Essential Junior Secondary Bridging Materials (Bilingual version) (Phase I)

1 Basic Arithmetic 基礎算術

Important Terms 重要詞彙
Arithmetic Operations 算術運算 Mixed Operations 混合計算
Add, Plus 加 Multiplication 乘法
Addition 加法 Multiply, Times 乘
Decrease 減少 Natural Number 自然數
Difference 差 Odd Number 奇數/單數
Divide 除 Product 積
Dividend 被除數 Quotient 商
Divisible 可以整除 Remainder 餘數
Division 除法 Subtract, Minus 減
Divisor 除數 Subtraction 減法
Even Number 偶數/雙數 Sum 和
Increase 增加 Whole Number, Integer （完）整數

1.1 Numbers 數字
Numbers are one of the fundamental elements in Mathematics. People already knew how to use
them in counting in the prehistoric stage. The simplest type of numbers is called natural numbers :
1, 2, 3, 4, … . We also called the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. whole numbers or integers.
數字 是數學中一種基本元素。在史前時代，人類已懂得利用數字點算數目。最簡單的數字類
別是 自然數：1, 2, 3, 4, …。我們也稱 0、1、2、3、4 等數字為 完整數 或 整數。

Under whole numbers, there are even numbers and odd numbers. Even numbers are whole
numbers which are divisible by 2, such as 0, 2, 4, 6, etc. ; while odd numbers are whole numbers
which are not divisible by 2, such as 1, 3, 5, etc.
完整數可分成 偶數/雙數 和 奇數/單數。偶數是可以被 2 整除的完整數，例如 0、2、4、6
等；而奇數是不能被 2 整除的完整數，例如 1、3、5 等。

The following table shows some types of numbers.

下表是一些數字的類別。

Types of numbers 數字的類別 Example 例子

Integers 整數 0, 1, 2, 3, …
Even numbers 偶數 2, 4, 6, …
Odd numbers 奇數 1, 3, 5, …
1 4 5
Fractions 分數 , , 3 ,…
2 7 7
Decimals 小數 0.1, 4.25, 15.3, …

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Essential Junior Secondary Bridging Materials (Bilingual version) (Phase I)

Class Practice 1.1

Complete the following questions. 完成下列各題。

1. Number ‘0’ is / is not a natural number.

數字「0」 是 / 不是 一個自然數。

2. When an even number is divided by 2, the remainder is __________ .

當一個偶數除以 2 時，餘數等於 __________。

3. When an odd number is divided by 2, the remainder is __________ .

當一個奇數除以 2 時，餘數等於 __________。

Exercise 1.1
1. Write down the first five natural numbers.
寫出首五個自然數。

______________________________

2. Write down three whole numbers.

寫出三個完整數。

______________________________

3. Write down all even numbers which are between 7 and 15.
寫出在 7 與 15 之間的所有偶數。

______________________________

4. Write down all odd numbers which are greater than 4 but less than 13.
寫出大於 4 但小於 13 的所有奇數。

______________________________

4
5. Write down all integers which are between 4.2 and 14 .
5
4
寫出所有在 4.2 與 14 之間的整數。
5

______________________________

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 Essential Junior Secondary Bridging Materials (Bilingual version) (Phase I)

1.2 Four Basic Arithmetic Operations 四種基本算術運算

Let us review the four basic arithmetic operations (+, –, , ÷).
讓我們重溫四種基本算術運算（+、–、、÷）。

1.2.1 Addition 加法
In 1489, the German mathematician Johannes Widmann made use of the symbols ‘+’ and ‘–’ to
represent addition and subtraction respectively in his work. It was the first time that these two
symbols were used. The uses of these two symbols became popular afterwards.
在 1489 年，德國數學家魏德曼在其著作中首先使用符號「+」和「–」來分別表示加法和減法，
其後該用法逐漸普及起來。
Note
The result of adding two numbers together is called the sum.
兩個數字相加的結果稱為 和。

