until their return. Ulysses and
Aeneas will have to go down to Hell. All five have po beautiful weapons: Achilles and
Aeneas, those made by Vulcan at the request of Thetis and Venus, respectively;
Ulysses inherits those of Achilles after his death; Charlemagne, the sword Joyosa, and
the Cid, the swords Colada and Tizona.
8. Does the hero exist today? Are heroic deeds sung today? What, if any, is the
medium used for this (cinema, television, press, etc.)?
Answer suggestion .
There are always heroes, because human beings need models of admirable behavior and
heroes personify the ideals and values of each society.
Heroes of our time are Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, Martin Luther King or Te Calcutta Resa.
We must also talk about some athletes. Also person people like Bill Gates or Steve Jobs.
One could mention people who help in extreme situations: health personnel in the Third
World, firefighters... Heroes that we have discovered thanks to cinema like Oskar
Schindler, protagonist of Schindler's List. Heroes who belong to imaginary epic worlds,
who see They tend to be the heroic deeds of today, like the protagonists of the movie Star
Wars , the book The Lord of the Rings, or the games of order. nador Zelda or War of
Warcraft . We even have superheroes like Superman, Spiderman or the Incredibles
family. There are also the anonymous heroes.
The achievements and exploits of the heroes of our time are told in the press, comics,
novels, cinema, computer games, television, radio...
1. Epic poetry AN/AY/N HIGH SCHOOL

2 The declensions
Page 21
1. Change the number of the following nouns and state them. Decline two of them:
• milite → militibus ( miles militis )
• beautiful → bellum ( bellum belli )
• navium → navis ( navis navis )
• pedem → pedes ( pes pedis )
• dierum → diei ( dies diei )
• agrum → agros ( ager agri)
• status → statibus ( status status )
• iudicis → iudicum ( iudex iudicis )
• pueros → puerum ( puer pueri )
• ora → os ( os oris )
• deo → deis ( deus dei )
• silvas → silvam ( silva silvae )

Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl.

N Thousands military N bellum pretty

V Thousands military V bellum pretty

Ac military military Ac bellum pretty

g militis militum g beautiful bellorum

d militia militibus d beautiful bellis

Ab military militibus Ab beautiful bellis

2. State the nouns based on their theme:

• pedĕt- (m) → pedes peditis
• acie- (f) → acies aciei
• nauta- (m) → nauta nautae
• pleb- (f) → plebs plebis
• casu- (m) → casus, casus
• auri- (f) → auris auris
• iuventut- (f) → iuventus iuventutis
• populo- (m) → populus populi
• initio- (n) → initium initii
• poet- (m) → poet poet
• specie- (f) → species speciei
• manu- (f) → manus manus
• ira- (f) → ira irae
• consul- (m) → consul consulis
• carmĕn- (n) → carmen carminis
3. Translate the following sentences and comment on the peculiarities you find
three in the declensions:
• Ab Iove ceterisque diis deabusque omnibus auxilium petebam.
I sought the help of Jupiter and the rest of the gods and all the goddesses.
To avoid coincidence, the ablative plural of deus -i (m) is diis or deis, and that of dea
-ae (f) is deabus .

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1. Epic poetry AN/AY/N HIGH SCHOOL

• Apud hoc flumencopiae Atheniensium a Lysandro sunt devictae.

