Model answer chapter 3 final revision

Question no. Answer Question no. Answer

1 B 86 A
2 C 87 C
3 D 88 A
4 C 89 C
5 C 90 B
6 B 91 B
7 D 92 D
8 C 93 D
9 C 94 A
10 B 95 A
11 D 96 A
12 a) d 97 A
b) a
13 A 98 D
14 A 99 B
15 C 100 B
16 B 101 B
17 1) a 102 A
2) b
3) a
4) c
5) c
18 B 103 D
19 A 104 B
20 C 105 A
21 D 106 D
22 A 107 C
 23 A 108 B
24 B 109 D
25 B 110 A
26 B 111 A
27 B 112 C
28 A 113 E
29 C 114 C
30 D 115 A
31 C 116 C
32 A 117 C
33 B 118 A
34 A 119 B
35 D 120 A
36 A 121 D
37 A 122 C
38 C 123 C
39 B 124 B
40 C 125 A
Unlabeled B
question
41 A 126 C
42 C 127 A
43 B 128 B
44 B 129 B
45 C
45 Essay questions↓ 130 C
46 131 a) b
b) b
c) c
47 A 132 B
48 B 133 D
49 B 134 D
50 B 135 B
51 C 136 B
52 Essay question↓ 137 A
53 A 138 A
54 C 139 C
55 140 D
56 141 a) a
Essay questions↓ b) b
57 142 B
58 143 C
59 144 C
60 C 145 B
61 A 146 C
62 147 D
63 Essay questions↓ 148 A
64 149 C
65 B 150 D
66 A 151 D
67 B 152 D
68 C 153 B
69 C 154 C
70 E 155 D
71 A 156 D
72 A 157 B
73 B 158 D
74 C 159 A
75 C 160 B
76 A 161 C
77 B 162 A
78 A 163 A
79 B 164 B
80 A 165 D
81 D 166 A
82 A 167 Essay
question↓
83 B
84 C 169 Essay
question↓
85 B
 Essay questions
19)

- When adding hydrogen chloride “HCl(g)” to the reaction medium, it will

combine with NH3 gas yielding white fumes of NH4Cl(s) so, equilibrium
position will shift forward due to consumption of NH3 gas.

45)
46)
52)

["#$%&'(]
1- Kc = [#*+'(+,(-]

[HI].
Kc =
[H2]x [I2]
[/.12/3!" ]"
Kc = [4.5 2 /378]2 [/.3 2 /378] = 48.9

/ /
2- Value of Kc in the backward reaction = 9' = 4:.; = 0.02044

55)

H2SO4 ➔ 2H+ + (SO4)2-

Conc of [H+] = 2 x conc of H2SO4 = 2 x 0.02 = 0.04M

pH=-log[H+] = -log(0.04)= 1.397

56)

CH3COOH + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + CH3COO-

[H!O"] = √Ka × Ca = √1.8 × 10#$ × 0.1 =1.3416 ×10-3≃ 1.342 ×10-3 M

57)

NH3 + H2O ⇌ NH4+ + OH-

[OH #] = √Kb × Cb = √3.5 × 10#% × 0.3 = 1.0246×10-3 ≃ 1.025×10-3 M

58)

HCN + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + CN-

Ka = ∝&× Ca

ka 7.2 × 10#'(
∝ = 6 =6 = 8.48528 x 10 − 5 ≃ 8.5 x 10 − 5
Ca 0.1

59)

Ca = 0.5M , α=3%=0.03 , Ka=?? , pH=?? , pOH=??

Ka = α2xCa = (0.03)2 x 0.5 = 4.5x10-4 → first requirement

[H+] = √𝑲𝒂 𝐱 𝑪𝒂 = A(𝟒. 𝟓𝐱𝟏𝟎𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓(−𝟒)𝐱 𝟎. 𝟓

= 0.015

pH = -log[H+] = -log[0.015] = 1.82 →second requirement

pH + pOH = 14

pOH = 14 – pH = 14 – 1.82 = 12.17→third requirement

62)

PbI2 →Pb+2I-

Ksp=[Pb]x[I]2 =

[4x10-5][8x10-5]2=2.56x10-13

63)

Ag2SO4→2Ag+ SO4

Ksp=[2X]2x[X]=

[2x1.4x10-2]2x[1.4x10-2]=1.09x10-5

64)

First :

CaF2 ⇄ Ca+2 + 2F-

X 2X

Ksp = [Ca+2] × [F-]2

Ksp = X × (2X)2

Ksp = 4X3

! )*+ ! !..× '(#''

X =N =N = 2.1363 × 10 − 4 M
, ,

Second :

CaF2 ⇄ Ca+2 + 2F-

MM of CaF2 = 40 + 19 + 19 = 78 gm

No of moles of CaF2 = conc x vol (L) = 2.1363 × 10 − 4 x 1 = 2.1363 × 10 −

4 moles

CaF2:

1 mole è MM (78 gm)

2.1363 × 10 − 4 moles è x gm

X = 0.01666314 gm

Third :

CaF2 ⇄ Ca+2 + 2F-

X 2X

[F-] = (2X) = 2(2.1363 × 10 − 4) = 4.2726 × 10 − 4 M

Fourth :

CaF2 ⇄ Ca+2 + 2F-

MM of CaF2 = 40 + 19 + 19 = 78 gm

No of moles of CaF2 = conc x vol (L) = 2.1363 × 10 − 4 x 0.1 = 2.1363 × 10 −

5 moles

CaF2:

1 mole è MM (78 gm)

2.1363 × 10 − 5 moles è x gm

X = 1.666314 x 10-3 gm
167)

pH = 8 è pOH = 14 – pH = 6

[OH-]= shift log –pOH = 10-6 M

Let the compound’s formula be : Y(OH)2

Y(OH)2 ⇌ Y+2 + 2OH-

X X 2X

We know that [OH-] = 10-6 M

So, 2X = 10-6 è X = 5x10-7 M

Y(OH)2 ⇌ Y+2 + 2OH-

X X 2X

Ksp = [Y+2] [OH-]2

Ksp =[X] [2X]2

Ksp = 4X3

Ksp = 4(5x10-7)3

Ksp = 5x10-19
169)

a) Increasing: concentration reactants ,temperature , pressure will increase

the rate of chemical reaction.

b) Kc only affected by temperature è increasing the temp at exothermic

reaction will decrease Kc and at endothermic reaction è increases Kc.

c) increasing:

concentration reactants èthe equilibrium position is shifted in the

Forward

temperature è the equilibrium position is shifted in the Backward

pressure è the equilibrium position is shifted in the Forward

catalyst è No effect on the equilibrium position

 Detailed model answer
1-B

CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) à H2O(l) + CO2(g) + CaCl2(aq)

The shown equation shows a complete chemical equation, as the arrow isn’t
reversible and also there is a gas formed at the products with no closed
contained (One of the reaction components escaped from the reaction
medium in the form of gas).

So, as time passes, products are been formed (concentration of products

increases) and reactants are been consumed (Concentration of reactants
decreases)

So, CaCO3 and HCl decreases

H2O , CaCl2 and CO2 increases

So,

• [H+]decreases due to the consumption of HCl and formation of H2O

which is weak electrolyte (Water is weakly ionized).
• [Ca2+] increases as we are talking about Calcium ions, where CaCO3 is
a solid salt which isn’t dissociated into ions, where CaCl2 which is found
in the products in the form of aqueous solution is dissociated in water
into Ca2+ and Cl- ions so, Ca2+ increases.
• [Cl-] doesn’t change as it’s found in the reactants in HCl aqueous
solution and also, found in the products in the form of CaCl2 aqueous
solution.
2-C

• So, in a chemical reaction at equilibrium state, The rate of the forward

reaction must equal the rate of the backward reaction. è Choice A
Excluded.
• As written in the definition that the reaction is dynamic. è Choice B
Excluded.
• As written in the definition that the concentrations of the products and
reactants are not changed that means they are constant , so they may
be equal or not. So they are not always equal. è Choice D Excluded.
• Concentrations of reactants and products are constant. “Choice C is
correct”.

3-D

H2(g) + I2(v) ⇄ 2HI(g)

In this equation, rate of combination means the forward reaction and rate of
decomposition means the backward reaction. As the backward reaction
shows the decomposition of HI to H2 and I2 and the forward reaction shows
the combination of I2 and H2 forming HI.
 • As written in the definition that at equilibrium the rate of the forward
must equal the rate of the backward. è “Choice A & B Excluded”.
• It’s said that in the reversible reaction the concentration of the
reactants decreases but doesn’t approach zero because if it’s zero that
means that the reactants are all consumed and that means that this
will be an irreversible (complete) reaction è “Choice C Excluded”
• To be at equilibrium means that the concentration of the reactants and
products must be constant regardless it’s value. è “The correct choice
is (D)”.