The following shows some examples of addition. 以下是一些加法的例子。

24
Sum 和
Sum 和 +37
7 + 17 = 24
61
Example According to each of the following sentences, write down an expression and answer
the question.
根據下列各句子，寫出數式並回答問題。
(a) What is the result of 7 plus 14? We can use different
7 加 14 等於甚麼？ sentences to represent
additions.
(b) What is the sum of 12 and 10? 我們可用不同句子表示加
12 與 10 之和是甚麼？ 法。
(c) What can we obtain when 8 is increased by 16?
8 增加了 16，可得甚麼？
Solution (a) 7 + 14 = 21
(b) 12 + 10 = 22
(c) 8 + 16 = 24

Class Practice 1.2A

Write down the answers in the blanks. 把答案填在横線上。
1. 16 plus 7 equals ________ . 2. Add 13 to 24 equals ________ .
16 加 7 等於 ________。 24 加 13 等於 ________。
3. The sum of 32 and 15 is ________ .
32 與 15 之和是 ________。
4. When 14 is increased by 18, we obtain ________ .
4 增加了 18，可得 ________。

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Essential Junior Secondary Bridging Materials (Bilingual version) (Phase I)

1.2.2 Subtraction 減法
The order of numbers can be changed in addition. However, the order of numbers cannot be
changed in subtraction.
進行加法時數字的次序可以更改，但是在進行減法時兩個數字的次序不能更改。

Note

The result of subtracting one number from another is called the difference.
兩個數字相減的結果稱為 差。

The following shows some examples of subtraction. 以下是一些減法的例子。

Difference 差
42
Difference 差 –15
14 – 6 = 8
27

Example According to each of the following sentences, write down an expression and answer
the question.
根據下列各句子，寫出數式並回答問題。

(a) What is the result of 54 minus 21?

‘54 minus 21’ is not the
54 減 21 等於甚麼？
same as ‘21 minus 54’.
(b) What is the difference of 32 and 8? 「54 減 21」與「21 減
32 與 8 之差是甚麼？ 54」是不同的。

(c) What is the result when 27 is decreased by 19?

27 減少了 19，結果是多少？
Solution (a) 54 – 21 = 33
(b) 32 – 8 = 24
(c) 27 – 19 = 8

Class Practice 1.2B

Write down the answers in the blanks. 把答案填在橫線上。

1. 35 minus 17 equals ________ . 2. The difference of 49 and 12 is ________ .

35 減 17 等於 ________。 49 與 12 之差是 ________。

3. When 26 is decreased by 11, we obtain ________ .

26 減少了 11，可得 ________。

4. Subtract 43 from ________ equals 18.

________ 減 43 等於 18。

5. We can use a sentence ______________________________ to represent ‘79 – 35 = 44’.

我們可以用句子 ______________________________ 表示「79 – 35 = 44」。

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 Essential Junior Secondary Bridging Materials (Bilingual version) (Phase I)

1.2.3 Multiplication 乘法
The English mathematician William Oughtred introduced the multiplication sign ‘×’. This sign was
created by rotating the addition sign ‘+’ by 45 since Oughtred considered multiplication as a
special type of addition.
英國數學家奧特雷德引入了乘法符號「」
。這個符號是把加法符號「+」旋轉 45 而成，原因
是他把乘法視作一種特殊的加法。

Note

The result of multiplying two numbers together is called the product.

兩個數字相乘的結果稱為 積。

The following shows some examples of multiplication.