The Athenian troops were defeated by Lysander near this river.
The nouncopiae is plural, so it means ʼtroopsʼ.
• Tres legati Athenas missi sunt.
Three legates were sent to Athens.
The noun Athenae -arum (f) is only used in the plural.
• Caesar Fabium cum his legione remittit in hiberna.
Caesar brings Fabius and his legion back to the winter camps.
The noun hiberna -orum (n) is only used in the plural.
• Caesar nautas gubernatoresque comparari iubet.
Caesar orders the sailors and helmsmen to prepare.
Nauta -ae is one of the few masculine nouns of the 1st declension tion.
• Caesariscopiae weretmulane.
Caesar's troops were many.
The nouncopiae is plural, so it means ʼtroopsʼ.
• Former his nationibus auxilia in Galliam mittuntur.
Auxiliary troops are sent to Gaul from these nations.
The noun auxilia is plural, so it means ʼauxiliary troopsʼ.
• Hostes diis deabusque supplicabant.
The enemies begged the gods and goddesses.
To avoid coincidence, the ablative plural of deus -i (m) is diis or deis and that of dea -
ae (f) is deabus .
• Idoneum tempus is a Kalendis Aprilibus in Kalendas Novembres.
From the calends of April (April 1) to the calends of November (November 1), the
weather is good.
The noun Kalendae -arum (f) is only used in the plural.
• Illa Iovi ceterisque diis deabusque immortalibus nostris manibus
consecravimus. We consecrate that to Jupiter and the rest of the immortal gods and
goddesses with our after hands.
To avoid coincidence, the ablative plural of deus -i (m) is diis or deis and that of dea -
ae (f) is deabus .
• M. Bibulus cum navibus CX Corcyra praeerat.
M. Bibulus was in charge at Corcyra with 110 ships.
Corcyrae is a 1st declension locative.
• Magnae ex finitimis civitatibuscopiae convenerunt.
Large troops gathered from the border towns.
The nouncopiae is plural, so it means ʼtroopsʼ.
• Romae ingens laetitia post hunc nuntium Fuit.
After this news there was enormous joy in Rome.
Romae is a 1st declension locative.
• Sed labore et perseverantia nautarum tempestatem surpasse sperabat.
But thanks to the effort and perseverance of the sailors, he hoped to overcome the
storm.
Nauta -ae is one of the few masculine nouns of the 1st declension tion.
3 The subordinating cum conjugation
Page 23
1. Analyze and translate the following sentences with cum , indicating the value of
this conjunction in each of them:
• Cum legati ex oppido ad eum venissent, arma dari iussit.
The legates having come to him from the fortress, he ordered that arms be given.
Temporal-causal cum ("historical cum ")
• Cum vicina castra ipse et rex haberent, medicus Pyrrhi night ad eum venit.
He and the king had the camps nearby, and a doctor from Pyrrhus came to him at
night.
Temporal-causal cum ("historical cum ")
• Cum iam clarum urbis Romae nomen esset, arma tamen extra Italia mota non
1. Epic poetry AN/AY/N HIGH SCHOOL

fuerant.
Although the name of the city of Rome was already famous, the weapons, however,
had not moved outside of Italy.
concessive cum
• Cum de eius adventu Helvetii certiores facti sunt, legatos ad eum mittunt
nobilissimos civitatis.
When the Helvetians were informed of his arrival, they sent him the most noble
legates of the city.
Temporary cum
• Iulianum Caesarem ad Gallias misit, cummula oppida barbari expugnavissent.
He sent Julian, like Caesar, to Gaul, having conquered the barbarians. chas
strengths.
Temporal-causal cum ("historical cum ")
• Cum in Algido monte Romanus obsideretur exercitus, L. Quintius Cincinnatus
dictator factus est.
The Roman army being besieged on Mount Algidum, L. Quinctius Cincinatus was
appointed dictator.
Temporal-causal cum ("historical cum ")
• Tum, cum uxores ipse et populus suus non haberent, invitation ad
spectaculum ludorum vicinas urbi Romae nationes atque earum virgines
rapuit.
Then, since he and his people had no women, he invited the towns near the city of
Rome to the spectacle of the games and kidnapped their maidens.
Temporal-causal cum ("historical cum ")
• Germani, cum suos interfici viderent, signis militaribus relictis ex proelio
fugerunt.
The Germans, seeing that their own people were being murdered, abandoning their
military insignia, fled from the combat.
Temporal-causal cum ("historical cum ")
• Cum fine weapon haberent, tamen capti sunt.
Although they had many weapons, they were nevertheless captured.
concessive cum
• Cum Tarquinius Iunior, nobilissimam et pudicissimam feminam Lucretiam,
Collatini uxorem, iniuria affecisset, in omnium conspectu se occidit .
Tarquin the Less having outraged a very noble and very virtuous woman with rape,
Lucretia, wife of Collatinus, committed suicide in the presence of everyone.
Temporal-causal cum ("historical cum ")
• Caesar, cum legiones victas esse videret, omnem ex castris equitatum auxilio
misit.
Caesar, seeing that the legions had been defeated, sent all the cavalry from the
camp to their aid.
Temporal-causal cum ("historical cum ")
• Consul P. Valerius Laevinus, cum exploratores Pyrrhi cepisset, iussit eos per
cas tra duci ostendique omnem exercitum.
Consul P. Valerius Levinus, having captured Pyrrhus's scouts, ordered They did not
have to be guided through the camp and shown the entire army.
Temporal-causal cum ("historical cum ")
• Haedui cum se suaque ab iis defendere non possent, legatos ad Caesarem
mittunt.
The Aedui, unable to defend themselves or their property against them, send envoys
to Caesar.
Temporal-causal cum ("historical cum ")
• Cum interfectores Viriathi praemium a consul peterent, responsum est num-
quam Romanis placuisse imperatores a suis militibus interfici.
When the murderers of Viriatus asked the consul for their reward, the response was
that the Romans had never liked generals to be murdered by their own soldiers.
Temporal-causal cum ("historical cum ")
• Cum in Italiam proficisceretur Caesar, Ser. Galbam cum legione XII et parte
equitatus in hostes misit.
1. Epic poetry AN/AY/N HIGH SCHOOL

