ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

REPORT
FOR

TSIYON SEYIFU FLOUR INDUSTRY

PROMOTER: W/r. TSIYON SEYIFU (+251-911-734-872)

PROJECT NAME: TSIYON SEYIFU FLOUR INDUSTRY

Address: Dilla Town, Sesa Keble

PROJECT LOCATION: SIDAMA REGION, SOUTH SIDAMA ZONE DARA WOREDA, MECHES TOWN

SPECIFIC LOCATION: MILLENNIUM KEBELE

MAY, 2024
Hawasa, Ethiopia
አድራሻ፡- Shagar Siitii/ሸገር ሲቲ፣ K/M/Noonnoo ኖን ክ/ከተማ፣Ashawaa Meedaa/አሸዋ ሜዳ፣ Moolii Shaaqaa
Gamoo 3ffaa/ ሻቃ ሞል: 3 ኛ ፎቅ Bil/ስልክ፡-+251-965-04-12-99/913-841-057,
E-Mail/ኢ-ሜይል:- [email protected]
 ESIA Report: - Tsiyon Seyifu Flour-Mill Factory 20

Table of Contents
ACRONYMS vi
Figure viii
Tables ix
EXECUTIVE Summary 1
1. BACKROUND INFORMATION OF THE PROJECT 2
1.1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 AUTHOR PRESENTATION......................................................................................................................3
1.3 PROMOTER PRESENTATION & LOCATION............................................................................................3
1.4 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND SCOPING REPORT...................................................................................3
1.5 APPROACH TO THIS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT............................................................4
1.6 APPROACH TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN...................................................................5
1.7 TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR).................................................................................................................... 5
1.8 METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................................... 5
1.10 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY..................................................................................................................... 6
2. THE PROJECT PROPOSAL 8
3. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 10
3.1 POLICY FRAMEWORK.............................................................................................................................. 10
3.1.1 CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA.........................................10
3.1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF ETHIOPIA...........................................................................................11
3.1.4 INDUSTRIAL POLICY AND STRATEGY OF ETHIOPIA...........................................................................11
3.2 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK..................................................................................................................... 11
3.2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL.........................................................................................11
3.2.2 PROCLAMATION 513/2007, SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT.............................................................12
3.2.3 REGULATION 159/2008, PREVENTION OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION................................................12
3.3 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK.................................................................................................................13
3.3.1 THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ORGANS.................................................................................13
3.3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AUTHORITY...................................................................................13
3.3.3 REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCIES (REA)................................................................................13
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3.3.6 KEBELE (PEASANT ASSOCIATION).....................................................................................................14

3.4 SUMMARY OF THE RELEVANT WORLD BANK’S SAFEGUARD POLICIES..................................................14
4. THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT (BIO-PHYSICAL & SOCIO-ECONOMIC) 16
4.1 PROJECT SITE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 16
4.2 BIO-PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT................................................................................................................ 16
4.2.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT.................................................................................................................16
4.2.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT............................................................................................................ 17
4.2.3 WILDLIFE RESOURCES.......................................................................................................................17
4.2.4 FOREST AND SHADE TREES...............................................................................................................17
4.2.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT..................................................................................................17
4. 2.6 ECONOMIC ASPECT......................................................................................................................... 18
4.2.7 WATER RESOURCES..........................................................................................................................18
4.3 TOPOGRAPHY AND SURFACE GEOLOGY................................................................................................. 18
5. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 19
5.1 LOCATION OF THE INDUSTRY..................................................................................................................19
5.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT (NATURE AND SCOPE)...........................................................................20
5.3 COMPANY/ APPLICANT........................................................................................................................... 21
5.4 THE PROPONENT.................................................................................................................................... 22
5.5 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE...............................................................................................................22
6. PROJECT ESIA CRITERIA & BIO-PHYSICAL & SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS 23
6.1 ASSESSMENT CRITERIA........................................................................................................................... 23
6.2 ASSESSMENT OF BIO-PHYSICAL & SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS.............................................................24
6.2.1 FLOUR PRODUCTION OF PROCESSING SYSTEM & RELATED Wastes................................................24
7. CONSULTATION 26
7.1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................... 26
7.2 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROCESS............................................................................................................26
7.2.1 CONSULTATION WITH INTERESTED AND AFFECTED PARTIES...........................................................26
7.2.2 THE CONTENT OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE.......................................................................................... 26
7.2.3 THE RESULTS OF THE CONSULTATION..............................................................................................27
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7.3 SUMMARY OF CONCERNS.......................................................................................................................27

8. EVALUATION OF IMPACTS 29
8.1 EZEDIN MOHAMED FLOUR INDUSTRY SITES – POTENTIAL IMPACT........................................................29
8.2 POTENTIAL IMPACT OF THE PROJECT..................................................................................................... 29
8.2.1 POTENTIAL POSTIVE IMPACTS..........................................................................................................29
8.2.2. POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS SOURCE........................................................................................30
8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS NEGATIVE IMPACT......................................................................................30
8.3.1 POTENTIAL FOR WATER BODIES CONTAMINATION.........................................................................30
8.3.2 SOLID WASTES IMPACT.................................................................................................................... 31
8.3.3 PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSIONS (IMPACTS ON AIR QUALITY)......................................................32
8.3.4 IMPACTS OF NOISE AND VIBRATION................................................................................................33
8.3.5 IMPACT OF ACCIDENTS.................................................................................................................... 33
8.3.6 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SAFETY ISSUES......................................................................................34
8.3.7 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IMPACT...........................................................................................34
8.4 SITE STORM WATER MANAGEMENT...................................................................................................... 34
8.4.1 CONSTRUCTION STORM WATER MANAGEMENT.............................................................................34
8.4.3 OPERATIONAL STORM WATER MANAGEMENT................................................................................34
9. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 35
10. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MITIGATION 36
10.1. CONSTRUCTION PHASE AND OPERATION PHASE................................................................................36
10.1.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE................................................................................................................. 36
10.1.2 SITE OPERATION PHASE................................................................................................................. 36
10.2 OPERATION PHASE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLA..................................................................37
10.2.1 GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT.................................................................................37
10.2.2 SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT..................................................................................................37
10.2.3 NOISE AND VIBRATION MANAGEMENT.........................................................................................39
10.2.4 AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT..........................................................................................................39
10.2.5 WASTE AND CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT.........................................................................................39
11. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN 1
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11.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN...............................................................41

11.2. BUIDGT FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN..........................................................................................42
12. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 43
12.1 CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................................43
12.2 Recommendation..................................................................................................................................43
14. REFERENCES 45
ANNEX 46

v
ACRONYMS
ARCCH Authority for Research and Conservation for Cultural Heritage

BOD ESIABiological
Report: - Tsiyon
Oxygen Seyifu Flour-Mill Factory
Demand 20

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

CRGE Climate Resilient Green Economy

CSA Central Static Agency

EFCCA Environment Forest Climate Change Authority

EFCC Environment Forest Climate Change Office

oC Degree Cellicious

EHS Environmental Health and Safety

(ESIA) Environmental Impact Assessment

EMCA Environmental Management Coordination Act

EMP Environmental Management Plan

ERPs Emergence Response plans

EPA Environmental Protection Authority

EPE Environmental Policy of Ethiopia

EP Environmental Protection

EPACC Ethiopia’s program of Adaptation to Climate Change

EPC Environmental protection council

EGEP Ethiopia’s governmental protection

FDRE Federal Democratic Republic Ethiopia

GTP Growth and Transformation Plan

KA(s) Kebele Administration(s)

ha Hectare

IEA Initial Environmental Audit

KM Kilo Meter

REMA Regional Environmental management Authority

m.a.s.l Meters above sea level

mm Millimeter

ENAPA Ethiopia’s National Adaptation program

vi of Action

OHS Occupational Health and Safety

PASDEP Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End poverty

PLC Private Limited Company

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Figure
Figure 1: Location Project Area........................................................................................................................ 19

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Tables
Table 1: Raw materials and Solid waste flows of flour processing Industry.......................................................8
Table 2: Environmental setting in 600m radius................................................................................................16
Table 3: Summary of Project Site Facilities.......................................................................................................21
Table 4: The Environmental Impact Assessment Criteria.................................................................................23
Table 5: Summary of Project Plan Modification...............................................................................................28
Table 6: Summary of Positive Impacts of the project.......................................................................................29
Table 7: Summary of water Bodies contamination Aspects and Significance...................................................30
Table 8: Summary of Solid Waste Contamination Aspects and Significance....................................................31
Table 9: Summary of Air Quality Contamination Aspects and Significance......................................................32
Table 10: Summary of NOISE AND VIBRATION Aspects and Significance.........................................................33
Table 11: Environmental Management Framework.........................................................................................37
Table 12: Soil and water management measures.............................................................................................38
Table 13: Noise and vibration management measures....................................................................................39
Table 14: Waste and Chemical Management Measures..................................................................................40
Table 15: Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan..........................................................................41
Table 16: Financial Requirement for Environmental Protection Costs.............................................................42

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
TSIYON SEYIFU FLOUR-MILL FACTORY plans to engage in a Wheat Flour Mill Project in the Sidama Regional
State, South Sidama Zone, Dara Woreda Machisho Town Millennium Kebele an area covering around
2,099m2. This document presents the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) of the proposed
Wheat Flour Mill Project as requested by the Sidama Regional State of Environment, Forest and Climate
Change Authority for the development permit.
The project area is bordered on the south by the South Asphalt Road, on the north by an all-weather road, on
the West by a resident, and on the east by an international Asphalt Road.

The project has been proposed in favor of the TSIYON SEYIFU FLOUR-MILL FACTORY. The project is
comprised of the establishment of a wheat flour mill Plant and adjacent wheat Flour production as shown in
Table 1. The machinery capacity is 36 tones per 24 hours and the annual requirement is 10,800 tons of wheat
at full production capacity three. The factory has 8 hours per day and 300 days per annum one shift working
scheduled

Article 3 of Proclamation no. 300/2002; determining the modalities of protection, conservation, and
promotion of the environment, and Article 4 of Proclamation n°513/2007 urban administration engaging in
the collection, transportation, use or disposal of solid waste, in Ethiopia stipulates that every development
project shall be required to undergo Environmental Impact Assessment before its commencement.

In this regard, TSIYON SEYIFU FLOUR-MILL FACTORY PROJECT hired the consultancy firm, Yoya Development
Consultancy and Training (PLC) to carry out the present Environmental& Social Impact Assessment (ESIA).