以下是一些乘法的例子。

29
 12
9  4 = 36 Product 積 Product 積 290
58
348
Example According to each of the following sentences, write down an expression and answer
the question.
根據下列各句子，寫出數式並回答問題。
(a) What is the result of 24 times 2?
24 乘 2 的結果是多少？
(b) What is the product of 14 and 13?
14 與 13 的積是多少？
Solution (a) 24 × 2 = 48
(b) 14 × 13 = 182
1 4
 1 3
Column form of calculation can 1 4 0
help us perform multiplication. 4 2
直式可幫助我們計算乘法。 1 8 2

Class Practice 1.2C

Write down the answers in the blanks. 把答案填在橫線上。
1. 17  8 = ________ 2. 22  15 = ________
3. 32 times 5 equals ________ . 4. The product of 51 and 13 is ________ .
32 乘 5，可得 ________。 51 與 13 的積是 ________。

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Essential Junior Secondary Bridging Materials (Bilingual version) (Phase I)

1.2.4 Division 除法
The Swiss mathematician Johann Rahn introduced the division sign ‘’ in one of his works on
Algebra which was published in 1659. After the English version of this work was published in 1668,
the sign became popular.
瑞士數學家雷因在其 1659 年出版的一部於代數著作中使用了除法符號「÷」 。此著作的英譯本
在 1668 年推出，之後該符號流行起來。

In the division ‘12 ÷ 3’, 12 is called the dividend and 3 is called the divisor.
在除式「12 ÷ 3」中，12 稱為 被除數，而 3 稱為 除數。

Note
The result of dividing a number by another one is called the quotient. When the
dividend is not divisible by the divisor, we have a remainder.
兩個數字相除的結果稱為 商。當除數不能整除被除數時，會出現 餘數。

The following are examples of division. 以下是一些除法的例子。

Quotient 商
Dividend 被除數 38
Divisor 除數
3 114
12 ÷ 4 = 3 9 Dividend 被除數
Divisor 除數 24
24
Quotient 商
12
14 170
17 ÷ 5 = 3…2 14
30
Remainder 餘數 28
2 Remainder 餘數

Example According to each of the following sentences, write down an expression and answer
the question.
根據下列各句子，寫出數式並回答問題。
(a) What is the quotient of dividing 28 by 4?
28 除 4 的商是多少？ 1 4
(b) What is the result of dividing 228 by 16? 1 6 2 2 8
228 除 16 的結果是甚麼？ 1 6
Solution (a) 28  4 = 7 The remainder must be 6 8
less than the divisor.
(b) 228  16 = 14 … 4 6 4
餘數必然小於除數。
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 Essential Junior Secondary Bridging Materials (Bilingual version) (Phase I)

Class Practice 1.2D

Write down the answers in the blanks. 把答案填在橫線上。

1. 34 ÷ 2 = ________ 2. 78 ÷ 13 = ________

3. 56 ÷ 6 = ________ 4. 149  18 = ________

5. When 156 is divided by 6, the quotient is ________ and the remainder is ________ .
當 156 除以 6 時，所得的商是 ________，餘數是 ________。

6. 25 is divisible by ________ , ________ and ________ .

________、________ 和 ________ 可以整除 25。

7. The product of  and 8 is 56.  equals ________ .

與 8 的積是 56。等於 ________。

1.2.5 Mixed Operations 混合計算

Some expressions such as 7 – 3  2 and (1 + 7) ÷ (6 – 2) involve mixed operations. We need to
perform the operations according to the particular order of operations.
一些數式如 7 – 3  2 和 (1 + 7) ÷ (6 – 2) 等涉及混合計算，我們要按特定次序進行每個運算。

When an expression does not involve brackets, we perform ‘multiplication’ and ‘division’ first and
then ‘addition’ and ‘subtraction’.
當數式不涉及括號時，我們會先進行「乘法」和「除法」，然後才進行「加法」和「減法」。

Operations 運算 Order 優先次序

×, ÷ First 先
+, – Last 後

Example Evaluate each of the following expressions. 計算下列各式。

(a) 12 + 3 × 15 (b) 13 × 5 – 24 ÷ 4
Solution (a) 12 + 3 × 15
Perform multiplication and division first 先乘除
= 12 + 45
= 57

(b) 13 × 5 – 24 ÷ 4

= 65 – 6 Perform multiplication and division first 先乘除

= 59

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Essential Junior Secondary Bridging Materials (Bilingual version) (Phase I)

When an expression involves brackets ( ), we perform operations within brackets first.