4-C

• Reaction (A) is an irreversible (complete) reaction because there is

ppt. produced at the product which is Ba3(PO4)2 as we studied in ch2
that this was a white ppt.
• Reaction (B) is a reversible reaction because nothing escaped from
the reaction medium and we know that
Ayyyyy acid m3 ayyyyy alcohol ydene ester w water , ester w water tdene
acid w alcohol , acid w alcohol ydene ester w water , ester w water tdene
acid w alcohol w hakaza………

• The graph which represent the reversible reaction (B) is graph (1) as the
reactant’s concentrations doesn’t approach to zero.
and the graph which represents the irreversible (complete) reaction (A)
is graph (2) as the reactant’s concentration approaches to zero.
So,

both A & B are correct “The correct Choice is (C)”

5-C

Ay 5att nazel reactant, ay 5att tale3 product.

So,

• The 2 curves going down (1 and 3) will represent the reactants because
the reactants are being consumed and the curve that is going up (2)
will represent the product which is Ammonia because its being made.
As we see in the equation that we have 3 moles of H2 and one mole of N2 so,
we must have in the reactant a graph higher than the other and this graph
will represent the Hydrogen gas because it have more moles than Nitrogen
gas.

Curve (1) è Hydrogen

Curve (3) è Nitrogen

Curve (2) è Ammonia

“The correct choice is (C)”.

6-B

Ay 5att nazel reactant, ay 5att tale3 product.

So,

• The 2 curves going down (A and C) will represent the reactants

because the reactants are being consumed and the 2 curves that are
going up (B and D) will represent the products.

Firstly : Curves (A) & (C) represent the reactants because they are going
down and Curves (B) & (D) represents the products because they are going
up.

Secondly : The reactants didn’t go to Zero

Therefore this is reversible reaction è “Choice C & D Excluded”

Thirdly : The least number of moles is Curve (A) after it Curve (B) after it Curve
(C) after it Curve (D).

So, we will choose a Choice that is reversible and I will know it from the arrow
and also the choice must be the same arrangement of no. of moles as we
mentioned. “Choice (B) is correct”
7-D

First of all, We must determine whether this reaction is reversible or

irreversible.

• Remember the difference between reversible and complete (irreversible

reactions) :

• Reversible reaction ➔Both reactant and product are still found in the
reaction medium so, The products can combine again to form the reactants.

• Irreversible (complete) reaction ➔One of the products escape from the

reaction medium in a form of gas evolve or solid ppt. so, The products
cannot combine again to reform the reactants.

• Since the given graph in the question shows a reaction in which The
reactant’s concentration approaches to zero ➔Complete reaction.
Second, We can conclude the rate of reaction from the time taken by the
reactants to approach to zero or the time taken by the products to reach the
maximum concentration ➔about 2 : 2.5 minutes ➔Fast reaction but not
instantenous.

Let’s see each choice ➔We need a complete and fast but not instantaneous
reaction.

• Choice a : excluded

NaCl + AgNO3 ➔NaNO3 + AgCl↓

- Type of reaction : Complete reaction as there is a ppt. formed “AgCl”.

- Rate of reaction : We’ve a piece of information that this reaction is

instantaneous “Very fast”

- Remember :

So, choice a is excluded because the given reaction in the choice is

instantaneous.

• Choice b : excluded

Because oxidation will not occur to iron nail covered by oil as it is separated
from the direct air by this layer of oil.

• Choice C : excluded
As iron nail in water will rust “Oxidation takes place” but, we’ve mentioned
before that rusting is a very slow process.

Remember :

• Choice d : Correct

Mg + 2HCl ➔MgCl2 + H2↑

- Type of reaction : Complete reaction as there is a gas formed “hydrogen

gas”.

- Rate of reaction : Not instantaneous and not slow ➔Intermediate as we’re

using pieces of magnesium not powder which slows down the reaction due
to decrement of surface area of the reactants exposed to the reaction
medium, and also using diluted HCl not concentrated one will slow down the
reaction “Conc.↓Rate↓” .

So, choice d is correct.

8-C

Let’s see each choice and determine whether its complete or not.

• Choice (A) :

Firstly H+ is same as H3O+ this equation represents an incomplete ionization

because we have a weak acid and when incomplete ionization occurs , Ionic
equilibrium arises.

Remember:

So Choice (A) is reversible reaction which is not a complete reaction. “Choice

(A) Excluded”.

• Choice (B) :
Ayyyyy acid m3 ayyyyy alcohol ydene ester w water , ester w water tdene
acid w alcohol , acid w alcohol ydene ester w water , ester w water tdene
acid w alcohol w hakaza………

So, when Acid reacts with alcohol they give Ester and water and the ester and
water combines to give Acid and alcohol and this reaction is called reversible
reaction which is not a complete reaction . “Choice (B) Excluded”
 • Choice (D) :
No ppt. or gas observed at the product so that they can escape the reaction
medium and its said that a reaction is irreversible when any of the product
escape the medium . è “Choice (D) Excluded”

• Choice (C) :
This is a neutralization reaction because it’s a reaction between acid and
base and we have said before that any neutralization reaction between
strong base &strong acid is a complete reaction as both of acid and base are
ionized completely “Can’t return back to their original form”.

Important note : The neutralization reaction must be between strong acid

and strong base in order to be a complete reaction. “The correct choice is
(C)”.

9-C

But remember ! if we have gas or vapor in the product and its mentioned
that it’s in a closed vessel that means that the reaction is reversible because
it will not escape the medium. “Choice A& D are Excluded”

Ayyyyy acid m3 ayyyyyy alcohol ydene ester w water , ester w water tdene
acid w alcohol , acid w alcohol ydene ester w water , ester w water tdene
acid w alcohol w hakaza………
So, when Acid reacts with alcohol they give Ester and water and the ester and
water combines to give Acid and alcohol and this reaction is called reversible
reaction which is not a complete reaction . “Choice (B) is Excluded”

As we just mentioned that the reaction is said to be complete if we have at

the product gas and not mentioned that it is in a closed vessel. “The correct
choice is (C)”

10-B

Factors affecting the rate (speed) of the chemical

reactions : NCTPLC

In this question we are talking about the nature if the

reactants :

Nature of the reactants depend on:

a. Type of bonds in the reacting molecules

b. Surface area of the reacting molecules

If we see that choice (A) and choice (D) we are using piece of Mg in (A) è
low surface area of reactants è reaction is slow.

And choice d is excluded as it represents rusting process è Slow reaction.

So, Choice (A) & (D) are excluded.

Remember:
That means that the reaction between Organic compounds is slower than
the reaction between Ionic compounds .

Therefore, the reaction in choice (B) is faster than the

reaction in choice (C) . “The correct choice is (B)”.

11-D

Reversible reaction ➔Both reactant and product are still found in the
reaction medium so, The products can combine again to form the reactants.

• Irreversible (complete) reaction ➔One of the products escape from the

reaction medium in a form of gas evolve or solid ppt. so, The products
cannot combine again to reform the reactants.

Let’s see each choice :

• Choice a : excluded

As reaction between weak acid (acetic acid) and weak base (ammonium
hydroxide) is considered as reversible reaction as both of them is partially
ionized in water so, both reactants and products are found in the reaction
medium.

• Choice b : excluded

Because the ionization of weak acid (formic acid) in water is reversible

reaction ➔ionic equilibrium.

As it is partially ionized in water not completely ionized.

Kollo walla 7etta mnoo? 7etta mno bs ely bttfk ya zoz

• Choice c : excluded

As the ionization of a ppt. in water is reversible reaction because only few ions
will be produced while the rest of the compound will remain the same and
doesn’t ionize in water.

• Choice d : correct

Because this reaction is a gaseous reaction which can be reversible in case of

performing this reaction in a closed container but, in this question he didn’t
mentioned that this reaction is done in closed container ➔Complete reaction
12-

a)-D

In this question he is asking about the rate of the chemical reaction

Factors affecting the rate (speed) of the chemical reaction è NCTPLC

In this question he’s comparing between the surface area, concentration and
temperature.

So we need a choice that have large surface area because as the surface
area increase the rate increases, powder have larger S.A than a piece.