The proposed site for the development of the project is about 2,099m 2 of land under the government holding
far from any settlement area.
The significant environmental impacts identified by the ESIA are discussed briefly below:
 Removal of vegetation covers;
 Loss of soil micro-fauna and micro-flora;
 Emission of dust and particulates into air;
 Underground water contamination by wheat flour mill discharges;
 Spilling and leakage of waste materials.
These potential impacts can also be mitigated as indicated in the ESIA report. Despite some predicted adverse
impacts, the proposed development project has positive impacts on the socio-economic environments of the
area.
The beneficial impacts (inceptive) for the local people associated with the project in due courses of its
inception to operation are:
 Creation of employment, skills development, and long-term self-reliance opportunities;
 Payment of government taxes to contribute to the national and regional development;
 Reinstated land that can be used for forest and or agricultural production.
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1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF THE PROJECT

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Ethiopia is one of the largest wheat producers in Africa, there are still large pockets of food insecurity, and it
is a net importer of wheat. The principal wheat crops grown in Ethiopia are teff, wheat, and barley, which
are primarily cool-weather crops; and corn, sorghum, and millet, which are warm-weather wheat crops. All
wheat in Ethiopia is consumed as food, with crop residues and by-products commonly fed to livestock. It is
estimated that farmers hold about 10 percent of their wheat production for planting. Despite Ethiopia’s
large livestock population (the largest in Africa), the commercial feed industry is just beginning, mostly
located around Addis Ababa and slightly to the south. Feed is by far the biggest constraint to the livestock
sector. There are about 20 feed millers in the country, but most of them produce primarily for their
consumption. Only about half produce feed solely for sale.

Flour is a food item, which is a finely ground meal of cereals such as wheat, maize, sorghum, rice, etc.
obtained by milling and blending various streams of different quality. It mainly contains endosperm and a
certain quantity of bran. Wheat flour on average contains from 14% to 16.5% moisture. Based on its baking
quality and other quality indices such as gluten quality and content, colour, moisture content, granular size
of particles, and others, flour is divided into different grades. The basic application of flour is for bread
making, cakes and biscuits, and porridge at the household level. Semolina, a product obtained by milling
extra hard (durum) wheat, is also used in pasta and macaroni making. The byproduct bran is used for animal
feed and composite preparation for urban and rural agricultural inputs.

This project is new and under construction without an ESIA document. In line with this Sidama regional State
Environmental Protection Authority orders flour mill Processing Industry should prepare ESIA to operate the
mitigation measures of the industry waste.

The milling plants are characterized by unit operations that involve changes to the physical properties of the
wheats through cleaning and size reduction. The production process in these plants can be divided into three
general processing lines: Dry cleaning using cylinder or disc millers, Wet cleaning using cylinder or disc
millers, and Wet cleaning using stone millers.
Project industry processing activities have the potential to generate a wide range of waste that requires
proper planning from the outset to avoid resulting in impacts to human, biological, or other environmental
receptors. The Project seeks to proactively manage such potential wastes and to this effect has included
specific obligations regarding waste management in the bidding document drawn by the Authorized
organization.

To ensure the appropriate management and disposal of the project-related waste, Tsion Seyifu Flour Mill
Factory shall develop a framework for addressing waste management. This Environmental & Social Impact
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Assessment (ESIA) provides an overview of the framework and management practices applied by the owner
of W/r. Tsion Seyifu to avoid the waste generated around the project areas.

1.2 AUTHOR PRESENTATION

This Report has been produced by Yoya Development Consultancy and Training (PLC) which was hired by
the Project Promoter Tsion Seyifu Flour Mill Factory to carry out the study. The Consultancy firm is based in
Ethiopia (ESIA) regulation and has got strong background and knowledge in the area of Environmental
Assessment, and a track record of over 10 years of conducting studies of Environmental Impact Assessment
for Development Projects in Ethiopia in general and particularly in Sidama Regional State.

1.3 PROMOTER PRESENTATION & LOCATION

Project name Tsiyon Seyifu Flour Mill Factory
Location of site: Latitude 38° 18′ 56″ E
Longitude 6° 25′ 18″ N
Land use Lease- 2,345M2
Products Flour
Proposed annual production 21,012 tons per annum
Life of project 10 years
Lease agreement 25 years
Method of processing Modern Flour-Mill Machine capacity 8 tons/24hr
Water demand 4871 litter/hr
Sources of water Pipe supply
Manpower 30 skill and 110 casuals
Nearest Carway Kebado to Dilla town Asphalt Road

W/r Tsion Seyifu owns the Flour Mill Factory and has Ethiopian nationality. The stakeholder is owed by W/r.
Tsion Seyifu is fully capitalized and has reputable experience in other business management that helps with
flour production and marketing operations. The project manager is Mr. Belete Kebede, he has a Bachelor's
degree in accounting, and he has a responsibility in charge of business accounts and day-to-day
management.

1.4 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND SCOPING REPORT

A Scoping Report was produced by YOYA Development Consultancy and Training PLC (January 2023)
following a public participation process, site investigation, and consultations with certain specialists. That

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report includes full details of the public participation activities and all the issues and concerns raised by the
Interested and Affected Parties. There was considerable support for the project, particularly from the people
of Mechiso town Municipality of Millennium Keble who were looking for employment opportunities. It was
apparent from the public participation that many of the public concerns stemmed from the legacy of the
New Flour Factory plant at Mechiso town Municipality, Millennium Keble, which had a medium record of
environmental management – especially in all aspects of construction, decommission, and operation phase
environmental effect. This influenced many people’s perceptions that did not have experience of a modern
Flour Factory. However, the Scoping Report was compiled in response to some inputs: -
the concerns of Interested and Affected Parties,
the initial site investigation,
consultations with specialists
professional experience, and
The TOR Checklist of Environmental Characteristics.
The Scoping Report should be read as an integral component of this ESIA as its content is not repeated here.
It outlined the key issues that would need to be assessed in the ESIA.
The Scoping Report was submitted to Sidama region State of EFCCA on Jun 7. The Scoping Report was made
available to the public through the Dara Woreda EFCC office, Mechiso town Millennium Kebele Council.
Registered Interested and Affected Parties were notified of its availability. No comments were received on
that report, suggesting that the Interested and Affected Parties were satisfied that it provided a
comprehensive record of their issues and concerns.

1.5 APPROACH TO THIS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

In response to concerns raised during the Scoping Phase, further specialist studies were carried out and the
information was fed into this ESIA report. All the key issues and potential impacts were then assessed.
This ESIA Report follows the following format: -
Outlines the project proposal as a background against which to understand the impacts of project
activities.
Provides a detailed description of the project environment.
Summarizes the legal & policy requirements.
Explain the criteria used to assess the potential environmental impacts that were identified during
the scoping stage and the specialist studies for this ESIA.
Provides an assessment of the impacts – both biophysical and socio-economic. The impacts may be
either positive or negative.
Offers a summary of the potential impacts and the significance of each to a decision about the
project.

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1.6 APPROACH TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Summarizes the key recommendations for environmental management in the form of an Environmental
Management Plan. These recommendations are arranged according to the relevant phases of the project:
the construction phase, the Decommission (Closure phase), and the Operations phase.

1.7 TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR)

The project ESIA investigates and analyzes the anticipated environmental impacts of the newly established
Wheat Mill Factory plant in line with terms of reference stipulated in the Environmental Impact Assessment
Proclamation № 299 of 2002. The TOR is listed below. However, the project was newly established in the
2024 year in Ethiopia colander, the terms of reference were focused on the following activities:
a) A critical look into project objectives
b) The established location of the project site
c) Description of project objectives.
d) A concise description of the national environmental legislative and regulatory framework, and any
other relevant information related to the project activities.
e) Description, evaluation, and analysis of the foreseeable potential environmental effects of the project
broadly classified into physical, ecological/biological, and socio-economic aspects which can be
classified as direct, indirect, cumulative, irreversible, short-term, and long-term effects.
f) Evaluation of the project proposal related to the production plan, by-products, and wastes to be
generated.
g) To propose/recommend a specific environmentally sound and affordable solid waste management
Plan.
h) Evaluation and analysis of alternatives including the established project alternative, project site,
design, and technologies.
i) Proposing the measures for eliminating/minimizing or mitigating adverse impacts on the
environment.

1.8 METHODOLOGY

Based on terms of reference (ToR) prepared by the YOYA Development Consultancy and Training PLC, the
methodology used during consultancy is paraphrased in the following:

a) Literature review: Documentation on policies, laws, regulations and guidelines related to

environmental management, industry sector, waste management, land use ESIA process, etc., at the
national level as well as the international level have been done.

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b) Interviews: The consultant has interviewed people in the area of the project as well as in the woreda
institution and other governmental institutions related to this project.
c) Data collection: Through site visit of the site, required qualitative and quantitative data have been
collected
d) Stakeholders consultation: the consultant analyzed key partners/stakeholders including three sub-
village inhabitants in Mechisho town of Millennium Keble to find out their involvement, role,
suggestions, and responsibilities on this project.
e) Mapping and zoning of the site
f) Reporting: the data and information collected were organized and compiled in a report.

1.10 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Reducing the burden of environmental impacts is necessary if development is to become sustainable. As
resources become limited, and environmental impacts become more complex, ESIA has become of ever-
increasing importance as a tool for development and decision-making.
” Environmental impact assessment, as a national instrument, shall be undertaken for proposed activities
that are likely to have a significant adverse impact on the environment and are subject to a decision of a
competent national authority”.
In practice, ESIA is applied primarily to prevent or minimize the adverse effects of major development
projects. It is also used as a planning tool to promote sustainable development by integrating environmental
considerations into a wide range of proposed actions. The most notable issue is the use of policies and plans
to focus on the highest levels of decision-making and take care of the environment in considering
development alternatives and options.
The aim and objective of ESIA can be divided into two categories. The aim is the immediate aim of ESIA is to
inform the process of decision-making by identifying the potentially significant environmental effects and
risks of development projects. The ultimate (long-term) aim of ESIA is to promote sustainable development
by ensuring that development projects do not undermine critical resource and ecological functions or the
well-being, lifestyle, and livelihood of the communities and people who depend on them.
The main objective of the study consists of carrying out a comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment
study and developing an environmental waste management plan for the Flour-Mill Factory establishment
activities impact on the environment during the site construction, decommission and operation phase.
The specific objectives of the study are the following:

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 To detect the effects of the project on the neighboring environment such as the water bodies, the
soil, the people, the infrastructure, the fauna, the flora, and the atmosphere;
 To detect the effect of the neighboring environment on the project, this means the effect on the
soil of the project and the surrounding activities;
 To detect the effect of the project on the environment;
 To propose alternative measures where it is noticed that adverse effects may occur;
 To enable the proposal of mitigation measures where adverse effects may have occurred;
 To carry out a diagnosis of the existing environment and activities in the area of the project;
 To propose enforcement measures where beneficial effects from the project are detected;
 To set up an environmental management plan that will govern all activities of the project for the
better protection of the environment.