When Caesar left for Italy, he sent Ser against the enemies. Galba with the duode
top legion and part of the cavalry.
Temporal-causal cum ("historical cum ")

2. Translate to Latin:
• Although Vercingetorix was in the fortress, however, our soldiers two did not
attack.
Cum Vercingetorix in oppido esset, tamen our milites non oppugnaverunt.
• The Sequani, seeing Caesar's soldiers fleeing, returned to the field. ment.
Sequani, cum Caesaris milites fugere viderent, sese in castra receperunt.
• The enemies, seeing that the Germans had conquered the fortress, sought
salvation in flight.
Hostes cum Germanos oppidum cepisse viderent, in fuga salutem petiverunt.
• Caesar, seeing his troops tired, headed to the camp.
Caesar, with copies of his fessas animadverteret, in castra venit.
• The Saguntines, seeing that there was no hope of salvation, prepared They
were burned at the stake.
Saguntini cum nullam salutis spem viderent, se in rogum proiecerunt.
1. Epic poetry AN/AY/N HIGH SCHOOL

4 Lexicon
Page 26
1. In the following list of doublets, indicate which of them is the heritage word and
which is cultism:
• absolutum absolved (patrimonial) / absolute (cultism)
• auriculam auricle (cultism) / ear (patrimonial)
• calidum broth (patrimonial) / warm (cultism)
• clavem key (patrimonial) / key (cultism)
• direct directum (cultism) / right (patrimonial)
• fabulam speaks (patrimonial) / fable (cultism)
• limitem limit (cultism) / linde (patrimonial)
• litigare deal (patrimonial) / litigate (cultism)
• opera opera (cultism) / work (heritage)
• flat planum (cultism) / plain (patrimonial)
2. From the following list of words, say which ones you think are compound or
deri vadas and explains why:
• kick (compound: noun + noun)
• obscure (derivative: -ecer → verbal derivational suffix)
• Christianity (derivative: -ism → nominal derivative suffix)
• cordially (derived: -mente → adverbial derivational suffix)
• welcome (compound: adverb + noun)
• clean (derived: -ar → verbal derivational suffix)
• carnivore (cultured compound: -voro → Latin suffix)
• color (derived: -ear → verbal derivational suffix)
• puzzle (compound: verb + noun)
• beauty (derived: -eza → nominal derivational suffix)
• postman (derivative: -ero → nominal derivative suffix)
• vaivén (compound: verb + verb)
3. As in the previous activity, classify the words on the list into compounds and
derivatives and argue why:
• gladiator (derivative: -tor → nominal derivational suffix)
• advance (compound: ante-capio )
• multitudo (derived: -tudo → nominal derivational suffix)
• provideo (composed: pro-video )
• fragilis (derived: -ilis → adjectival derivational suffix)
• hostilis (derived: -ilis → adjectival derivational suffix)
• maleficus (derived: -icus → adjectival derivational suffix)
• cornutus (derivative: -utus → adjectival derivational suffix)
• caninus (derived: -nus → adjectival derivational suffix)
4. Say the meaning of the following words and relate them to the words studied
tubs:
• rain gauge (pluvia -ae) :
Device used to measure the amount of rain that falls in a place and time po dice.
• coastline (litus -oris) :
Coast of a sea, country or territory.
• tidal wave (mare -is) :
Violent agitation of sea waters as a result of a shaking of the bottom do, which
sometimes spreads to the coasts, leading to flooding.
1. Epic poetry AN/AY/N HIGH SCHOOL

• maremagno (mare -is) :