Also we need the concentration high because When the concentration of the

reactants increases, the rate of chemical reaction increases. Because when

concentration increases the number of reacting molecules increase which
increases the chance of collision between molecules which increases the
speed (rate) of the chemical reaction according to the law of mass action.
Also, we need high temperature because as the temperature increase, the
rate of the chemical reaction increases .

So the choice which have the highest : surface area, concentration and
temperature. “The correct choice is (D)”

b)-A

He asks for the opposite for what we have just said, so we will choose a
choice that have the least: surface area, concentration and temperature. “
The correct choice is (A)”

13-A

Factors affecting the rate of the chemical reaction è NCTPLC

Choice (B):

Decreasing acid volume is not from the factors affecting rate , increasing or
decreasing in acid concentration , may have caused a change in the rate .
“Choice (B) Excluded”
Choice (C):

Decreasing the Temperature will decrease the rate of the chemical reaction
because as the temperature increase, the rate of the chemical reaction
increases and vice versa “Choice (C) Excluded”

Choice (D):

Changing in pressure will affect the rate of gaseous reactions only . “Choice
(D) Excluded”

Choice (A):

Dividing the metal will increase the surface area and by increasing the
surface area the rate of the chemical reaction increases. “The correct choice
is (A)”

14-A

Factors affecting the rate of the chemical reaction è NCTPLC

• Choice A is correct as crushing magnesium means increasing its

surface area which increases rate of reaction.
 • Choice b is excluded as decreasing concentration of reactants will
decrease the rate of reaction
• Choice c is excluded as increasing temperature will increase the
chance of collision between molecules of reactants which will lead to
increasing rate of reaction so, cooling (decreasing temperature) will
decrease rate of chemical reaction.
• Choice d is excluded as increasing the vessel volume means
decreasing pressure, which affects the gaseous reactions only.

15-C

In this question he is comparing between the concentration and the surface

area and he wants to arrange them according to the rate (speed) .

• The one highest rate is the one with highest concentration and
highest surface area

For the surface area, we have a piece of Zn and Zn powder , the powder have
higher surface area so it will have higher rate.

Flask (B): have the highest concentration and high surface area so it will
have the highest rate

Flask (D): have the least concentration and It have a piece of Zn not powder,
that means lower surface area and that means lowest rate

Now we have flasks (A) and (C) , they both have the same concentration so I
will not compare between them by the concentration. The pieces of Zn that
they have, have different surface areas .
One is piece and the other is powder, so the one that contains the powder
which is (C) will have the higher rate

So the arrangement will be (B)>(C)>(A)>(D). “The correct choice is (C)”.

16-B

This graph represents the volume of CO2 produced from reacting CaCO3 with
excess of HCl but one of the two experiments have the CaCO3 as a medium
sized particles and the other have the CaCO3 as a small sized particles.

Firstly Remember that:

El 22rab hwa el asr3

So experiment (X) is faster than experiment (Y).

Also the one that have the bigger surface area will be the faster.

The small sized particles is the one that have the bigger surface area

Also it is observed from the 2 curves that Curve (X) is constant after 200
seconds and Curve (Y) is constant after 300 seconds. When the curve is
constant that means that the amount of CO2 that is being produced has
stopped, that means that all the CaCO3 has been consumed.
Curve (X) represents the small sized experiment and Curve(Y) represents the
medium sized experiment. “Choice A & C Excluded”

As we said that after 300 seconds the medium sized experiment which is (Y),
all of its CaCO3 particles will be consumed. “Choice (D) Excluded”

The small sized particles which is curve (X) after 200 seconds will be all
consumed. “The correct choice is (B)”

17-

1)-A

Factors affecting a chemical reaction at equilibrium state è CPT

“EL NAHYA EL TZWED FEEHA , EL REACTION YROOH 3AKSAHA”

By adding more CO2……..means that the reaction will shift to the forward , that
means that we are going toward the product, that means that the
concentration of H2 will decrease

2)-B

By adding CO that means that the reaction will shift backward , that means
that we are going toward the reactants and that means that the
concentration of H2 will increase.
3)-A

The temperature is given a (+ve) number , that means that its Endothermic
reaction and the temperature is written at the reactant. By increasing the
temperature the reaction will shift forward , that means we are going toward
the products , that means that the concentration of H2 will decrease.

4)-C

Pressure has an effect on the reversible gaseous reactions only in which the
number of moles in the two sides is different.

Number of moles at the reactant equal 2 and the number of moles at the
product equal 2

So the number of moles at the two sides is equal that means that the
pressure will not affect the chemical equilibrium

5)-C

The Catalyst is not from the three factors that affect the chemical equilibrium
so it will not have an effect
18-B

Factors affecting a chemical reaction at equilibrium state è CPT

“EL NAHYA EL TZWED FEEHA , EL REACTION YROOH 3AKSAHA”

Choice (A): In this reaction we have delta H written by (-ve) that means that
the reaction is Exothermic and the (heat=energy) is written at the product. By
increasing the temperature the reaction shifts backward , that means that we
are going toward the reactant , that meant that the concentration of H2 will
decrease. “Choice (A) Excluded”

Choice (C): Adding excess of N2 will shift the reaction backward , that means
that we are going toward the reactant and the concentration of H2 is
decreasing. “Choice (C) Excluded”

Choice (D): The catalyst is not from the three factors affecting the chemical
equilibrium. “Choice (D) Excluded”

Choice (B): Increasing the volume means decreasing the pressure and by
decreasing the pressure the reaction will shift forward because the number of
moles of gases at the product is more than the number of moles at the
reactant and by increasing the pressure we go to the side that have less no of
moles so by increasing the pressure we will go backward but here we are
decreasing the pressure so we will go forward and by going forward , that
means going toward the reactants and this means increasing the
concentration of H2. “The correct choice is (B)”

19-A

Delta H = -ve value è exothermic reaction è heat in products.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) + Heat

• Reaction shifts to the direction of Ammonia means reaction going

forward.

Exothermic reaction so, when decreasing the temperature the reaction shifts
forward.

Adding more Nitrogen gas or Hydrogen gas will let the reaction shift forward
“The correct choice is (A)”

• Withdrawing Nitrogen gas or Hydrogen gas will let the reaction shift
backward. “Choice B & D Excluded”
• Increasing temperature will shift the reaction backward , so choice C is
excluded

- When adding hydrogen chloride “HCl(g)” to the reaction medium, it will

combine with NH3 gas yielding white fumes of NH4Cl(s) so, equilibrium
position will shift forward due to consumption of NH3 gas.
20-C

½ N2(g)+ ½ O2(g)+Energy ⇌ NO

Forward reaction è formation of nitric oxide

Backward reaction è Dissociation / decomposition of Nitric oxide

So, we need to shift the reaction to the backward direction which could be
achieved by :

1- Removal of one of the reactants “N2 or O2”

2- Addition of product “NO”

3- Decreasing the temperature as it is an endothermic reaction

Take care è Pressure has no effect on this reaction as the no. of moles of
gases in reactants = 0.5 + 0.5 = 1 mole è equal no. of moles of gases in
products.

• Choice A is excluded because increasing the temperature will shift the

reaction to the forward direction not backward.
• Choice b is excluded because adding oxygen will shift the reaction to
the forward direction and also, pressure has no effect on this reaction
as we’ve mentioned before.
• Choice c is correct as both removal of nitrogen or decreasing the
temperature will shift the reaction to the backward direction.
• Choice D is excluded because addition of will shift the reaction to the
forward direction and also, pressure has no effect on this reaction as
we’ve mentioned before.
21-D

If delta H is (+ve) that means that the heat is at the reactant and if its (-ve)
that means that its at the product

Choice (A): Increasing the temperature will shift the reaction forward , but the
pressure will not affect the chemical equilibrium because the number of
moles at the left side is equal to the number of moles at the right side.
“Choice (A) Excluded”

Choice (B): Tricky one !

Its written (-Heat) not (+Heat) so the heat should be written at the product
and to make sure , the delta H is given by (-ve) and that means that the heat
is at the product “exothermic reaction”.

By increasing the heat, the reaction will shift backward. “Choice (B) Excluded”

Choice (C): Delta H is (-ve) this means that the heat is at the product so
increasing the temperature will shift the reaction backward. “Choice (C)
Excluded”

Choice (D): Delta H is (+ve) , this means that the heat is at the reactant so by
increasing the heat the reaction shifts forward.