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2. THE PROJECT PROPOSAL

The project is comprised of the establishment of a wheat flour mill Plant and adjacent wheat Flour
production as shown in Table 1. The machinery capacity is 36 tones per 24 hours and the annual
requirement is 10,800 tons of wheat at full production capacity three. The factory has 8 hours per day and
300 days per annum one shift working scheduled. Most of the raw materials required for flour manufacture
are available at different places in wheat production areas. These will be obtained from a government wheat
import and supply to the flour industry as a quota system for the subsidy program of bread and other food
production.

Table 1: Raw materials and Solid waste quantity of the flour processing industry

Primary process (wheat separation from waste, wheat milling & primary processing)
First Cleaning Process t/year %
Annual wheat Received 10,800 100
Ready (Clean) wheat 10,368 96
Solid wastes 432.00 4
Milling section (flour processing) t/year %
Secondary Processing
Ready (Cleaned) wheat for Flour Proses 10,368 100
Manufacturing Flour product (II) Flour 7,880 76
Solid wastes 415 4
Bran and Other by 2,074 20
Total solid wastes 2,920 27%

Sources: Data obtained from the Factory business plan

Annually the factory received 28,800 tons of wheat for flour production. Wheat was usually received in the
unclaimed state and contains a variety of different types and sizes of foreign material including wheat bran,
chaff, rust, weed seeds, various types of pollens, different mold spores, and pieces of wheat, dirt, and insect parts .

Whenever wheat is handled and strikes against each other it tends to rub off small particles of chaff and
fragment some kernels. In this manner, waste was continuously generated and the wheat was never
absolutely clean. Solid wastes were produced in two main sections of flour processing outlets.

Initially part of Elevator: The total amount of wheat 10,800 tonnes (100%) reached in the Elevator or
primary treatment section, 10,368 tones (96%) of clean wheat and 432 tonnes (4%) of solid wastes were
produced.

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The second source of solid waste Wheat Milling section. Thus, at the milling department of the production
section, 7,880 tones (76%) of flour, 415 tones (4%) of solid waste, and 2,074 tons (20%) of bran and other
by-products and a total of 2,920 tons were generated and shown as above tabl-1.

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3. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

3.1 POLICY FRAMEWORK
This envisaged Flour Mill Industry Project will be governed by the relevant environmental policies, strategies,
and proclamations to ensure environmental sustainability. The environmental policies, laws, legislations,
proclamations, and institutional frameworks pertinent to this project are summarized and presented below

3.1.1 CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA

The Constitution is the supreme law of the country, whose provisions guide all other policies, regulations,
and institutional frameworks. The Constitution of the FDRE has various provisions that are aimed at ensuring
the implementation of development projects in an environmentally sustainable manner.

The concepts of sustainable development and environmental rights are enshrined in the Constitution of the
FDRE through articles 43 and 44, which state among others the right to development and the right to live in
a clean and healthy environment. Article 44(2) of the Constitution states that all persons who have been
displaced, or whose livelihood has been adversely affected as a result of state programs have the right to
commensurate monetary or alternative means of compensation including relocation with adequate State
assistance. The government shall pay fair compensation for property found on the land but the amount of
compensation shall not take into account the value of land. Moreover, the Constitution states that, without
prejudice to the right to private property, the government may expropriate private property for public
purposes subject to payment in advance of compensation commensurate to the value of the property
(Article 40(8). Moreover, Article 43 (2) dealing with the rights to development states that nationals have the
right to participate in national development and, in particular, to be consulted for policies and projects
affecting the community.

Article 92 of the Constitution states that the design and implementation of any program and development
projects shall not damage or destroy the environment, and people have the right to be fully consulted and
express their views in the planning and implementation of environmental policies and project

3.1.2 ETHIOPIA’S CLIMATE RESILIENT GREEN ECONOMY STRATEGY

To cope with the prevailing environmental problems such as land degradation, rainfall fluctuation, increasing
temperature, and flooding, and speed up its socio-economic development, the Government of Ethiopia has
planned a climate-resilient green economy as a development strategy. This development direction promotes
environmental protection, reducing fossil fuel consumption which releases greenhouse gases into the
atmosphere. With the demand for energy growing with the increasing population, industrialization, and

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urbanization, the Government realized that harnessing clean and renewable energy sources such as wind,
solar, hydro and geothermal energy sources is critical.

3.1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF ETHIOPIA

The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE) was issued in April 1997. The overall policy goal is to improve and
enhance the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians and promote sustainable social and economic
development through sound management and use of natural, human-made, and cultural resources and their
environment as a whole, to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs. The policy consists mainly of guiding principles and various
sect-oral and cross-sect-oral policies for sustainable environmental management.

The policy seeks to ensure the empowerment and participation of the people and their organizations at all
levels in environmental management activities, raise public awareness, and promote understanding of the
essential linkage between environment and development. In addition to its guiding principles, the policy
addresses sect-oral and cross-sect-oral environmental issues.

3.1.4 INDUSTRIAL POLICY AND STRATEGY OF ETHIOPIA

Ethiopia has set its industrial policy and strategy as of August 2002. The industry development strategy of
the country has put in place the principles that primarily focus on the promotion of agricultural-lead
industrialization, export-lead development, and expansion of labor-intensive industries these principles are
interdependent and interlinked to one another. The strategy has also set other principles that clearly state
the pivotal contribution of the private sector, the leadership role of the Government, and the integrated and
coordinated participation of the public at large in nurturing the strategy. This strategy refers to those
industries which are primarily involved in the production of manufactured foods.

3.2 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK

3.2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL

According to Ethiopia’s governmental environmental protection (EGEP) proclamation No. 300/2002,
Environmental pollution control primarily targets protecting the rights of all nations, to attain a sustainable
healthy environment, and to impose an obligation to protect the environment of the country through a
green economy policy. The regulation addresses the management of harmful squander establishment of
environmental quality standards for air, water, and soil, and frequent monitoring of pollution.

The problem of improper handling of hazardous substances related to activities such as pests and insects,
crop diseases, fertilizer application management, and industrial development is becoming a serious
environmental concern. In association with this, the proclamation provides a basis from which the relevant

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environmental standard applicable to Ethiopia can be developed while sanctioning the violation of these
standards as a criminally punishable offense.

For the sake of appropriate project implementation, environmental standards, and related requirements,
inspectors belonging to EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency are empowered by the
proclamation to enter, without prior notice or court order, land premises at any time, at their discretion.
Such wide power was driven by Ethiopia’s serious concern and commitment to protecting the environment
from pollution.

3.2.2 PROCLAMATION 513/2007, SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Proclamation no. 513/2007 aims to promote community participation to prevent adverse effects and
enhance benefits resulting from solid waste. It provides for the preparation of solid waste management
action plans by urban local governments.

Therefore, Solid Waste Management Proclamation No. 513/2007 states (Article 5.1) that Urban
Administrations shall ensure the participation of the lowest administrative levels and their respective local
communities in designing and implementing their respective solid waste management plans. In Article 5.1
each Region or urban administration shall set its schedule and, based on that, prepare its solid waste
management plan and report of implementation. Measures related to waste handling and disposal:

 Any person shall collect waste in an especially designated place and in a manner, which does not
affect the health of the society.
 No person shall dispose of solid, liquid, or any other waste in a manner that contaminates the
environment or affects the health of the society.

3.2.3 REGULATION 159/2008, PREVENTION OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION

As a follow-up to Proclamation 300/2002, a regulation to prevent industrial pollution was developed by the
Federal Environmental Protection Authority and endorsed by the Council of Ministers to ensure the
compatibility of industrial development with environmental conservation.

This Regulation confers important obligations to industrial operators. A factory subject to the regulations is
obliged to prevent or minimize the generation and release of pollutants to a level not exceeding the
environmental standards. The regulation also obliges industrial operators to handle their equipment, inputs,
and products in a manner that prevents damage to the environment and human health. Moreover, the
regulations urge industrial operators to prepare and implement an emergency response system of their own.
On the other hand, industrial operators are required to prepare and implement internal environmental
monitoring systems and keep written records of the pollutants generated and the disposal mechanisms used
to get rid of the pollutants. To this factory are required by the regulation to submit annual compliance
reports with the provision of the regulations.

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3.3 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

3.3.1 THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ORGANS

Environmental Organs Establishment Proclamation, proclamation No. 295/2002 was enacted in 2002. This
proclamation repealed the proclamation for the Establishment of the EPA, proclamation No. 9/95. According
to this proclamation, EPA is accountable to the prime Minister. It has also established the Environmental
Protection Council (EPC). EPC oversees EPA’s activities, as well as the activities of sectorial agencies and
environmental units concerning environment management.

There are so many organizations involved in environmental management in the country. These organizations
include the Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources, Regional Land and Protection and
Environmental, National Environment and Management Authority, Local Authorities, Ministry of Water and
Irrigation, etc. It also ensures coordination among sectorial ministries and agencies on environmental
matters.

The proclamation stipulates the mandatory need for the establishment of Environmental organs by regions.
The mandates of the regional environmental organs are to enable regions to coordinate environmental
activities, avoid duplication of efforts, and improve the dissemination of environmental information. This
proclamation also mandates the EPA to undertake studies and research, develop action plans, etc, in the
area of combating desertification.

3.3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AUTHORITY

Environmental Organs Establishment Proclamation, proclamation No. 295/2002 was enacted in 2002. This
proclamation repealed the proclamation for the Establishment of the EPA, proclamation No. 9/95. According
to this proclamation, EPA is accountable to the prime minister. This proclamation has also established the
Environmental Protection Council (EPC) to oversee EPA’s activities, as well as the activities of sectorial
agencies and environmental units concerning environmental management. It also ensures coordination
among sectorial ministries and agencies on environmental matters. This proclamation also mandates the
EPA to undertake studies and research, develop action plans, etc., in the area of washing station waste
management.

3.3.3 REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCIES (REA)

Under Proclamation No. 925/2002, all regional states are expected to establish their environmental organs.
Following this, regions and two city administration have established their respective environmental organs
and the other regional states are in the process. Regional environmental organs are vested in, among others,
the responsibility in their respective region.

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3.3.6 KEBELE (PEASANT ASSOCIATION)

The peasant associations have their council consisting of the administrative structure and the cabinet
members. The cabinet members are composed of three professionals from local schools, Agricultural offices
locally selected health centuries, and another four. The main responsibilities of the kebeles include
promoting rural development, executing government policies to facilitate their implementation, and
conducting tax collection. Furthermore, they have the mandate to visit the development and correct their
negative impacts through advising the investors. Therefore, the Kebele administrative office will conduct
such activities for the social and environmental sustainability of the established Flour mill Plant.