Abundance, greatness or confusion.
• seafood (mare -is) :
Invertebrate marine animal, and especially the crustaceans and mollusks you eat
tibles.
• terrestrial (terra -ae) :
Said of a globe or a sphere: which represents on its surface the lands and seas of the
planet.
• drain (aqua -ae) :
Hole, conduit or channel through which water comes out.
• pluviose (pluvia -ae) :
Rainy.
• dizziness (mare -is) :
Effect of getting dizzy due to the movements of a boat, a vehicle or some situation
pathological tion.
• campestre (campus -i) :
Farmer. Said of the field.
• winepress (lacus -us) :
Place where the olive is pressed to extract the oil, or where the apple is crushed to
obtain cider.
• agronomist (ager agri) :
Agronomy professional.
• pilgrim (ager agri) :
Said of a person: who walks through strange lands.
• enjoy (fructus -us) :
Perceive or enjoy the products and benefits of something.
• rural (rus ruris) :
Belonging or relating to country life and its work.
• transhumant (humus -i) :
Said of cattle or their drivers: that they move, that they move in search of pastures.
• landowner (terra -ae) :
Person who owns land, especially one who owns large areas agricultural nes.
• lacustrine (lacus -us) :
Of or relating to lakes.
• rustic (rus ruris) :
Of or relating to the field.
• ultramontane (mons -ntis) :
Which is beyond or on the other side of the mountains.
• aqueduct (aqua -ae) :
Water conduit formed by underground channels and pipes, or by levan arches ted.
5. Indicate the meaning of the abbreviations that appear in the following in
dictionary translations. For example, in the entry fluens -ntis we find «p. pres.":
present participle, "adj.": adjective, "dic.": said. Explain them:
• genus -eris → n. (neutral)
• gigno -ere genui genitum → TR. (transitive)
• quo → adv. (adverb)
• nocens -ntis → p. pres. (present participle)

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1. Epic poetry AN/AY/N HIGH SCHOOL

• quietus -a -um → pp. (participle of perfect) ll ADJ. (adjective)

• quot → indecl. (indeclinable), interrogated. he exclaimed. (interrogative,
exclamatory)
6. Build a sentence with each of the Latin expressions you have studied. given in
this section.
Answer suggestion .
• The painter created his work ad libitum .
• This director runs the manu militari company.
• The case still remains sub iudice .
• His album was a success but no one remembers it anymore, sic transit gloria
mundi.
• Today the Internet is the non plus ultra medium for global communication.
1. Epic poetry AN/AY/N HIGH SCHOOL

5 Texts to analyze and translate

Page 29
Text 1
Aeneas tells how the wooden horse was introduced to Troy
Dividimus walls et moenia pandimus urbis.
Accingunt omnes operi pedibusque rotarum subiciunt lapsus, et stuppea liga collo
intendunt; scandit fatalis machina walls feta armis. Pueri circum innuptaeque puellae
sacra canunt funemque manu contingere gaudent;
Virgil, Aeneid, II, vv. 234-239.

1. In the second song of the Aeneid , Aeneas' memories of the fall of Troy begin, at
Dido's request. Read it and write a brief summary.
Aeneas arrives in Carthage, where Dido reigns, to whom Aeneas narrates the fall of
Troy, after the entry of the wooden horse created by the Greeks.
2. Morphologically analyze the nouns in the text.
• walls: ac. pl. m. from murus -i
• moenia: ac. pl. n. from moenia-ium
• urbis: gen. sg. F. of urbs urbis
• opera: dat. sg. n. from opus operis
• pedibus: ab. pl. m. pes pedis
• rotarum: gen. pl. F. from rota -ae
• lapse: ac. pl. m. of lapses lapses
• links: ac. pl. n. from vinculum -i
• collo: ab. sg. n. from collum -i
• machine: nom. sg. F. de machina -ae
• walls: ac. pl. m. from murus -i
• armis: ab. pl. n. armorum weapon
• pueri: nom. pl. m. puer pueri
• puellae: nom. pl. F. from puella -ae
• manu: ab. sg. F. from manus -us
• funem: ac. sg. m. by funis funis
3. Classify the adjectives.
• omnes: omnis -e. Third declension, two endings
• stuppea: stuppeus -a -um.Adjective 2-1-2 in -us
• fatalis: fatalis -e. Third declension, two endings
• feta: fetus -a -um.Adjective 2-1-2 in -us
• innuptae: innuptus -a -um.Adjective 2-1-2 in -us
• sacra: sacer -cra -crum.Adjective 2-1-2 in -er
4. Explain the function of the accusatives in the text.
The accusatives of the text ( walls, moenia, lapsus, links , walls , sacra, funem)
worked nan as CD.
5. Parse from scandit to the end.
Structure :
Simple sentence
— V → scandit
— S → fatalis machina
— CD → walls
— CPred → feta armis : N → feta // CAdj → armis
Structure :
Coordinated copulative sentences joined by the link -que , in the second of which we find
a completive subordinate clause of infinitive with CD function.
1. Epic poetry AN/AY/N HIGH SCHOOL