當數式涉及括號 ( ) 時，我們會先進行括號中的運算。

Example Evaluate 8 × (12 ÷ 2 – 4). 計算 8 × (12 ÷ 2 – 4)。

Solution 8 × (12 ÷ 2 – 4)
= 8 × (6 – 4) Perform operations within the brackets first,
then eliminate the brackets
=8×2 先處理括號內的運算，完成後消去括號
= 16

Class Practice 1.2E

Evaluate each of the expressions with steps. 計算下列各式且列出步驟。

1. 9–6×1+7 2. 12 + (48 ÷ 6 – 5)

Exercise 1.2
Write down the answers in the blanks. 把答案填在橫線上。(1 – 10)

1. 139 plus 27 equals ________ . 2. Subtract 54 from 271 equals ________ .

139 加 27 等於 ________。 271 減 54 等於 ________。

3. Multiply 14 by 8 equals ________ . 4. Divide 312 by 6 equals ________ .

14 乘 8 等於 ________。 312 除 6 等於 ________。

5. The sum of 13 and 55 is ________ . 6. The product of 5 and 38 is ________ .

13 與 55 之和是 ________。 5 與 38 的積是 ________。

7. The difference of 67 and 22 is ________ . 8. The quotient of 72 and 4 is ________ .

67 與 22 之差是 ________。 72 與 4 的商是 ________。

9. Divide 482 by 8, the quotient is ________ and the remainder is ________ .

當 482 除以 8 時，所得的商是 ________，餘數是 ________。

10. Multiply 12 by itself equals ________ .

12 與自己相乘等於 ________。

Evaluate each of the following expressions. 計算下列各數式。(11 – 14)

11. 29 – 9 × 3 = ________ 12. 55 ÷ 5 – 4 × 2 = ________

13. (14 + 4 ÷ 2) × 5 = ________ 14. 5 × (10 + 16 ÷ 4) = ________

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 Essential Junior Secondary Bridging Materials (Bilingual version) (Phase I)

1.3 H.C.F. and L.C.M.最大公因數和最小公倍數

1.3.1 Highest Common Factor 最大公因數

Consider integers 18 and 27.
考慮整數 18 和 27。
The factors of 18 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 18.
18 的因數有 1、2、3、6、9 和 18。
The factors of 27 are 1, 3, 9 and 27.
27 的因數有 1、3、9 和 27。
For 18 and 27, they both have factors 1, 3 and 9. These factors are their common factors. Among
their common factors, the greatest one is 9 and it is called the highest common factor (H.C.F.).
對於 18 和 27，1、3 和 9 是它們的共同因數，稱為 公因數。在這些公因數中，最大的一個是
9，稱為 最大公因數 (H.C.F.)。

Class Practice 1.3A

1. Find the H.C.F. of 24 and 36. 2. Find the H.C.F. of 45 and 60.
求 24 和 36 的最大公因數。 求 45 和 60 的最大公因數。

1.3.2 Least Common Multiple 最小公倍數

Consider integers 18 and 27.
考慮整數 18 和 27。
The multiples of 18 are 18, 36, 54, 72, 108, … .
18 的倍數有 18、36、54、72、108、…。
The multiples of 27 are 27, 54, 81, 108, … .
27 的倍數有 27、54、81、108、…。
For 18 and 27, they both have multiples 54 and 108, etc. These multiples are their common
multiples. Among their common multiples, the least one is 54 and it is called the least common
multiple (L.C.M.).
對於 18 和 27，54 和 108 等都是它們的共同倍數，稱為 公倍數。在這些公倍數中，最小的一
個是 54，稱為 最小公倍數 (L.C.M.)。

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Essential Junior Secondary Bridging Materials (Bilingual version) (Phase I)