3.4 SUMMARY OF THE RELEVANT WORLD BANK’S SAFEGUARD POLICIES

On June 13th, 2003, the Minister of Environment, Natural Resources and Wildlife promulgated the
Environment (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations 2003 ((ESIA) /EA Regulations) under section 147 of
the EMCA. These regulations provide the framework for carrying out ESIAs and EAs in Ethiopia

OP/BP 4.04 Natural Habitat

This policy recognizes that the conservation of natural habitats is essential to safeguard their unique
biodiversity and to maintain environmental services and products for human society and long-term
sustainable development.

The proposed Industrial Zone Development Project activities will be implemented on agricultural land and
are not likely to adversely impact any of the Natural Habitats. This project is not therefore going to trigger
OP/BP 4.04.

OP/BP 4.36 Forests

The objective of this policy is to assist borrowers in harnessing the potential of forests to reduce poverty
sustainably, integrate forests effectively into sustainable economic development, and protect the vital local
and global environmental services and values of forests.

No forest or shrubs of major biodiversity significance will be cleared during the land preparation and
construction of the industrial zone development project and other ancillary development activities
associated with the provision of infrastructures and various utilities.

This policy under the sub-project will not therefore trigger OP/BP 4.36.

OP/BP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources

The objective of this policy is to assist countries in avoiding or mitigating adverse impacts of development
projects on physical and cultural resources. For purposes of this policy, “physical cultural resources” are

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defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, natural features, and
landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological,

The Occupational Safety and Health Act, of 2007 applies to all workplaces where any person is at work,
whether temporarily or permanently. The purpose of this Act is to: Secure the safety, health, and welfare of
persons at work; and Protect persons other than persons at work against risks to safety and health arising
out of, or in connection with, the activities of persons at work.

a) Safety
Workers must be trained on personal safety and how to handle waste emissions from flour mill plants. They
should be provided with Personal Protective equipment which should be worn at all times. There should be a
toxic acidic contamination risk preparedness plan spelled out and implemented. Adequate protection close
should be installed at every pump, in the office, an escape route marked, and an assembly point provided
and marked.

b) Health
Associated with wheat Flour industry are vector-borne diseases such as malaria. Conditions favoring the
proliferation of vectors include stagnant wastewater in disposal tanks, drains, reservoirs, and seepage sites.
Furthermore, the lack of sanitary and wastewater treatment facilities as well as the increased incidence of
human-water contact will exacerbate the problem of vector-borne diseases. Wastewater generated from
this process is acidic and rich in suspended dissolved and organic matter. This processing activity in the
project area could negatively affect public health and safety; because appropriate mitigation measures are
not implemented. Specific risks include:

Spinning sensation, eye, ear, and skin irritation, stomach pain, Nausea, and breathing problems among the
residents of nearby areas and risk of increase of water-related diseases from standing wastewater in
abandoned borrows areas and seepage.

c) Welfare
Every occupier shall be provided and maintain to be readily accessible, a first-aid box or cupboard of the
prescribed standard. The occupier of a workplace shall cause a thorough safety and health audit of his
workplace to be carried out at least once in every period of twelve months by a safety and health advisor,
who shall issue a report of such an audit containing the prescribed particulars to the occupier on payment of
a prescribed fee and shall send a copy of the report to the Regional and district EPA.

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4. THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT (BIO-PHYSICAL & SOCIO-ECONOMIC)

This section provides an overview of those aspects of the natural environment that are considered
opportunities or constraints upon the project, or which aspects of the natural environment may be impacted
by the project.
4.1 PROJECT SITE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
The project site is located on an international roadside of MECHISHO-Millennium City, Dara district, Sidama
Regional state South Sidama Zone, Dara woreda, Mechsio town, Millennium Kebele. It is a semi-rural area,
where most of the people live in agriculture. The site is situated on the Asphalt roadside from Dara Kebado
to Dilla town Via Nairobi International Road. No wetlands exist in the site area. The project was established
with an area of 2,099 square meters. There is a residential house around the project site area care has been
taken to avoid habitation effects, forest lands, and the vicinity of wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, and
other sensitive areas are not identified. There are similar industries/ factories in the vicinity of the site area
in a radius of 600 meters.

4.2 BIO-PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

This section gives in detail the description of the existing environment and describes the present land use of
the project and the area contiguous to it.

4.2.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

The site is situated on a sloping hillside with dominantly loamy soil. There is no natural vegetation consisting
of grasses and bushes.
Table 2: Environmental setting in a 600m radius
NO. Parameters Details
1 Latitude and Longitude 6° 25′ 18″ North &38° 18′ 56″ East
2 Elevation a.s.l. 1553m
3 Climatic Conditions: Annual Mean Max Temp 280C
Annual Mean Min Temp 240C
Annual Total Rainfall 1200-1300
Predominant Wind Direction East-West
4 Land use at the project site Flour Production Industry
5 Nearest Road Dara-Kebadoo to Dilla town road
6 Residential House 200m
7 Forest Reserve within 3km radius None
8 Ecologically Sensitive Zones (Protected Areas / Wetlands …) None
9 Notified Archaeological Monuments None
10 Water bodies and Hot water Spring None
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11 Socio-economic factors Small village, before to the project site

12 List of factories / industries within 600m radius 3

4.2.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

The site selected for the implementation of the Flour processing in Dara District has little natural flora, and
the existing land use at the beginning of the project since the area has been removed from vegetation for
settlement and cultivation. Many natural trees have been cleared and destroyed for agricultural purposes
and settlements long years ago. The site also presents different types of trees that can, from the wildlife
point of view, shelter rodents and lizards or serve as ecological niches for various types of birds.

4.2.3 WILDLIFE RESOURCES

The area is a suitable habitat for a wide diversity of fauna some of which attract tremendous conservation
interest. According to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red Data Book there is
non-threatened large mammals found in the Dara district of the project area.

4.2.4 FOREST AND SHADE TREES

This type of vegetation is found in the project at all levels of altitude areas of the Mechsio town Millioneum
Kebele and its surroundings. There are no endemic forest spaces. There is some type of vegetation, and
exotic species such as Eucalyptus species, Grevillea robusta, Mangifera indica, and occasionally bananas are
seen project area of the project area.

4.2.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

In the project area, there is no impact on the cultural and historical resources; no known historical and
cultural site is included in the project area.

The project will be at the edge of ensuring sustainable development, delivering economically, socially, and
environmentally important values. It will contribute to the delivery of Ethiopia’s Sustainable Development
and Poverty Reduction Program by creating employment and export revenues whilst supporting social
development through a project community support plan.

The envisaged flour mill plant project has been designed to ensure sustainable development and deliver
economic, social, and environmental achieve the objectives of Ethiopia’s Sustainable development and
poverty reduction

Key elements are:

An economically successful business: the project will deliver attractive returns for
Investors and tax income for the Ethiopian government. The flour products will be importing subs
tuition foreign currency expenditure for the country and help the trade balance;

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Skills and technology transfer: the project will be commercialized at high-technology processing
facilities. Best-in-class agricultural industry practices will be implemented and disseminated in the
region through technical support to growers;
building capacity: The management and technical capacity of local staff will be increased and is
planned for Ethiopian staff to follow in the international team's footsteps once the business is up and
running;
Sustainable employment: processing foods is labor intensive and the project will bring a high level of
employment and income potential to rural communities;
 Minimized carbon footprint and waste operation: The Flour-Mill Plant factory will strive to
recycle the maximum amount of waste resulting from allots activities in the processing plant;

4. 2.6 ECONOMIC ASPECT

The project demonstrates strong economic fundamentals, providing good returns to all shareholders,
including the developers, the government, and the local community. It also will stimulate substantial
economic activity in the surrounding region through the supply of services, labor, and inputs.

4.2.7 WATER RESOURCES

Water resources are available Mechiso town project area and there are streams and small rivers with
perennial flows far from the project area. Groundwater is the main source of water for the majority of the
people in Mechsio town to meet their water needs. However, the groundwater of boreholes is the primary
source of water for the envisaged project.

4.3 TOPOGRAPHY AND SURFACE GEOLOGY

The site is located at 1553 m above sea level. There was no detailed geological study conducted however,
the information obtained from CSA indicated that the underground rock is a sedimentary rock formed
through a process of lithification of weathered rock debris which was physically transported and deposited.

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5. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

5.1 LOCATION OF THE INDUSTRY

Tsion Seyifu Flour-Mill Factory project area is located in Dara Woreda, Mechision town, Millennium Kebele.
Dara Woreda is one of the woreda in the SIDAMA region. The woreda is one of the major coffee producers
woredas of the Sidama regional state. Dara woreda is located about 350 km South of Addis Ababa and about
75 km south of the Hawassa town Sidama Region capital city. The specific location of Mechiso town,
Millennium Kebele bordered on the south by the Asphalt Road, on the north by an all-weather road, on the
West by a Village, and on the east by a Village which is lies in the south direction of Hawassa to Dilla
international road route. The geographical location of Dara woreda is 6° 30′ 0″North Latitude and 38° 25 0″
East Longitude with an elevation of 1553M meters above sea level.

The specific feature of the project area in terms of temperature is from 28 to 24oC and a rainfall pattern
range is average 1200-1300 mm per annum. The specific location area of the flour industry is located about
8k from Woreda town of Kebado the administrative town of the district. The size of the flour plant is about
2,099 M2, which has one lagoon pit on the southeast side in front of the factory.

Figure 1: Location Project Area

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5.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT (NATURE AND SCOPE)

The shareholders of the project, Tsiyon Seyifu Flour-Mill Factory, recognize the enormous potential that the
newly established for developing a successful agro-processing business in Sidam Regional State South Sidam
Zone, Dara woreda Mechsio town, Millennium Kebele, and believes that it offers an excellent investment
opportunity which will provide good returns to investors.

In addition, the owner believes that the business offers the opportunity to be a model of genuine
commitment to sustainable development that can maximize valuable returns from economic, social, and
environmental perspectives.

In short, Tsiyon Seyifu Flour-Mill Factory project will offer a highly competitive position for the primary
production of quality flour that can be delivered throughout the year, reliable, quality, high yield, and
competitive flours. The project raw materials are (hard wheat and soft wheat), for the production of meal
and flour to be used to supply production lines. The production process of wheat flour consists of four major
operations Wheat Intake and Pre-Cleaning, Wheat Cleaning and preparation, Milling, and Packing and
Dispatching. Associated facilities include boilers (steam and hot water), air compressors (compressed air
production), refrigerators (cooling water production), and electric transformers (conversion of equipments’
voltages).

Annually the factory will receive 10,800 tons of wheat for flour production. Wheat is usually received in the
unclaimed state and contains a variety of different types and sizes of foreign material including wheat bran,
chaff, rust, weed seeds, various types of pollens, different mold spores, and pieces of wheat, dirt, and insect
parts.