No. of moles at the product equal 4 and number of moles at the reactant
equal 2 , by increasing the pressure we will go the less number of moles which
is the reactant so by the opposite which is decreasing the pressure the
reaction will shift forward. “The correct choice is (D)”
22-A

“Ayyyyy K heya K constant mabtet2asrsh Elllaaa b taghyor el

Temperature”

So in this question it there is no decrease or increase in the Temperature , So

the K will remain constant. “Choice B & D Excluded”

Adding N2O4 will shift the reaction forward toward the NO2 so its color will
increase. “The correct choice is (A)”

23-A

FeCl3(aq) + 3NH4(SCN)(aq) è Fe(SCN)3(aq) + 3NH4Cl(aq)

We know that this reaction is a reversible reaction which by increasing

NH4SCN the reaction shifts forward and the blood red colour of Fe(SCN)3
increases

Substance(X) has a pale yellow è FeCl3

Substance(Y)when excess of it added to the same reaction the

produced colour increased “ color of Fe(SCN)3 “ so (Y) is NH4SCN .“The correct

choice is (A)”
24-B

“Ayyyy K hya K constant mabtetghyarsh Ela B taghyor el Temperature”

In this reaction there is no increase or decrease in the temperature so the Kc

will remain constant.

“Choice A & C Excluded”

Adding HBr which is H+ and Br- means adding H+ and Br- and they are both at
the product

El Nahya el tzwed feeha , el reaction yrooh 3aksaha

So the reaction will shift backward toward the Yellowish-Brown side that
means that the color of It will increase. “The correct choice is (B)”

25-B

Remember!!!

Pressure has effect on the reversible Gaseous reactions only in which the
number of moles in the two sides are different .

So the pressure will not affect A because its solid

In order to let the pressure don’t affect the equilibrium we must have equal
number of moles of gases at both sides.

So, c+d must = b . “The correct choice is (B)”

26-B

In this graph, it’s observed that there is sudden increment after 5 minutes and
we said this sharp shape is only for addition or removal of reactants or
products.

And as the curve is going up è Addition of something è choice B is correct.

And also to make sure,

Raising the temperature will shift the reaction backward that means
decreasing the concentration of PCl5 and increasing concentration of PCl3
and Cl2. “The correct choice is (B)”

27-B

Adding HCl which will dissociate into H+ and Cl-.

(H3O+ is the same as H+ ) and by adding HCl means adding H+ means

increasing H3O+, when increasing the concentration of H3O+ the reaction will
shift backward .

When the reaction shifts backward , the [S2-] decreases and [H2S] increases.
“The correct choice is (B)”.
28-A

”Ayyy K heya K constant mabtetghyarsh Ela b taghyor el Temperature”

No change in the temperature so the Ka will remain constant. “The correct

choice is (A).

29-C

Remember : The chloride of Pb is a ppt. , so when adding lead acetate to the

medium lead cation will attach to the Cl ion and form PbCl2 which is a ppt
and this means that the concentration of Cl- decreases and when the
concentration of Cl- decreases, the reaction shifts forward. “The correct
choice is (C)”.

30-D

HCl ionizes to H+ and Cl-

Therefore, concentration of Cl- increase and reaction move backward

As, reaction move backward, Concentration of Ag+ decrease and amount of

AgCl increases.

So, choice

D is correct
31-C

CH3COONa + H2O ↔ CH3COOH + Na+ + OH-

So, by adding HCl which dissociates into H+ and Cl- è H+ will attach to the OH
in the products è [OH-] decreases è Shift Forward è [CH3COOH], [Na+]
increases↑ è Choice c is correct.

• Choice a is excluded because the concentration of sodium cations will

increase not decrease.

• Choice b is excluded because the concentration of acetic acid will

decrease.

• Choice d is excluded because the concentration of sodium acetate will

decrease because the reaction is shifted to the forward direction.

32-A

In calculating Kc

Ayyyy hagaa Solid aw H2O(l) , LLLAAAAAA TOKTTTAABBBBBBB

In Choice (A) CaCO3 is solid because all metal carbonates are insoluble
except PAS (Potassium, Ammonium, Sodium) and CaO is also solid.

So when calculating the Kc , only CO2 will be written. “The correct choice is
(A)”

33-B

The value of equilibrium constant (Kc) doesn't change except with the
change of the Temperature only. è Ay K constant mbtt2sarsh ela b
taghayor el temperature, So, choice B is correct.
34-A

In the first case, the Kc = 3.7x10-4 and the temperature is 70̊̊ c

And in the second case , the Kc increased to be 3.7x10-2 and the temperature
decreased to be 30̊ C

So, the relation between the Kc and temperature in inversely proportional

Then the reaction is Exothermic reaction

Exxxxotermic X y3ny Kc value and temperature are inversely proportional.

So the choice A is correct.

35-D

The value of equilibrium constant (Kc) doesn't change except with the
change of the Temperature only.

And the reaction is endothermic reaction “heat is found in reactants”

Then by increasing the temperature the reaction shifts forward which

increases the value of Ka.

EnDDDDothermic è DDDDirect relationship between K value and

temperatiure.

So, choice D is correct.

36-A

In the second reaction, the reaction was reversed. Then, the new Kp will be:

𝟏 𝟏
= = 76.92
𝐊𝐩𝟏 𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟑

So, choice A is correct.

37-A

[𝐒𝐎𝟑]
K1 = 𝟏
[𝐒𝐎𝟐][𝐎𝟐]𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝟐

In the second reaction, the reaction was reversed and multiplied by 2

[𝐎𝟐][𝐒𝐎𝟐]𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓(𝟐)
Then the new Kc will be : = K2
[𝐒𝐎𝟑]𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓(𝟐)

𝟏
Then K2 =(𝐊𝟏 )2

So, choice A is correct.

38-C

𝟏
In the second reaction, the reaction was multiplied by (𝟐)

Then, the new Kc will be :

Kc2 = [Kc]0.5 = [4.4x1032]0.5 = 2.1x1016

So, choice C is correct.

39-B

In the first reaction, the Kc of the reaction =

[𝐍𝐎𝟐]𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓(𝟐)
= Kc1
[𝐍𝟐𝐎𝟒]

[𝐍𝟐𝐎𝟒]
In the second reaction, the Kc of the reaction = [𝐍𝐎𝟐]𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓(𝟐) = Kc2

[𝐍𝐎𝟐]𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓(𝟐) [𝐍𝟐𝐎𝟒]
Then, Kc1 × Kc2 = x [𝐍𝐎𝟐]𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓(𝟐) = 1
[𝐍𝟐𝐎𝟒]

So, choice B is correct

40-C

2SO2(g) +O2(g) ↔ 2SO3(g)

This reaction is the reaction's formation of SO3 gas

Then, the dissociation of SO3 reaction :

2SO3(g) ↔ 2SO2(g) + O2(g)

Then the new Kc will be:

𝟏 𝟏
= = 0.01
(𝐊𝐜) (𝟏𝟎𝟎)

So, choice C is correct

-which of the following is common between equally concentrate nitrous
acid and nitric acid? B

• Degree of electrical conductivity è Not the same as nitric acid is

strong acid which is completely ionized in water è higher electrical
conductivity. While nitrous acid is weak acid è partially ionized è low
electric conductivity.
• [H+] è Not the same as nitric acid is strong acid which is completely
ionized in water è [H+] is high
While nitrous acid is weak acid è partially ionized è [H+] is low.
• Effect on litmus è Same effect as both of them are acids so, they will
change color of litmusinto red
So, choice b is correct.

41- A

Ostwald's dilution law states that :

At constant temperature, there is a directly proportional relation between

the degree of dissociation (α) and the dilution in weak electrolytes where
the value of dissociation (ionization) constant (Ka) is constant.

So, the ionization degree (α) in Tube(A) increases because it is a weak acid.
While in Tube(B), the ionization degree (α) doesn't change

As ionization degree of strong electrolyte is not affected by dilution because

it is already completely ionized in water.

So, choice A is correct

42-C

As we mentioned before that at a constant temperature, there is a directly

proportional relation between the degree of dissociation (α) and the dilution
in weak electrolytes where the value of dissociation (ionization) constant
(Ka) is constant

And there is an inversely proportional relation between the degree of

dissociation (α) and the concentration of weak electrolytes.

So,by dilution of a weak electrolyte the degree of ionization [degree of

dissociation →(α)] increases, and the solution of weak electrolyte
concentration decreases.

So, choice C is correct.

43-B

HF is weak acid → weak electrolyte

And its concentration is 0.1M and when its concentration decreased to be

0.001M, the electrical conductivity increased because it is only partially
ionized and the ionization of HF acid increase that increases the electrical
conductivity ( ostwald's law )

so, choice B is correct.