Class Practice 1.3B

1. Find the L.C.M. of 24 and 36. 2. Find the L.C.M. of 40 and 25.
求 24 和 36 的最小公倍數。 求 40 和 25 的最小公倍數。

Exercise 1.3
1. Write down all the factors of 18.
寫出 18 的所有因數。

2. Find the H.C.F. of 36 and 48.

求 36 和 48 的最大公因數。

3. Find the L.C.M. of 16 and 30.

求 16 和 30 的最小公倍數。

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 Essential Junior Secondary Bridging Materials (Bilingual version) (Phase I)

1.4 Arithmetic Operations of Fractions 分數的四則運算

After learning how to find the L.C.M. of two integers, we can perform addition and subtraction of
any two fractions.
在學會如何求兩個整數的最小公倍數後，我們便能進行任何兩個分數的加法和減法。

Example Evaluate each of the following expressions. 計算下列各式。

4 5 2 1
(a) + (b) +
7 7 9 6
4 5 45 9 2
Solution (a) + = = =1
7 7 7 7 7
The L.C.M. of 9 and 6 is 18.
2 1 2  2 1 3 4  3 7
(b) + = + = = 9 和 6 的最小公倍數是 18。
9 6 9  2 6  3 18 18

Example Evaluate each of the following expressions. 計算下列各式。

1 7 4 7
(a) 1 – (b) –
9 9 5 9
1
1 7 10 7 3 1
Solution (a) 1 – = – = =
9 9 9 9 93 3
4 7 4  9 7  5 36  35 1
(b) – = – = =
5 9 59 95 45 45

Class Practice 1.4A

Write down the answers in the blanks. 把答案填在横線上。
3 7 1 5
1. + = ________ 2. + 1 = ________
10 10 4 6
11 7 1 1
3. – = ________ 4. 2 – 1 = ________
13 13 3 2

Before performing multiplication and division of any two fractions, we have to express any mixed
fraction as an improper fraction first.
在進行任何兩個分數的乘法和除法前，應先把 帶分數 化成 假分數。

Example Evaluate each of the following expressions. 計算下列各式。

5 4 1 6
(a) × (b) 2 ×
8 15 3 7
1 1
5 4 5 4 1
Solution (a) × = × =
8 15 28 153 6

1 2
1 6 7 6 7 6
(b) 2 × = × = × = 2
3 7 3 7 3 71
1

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Essential Junior Secondary Bridging Materials (Bilingual version) (Phase I)

When performing division of any two fractions, we first change the ‘’ sign to the ‘×’ sign, and then
turn the divisor upside down.
在進行任何兩個分數的除法時，我們先把把「」號改成「×」號，然後把除數上下互調。

Example Evaluate each of the following expressions. 計算下列各式。

4 7 5 2
(a)  (b) 2  1
5 15 8 7
3
4 7 4 15 12 5
Solution (a)  = × = =1
5 15 5 7 7 7
1
3 First express all the mixed fractions
5 2 21 7 21 5 15 7 as improper fractions.
(b) 2  1 =  = × = = 1
8 5 8 5 8 7 8 8 先把所有帶分數寫成假分數。
1

Class Practice 1.4B

Write down the answers in the blanks. 把答案填在横線上。
3 12 1 5
1. × = ________ 2. 5 × = ________
8 13 3 8
3 3 2 2
3.  = ________ 4. 4  2 = ________
5 10 3 5

Exercise 1.4
Evaluate each of the following expressions. 計算下列各數式。(1 – 8)

7 1 5 4
1. + = ________ 2. 2 + 5 = ________
10 4 6 9
13 7 5 5
3. – = ________ 4. 5 – 2 = ________
16 12 8 6
2 2 7 4
5. × 6 = ________ 6. 7 × 2 = ________
3 3 8 9
5 17 9 5
7.  = ________ 8. 3  1 = ________
7 14 14 7

Evaluate each of the following expressions. 計算下列各數式。(9 – 12)

7 1 5 3 5 1
9. – + = ________ 10. 3  × 1 = ________
9 4 6 4 8 2

11  2 1  11  1 3 3 3
11. 1     = ________ 12. 3     1   = ________
25  9 3  15  2 5 5 4

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