Whenever wheat is handled and strikes against each other it tends to rub off small particles of chaff and
fragment some kernels. In this manner, waste was continuously generated and the wheat was never
absolutely clean. Solid wastes were produced into two main sections of flour processing departments.

Initially part of Elevator: The total amount of wheat 10,800 tones (100%) reached in the Elevator or primary
treatment section, 10,368 tones (96%) clean wheat, and 432 tones (4%) solid wastes were produced.

The second source of solid waste was the Milling section. Thus, at the milling department of the production
section, 10,368tone (76%) of flour, 415 tones (4%) of solid waste, and 2,074 tones (20%) of bran and other
by-products and a total of 2,920 tons were generated and shown as above tabl-1.

Thus, from this flour industry generated wastes are Solid wastes (cereals bran), Liquid wastes, and
Particulate Matter emission wastes, the Impact of accidents, Noise pollution, and Greenhouse gas

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emissions. From those wastes Solid wastes (wheat bran) are economically important for the production of
composite and cattle feed for which there is a production unit.

Consequently, the ESIA including the project asset was described in the following list of Table. The ESIA of
the project report also includes information gathered from the project proponent, Values and Financial
Analysts, and details

Table 3: Summary of Project Site Facilities

Facility Qut Remarks

Wheat Sorting storage 1 Concrete slab and paving
Wheat Reception Shade 1 Concrete slab and paving
Finished product storage 1 Concrete slab and paving
Processing Machine House and water channels 1 Concrete slab and paving
Water reservoir/water sump 1 Concrete slab and paving
Motor House 1 Concrete slab and paving
The water pump pipeline 1 Concrete slab and paving
Electric Institution
Guard House 1 Concrete slab and paving
Toilet House 1 Gents with urinals, ladies with sanitary bins

Waste Management collection center 1 Concrete slab and paving

5.3 COMPANY/ APPLICANT

Name of Owner W/r. Tsion Seyifu
Nationality: Ethiopian
Type of business: Flour production
Address: Address Mobile: 0911734872
Project Name: TSITON SEYIFU FLOUR MILLING FACTORY
Status of the Project: new
Established Site area: Sidama Regional State, South Sidama Zone, Dara Woreda,
Specific location: Mechsio town, Millennium Kebele
Size of Factory land: 2,799M2
Legal Form of Organization: Sole Proprietor
Investment Registering Office: Sidama Regional State, South Sidama Zone, Dara Woreda
Right of Occupancy: lease agreement

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5.4 THE PROPONENT

The anticipated “TSITON SEYIFU FLOUR MILLING Factory ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT”
is initiated by W/r Tsion Seyifu. The stakeholder ownership is fully held by owner equity of W/r Tsion Seyifu.
The owner was Ethiopian-born and currently has an Ethiopian citizenship. The factory was established for
wheat processing with a specific focus on flour production as its immediate objective. The flour processing
activities and finances of the project will be managed by the general manager of W/r Tsion Seyifu, who has
more than 8 years on other similar businesses and management. The owner also had rich experience on
various projects and trading services. Thus, the project will create better employment opportunities for the
local communities and the industry is a good center of casual labor job opportunities.

5.5 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

The data obtained from the project proposal, and the organizational framework of the project were simple
structured, and flexible to allow any modification in case there is a need. The staff of the project included
managers, production technicians, the Finance department, and excavating personnel. All employees will
total 34 expected to increase with time. The project will recruit experts from the country when more value-
addition starts.

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6. PROJECT ESIA CRITERIA & BIO-PHYSICAL & SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS

6.1 ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

This section provides an introduction to the assessment of potential impacts and the criteria used in making
each assessment are explained.

Firstly, in line with national practice in ESIAs, a broad definition of “Environment” is adopted, which
incorporates both bio-physical and socio-economic components. The EA Policy of Ethiopia seeks to achieve a
balance between negative and positive impacts and between biophysical impacts and social and economic
gains to society. Therefore, both negative and positive impacts on the environment will be considered
below. To the extent that it is practically possible, this report will recommend measures to mitigate negative
impacts and optimize (or enhance) positive impacts.

The assessments will include the Factory Plant, related assets, and related infrastructure such as roads,
power lines, and water pipelines. Normally, there is a two-way interaction between a project and its
environment. Not only does the project have impacts on its environment, but the environment also provides
opportunities and constraints on the project. For example, in Ethiopia water resources may pose a
constraint, while the impact of HIV/AIDS has implications for training and maintaining the skills base of the
workforce.

This assessment is made based on the current proposals. Should these proposals change in any material
way, then some of the assessments below may have to be reconsidered. In Section 8, for each activity with
the potential for environmental impacts, a discussion of the impact is presented. Where practically possible,
the discussion is followed by a table that summarizes the assessment according to specific criteria as follows.

Table 4: The Environmental Impact Assessment Criteria

Assessment Criteria
Nature of impact An explanation of how the environment will be affected by specific activities
Mitigation What measures could be applied to reduce negative impacts or enhance
positive impacts
Extent The geographical extent of the impact
Duration The length of time that the impact persists: -
Short term 0-5 years
Medium-term 5-15 years
Long-term – lifespan of the project
Permanent

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Intensity (or Low (natural, social, and cultural functions are not significantly affected)
magnitude) - Medium (natural, social, and cultural functions continue but are modified)
- High (natural, social, and cultural functions become altered to the degree that they become
dysfunctional
Probability The probability of the impact occurring: -
- Improbable (a low probability that the impact will occur)
- Probable (a distinct probability that the impact will occur)
- Highly probable (it is most likely that the impact will occur)
- Definite (where the impact will occur regardless of any mitigation measures)
Confidence The level of confidence that can be placed on this assessment: -
- Low (would indicate that further investigation is required if the impact could
potentially be significant)
- Medium (further investigation may be required if the impact could be
significant)
- High (The impact is well understood. However further investigation may be
required to determine the effectiveness of possible mitigation measures).
Significance The Significance of the impact is determined as a synthesis of the above
assessment criteria where: -
- Low significance means that the impact would not affect the decision to approve
the project (or a particular project alternative),
- Medium significance – the assessed impact should affect the decision unless it is
effectively mitigated,
- High significance – the decision would be influenced regardless of any mitigation
Further investigation A recommendation for further investigation (before the commencement of the
or monitoring activity) or monitoring (before commencement and/or during operations, or even
post-closure

6.2 ASSESSMENT OF BIO-PHYSICAL & SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS

6.2.1 FLOUR PRODUCTION OF PROCESSING SYSTEM & RELATED Wastes

The production processing system of the wheat flour factory plant consists of four major operations : -

Wheat Intake and Pre-Cleaning, Wheat Cleaning and preparation, Milling, and Packing and Dispatching.

wheat Intake and Pre-cleaning: - The major unit operations are dumping, conveying, weighing, pre-
cleaning, and conveying to storage silos or transferring to the working bins of the cleaning room.

Wheat Cleaning and Preparation: - The main unit operations involved are weighing, screening, destoning,
impurity separation, ferromagnetic separation, scouring, aspiration, dampening, tempering, and etiolating.
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Milling: - Major operations involved are weighing, breaking open, scalping, scratching, detaching, sifting,
purifying, milling (grounding), resifting and etiolating.

Packing and Dispatching: - The major operations involved are the collection of flour streams and bran,
mixing and aerating, resifting, etiolating, packing, sewing, loading, and dispatching. The process does not
release any pollutants to the environment.

In a flour processing company, raw materials are stored and cleaned in an elevator department. The
operation of elevator section equipment is based on the difference of wheat and the main features of
impurities. This section consists of technological refinement devices: aspirators, separators, spiral settlers,
machines for stone separation, and magnetic apparatuses.
Through this process, the project produces different wastes. Data collected from this flour industry is highly
aggregated and generally obtained a lot of information about industry processing performance. Therefore,
having this in mind, the flour industry found in Mechiso town, millennium Kebele by the name of Tsiyon
Seyifu Flour Industry Its processing outputs are;
Cleaned wheat is supplied to a flour processing department: Moisture is added by washing the wheat to
toughen the outside layer of bran so that it will come off in large flakes. Bran is undesirable in flour and is
difficult to separate in the powdered state.
Wheat is fed through several successively smoother rolls until it is reduced to its finished form. A screening
operation between each set of rolls helps control particle size and separates the bran. The bolters or sifters
are also gradually reduced in effective mesh sizes down to a fine silk sieve. The finished product includes
clear (rough) and pattern (fine) flour produced in a milling department. The working principle of the milling
equipment is based on pressing and shifting (rolls and millstones), striking (disk mills), and striking and
grinding (hammer mills) deformations. Rolls are used most frequently. Finally, ready flour is packed and
stored.
The most possible positive and negative impacts of the project were identified using a data collection
checklist and data obtained from the surrounding public participation opinion. From this flour project,
identified wastes are Solid wastes (cereals bran), Liquid wastes, Particulate Matter emission wastes, Impact
of accidents, Noise pollution, and greenhouse gas emission

The proposed Tsiyon Seyifu Flour Mill Factory would expect wastes are dust emissions, solid waste, liquid
waste, and fuel, oil, and lubricant, and the associated maximum predicted ground level concentrations
would still comply with the relevant environmental impact in all phases of construction, decommission and
operations. Consequently, it is considered that the proposed development would have a negligible impact
on particulate emissions and concentrations in the vicinity of the site.

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7. CONSULTATION

7.1 INTRODUCTION
Proclamation (Art. 3(1)) of EPA, 2002; EPA, 1997 and subsequent (ESIA)/EA Regulations of 299/2002 requires
any project to carry out environmental impact assessments for development proposals. According to
(ESIA) /EA Regulations, 2003 such studies have to incorporate consultation and public participation (CPP)
process.

ESIA process is largely determined by effective consultation and public participation (CPP) which provides a
cornerstone for project planning and successful implementation. Consultation and Public participation help
to: Facilitate the involvement and participation of affected persons throughout the project cycle and ensure
a sense of responsibility and commitment towards implementing the proposed EMP.

CPP should be undertaken mainly during project construction, decommission, and operations phases. It
should involve the affected persons, lead agencies, private sector, among others. The methodology for CPP
may include; Meetings and technical workshops with affected communities, Questionnaires, Interviews, and
Notices. It is the responsibility of the project proponent to adequately ensure the effective distribution of
the information to the affected persons to militate against unnecessary delays in decision-making and
project implementation.

7.2 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROCESS

7.2.1 CONSULTATION WITH INTERESTED AND AFFECTED PARTIES

The intent of the Yoya Development Consultancy and Training (PLC) strategy has been to identify and
incorporate a range of community values to ensure that the project was appropriately adapted to the local
context. The steps in the local consultation program were designed to identify and address stakeholders
concerns about the project and to build positive, long-term relationships with the project community
neighbors’.