Choices A,D are excluded:

As HCl acid is a strong acid → strong electrolyte. and we know that strong
electrolytes its electrical conductivity is higher than weak electrolytes.
44-B

Law of mass action is applied on weak electrolytes only

And HCl is strong electrolyte not weak

So choice B is correct.

45-C

Potassium acetate → CH3COOK

By hydrolysis of potassium acetate we will have CH3COOH which is a weak

acid and KOH which is a strong base

Then the solution is alkaline solution

Ammonium acetate → CH3COONH4

By hydrolysis of Ammonium acetate we will have CH3COOH which is a weak

acid and NH4OH which is a weak base

Then this solution is neutral solution

So, choice C is correct, because CH3COOK is basic solution which gives

small amount of [H3O+]. In the other side, CH3COONH4 is neutral solution
which gives equal amount of [H3O+] and [OH-]

Choice A is excluded:

As potassium acetate is a basic solution.so, it has large amount of [OH-] not

small as mentioned.

Choice B is excluded:

As potassium acetate is a basic solution has pH˃7 so its pOH˂7

And ammonium acetate is a neutral solution has pH = pOH =7

So, pOH of ammonium acetate is greater than pOH of potassium acetate

not lower as mentioned.

Choice D is excluded:

As we mentioned that pH of potassium acetate is greater than 7

And pH of ammonium acetate is equal to 7

So, pH of potassium acetate is greater than that of ammonium acetate not

lower as mentioned

45, 46 è Essay questions ↑

47-A

pOH = 11 è pH = 14 – pOH = 14 – 11 = 3

pH = 3 è Acidic solution so,

So, substance X which give colorless with acidic solution è phenolphthalein.

And substance Y which gives red color with acidic solution è Methyl orange
or litmus

So, Choice A is correct.

48-B

Solution (A) with methyl orange gives red color è Solution A is acidic

Solution B doesn’t change color of methyl orange è orange color è Solution

B is neutral

So,

• Choice A is excluded as B è Na2S is derived from strong base (NaOH)

and weak acid (H2S) so, it’s basic not neutral.
• Choice B is correct as (NH4)2SO4 is acidic solution as it is derived from
strong acid (Sulphuric acid) and weak base (Ammonium hydroxide)
and KNO3 is neutral as it is derived from strong base (KOH) and strong
acid (Nitric acid) è correct choice
• Choice c is excluded because A è K2CO3 is basic solution as it is derived
from KOH (strong base) and carbonic acid (weak acid).
• Choice d is excluded because A è Na2CO3 is basic solution as it is
derived from NaOH (strong base) and carbonic acid (weak acid).
49-B

Kw is constant because the temperature doesn't change (25̊ c). so, Kw =

1x10-14

Before adding the base to water, the pH and pOH of water are equal to 7 . As
we know that water is neutral

After adding the base, we know that pH of base is greater than 7 . so, the pH
of the solution will be greater than 7 and pOH will be less than 7

then, pH of solution ˃pOH of solution

So, choice B is correct.

50-B

• NaCl è Derived from NaOH (strong base) and HCl (Strong acid) è
Neutral effect è pH = pOH = 7

• CH3COOK è derived from KOH (Strong base) and CH3COOH (Weak

acid) è Basic effect è pH > 7 è pOH < 7

• NH4NO3 è derived from NH4OH (Weak base) and HNO3 (strong acid) è
Acidic effect è pH < 7 è pOH > 7

So, their order according to pOH value is :

NH4NO3 > NaCl > CH3COOK

So, Choice b is correct.

51-C

The higher Ka value ( ionization constant), the higher stronger of acid.

So, the arrangement of the acids according to their strength:

D (1.2x10-2) ˃A (1.7x10-3) ˃B (1.8x10-5) ˃C(4.4x10-7)

So, choice C is correct. As D has larger Ka than B and C.

52 è Essay question↑

53-A

(EFGHIJK) (O)$ ((.&'!)$

Kp = (FLMJKMNK) = = = 0.213
(P) ((.&'!)

54-C

(EFGHIJK) '
Kp = = (Q&)
(FLMJKMNK)

'
0.2 = (Q&)

'
(O2) = (.& = 5 atm

55,56,57,58,59 è Essay questions ↑

60-C

[H!O"] = [H "] = √ka x Ca = √14.44 × 10 − 5 × 3.8 x 10 − 3 = 7.407 × 10 − 4M

pH = −log[H " ] = − log(7.407 × 10 − 4) = 3.13032 ≃ 3.13

pOH = 14 − pH = 14 − 3.13032 = 10.86967 ≃ 10.87

61-A

[ H!O"] = [H " ] = √Ka x Ca

For Acid:

Molar mass = 6C + 12H + 2O = 6(12) + 12(1) + 2(16) = 116 gm

1 mole à MM 116g

X moles à 11g

X = 0.0948 moles

NIRSLF GT RGUL* (.(.,Y

Concentration (Ca) = VGUIRL GT *GUIKWGN (X) = = 0.0948 M
'

For H+ ion:

[H+] = shift log -2.94 (on calculator) = 0.001148M = 1.1481 x 10-3 M

Since, [H3O" ]& = [H "]& = Ka × Ca

((.(('',Y)$
Ka = = 1.39 × 10-5
(.(.,Y

62,63,64 è Essay questions ↑

65-B

Kc value at equilibrium = 4 x 10-2

Z[\]^\_`a_b[\ [c d`[ef]_g [Zh&]²

Kc = Z[\]^\_`a_b[\ [c `^a]_a\_g = [h&][Zh]² = 10

Kc calculated > Kc at equilibrium

So, we need to decrease value of Kc

So, shifting the reaction to the backward (left) direction will increase the
concentration of reactants so, Kc value will decrease.

So, choice B is correct and choice A is excluded as it’s the reverse of choice A.

• Choice C is excluded as increasing the pressure will shift the reaction

to the forward direction so, concentration of products will decrease.
• Choice d is excluded because value of Kc calculated not equal value
of Kc at equilibrium so, reaction isn’t at equilibrium.

66-A

On adding HCl :

HCl è H+ + Cl-

H+ + H2O è H3O+

So, by adding HCl, the concentration of H3O+ (H+) increases. è reaction is

shifted to backward direction è Cyanide ions will decrease.

On adding NaOH :

NaOH è Na+ + OH-

OH- + H3O+ è 2H2O

So, H2O increases è the reaction shifts to the forward direction è cyanide
ions increase.

67-B

No change in temp then no change in Kb

(2y K hya K constant mabtt8yr4 2la bta8yor el temp)

68-C

Notice that, we added 1 mole of O2 and 2 moles of N2 è Effect of adding N2 is

dominant as it is added by largest amount.

So, the reaction will be shifted to the backward direction and NH3 and O2 will
increase. è choice c is correct.

69-C

• Choice A,B,d is excluded as it contain correct informations.

• Choice C is correct as the activation energy is the energy needed for
the reactants to react so, by increasing the energy needed for initiating
the chemical reaction, the reaction will be slow not fast.

70-E

Catalysts are not consumed in reactions but they work on lowering the
activation energy (energy needed for reaction to occur) so it increases the
rate of reaction

Choice A and D are excluded as catalyst are not consumed

Choice b is excluded as catalysts decrease the activation energy

Choice C is excluded as catalyst change the chemical pathway.

71-A

Activation energy without catalyst is from the line of the reactant till the
highest point of the graph (point B) , so Activation energy without catalyst =
190

-Activation energy with catalyst is from the line of the reactant till point A

So we need to calculate the difference between A and B in order to subtract it

from the Activation energy without catalyst , to know the activation energy
with catalyst

-Difference between A and B = 260-220 = 40

So the activation energy with catalyst = 190-40 = 150 KJ

72-A

When the line of products lies beneath the line of reactants è Energy of
products is less than energy of reactants è delta H = -ve value è exothermic
reaction.

73-B

Activation energy of backward reaction = Energy of reactants – energy of

products “The reverse of activation energy of forward reaction”

Activation energy of backward reaction=170-30=140KJ

75-C

• When the line of products lies above the line of reactants è Energy of
products is more than energy of reactants è delta H = +ve value è
endothermic reaction è Choice A and B are excluded as they represent
exothermic reaction.
• Best catalyst è highest difference between the line of activation energy
before adding catalyst and the line of activation energy after adding
catalyst.

So, Choice C is correct.

76-A

• Exothermic reaction è delta H has –ve value è Both choices c and d

are excluded as they’re positive values.
• Activation energy of forward reaction “Energy of reactants” = Activation
energy after using catalyst + energy saved by catalyst = 150 + 20 = 170
kj/mol.
Activation energy of backward reaction = difference between line of
products and the highest point in curve “Energy of products” = 220
kj/mol.
So,
Delta H = Difference between energy of reactants and energy of
products = 170 – 220 = -50kJ / mol.
77-B

By increasing temperature 10 degrees, the rate of reaction increases double

So, by increasing 20 degrees the rate increases 4 times.