— O 1 } ↔ -que {O 2 { I videre [CD]}}

Coordinated sentence 1 : Pueri circum innuptaeque puellae sacra canunt
— S → Pueri innuptaeque puellae
— CC → circum {Adv. place}
— CD → sacral
— V → canunt
— Nx → –that
Coordinated sentence 2 : funem manu contingere gaudent
— V → gaudent
— CD → funem manu contingere {Subordinate of infinitive}: contingere → V {infini tivo}
// funem → CD // manu → CC {Instrument}
6. Write the phonetic evolution of: opera, pedem, rotam and collum.
work, foot, wheel, neck
7. Defines words from rotarum and pueri.
• rotarum
– wheel: Disc-shaped mechanical part that rotates around an axis.
– I roll: Action of rolling. Part placed or placed around something.
– knee: Area where the thigh joins the lower part of the leg.
– patella: Bone in the anterior part of the joint of the tibia with the femur. Ar spherical
joint between two rotating pieces.
• pueri
– childcare: Parenting and care of the child during the first years of childhood.
– puerpera: Newly given birth woman.
8. The text is written in dactylic hexameters. Try measuring them. Then translate them.
We pierced the walls and opened the city walls. They all get ready for the task and put
rollers under their legs and hang tow ropes around their necks. The fatal machine, loaded
with weapons, crosses the walls. Around him children and neither Young girls sing sacred
songs and enjoy touching the rope with their hands.

Text 2
Praise of Ceres
Prima Ceres unco glaebam dimovit aratro,
prima dedit fruges Alimentaque mitia terris,
prima dedit leges; Cereris sunt omnia munus;
Ovid, Metamorphoses, V, vv. 341-343.

1. In these verses and in the following ones of the fifth song of the Metamorphoses it
is rra the episode of the abduction of Proserpina. Find out about this myth and
write a summary.
Proserpina, daughter of Jupiter and Ceres, was kidnapped by Pluto, god of the
underground world rrane. Desperate, Ceres looked for her daughter and stopped
watching the crops. Finalmen Jupiter decided that Proserpina would distribute time
between the underground world neo and terrestrial. The distribution varies among
authors: according to some, he is on earth a third of the year; according to others, half.

2. State the nouns of the text.

• Ceres Cereris: Ceres
• glaeba -ae: cultivated soil
• aratrum -i: plow
• frux frugis: fruit
• a l imentum -i: food
• terra -ae: earth
• lex legis: law
• munus muneris: gift, present
3. Define and relate with words from the text: gleba, primigenia, frugal, remune rar,
munificence.
• glaebam > gleba: heap of earth that is raised with the plow.
• prima > primal: adjective related to the origin or beginning.
• fruges > frugal: simple and not very abundant food.
1. Epic poetry AN/AY/N HIGH SCHOOL

• munus > remunerate: give a prize or an amount of money to a person for a job or
service.
• munus > munificence: splendid generosity, especially that of a king, mag nate,
sovereign, etc.
4. Syntactically analyze the text.
Structure :
Sentence composed of four sentences coordinated through juxtaposition.
{ O1 } ↔{ O2 } ↔{ O3 } ↔{ O4 }
Coordinated sentence 1 : Prima Ceres unco glaebam dimovit aratro
— CPred → prime
— S → Ceres
— CC → unco aratro {Instrument}
— CD → glaebam
— V → dimovit
Coordinated sentence 2 : prima dedit fruges Alimentaque mitia terris
— CPred → prime
— S → dedit
— CD → fruges Alimentaque mitia
— IQ → terris
Coordinated sentence 3 : prima dedit leges
— CPred → prime
— S → dedit
— CD → leges
Coordinated sentence 4 : Cereris sunt omnia munus
— Back → Cereris munus: munus → N // Cereris → Ady-CN
— V → sunt
— S → omnia
5. Translate the text and comment on possible literary figures that you identify in it.
The first Ceres moved the earth with a curved plow, the first gave fruit and soft food to the
lands; the first gave its laws; of Ceres are all things a gift. Prima…prima…prima:
anaphora (repetition of a word at the beginning of a phrase or verse).
1. Epic poetry AN/AY/N HIGH SCHOOL

Page 30
Text 3
The Trojan horse
Achivi cum per decem annos Three capere non possent,
Epeus monitu Minervae equum mirae magnitudeinis
ligneum fecit, eoque sunt collecti Menelaus Ulixes
Diomedes Thessander Sthenelus Acamas Thoas Machaon
Neoptolemus; et in equo scripserunt DANAI
MINERVAE DONO DANT.
Hyginius, Fables, 108, 1.