Consultation specific to the project was initiated by contacting the Environmental officer of Dara District Mr.
Ashenaf Loha who thereafter provided the consultant team with contact persons at the Woreda Sector. The
consultation process included to a large extent public consultation through Mechiso town Millennium Keble
with the local people and interested and affected parties.

7.2.2 THE CONTENT OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE.

(a) Awareness about the proposed Tsiyon Seyifu Flour Mill Factory development project.

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(b) Whether the proposed project development project will cause negative impacts on the following area:
Local residents, Natural ecology of the area, the human environment, public health and safety, Effect on
water resources and quality, soil Quality in the local area, The areas of scenic beauty, Road transport and
related infrastructure, Drainage of the area, and any other comment.
Meeting with local This meeting was held for five days as from Tuesday, May 24 th to Jun 6th, 2024 at the site
after receiving detailed Terms of Reference from Dara woreda environmental protection office dated Jun
8th, 2024 and photos are provided at the end of this project report.

Figure 2: Illustration of Community consultation

7.2.3 THE RESULTS OF THE CONSULTATION

The result of the consultation is that most of the respondents were aware of the proposed development and
welcomed this development. The overall conclusion from the interviews and analysis of the questionnaire
led to the determination of the following:

 The proposed development project is accepted by the interested and the affected parties (i.e. almost
all of the respondents)
 The proposed project will benefit the general population by providing much-needed jobs and in the
long run reduce dependency and poverty.
 Other industries in the area hope to have good raw materials for food industries etc.
Participants Attending Result: The respondents however, did not object to the project and were in
agreement that it should be implemented but the proponent should consider employing people from the
local area for jobs that do not need specialized skills before he brings other people in. put in place measures
to curb insecurity. Members of the public who participated in this public participation were so passionate
about insecurity and how it needs to be addressed.

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7.3 SUMMARY OF CONCERNS

To date, stakeholder input has largely focused on creating an appropriate and contextual design for the
project in coordination with community input. Areas of particular interest have included the preparation of
effective environmental and socio-economic impact assessment and the mitigation of environmental effects.
Most stakeholder’s comments and concerns focused on cumulative effects and the need for clarity around
the project operations. A summary of the stakeholders concerns that were incorporated into the project

Table 5: Summary of Project Plan Modification

Summary of Project Plan Modifications

Concern Plan Modification

Dust and fugitive emissions The project for the flour mill facility is planned to be portable and
partially enclosed to mitigate dust concerns

Noise The plant is planned to be partially enclosed, using closed material and
insulted cover to mitigate noise concerns and to achieve compliance with
the Ethiopian Environmental Law. This enclosure will also work in
mitigating dust emissions and potential health concerns.

Effect on the Marshland No marshland downstream

downstream

Proximity to Road The factory will not extend beyond the site that is beside the road

Groundwater Constructed Waste collection damp pit with cement concrete downstream of the
entire site is expected to mitigate potential sedimentation of the groundwater

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8. EVALUATION OF IMPACTS
8.1 EZEDIN MOHAMED FLOUR INDUSTRY SITES – POTENTIAL IMPACT

Data and information were collected when project site visits were conducted; we noted that the industry has
most important positive and some negative impacts on the surrounding environment.

Thus, the project has some definite negative impacts on the surrounding environment in both direct and
indirect ways, as there will be direct and indirect interactions between project activities and the
environment. In this chapter analysis was done to identify and classify according to its potential effect, the
impacts inference on the socioeconomic environment (health, security, economic activities, finances, etc)
and the biophysical environment (fauna, flora, water, air, soil, energy) activities. Those negative, direct, or
indirect impacts are described in detail as follows;

8.2 POTENTIAL IMPACT OF THE PROJECT

8.2.1 POTENTIAL POSITIVE IMPACTS

The most possible positive and negative impacts of the project were identified when using a survey checklist
and data obtained from the factory and public opinion.

The most possible positive impact of the project is to create job opportunities for 34 skilled employees and
120 casual labour that enable them to generate income for their families. It also supplies 10,368 tons of
quality flour /year to its customers. Similarly, the project earns considerable profit for the proponent and
also it increases the revenue of the city administration through tax.

Table 6: Summary of Positive Impacts of the project

Impacts
1 Provision of 10,368 tons of quality flour /year to its customers
2 Job creation for 34 skilled and 110 casual labour were employed in different services of the factory
3 New opportunities for income generation for many individuals who has been supplied wheat to the
wheat mill
4 Increased economic activities directly or indirectly related to the project;
5 Possibility of savings for the local population and employees of the plant.
6 Payment of taxes to the local and central government
7 Create opportunities for the community to be exposed to modern gardening, recreation activities and
agricultural development practices.
8 Enhances cultural transformation through which women of the area who are under cultural pressure
can be benefited by encouraging them through employment opportunities.
9 Contributes to the realization of the development strategy, particularly in the area of industry sector

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8.2.2. POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS SOURCE

Based on the project proposal production plan table-1 of analysis, annually 2,920 tones (8%) total solid
wastes were produced from raw materials and manufactured products. If we consider 5,530 tones (20%) of
Bran and Other by-products as solid waste, the number of solid wastes increased to 2,074 tons (28%) /year
above Table-1. This generated solid waste is containing with a very high potential of environmental
pollutants (effluent) when disposed the downstream of watercourses and other biodiversity with no
treatment. This type of waste nowadays has become a series problem in the receiving environment,
especially in water bodies. Summary of the associated environmental negative impacts are described in
detail as follows;

8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS NEGATIVE IMPACT

The environmental aspects of the flour industry project can be categorized into the following major
environmental aspects:

Use of wheat as the main raw material in the production process,

Use of 487 liters of water per hour as input during the production process,
Generation of liquid and solid wastes,
Solid wastes
Wastewater
Particulate Matter emission
Noise pollution
Impact of accidents
Greenhouse gases emission

8.3.1 POTENTIAL FOR WATER BODIES CONTAMINATION

The manufacturing process does not produce any solid or liquid waste and also when factory plant
maintenance and repairs oil and grease contaminate the sewage, which should contain hydrocarbon
compounds and have an impact on conserving surface water. Other potential sources of groundwater
contamination may include wash water from vehicles, oils, fuels, and fluids from workshops. These are
preventable. All exterior vehicle parks should be paved and water led to storage tanks to collect rainwater
and wash water for later use. All liquid waste from workshops (e.g. oils) should be sealed in drums and taken
to Windhoek for recycling or disposal at the hazardous waste site. All fuel, oil, and other liquid tankers must
be properly bunded with concrete bunds large enough to contain any potential spill. Disposal of solid waste will not
be permitted on site.

Table 7: Summary of water Bodies contamination Aspects and Significance

Potential for water Bodies Contamination

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Nature of impact Potential contamination of groundwater by explosives, fuels, oils, hydraulic fluids
or domestic sewage
Mitigation Pump water from the dump pit for use
• Maintain all vehicles to prevent spills of oils, hydraulic fluids etc
• Re-use treated sewage water
• Pave vehicle parks and collect runoff
• Bund all hazardous liquid storage installations
• Ensure collection of liquid waste and recycling or legal disposal at an approved
disposal facility
Extent Since water will be abstracted from a few boreholes and probably the factory, the
dump of collection should be sufficient to limit any contamination to an area close
to the site.
Duration The potential for contamination will exist for as long as the operations phase
Intensity Low
Probability High, unless mitigation is effectively implemented
Confidence High
Significance Low – provided mitigation is effectively implemented
Further investigation Water quality tests should be undertaken to establish baseline water quality, and
or monitoring periodic water quality monitoring from abstraction boreholes is recommended
during operations

8.3.2 SOLID WASTES IMPACT

wheat is usually received in the unclaimed state and contains a variety of different types and sizes of foreign
material including wheat bran, chaff, rust, weed seeds, various types of pollens, different mold spores, and
pieces of wheat, dirt, and insect parts. Whenever wheat is handled and strikes against each other it tends to
rub off small particles of chaff and fragment some kernels. In this manner, waste was continuously
generated and the wheat was never absolutely clean. Solid wastes were produced into two main sections of
flour processing departments. The second source of solid waste was the Milling section. Thus, at the milling
department of the production section of flour, solid waste bran and other by-products were generated to
affect the surrounding environment.

The process of construction using cement does not generate significant quantities of solid waste. Ash from
fuels used in the kiln becomes part of the cement product. However, solid waste will be generated in
workshops (e.g. used parts, scrap metal) and from offices (e.g. packaging, paper, kitchen waste).
Combustible material can probably be used in the kilns. Any other waste must be collected and removed to
an approved waste disposal facility in Dara Woreda. Littering must be forbidden and site staff must be disciplined in
this regard.

Table 8: Summary of Solid Waste Contamination Aspects and Significance

Potential for Solid Waste Contamination

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Nature of impact Potential contamination of soil or groundwater

Mitigation Combustion in the kilns or removal of general waste to an approved landfill
• Recycling or disposal of Windhoek’s hazardous waste site
Extent On site.
Duration Long term
Intensity Low
Probability Low
Confidence High
Significance Low
Further investigation or Monitor disposal systems. Monitor litter on site
monitoring

8.3.3 PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSIONS (IMPACTS ON AIR QUALITY)

Raw materials received from different sources commonly contain fine dust and long fiber-shaped dust
particles. Fine dust may include the actual soil in which the wheat was grown, owing to wind or rain action in
the field. Other fine particles may originate from weeds or insects or be produced from the wheat itself by
abrasion in handling and storing. In such a way, Particulate Matter (PM) gets into the environment during all
wheat processing stages starting with wheat entering the elevator to its milling processes. Besides, PM is
emitted into the air during the pouring and packing processes.

In Tsiyon Seyifu Four Milling Factory, air emissions from the raw material organized sources are supplied to
the solid parts treatment cyclones. In this factory, dust is generated at the transfer points of the enclosed
conveying equipment, carried through bucket elevators, and emitted at the discharge of the conveyed
materials.

Table 9: Summary of Air Quality Contamination Aspects and Significance

Impacts of manufacturing plant on Air quality

Nature of impact Low levels of dust emissions, and noxious gases from the kiln machine.
Mitigation High temperatures ensure complete combustion
• Modern technology ensures minimal particulate emissions
Extent Unknown, depending on atmospheric dispersion factors, but decreasing in
intensity with distance
Duration Long term (but experienced intermittently due to changing wind directions
Intensity Low
Probability Definite
Confidence High
Significance Low
Further investigation Application of best available technology in the design, construction and operations
or monitoring stages
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8.3.4 IMPACTS OF NOISE AND VIBRATION

Sources of noise at the factory plant and construction would include noisy equipment such as the flour mill
for grinding the clinker. This noise will be contained in a building that can be designed with sound-absorbent
materials

Noise pollution represents the exposure of people or animals to levels of sound that are annoying, stressful,
or damaging to the ears. The maximum noise generated from this project flour factory is 43 db at its source
and the minimum is 32 db at the nearest settlement area.