78-A

By increasing temperature 10 degrees the rate of reaction increases double

So by increasing 20 degrees the rate increases 4 times so,

Rate = 3x4 = 12L / sec.

79-B

To decrease solubility it means shifting the reaction to the ppt solid form
(shifting the reaction to the left)

Choice a) H2SO4 is right(but not the correct answer as it said except)

It dissociates into H+ and (SO4)-2 so, it increases conc of SO4-2 so the reaction
shifts to the left

Choice b) NaOH is wrong (but it’s the correct choice for the question)

As NaOH dissociates into Na+ and OH-

So it doesn’t affect the reaction

Choice C )Na2SO4(but not the correct answer as it said except)

Dissociates to Na+ and SO4-2 this increases SO4-2conc and reaction shifts to
the left

Choice d)CaCl2 is right (but not the correct answer as it said except)

Dissociates to Ca+2 and Cl- this increases the Cl- conc and shifts reaction to
the left.

80-A

CaCl2 è Ca2+ + 2Cl-

So, Ca2+ will combine with the small amount of dissociated CO32- ions forming
CaCO3 which is white ppt. so, the reaction will be shifted forward due to
consumption of CO32-

So, K2CO3 solubility increases.

81-D

• Choice a) decreasing temp

This reaction is exothermic è heat is in products so by decreasing temp

reaction shift to the right.

• Choice b)increasing pressure

The reactant side is 2 moles and the product is 1 mole so by increasing

pressure the reaction shifts to the products side (with less no of moles) shifts
to the right

• Choice C)removing half of C from reaction

Decreasing conc of C shifts the reaction to the right

 • Choice d) increasing the temp

Temp is in the products so by increasing it the reaction goes to the opposite

side to the left

So choice d is the only choice which will not shift the equilibrium to right( it will
shift it to left)

• Choice E)increasing the conc of B

The reaction goes to the opposite side it shifts to the right

82-A

Increasing decomposition of PCl5 means shifting the reaction to the right è

Forward.

Choice a is the right answer

as withdrawing PCl3 will shift to the right

Choice b is excluded as by withdrawing of PCl5

The reaction shifts to the left

Choice d,c are excluded as increasing Cl2 and PCL3 shifts the reaction to the
left

83-B

Dynamic equilibrium is achieved when concentration of reactants and

products is constant this happens at point C.
84-C

The shape of the oxygen curve (reaching a peak then decreasing again)
means that oxygen is added.

Adding oxygen caused the reaction to shift to the right so , SO3 increased and
SO2 decreased.

85-B

Some of the product leaked the means that the conc of HBr decreased
suddenly causing the curve to make a peak downward then its conc
increase again to return to equilibrium ( it increases but not till the value it
was before)

This is represented in graph Y.

86-A

As reaction in A has a solid ppt that escapes from the medium of reaction
and makes the reaction complete(irreversible)

Choice c is a reversible reaction as it’s a reaction between organic acid and

alcohol , which both of them are partially ionized , and also no precipitate or
gas formed at the product to escape the medium , so it’s a reversible reaction

Choice b and D are reversible reactions as their compounds are gases and
they are done in closed vessel.
87-C

Notice that by decreasing temp the value of kc decreased that means that Kc
and temp are directly proportional so, the reaction is endothermic

The reaction is endothermic so heat is in reactants that means by increasing

temp reaction shifts to the right

88-a

The heat is +ve value meaning that this reaction is endothermic so Kc and
temp are directly proportional this is represented in graph A

EnDDDDDo è DDDDirect relationship between K and temperature.

89-c

Since the heat is negative value so the reaction is exothermic that means that
Kc and temp are inversely proportional and this is represented in choice C

Exxxxxxo è X y3ny K wel temperature 3aks ba3dd

90-b

No change in temp so No change in Kc

So, by changing the reactant conc Kc is still constant that is represented in

graph B
91-b

By increasing surface area, the rate of reaction increases so surface area and
rate of reaction are directly proportional this is represented in graph B.

92-D
'
K1 = j& as the two equations are reversed.

'
K1 = (j!)² as the 1st equation is derived from the 3rd equation by reversing it and

multiplying the equation by 2.

So, choice d is correct.

93-d

Kc= conc of products /conc of reactants

So, when KC>1

That means that conc of products is higher than conc of reactants

(conc of HCL is much higher than conc of hydrogen and chlorine)

Since concentration of HCl is much higher than concentrations of chlorine

and hydrogen , this means that the rate of formation of HCl is much higher
than the rate of decomposition of HCl
94-a

HI represents the reactants

And H2 & I2 represent the product

So, through the reaction conc of HI decreases and conc of H2 & I2 increases

Kc=conc of products /conc of reactants

So, kc<1 means that conc of products is less than reactants

When reaching equilibrium H2,I2 conc are less than HI conc.

95-a

So higher Kc means that the forward reaction is predominant

Highest kc = highest forward reaction

Highest Kc is 8.6x1032

96-a

In these four reactions dissociation of nitrogen oxides is represented in

forward reaction

So by increasing forward reaction that means that this nitrogen oxide

dissociates more so its less stable

Higher Kc = higher forward reactions (which means more dissociation )

Less stable

nitrogen oxide is the one having highest Kc (highest forward reaction =more
dissociation)

Highest kc= 3.5x1033 in reaction 4

97-a

Both solutions has red color with litmus and methyl orange →Both solutions
are acidic → We need a basic solution in order to neutralize the acidic
medium and give orange color with methyl orange and purple color with
litmus.

“Acid + Base → Neutral”

* Choice a → Na2CO3 is derived from a strong base (NaOH) and a weak acid
(H2CO3) → Basic effect → Correct choice.

* Choice b →Take care, It’s a white ppt not a salt solution, as all carbonate
salts are insoluble in water except for PAS “potassium, ammonium and
sodium”. → Wrong choice.

* Choice c → KNO3 is derived from a strong base (KOH) and strong acid
(HNO3) → Neutral. → Wrong choice.

* Choice d → (NH4)2SO4 is derived from strong acid (H2SO4) and weak base
(NH4OH) → Acidic solution → Wrong choice.

98-D

• Low temperature shifts the reaction to the forward direction è Reaction

in exothermic è Delta H = -ve value.
• High pressure shifts the reaction to the forward direction è No. of moles
of gases in reactants is larger than products è a > b + c
So, Choice d is correct.
99-b

Heat is negative value so, this reaction is exothermic

In exothermic reaction , temperature and Kc are inversely proportional

So, by increasing temp from 600 to 800 the kc value has to decrease

Kc has to be less than 4.62x10-3

In choices 5.05x10-5 is the only value less than 4.62x10-3 (the power is more

-ve so the number is smaller)

100-b

Factors affecting the rate is :

(nature of reactants , concentration, temperature,pressure,light,catalyst)

So,

- by increasing surface area rate increases

-by increasing concentration of reactants

Rate increases

In X&y : same amount of reactants but Y reacts faster than X as Y has higher
surface area

In Z&w: same volume of reactant but W is faster than Z as W has higher conc

So the slowest reaction is when X is added to Z as they react slowly relative to

Y,w.

101-B

Factors affecting the rate are :

(nature of reactants , concentration, temperature,pressure,light,catalyst)

Choice C,D are excluded since they are solid lumps having small surface
area thus their rate is slow.

In choices a&B :

Surface area is the same but conc of reactants and temp (2M&40) is higher
in B than A so ,rate of B is higher than A

Choice B has the highest rate.

102-a

Experiment 2 is slower than experiment 1

(el 2a2rb hwa el asr3)

In (1) small lumps are used meaning more surface area and higher rate

(by increasing the size of reactant the surface area exposed to reaction
decreases)

And temp is 40

To make experiment A slower we have to decrease surface area to be less

than (1)by using large lumps (large size) and less temp or the same temp

Notice that here small lumps or large lumps only represent surface area not
the amount (amount is constant)

This is represented only in choice A

103-D

H2O2 è H2 + O2

• X è 100 mL of 2M H2O2 è No. of moles = MV = 2x100x10-3 = 0.2 moles of

H2O2 è 0.2 moles of O2 will be produced
• Y è 100 mL of 2M H2O2 + 50mL of 1M H2O2 è
No. of moles in 1st solution = MV = 2x100x10-3 = 0.2 moles of H2O2
No. of moles of 2nd solution = MV = 1x50x10-3 = 0.05 mol.
So,
No. of moles of H2O2 = No. of moles of produced O2 = 0.2 + 0.05 =
0.25mol.
So, no. of moles of produced O2 in case of Y > in case of X
What about speed of production?
It depends on concentration of H2O2 so,
In case of X è Concentration = 2M
_[_ak \[.[c l[k^g
In case of Y è mix of 2 solutions èConcentration = =
_[_ak m[kfl^
(.&"(.($
= 1.66667M
'$(n'(#!
So,
Concentration in case of X > In case of Y
X è Faster than Y but Y produces more volume of O2
So, choice d is correct.