1. Analyze morphologically: possent, monitu, equum, fecit, scripserunt .

• possent : 3rd pl. imperfect subjunctive, active voice of possum posse potui.
• monitu : ab. sg. m. from monitus -us
• equum : ac. sg. m. of equus equi
• fecit : 3rd sg. past perfect indicative, active voice of facio facere feci factum
• scripserunt: 3rd pl. past perfect indicative, active voice of scribo -ere scripsi scriptum.
2. Prepare a diagram with the values of the cum conjunction; then they eat ta the
value of the subordinate construction of cum [+ subjunctive] that appears in the
text.
VALUES OF THE CUM CONJUNCTION
• Cum + indicative: temporal subordinate clause.
Cum
I 'when'.
• Cum + present / perfect subjunctive: causal subordinate clause.
Cum
$ 'because, since, since'.
• Cum + imperfect / pluperfect subjunctive: temporal-causal subordinate clause
("historical cum ").
– Imperfect subjunctive . It is translated by a simple gerund, "al" + infinitive or "como" +
imperfect subjunctive.
– Pluperfect subjunctive . It is translated by a compound gerund, "al" + compound
infinitive or "as" + pluperfect subjunctive.
• Cum + subjunctive ( tamen in the main): concessive subordinate clause .
Cum "although."
In this text there is a temporal-causal subordinate clause (" cumhistorical "): pos- sent is
an imperfect subjunctive of the verb possum, posse, potui . It can be translated as "being
able to", "to be able to" or "as I could".
3. Syntactically analyze the text.
Structure :
Sentence composed of three coordinated copulative sentences joined by the links -que
and et , and three subordinate clauses: one circumstantial introduced by the conjunctive
cum tion, with temporal-causal value ( "historical cum " ), within which is another of the
subordinate clauses, an infinitive clause, and the third subordinate clause is a substantive
clause that functions as CD of scripserunt , one of the verbs main.
• O 1 $ cum [CC–Temporal-causal] { $ capere [CD]}}} ↔ -que
• O 2 } ↔ et { O 3 { 1 dant [CD]}}
Coordinated sentence 1 : Achivi cum per decem annos Troiam capere non possent,
Epeus monitu Minervae equum mirae magnitudeinis ligneum fecit
• CC → Achivi cum per decem annos Troiam capere non possent {Subordinate cum.
Time-cause}
• Achivi → S

2
1. Epic poetry AN/AY/N HIGH SCHOOL

• Cum → Nx {Temporal-causal}
• CD → per decem annos Troiam capere {Subordinate of infinitive} : capere → V
{infinitive} // Troiam → CD // per decem annos → CC {Time}
• non → negation mark
• possent → V
— S → Epeus
—CC → monitu Minervae {Cause} : monitu → N // Minervae → Ady-CN
—CD → equum mirae magnitudeinis ligneum: equum ligneum → N // mirae
magnitudeinis → Ady-CN
—V → fecit
—Nx → -que
Coordinated sentence 2 : eo sunt collecti Menelaus Ulixes Diomedes Thessander
Sthen- elus Acamas Thoas Machaon Neoptolemus
—CC → eo {Place}
—V → sunt collecti
—S → Menelaus Ulixes Diomedes Thessander Sthenelus Acamas Thoas Machaon
Neoptolemus