According to EPA noise limits, 55 dba at the nearest residences is in the range of acceptable noise level for
rural districts an acceptable outdoor noise level is considered to be 65 dBA during the daytime and 45 dBA at
night. The project noise is low from the permissible noise level to guarantee minimal comfort to humans is
55 – 35 dba, noise problem is not an issue for the nearby residents.

Overall, it is considered that the impact of noise will be very limited because there are so few people living
near the site, and the nearest neighbors are more than 600m from the Flour Factory

Table 10: Summary of NOISE AND VIBRATION Aspects and Significance

Impacts of noise from the Factory

Nature of impact Noise from Factory processing
Mitigation • Maintain silencers on equipment and vehicles
• Leave as much vegetation in the surroundings as possible
Extent • milling and vehicles in the factory – a few 500m
Duration • All long-term (over 100 years
Intensity At 500m from the site, the impact should be low
Probability Depends on distance from the site
Confidence Medium
Significance Low – although fairly intense nearby, it will be of very short duration each day
Further Design of the mill plant – the milling will not contained in a structure, therefore noise
investigation dampening should be more possible to a degree
or monitoring

8.3.5 IMPACT OF ACCIDENTS

Ethiopian government Labor Proclamation No. 377/2003 stated that employee should be protected in their
working area. The proclamation also allows freedom of association and collective bargaining, equality of
workers, wages and benefits, and the like. It also states that an employer shall take the necessary measures
to adequately safeguard the health and safety of the workers. Among safe working environment in the
factories includes equipped employees with high boots, protective uniforms, dust masks, helmets, and Eye
goggles are the major one. This study examined that, though the factory provides safety equipments to the
employee, follow-up their implementation is very less. In addition to this, important issues like insurance
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service in case of accident are not available. This study concludes, that to avoid workers of safety
equipment ignorance, it is advisable to provide regular follow-up and training.

8.3.6 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SAFETY ISSUES

OHS issues are not normally dealt with in an ESIA but a brief mention is made here. The Labour Proclamation
No. 377/2003 Articles 92 to 112 makes certain provisions about occupational health and safety. In particular,
it is expected that workers will need to be protected against dust and noise in the workplace. Any project
requires that noise levels in the workplace should not exceed 65 dBA. If this limit is reached, then a noise
zone must be declared. A noise zone has special requirements for protective equipment and for the training
of exposed personnel.
Dust will be released into the air within the plant, a high percentage of which consists of PM10 particles.
These are very small particles that are known to be associated with health impacts. Target values have been
set at an even lower level as follows: -
The daily target for the protection of human health over 24 hours is 50 μg/m3
(The permissible frequency for exceeding limit values is yet to be determined).
The annual limit for a calendar year is 30 μg/m3.

8.3.7 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IMPACT

Greenhouse gas emissions from the proposed flour mill would be predominantly associated with the
electrical energy required for the operation of the plant, equipment, and lighting. The proposed mill would
also not utilize steam during the process, and would not directly combust gas or any other fuels. Electricity
would be used on-site to operate lighting and equipment.

8.4 SITE STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

8.4.1 CONSTRUCTION STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

The proposed flour mill development would be located entirely within the lower side of Legedara River, and
consequently, all construction runoff generated at the site during construction works would be conveyed to
the site's small farm for irrigation. No runoff or stormwater would be discharged to the Legedara River. The
erosion and sediment controls proposed for the works have been developed to ensure that construction
runoff is contained on-site and not discharged to the river.

8.4.3 OPERATIONAL STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

The proposed works would not alter the existing site stormwater management system, and consequently, all
stormwater generated by the proposed flour mill during the operational phase would be discharged to the crop
production in the surrounding farm. The proposed flour mill would also not increase the volume of stormwater
generated from this area of the site during operation as the area is currently all surfaced with bitumen

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9. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

This chapter analyzes the possible alternatives besides the methods and other parameters already
considered in the design of the project. Bearing in mind the critical need for the protection of environmental
ecosystems and the core role that the Tsiyon Seyifu Flour-Mill Factory site will play in the social and
economic development of the country, it’s imperative to analyze and balance the need for the planet,
people and profit in the context of the sustainable development.

In the scenario where Dara Woreda Environment, Forest Climate Change Office is not permitted to factory
in the site in question, soil erosion will still be evident given the fact that the site had already been quarried
before and no need for rehabilitation of the area was done.

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10. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MITIGATION

10.1. CONSTRUCTION PHASE AND OPERATION PHASE
Notwithstanding the conclusion that the proposed development would not significantly alter existing air
quality in the vicinity of the site, appropriate mitigation measures would be implemented through the
construction and operation phases to ensure that air quality impacts would be minimized .

10.1.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE

It is anticipated that the application of mitigation measures to reduce dust generation and vehicular
emissions during construction would minimize dust generation to acceptable levels. Mitigation measures
that would be implemented to minimize potential impacts on air quality include :
 Visible dust emissions from earth-moving and transport activities would be the focus of prompt
mitigation through the use of dust-suppressing sprays from water carts;
 The extent of exposed and unprotected areas would be limited by preserving existing groundcover
(through staged clearing) and all disturbed areas would be stabilized as soon as possible;
 Stockpiles would be kept to a minimum;
 All haulage vehicle loads would be covered while transporting material to and from the work area;
 Construction traffic would be restricted to designated areas, which would be covered with a
gravel/bitumen surface where practicable and subjected to regular dust suppression (e.g. water cart);
 Where practicable, specific areas of the construction site (e.g. stockpiles) would be fenced with Shade
cloth to minimize wind erosion and the transport of dust beyond the site boundary;
 All construction and administrative vehicles would be maintained in a serviceable condition such that
exhaust emissions are minimized.

10.1.2 SITE OPERATION PHASE

It is recommended that post-commissioning testing be undertaken to assess compliance with the standard
of concentration prescribed under the Protection of the Environment Operations (Clean Air) Regulation 2003

All activities carried out on the site, and about the project, would comply with the relevant provisions of all
related relevant legislation and regulations, and would also comply with relevant policies and guidelines
relating to the construction, decommission phase, and operation phases of the project including, but not
limited to, those detailed. Summarizes the key recommendations for environmental management in the
form of an Environmental Management Plan. These recommendations are arranged according to the
relevant phase of the project.

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10.2 OPERATION PHASE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

EMP would be prepared generally by the framework, principles, and requirements detailed in Standards Act
30 of 1982: Environmental Management Systems Specification with guidance for use. The EMP would be
developed before site activities commenced and would be fully implemented, maintained, reviewed,
audited, and updated throughout the construction phase as may be required by the Conditions of Approval,
or as otherwise directed.

10.2.1 GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

General environmental mitigation measures for the project are detailed in Table 11.

Table 11: Environmental management framework

All safeguard measures detailed in the Environmental Assessment would be applied to the project

Construction activities would be managed to comply with the premises’ Environment Protection

License noise limits, which range from 55–45 dB(A) when measured at the nearest residences
(dimensionless unit, decibel (dB))
Noisy construction activities would generally be undertaken during daylight hours, although some
construction activities would be undertaken outside these hours

Limits Environmental awareness training would be provided to all personnel (including all labourers/
plant operators/ supervisors and engineers), and would address, but not be limited to:
Sedimentation and erosion control;
Water quality control;
Pollution control; and
DEC requirements
The training would commence at the start of construction and would continue as new personnel
are engaged
A register of environmental awareness training would be established and maintained at the site.
The register would contain details of the type of training, personnel trained, training dates and
qualifications of the trainer

10.2.2 SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT

The potential impacts of construction activities on soil and water resources are generally associated with the
erosion of soils and subsequent discharge of sediments or turbid runoff to watercourses, together with
pollution associated with the spillage of fuels, chemicals, and other materials into waterways.

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The location of the construction activities immediately adjacent to the banks of the Legedara River increases
the risk of potential impacts to the river occurring, although the site stormwater management system would
collect all runoff from the construction area and convey it to the environmental farm for treatment and
irrigation. However, additional environmental control measures have been developed to further minimize
the risk of discharges to the Legedara River, as detailed in Table 12. Acid Sulphate Soils (ASS) are not
expected to be encountered on site and consequently have not been considered further.

Table 12: Soil and water management measures

Soil and Water Management Measure:

A site-specific Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (ESCP) has been developed for the project. The
ESCP identifies appropriate control measures and practices to prevent soil and erosion impacts,
and discharges of turbid site runoff to the Legedara River
All sediment control measures detailed in the ESCP would be implemented on-site prior to
construction commencing
All sediment and erosion controls would be inspected by the Contractor/Proponent at a minimum
of weekly intervals and within 24 hours of all rainfall events exceeding 10 mm in 24 hours. Routine
maintenance would be undertaken to desilt sediment basins and traps and replace damaged
sediment control fences and other structures.
Loss of suspended solids and sediment to the Legedara River would be prevented by using
temporary or reverse super elevation for any excavations, constructing berms along the edge of
the site to prevent runoff to the river, and installing silt fences along the property boundary with
the river.
A silt fence would be installed between the site and the Legedara River, along the entire perimeter
of the construction area, to prevent suspended solids from being transported offsite.
All site runoff would be collected and diverted to the site stormwater management system, which
would then convey it to the surrounding farm for treatment and irrigation, thereby preventing any
offsite impacts
In the event of a spillage of potentially harmful chemicals, fuels, oils or materials, would be
contacted immediately, and contaminants would be immediately control
An incident/emergency spill plan would be developed. This would include measures to avoid
spillages of fuels, chemicals, and fluids onto the floodplain and/or into any waterways. All
personnel would be made aware of these measures. An emergency spill kit would be kept onsite
at all times.
All fuels, chemicals, and liquids would be stored at least 50 m away from any waterways or
drainage lines within an impervious bunded area
Any wastewater generated from construction processes would be contained onsite and directed
to the site storm water management system for conveyance to the Environmental Farm for
treatment and irrigation. The discharge of water into waterways would be prohibited
The refueling of plant and maintenance of machinery would be undertaken within impervious
bunded areas within the compound sites.
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10.2.3 NOISE AND VIBRATION MANAGEMENT

Noise is expressed as unpleasant and unwanted sound and is often measured in dimensionless units,
decibels (dB) which is a measure of loudness that can emanate from different sources of noise such as
modes of transportation (like road and rail transportation), industrial operations which release sounds of
engines and machines, cutting, sawing, welding and many other repair and maintenances woks in garages
and warehouse, construction activities, celebration, etc. expected in the project.

The noise and vibration mitigation management measures would include the appropriate siting of plant,
equipment, compounds, and machinery to minimize noise impacts and construction noise monitoring to
monitor compliance with the noise limits specified in the premise’s Environment Protection License, as
detailed in Table 13.