104-b

Choice a: NaCl dissociates into Na+ and CL-

Na+ Cl-

OH- H+

This results in NaOH strong base and HCl strong acid no consumption of H+
Choice B: CH3COONH4 is hydrolyzed to CH3COOH a weak acid and NH4OH a
weak base

weak acids are not dissociated completely into ions so it consumes H+

choice c: KNO3 is hydrolyzed to KOH strong base and HNO3 a strong acid so
choice C is excluded

choice d : (NH4)2SO4 is hydrolyzed to NH4OH a weak base and H2SO4 a strong

acid so D is also excluded

105-a

As the PH=-Log[H+]

And as when it decrease the solution become more acidic then B is more
acidic than A

106-d

As the solution acidity increase its pH decrease

CH3COONH4 (neutral salt) è highest pH.

CH3COONH4+H2O ⇄CH3COOH+NH4OH

(Weak acid) (weak base) = neutral

CH3COOH (weak acid) so its PH is lower than 7 but not lower than that of
strong acids

HCl (strong acid) lowest pH So, choice d is the correct answer

107-c

(NH4)2SO4+2H2O ⇄ 2NH4OH+H2SO4

(Weak). (Strong )

Solution is acidic

H3O+ concentration is high

(OH-) concentration is low

Choice c is correct

108-B

The given salt is derived from weak acid and weak base which causes the
consumption of both H+ and OH- so, choice b is correct.

109-d

Phenolphthalein color. Acidic. Neutral. Basic

Colorless colorless. pink

To differentiate between two solution different color must be obtained

CH3COONa (basic salt). Pink

CH3COOH(weak acid). Colorless

Phenolphthalein can differentiate between CH3COONa and CH3COOH the

correct choice is d
110-a

By hydrolysis of sodium oxalate(Na2C2O4) we will have oxalic acid(C2H2O4)

which is a weak acid and sodium hydroxide(NaOH) which is a strong base

So, the solution is a basic solution

And we know that bromothymol blue with basic medium gives blue color.

So, choice A is correct.

111-a

By hydrolysis of Potassium nitrate(KNO3) we will have potassium

hydroxide(KOH) which is a strong base and nitric acid(HNO3) which is a
strong acid.

Then, the solution is neutral solution

So, the color of blue litmus solution still present in the solution as neutral effect
doesn't change the color of the solution.

So, choice A is correct.

112-C

• HY è Weak acid as it is affected by dilution

• XOH è Strong base as it is not affected by dilution’

So, the salt derived from them is basic salt è Yellow color with methyl orange.
113-e

2AgBr → 2Ag+ + 2Br-

Ag+ ion reduced and become Ag as oxidation number decreased

Br- ion oxidized and become Br2 as oxidation number increased

114-c

Ka and Kb are inversely related

As higher Ka means that the acid dissociate more in water(number of H+

higher)

Higher Kb means that the base dissociates more in water (number of OH-
higher) so they are inverse to each other
115-A

Base è Highest [OH-] concentration è A

[OH-] = 2x10-7

pOH = 6.69

pH = 7.3

116-c

Highest hydronium ion is the most acidic solution

NH4Cl+H2O=NH4OH. + HCl

(Weak base). (Strong acid)

Acidic solution high H+ concentration

117-c

Higher concentration of (OH-) and low conc of (H+)

then the solution is basic and the only base here is the NH4OH then its answer

118-a

By dilution kc is constant as it is constant and not effected except by

temperature and by dilution H+ conc decrease so the PH increase so answer
is a.
119-b

Kc =conc product / conc reactant

Numerator are product

Denominator are reactants

Equation is:

CH3COOH +H2O ⇄CH3COO-+H3O+

120-A

Electric conductivity increase by increasing the number of dissociated ions

As shown in graph the electric conductivity decrease as we put from solution

x meaning It form a ppt the only choice forming a ppt is sulphuric acid
forming BaSO4 then We add excess H2SO4 so by time all Ba+2 Ions will be
consumed and the free SO4-2 ions will increase in ratio again

So answer is a
121-d

NH4Cl+H2O ⇄NH4OH + Cl- + H+

As HCl is strong acid so when its formed it will dissolve all

While NH4OH is weak base which is partially ionized(little amount of it which is

ionized)

So The solution contain ammonium hydroxide , chloride ion and hydrogen ion

122-c

Na2CO3+2H2O ⇄H2CO3+ 2OH- +2Na+

As the same idea from the previous question

Solution contain carbonic acid , hydroxide ion and sodium ion

123-c

Any aqueous solution in water contain (H+) and (OH-)

HBr→ H+ + Br-

The solution contain H+ , Br- and OH-( from water)

124-b

Any aqueous solution contain (H+) and (OH-)

HF ⇄ H+ + F-

As HF is a weak acid the acid dissociate a part only and a reversible reaction
occur letting HF,H+,F-,OH- being in the solution
125-a

Any aqueous solution contain (H+) and (OH-)

H2SO3⇄ HSO3 + H+

HSO3- ⇄, SO3-2 + H+

H2SO3 dissociate twice as it is a weak acid letting the solution contain

And H+ is same as H3O+

+SO3-2 +H2SO3+OH-

126-c

pH value change by putting acidic or basic solution, it remain constant only

when putting a neutral salt and the neutral salt here is Na2SO4 as it is formed
from NaOH (strong base) H2SO4 (strong acid) so itsneutral salt and won’t
affect pH then answer is c

127-A

Molecule of acid è weak acid as it is partially ionized so, a part from it is

found in the form of molecules so,

So, choice a is correct as it is hydrolyzed into HNO3 which is strong acid and
completely ionized in water.

• Choice b is excluded as it is hydrolyzed giving acetic acid (Weak acid)

• Choice c is excluded as it is hydrolyzed giving carbonic acid (Weak
acid)
• Choice d is excluded as it is hydrolyzed giving nitrous acid (Weak acid)
128-b

Kw is constant and doesn’t change except by changing the temperature then

the correct graph is b

129-b

Mg3(PO4)2 ⇄3Mg+2+2PO4 -3

Ksp = [Mg2+]3[PO43-]2

130-c

CaF2 ⇄ Ca+2 +2F-

X. 2X

[F-]=2X

X=[F-]/2

Solubility degree of CaF2 = half concentration of fluoride ions

131-

a)b

Product of ion = solubility product then the solution is saturated as the

solution contain ions = the amount of ion it can take

B) choice b

As conc of ions > solubility product then the solution contain ions more than it
can take then a ppt is formed

C) choice c

As conc of ions < solubility product then the solution contain ions less than it
can take so more ions can be formed so more of the substancecan dissolve

132-b

As the solubility product decrease it indicates that

The solubility of this salt also decreases and it is more easy to form a ppt so
Fe(OH)3 is ppt first as it has a lower ksp
133-D

[o`[ef]_g] [Z]²
Kc = [p^a]_a\_g] = [q][r] = 0.5

So,

[A] [B] x 0.5 = [C]2

[A] [B] = 2 [C]2

So, choice b contain correct information while choice d contain wrong

information.

• Choice a is excluded because increasing temperature will shift the

reaction to backward direction
• Choice c is excluded as catalyst increases rate of chemical reaction
which decreases time required to reach equilibrium.

134-D

CH4 +H2O(l)⇄ CO + 3H2

H2O is liquid è laaa toktaaab

[+FGHIJK] [s&]! [tQ] [(.(,]! [(.(Y]

Kc= [FLMJKMNK*] = = =4.266667 X 10-6 ≈4.267 X 10-6
[ts,] ['.&]

135-B

Kc=(HCl)(NH3)

Kc=(0.0660)x(0.0660)

Kc=4.356x10-3
136-B

Steps:
u' $((
Kc = u& = = 2500
(.&

137-A

N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3

[Product]
Kc =
[Reactant]

[NH3]&
Kc =
[N2] x [H2]!

[vs!]$
3.7x10#, = [(.$] w [(.x]!