Coordinated sentence 3 : in equo scripserunt DANAI MINERVAE DONO DANT

—CC → in equo {Place}
—V → scripserunt
—CD → DANAI MINERVAE DONO DANT {Substantive subordinate}
• DANAI → S
• MINERVAE → CI
• DONO → CC {Instrument}
• DANT → V
4. Write the phonetic evolution of decem, annum, capere, facere, scribere and
donum. ten / year / fit / do / write / gift.
5. Define and relate with words from the text: generous, annuity, equestrian, log so
and decimal.
• dono > donoso: That has grace and grace.
• annos > annuity: Annual amount of an income or periodic charge.
• equum > equestrian: Of or relating to the horse, and particularly to the equi tation.
• ligneum > woody: Said of a bush, a plant or a part of it, or a fruit: it has the hardness
and consistency of wood.
• decem > decimal: Said of a part: which is one of the ten equal parts into which a
whole is divided.
6. Translate the text.
Since the Achaeans were unable to take Troy for ten years, Epeus, on the advice of
Minerva, built a wooden horse of astonishing size and on it he met rum Menelaus,
Ulysses, Diomedes, Thesander, Sthenelus, Achamans, Thoas, Machaon,
Neoptolemus; and on the horse they wrote:
«THE DANAIANS GIVE IT AS A GIFT TO ATHENA».

Text 4
The Helvetii intend to conquer Gaul
Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus Fuit et ditissimus
Orgetorix. Is M. Messala M. Pisone consulibus regni
cupiditate inductus coniurationem nobilitatis fecit et
civitati persuasit, ut de finibus suis cum omnibus
copiis exirent.
c. J. Caesar, The Gallic War, I, 2, 1-3.

1. Analyze morphologically: consulibus, Fuit, regni, cupiditate, persuasit, finibus,

copiis, exirent .
• consulibus : ab. pl. m. from consul -is
• Fuit : 3rd sg. past perfect indicative, active voice of sum That was.
• regni : gen. sg. n. from regnum -i
• cupiditate : ab. sg. F. of cupiditas cupiditatis
• persuasit : 3rd sg. past perfect indicative, active voice of persuadeo -ere per- suasi
persuasum.
• finibus : ab. pl. F. of finis finis
1. Epic poetry AN/AY/N HIGH SCHOOL

• copiis : ab. pl. fromcopiae -arum

• exirent : 3rd pl. imperfect subjunctive, active voice of exeo exire exivi exitum.
2. Write the phonetic evolution of nobilem, coniurationem and civitatem.
Noble, conspiracy, city.
3. Define and relate with words from the text: omniscient, ignoble, consulate,
induce, persuasive.
• omnibus > omniscient: That has omniscience, that is, that it knows everything.
• nobilitatis > ignoble: That is not noble.
• consulibus > consulate: Dignity of consul or territory or district in which a consul
exercises his authority.
• inductus > induce: To move someone to something or give them a reason to do so.
4. Parse from Is to the end.
Structure :
Sentence composed of two coordinated copulative sentences joined by the nexus et ,
on the one hand, in the first there are two subordinate clauses of participle: one of
absolute participle and another with the function of predicative complement; On the
other hand, in the second there is a completive subordinate clause with ut .
— O 1 { $ [CC–Ablative absolute] $ inductus [CPred]}} ↔ -et {O 2 { $ ut [CD]}}
Coordinated sentence 1 : Is M. Messala M. Pisone consulibus regni cupiditate
inductus coniurationem nobilitatis fecit
— S → Is
— CC → M. Messala M. Pisone consulibus {Absolute participle} : M. Messala M.
Pisone → S {nominal element of the absolute participle} // consulibus → Atr
— CPred → regni cupiditate inductus {Subordinate participle}:
• regni cupiditate → CC {Cause} :
• cupiditate → N
• regni → Ady-CN
• inductus → N
— CD → coniurationem nobilitatis: coniurationem → N // nobilitatis → Ady-CN
— V → fecit
— Nx → et
Coordinated sentence 2 : civitati persuasit ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis
exirent
— CI → civitati
— V → persuasit
— CD → ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent {Subordinate ut . CD
completive}
• ut → Nx {Complete}
• de finibus suis → CC {Place}
• cum omnibus copiis → CC {Company}
• exirent → V
5. Translate the text.
Among the Helvetii the most distinguished and richest was, by far, Orgetorix. This,
being consuls M. Messala and M. Piso, moved by the desire for power, carried out a
conspiracy of the nobility and convinced those of the city to leave its borders with all
their troops.
1. Epic poetry AN/AY/N HIGH SCHOOL