Table 13: Noise and vibration management measures

Noise and Vibration Management Measures

Appropriate noise and vibration mitigation measures would be developed and implemented
throughout the construction process, including all commitments made in the EA, and required by
the Conditions of Approval.
Construction activities would be managed to comply with the premises’ Environment Protection
license noise limits, which range from 55 – 45 dB(A) when measured at the nearest residences.
Noisy construction activities in this project is not an issue.
Limits.
Plant and equipment would be selected and operated with appropriate mufflers and noise
controls and where practical work practices and plant selection would be considered so as to
minimize noise impacts
High efficiency mufflers would be used on all construction equipment and manufacturer’s noise
control equipment would remain intact. All construction equipment would be well maintained and
serviced

10.2.4 AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT

Construction activities have the potential to generate dust. The Proponent/Contractor would manage
potential dust and air quality issues during construction by implementing appropriate control measures, but
this environmental impact is not an issue due to the nature of construction and no need for mitigation
measures.

10.2.5 WASTE AND CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT

The potential environmental impacts associated with spillages of chemicals, fuels, and oils to both water
and soils would be minimized through the implementation of detailed control measures designed to

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minimize the risk of such spillages occurring. In addition, appropriate waste management measures would
be implemented to ensure that waste is avoided, minimized, or recycled wherever possible, or responsibly
disposed of. Appropriate mitigation and management measures are detailed in Table 14.

Table 14: Waste and chemical management measures

Waste and Chemical Management Measures

An incident emergency spill plan would be developed and implemented as required. This would
include measures to avoid spillages of fuels, chemicals, and fluids into any waterways. All
personnel would be made aware of these measures. An emergency spill kit would be kept onsite
at all times.
Storage areas for fuels, oils and chemicals would be surrounded by impervious bund walls to
contain any spillage. Storage areas would not be located within 50 meters of any waterway, on
slopes above 10%, or near areas of native vegetation. All precautions would be taken to eliminate
fuel or other spills.
Storage areas for fuels, oils and chemicals used in construction would be surrounded by bund
walls to retain any spills. The bund would contain at least 110% of the volume of the largest
container
A schedule of all hazardous materials in use on the works would be maintained and recorded for
the duration of the construction.
Refueling operations would not be left unattended whilst refueling is in progress. Refueling of
plant and maintenance would not occur within 50m of waterways or sensitive areas.
The refueling of plant, and maintenance of machinery, would be undertaken within impervious
bunded areas.
Should any spillage of fuels, oils, chemicals or other potentially hazardous/polluting materials
occur during construction the Dara Woreda would be contacted immediately, and contaminants
would be immediately contained, removed, treated (if necessary), and disposed of by Dara
Woreda requirements.
All wastes would be transported by licensed waste management contractors and would be
disposed of to an appropriately licensed waste management facility
The construction site would be maintained in a clean and tidy condition. Covered bins would be
provided for waste disposal
The Resource Management Hierarchy principles the would-be adopted in this EWMP

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11. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN

Environmental management is concerned with the implementation of measures necessary to minimize or

offset adverse impacts and enhance beneficial impacts. Unless the mitigation and benefit enhancement
measures identified in the EWMP are fully implemented, the prime function of WMP, which is to provide a
basis for shaping the project so that overall environmental performance is enhanced, cannot be achieved. To
be effective, environment management must be fully integrated with the overall project management effort
at all levels, which itself should be aimed at providing a high level of quality control, leading to a project
which has been properly designed, constructed, and functional with possible efficiency throughout its
lifetime. Hence, the overall goal of the Environmental Waste Management Plan (EWMP) of the Tsiyon Seyifu
Flour-Mill Factory project is to minimize the adverse impacts of the project by managing and implementing
the proposed impact mitigation measures and introducing good environmental waste management practices

Environmental monitoring involves the measurement of relevant parameters, at a level of detail accurate
enough, to distinguish the anticipated changes. Monitoring aims to determine the effectiveness of actions to
improve environmental quality. The environmental management and monitoring plans have been developed
and outlined to bring home the key findings of the Environmental Impact Assessment of the project in
mention, recommending necessary mitigation actions, defining roles, monitoring able indicators, and the
estimated cost.

These flour industry EWMPs outlined in tables hereafter address the potential negative impacts and
mitigation measures as well as roles, costs, and monitorable indicators that can help to determine the
effectiveness of actions to upgrade the quality of the environment; as regards to this flour Industry . The
detailed information is stated below in Table 15.
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11.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN

Table 15: Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan

Source of Mitigation measure Monitoring Indicators Monitoring and reporting Cost of Responsibility bodies
Potential Impact frequency mitigation/
enhancement
measure
Liquid and solid Constructions of waste disposal pit/tank Presence of well At the end of every work Part of the worked, Regional Environmental
waste Maintained month report operational cost Protection Forest and Climate Change
receptacles and Authority
central collection
point
Flour industry Flour by- products should be stored in a No contaminated husk Monitoring every two Part of the worked, Regional Environmental
waste separate site store and handled carefully. waste months or quarterly operation Protection Forest and Climate Change
An solid waste used for compost expense Authority
preparation
Office waste & building of toilet and solid waste pit healthy environment Monitoring every two part of operation worked, Regional Environmental
human extraction and workers from air months or quarterly expense Protection Forest and Climate Change
pollution Authority
Flour waste Fulfillment of facility for disposal and fully protected Monitoring every two part of operation worked, Regional Environmental
influxes treatment with EM environment from months or quarterly expense Protection Forest and Climate Change
noise, fire hazards & Authority
seeing dressed
workers
workers Health Provide Personal Protective Equipment Workers using Monitoring every two part of operation worked, Regional Environmental
and Safety Train workers on personal safety and Protective Equipment months or quarterly expense Protection Forest and Climate Change
how to handle flour waste Presence of a First Aid Authority
Box

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11.2. BUIDGT FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN

The following table shows the approximate costs for implementing the proposed measures to the project’s
impacts, considering the local market price. That cost is the responsibility of Tsiyon Seyifu Flour-Mill
Factory. For more detailed information show below table 16.

Table 16: Financial Requirement for Environmental Protection Costs

No Parameter to be Mitigation measures (Activity) Frequency Institution responsible Budget
monitored birr
1 Solid waste Biannual Proponent, 50,000
 Flour processing waste and other environmentalist
solid wastes regulatory body
 Recycle/reuse solid waste

2 Air quality Yearly once Proponent, 10,000

 Limit ambient air quality test environmentalist,
parameter regulatory body
 Conduct air quality assessment
 Limit dust emissions to below
standards

3 Soil disturbance Once yearly Proponent, 5,000

 Limit soil disturbance environmentalist,
 Reuse removed topsoil for regulatory body
economic and environmental
conservation purposes

4 Health hazards and the Works incidences, status, and trends of Yearly once Proponent, 10,000
spread of diseases diseases in the project area, Assess environmentalist, health
employees health safety and utilization office regulatory body
of safety devices
Total environmental monitoring cost 75,000

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12. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

12.1 CONCLUSION
It is concluded that:

 The total dour emission rate for the flour mill would not have a significant incremental or cumulative
dour impact at the Mechiso town Millennium kebele flour mill industry site and would equate to
<0.1% of the existing total dour emission rate for the project site facility (excluding emissions from
the surrounding residents).
 Odor emissions from the flour mill would be likely to have a neutral hedonic tone, which is to say that
the odor would be regarded as being neither unpleasant nor pleasant.
 All exhaust discharge points would be equipped with Buhler Air jet filters, which are capable of
achieving an in-stack particulate concentration of considerably less than 50 mg/m3.
 Emissions of total suspended particulates would comply with the concentration prescribed by the
Protection of the Environment Operations (Clean Air) Regulation 2002.
 The total particulate emission rate for the flour mill would not have a significant incremental or
cumulative impact at the project site and should be avoided emission rate.
 The additional greenhouse gas emissions associated with the proposed flour mill at the established
Mechiso town Millennium kebele flour mill industry site would be no CO2 gas emissions.
 The development and rigorous implementation of appropriate environmental management
measures throughout the construction period would minimize environmental impacts associated
with the construction process.

12.2 Recommendation
Here below few recommendations are forwarded:

To enhance the potential economic benefits and social acceptability of the project; it is very
important for the company management body and Proponents (a) to avoid or minimize any adverse
impacts of the project on human health and, (b) to reduce impacts on the environment,
It is recommended that the proposed mitigating measures are properly implemented on time.
To ensure proper implementation of mitigation measures, monitoring and auditing must be
conducted.
In addition, the company should create harmonious relationships with the local communities by
holding discussions with local people to develop strong ties with them.
All appropriate environmental management measures detailed in this report, together with any
other environmental management commitments detailed in the Environmental Assessment
document be developed in a Construction Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and implemented
throughout the construction phase

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In collaboration with the local government and the affected community, the company should support
development efforts at the project site. This will strengthen trust between local people and the
company.
Therefore, major practical works are required to aware the local community develop their confidence in the
flour industry activities, and to conduct transparent mitigation measure application and the necessary steps
on what conditions the flour industry Waste Management Plan should consolidated by the consultant and
provide to the Regional and woreda EPA office for the acceptance and approval of to this envisaged flour
industry management plan. This will however be overcome through close follow-up and implementation of
the recommended Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans (EMPs).

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14. REFERENCES
1 Birley (1991), Guidelines for forecasting the vector-borne disease implications of Water
2 Resources Development. PEEM Guidelines Series 2. Second edition PEEM Secretariat, WHO, Geneva.
WHO/CWS/ 91.3
3 EPA-ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AUTHORIYTY – State of Environment Report for Ethiopia-Addis Ababa-
2003
4 Bureau of Africa; Office of Sustainable Development (June1996); Environmental Guidelines for Small-scale
Activities in Africa
5 THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA-October 31,2002-proclamation No 295: ``Environmental
Organs Establishment Proclamation``
6 FDRE-THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA-December 3, 2001-proclamation N o 299:
``Environmental Impacts Assessment Proclamation``
7 FDRE-THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA-December 3, 2001-proclamation N o 300:
``Environmental pollution control Proclamation`` Guidelines Washington D.C, fourth printing
8 IIRR (2002), Managing Dry land Resources-An Extension manual for Eastern and Southern
9 Africa. International Institute of Rural RE- construction, Nairobi,Kenya. Impact Assessment Service of EPA
(June 2003), Environmental and social Management plan (ESMP) for Agricultural Support project
10 The World Bank (2002), the Environment and the Millennium Development Goals.
11 The world Bank (May/1995) Environmental Assessment Sound Book; Volume II Sectorial FDRE August
24,1995-proclamation No9: ‘’Environmental protection Authority Establishment proclamation’’

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