Page 31
Text 5
After the death of Orgetorix, the Helvetii destroy their homeland
Ubi iam se ad eam rem paratos esse arbitrati sunt,
oppida sua omnia number ad duodecim, vicos ad quadringentos,
reliqua privata aedificia incendunt, frumentum omne, praeter quod secum portaturi
erant, comburunt.
c. J. Caesar, The Gallic War, I, 5, 2-3.
1. Identify and analyze the subordinate clauses of the text. To do this, observe the
following syntactic scheme:
{OC1 { Ubi iam { se ad eam rem paratos esse [CD]} arbitrati sunt [CC–Temporal]},
oppida sua amnia numera ad duodecim, vicos ad quadringentos, reliqua privata
aedificia incendunt },
{OC2 frumentum omne { praeter quod secum portaturi erant [Ady]} comburunt }.
2. Do the syntactic analysis of the text.
Structure :
Sentence composed of two juxtaposed sentences; On the one hand, in the first of them
there is a circumstantial introduced by ubi , within which there is a completive
subordinate of the infinitive; On the other hand, in the second there is a subbor dynada
of relative as a function of adjacent.
{ O 1 { $ ubi [CC–Temporal] { $ paratos esse [CD]}}} ↔ { O 2 { $ praeter quod [Ady]}}
Coordinated sentence 1 :
— CC → Ubi iam se ad eam rem paratos esse arbitrati sunt {Subordinate. Time}
• Ubi → Nx {Temporary}
• iam → CC {Adv. time}
• se ad eam rem paratos esse {Subordinate of infinitive} → CD: se {Accusative}// ad
eam rem → CC {Cause} // paratos esse → V {Infinitive}
• arbitrati sunt → V
— CD → oppida sua omnia numera ad duodecim, vicos ad quadringentos, reliqua
privata aedificia
— V → incendunt
Coordinated sentence 2 :
— CD → frumentum omne praeter quod secum portaturi erant
• frumentum omne → N
• praeter quod secum portaturi wereant → Ady {Subordinate of relative} : praeter
quod → CC {Exclusion} // secum → CC {Company} // portaturi werent → V
— V → comburunt
3. Translate the text.
When they judged that they were already prepared for this undertaking, they set fire to
everything their cities, up to twelve in number, their villages up to four hundred, the
remaining These private buildings burned all the wheat, except for what they were
going to take with them.

Text 6
Two possible exits
Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo exire
possent: unum per Sequanos, angustum et difficile,
inter montem Iuram et flumen Rhodanum, vix qua singuli
carri ducerentur, mons autem altissimus impendebat, ut facile per pauci prohibere
possent; alterum per provincialm nostram, multo facilius atque expeditius.
c. J. Caesar, The Gallic War, I, 6, 1-2.

1. Analyze morphologically: itinera, facilius, impendebat, ducerentur, flumen, exire

.
• itinerary: nom. pl. n. by iter itineris
• facilius: nom. sg. m. comp. de facilis -e
• impendebat: 3rd sg. imperfect preterite indicative, active voice of impendeo -ere .
1. Epic poetry AN/AY/N HIGH SCHOOL

• ducerentur: 3rd pl. imperfect subjunctive, passive voice of duco -ere duxi ductum .
• flumen: ac. sg. n. of flumen fluminis
• exire: infinitive of present active voice of exeo exire exivi exitum.
2. Parses from beginning to possent .
Structure :
Sentence composed of a subordinate relative clause, within which there is another
subordinate infinitive clause with CD function.
{ O { 1 quibus [Ady] { 1 exire [CD]}}}
Prayer : Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo exire possent
— S → itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo exire possent
• Duo itinerary → N
• quibus itineribus domo exire possent → Ady {Subordinate of relative}:
• quibus itineribus → CC {Place}
• possent → V
• domo exire → → {Subordinate of infinitive} → CD
• exire → V {Infinitive}
• dome → CC {Place}
— V → werent
— CC → omnino {Adv. mode}
3. Say the phonetic evolution of angustum, difficilem, montem, prohibere, alterum,
nostram.
narrow, difficult, mount, prohibit, other, ours.
4. Define and relate with words from the text: provincial, itinerary, domestic,
prohibitive, singular.
• provincial > provincial: Of or relating to a province.
• itineribus > itinerary: Belonging to or relating to a path.
• dome > domestic: Of or relating to the house or home.
• prohibit > prohibitive: Said of one thing: that prohibits.
• singuli > singular: Alone. Extraordinary, rare or excellent.
5. Translate the text.
There were only two ways by which they could leave their homeland; one through the
territory of the Sequani, narrow and difficult, between the Jura mountain and the Rhône
river, through which the chariots could hardly be driven one by one, in addition there
was a very high mountain, so that very few could easily prevent step; the other through
our province much easier and clearer.