[NH3]& = (3.7 x 10#, )x (0.5 )x(0.7)! = 6.3455x10#$

[NH3] = √6.3455x10#$ = 7.96 x 10#! M

138-A

H2 +A2 ⇄2HA

[+FGHIJK] [sP]$
Kc= [FLMJKMNK*]= [P&][s&]

['.$%&]$
40 = [P&][s&]

[A2][H2] = 0.0609961 ≈ 0.061

[A2] = [H2]

[A2] = √0.061

[A2] = 0.2469 ≈0.247 M

139-C

I2(g) +H2(g) ⇄2HI(g)

[+FGHIJK] [sy]$
Kc = =
[FLMJKMNK*] [y&]w [s&]

140-D

steps:

2A ⇄3B +C

[+FGHIJK] [O]! [J] [(,,]! ['.Y]

Kc = [FLMJKMNK*]= = = 0.32
[P]$ [(.%]$

Kc < 1

Kc<1 è backward is predominant è reactant conc. > product conc.

141-

a) A

N2O4+heat ⇄2NO2

From graph we can detect that conc of NO2 at t1 = 0.65M and conc N2O4 at t1 =
0.6M

[+FGHIJK] [vQ&]$ [(.%$]$

Kc= [FLMJKMNK*] = [v&Q,] = = 0.704 ≈ 0.7
[(.%]

b) B

The factor which leads to decreasing the concentration of NO2 (Product) and
increasing concentration of reactant (N2O4) is cooling.

As this reaction is endothermic so, increasing the temperature will shift the
reaction to the forward direction and cooling will shift the reaction to
backward direction leading to increasing the concentration of N2O4 and
decreasing of NO2.

142-B

• A and B è Reactants

• C è Product
Ay 5att nazel reactant, ay 5att tale3 product.

As shown in the graph :

[A] = 0.1M

[B] = 0.3M

[C] = 0.2M

[o`[ef]_g]
Kc = [`^a]_a\_g]

[f]² [k.l]²
=[h].[i]³ = [k.m].[k.n]³ = 14.81

143-C

<"#$%&'(- (<>.?)5. (<A.).

Kp = <#*+'(+,(- = (<?.)8 . (<A>8)4

(..4)5. (<A.).
15.47 = (/./5)8 . (/.1)4

/1.4B 2(/./5)8 . (/.1)4

è (PN2)2 = = 0.6396
(..4)5

PN2 = √0.6396 = 0.799 ≅ 0.8 atm

144-C

2NO2⇌N2O4 è Kp = 20 (given equation)

/
N2O4⇌2NO2 è Kp = .3 = 0.05 (opposite equation)

/ /
2N2O4⇌4NO2è Kp = (0.05)2 = (.3.)= 433 = 2.5 X 1078 (2 moles)

So,

He wants value of kp for decomposition of 2 moles of N2O4 so the

new equation is

2N2O4⇌4NO2
/ / /
Kp new= (9" $C%). = = = 2.5 X 1078
(.3.) 433

145-B

𝐁𝐫𝟐 + 𝐇𝟐 ⇌ 𝟐𝐇𝐁𝐫
(E"#$%&'() (<>F#). (/.1)"
Kp =(E#*+'(+,() = (<F#.)(<>.) = (3.1)(/) = 4.5

𝟐𝐇𝐁𝐫 ⇌ 𝐁𝐫𝟐 + 𝐇𝟐
/ /
Kp for dissociation =G = 4.1 = 0.22222 ≃ 0.22
%

Or

𝟐𝐇𝐁𝐫 ⇌ 𝐁𝐫𝟐 + 𝐇𝟐
(E"#$%&'() (<F#.)(<>.) (3.1)(/)
Kp =(E#*+'(+,() = = = 0.22222 ≃ 0.22
(<>F#). (/.1)"
146-C

Steps:

PCl5⇄PCl3+Cl2

,&HI*# $J H$C*-
Concentration = K$C&H*(L)

3.33:
Conc PCl5= = 8x1074 M
/3

3.3//4
Conc PCl3= = 1.14x1078 M
/3

3.3//4
Conc Cl2 = = 1.14x1078 M
/3

[ MC.][<MC8] [/./42/3!& ][/./42/3!& ]

Kc = = = 1.6245x10-3≈ 1.6245x10-3
[<MC1] [:2/3!' ]

147-D

HA(aq) + BOH(aq) ⇌ BA(aq) + H2O

NO.OP QORST
Concentration = UORVQS WN RWXYST

3.5
[HA] = = 0.3M
.

3.B
[BOH] = = 0.35M
.

/
[BA] = . = 0.5M

Liquid water è laaa toktaaab

[𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒔] 𝟎.𝟓
Kc = [𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒔] = 𝟎.𝟑 𝒙 𝟎.𝟑𝟓 = 4.76
148-A

Exothermic reaction è Temperature and Kc are inversely proportional so, by

raising temperature è Kc decreases è choice a is correct.

149-C

PH+POH=14

POH = 14-3.7= 10.3

[OH-]= 5.01 x10-11 M

OR

[H+] =shift log -pH = 10-3.7 = 1.99x10-4 M

[H+] x [OH-] = Kw

[H+] x [OH-] = 10-14

u{ '(&'(
[OH-] = [s%]= '... w '(&(= 5.01 x10-11 M

150-D

pOH = 10

pH = 14 – pOH = 14 – 10 = 4

[H+] = shift log –pH = 1x10-4 M

[H3O+] = √Ka × Ca

[>₃?j]² (/2/374).
Ca = = = 1.96x10-5 M
9+ 1./2/374
 Ka = α. x Ca

G+ 1./2/374
α = FM+= = F/.;52/371 = 5.1

151-D

pOH = 14 – pH

= 14 – 9

=5

[OH-] = shift log –pOH = 1x10-5 M

[lm7]²
Kb = no

[/p/371]²
= 3.4

= 2.5x10-10

152-D

For HCN:

1 mole è MM(27 g)

X mole è 7.258 gm

X = 0.2688

No.of moles of HCN = 0.2688

NG GT RGUL* GT MJWH
Ca = VGUIRL (X)
Ca = 0.2688 / 100×10-3 = 2.688M

Ka = α& x Ca

)M x.&×'(#'(
α = NtM= N &.%YY

α = 1.63×10-5

153-B

Kb = ∝. × cb

9I
∝ = F MI

9I /.:2/3 !(
a) α = FMI = F 3./3 = 0.0134

9I 4.12/3 !'
b) α = FMI = F 3..1 = 0.042

9I /.B2/3 !'
c) α = FMI = F / = 0.013

9I 4.42/3 !'
d) α = FMI = F . = 0.014

α of B is the greatest è highest conduction

154-C

,&HI*# $J H$C*- 3.3.

Concentration = K$C&H* $J -$C&(q$, (L) = = 0.02M
/

[H3O+] = √Ka × Ca = √ 1.8 × 10 − 4 × 0.02 =1.897 × 10-3≃ 1.9 × 10-3

mol/L

155-D

Steps:

HCN + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + CN-

*Ka = ∝2 × Ca

Ka = (6×10-5)2×0.25

Ka = 9×10-10

*Ka = α. x Ca

G+ ;×/37/3
α = FM+= F = 7.7459×10-5 ≃ 7.75×10-5
3./1
156-D

Kw = [H+] [OH-]

Where [H+] = [OH-] in water

So,

Kw = [OH-]2

0.49x10-13 = [OH-]2

[OH-] = 2.213 x 10-7 M

pOH = -log [OH-]

= -log (2.213 x 10-7)

= 6.65

Very important note è Water is always neutral and pH = pOH , [H+]

= [OH-]

But, at different temperatures, pH scale is changed, meaning that

pH = 7 is neutral in case of standard temperature “250C” only.
157-B

Ag2CrO4⇄ 2Ag+ + CrO4-2

2X X

Ksp =[2Ag+][CrO42-]

Ksp= [2X]2 [X]

Ksp=4X3

Ksp= 4(6.62x10-5)3

Ksp= 1.16047 ×10-12 ≃ 1.16 ×10-12

158-D

Pb(OH)2 ⇄ Pb+2 + 2OH-

X 2X

Ksp = (2X)2 × X

Ksp = 4X2 × X

Ksp = 4X3

2.5 x10-6 = 4X3

& ..1 2/375

Solubility degree “X” = F = 8.54 x10-3M
4
159-A

Fe(OH)2 ⇄ Fe+2 + 2OH-

X 2X

[Fe+2] = X = 4x10-2

Ksp = (2X)2 × X

Ksp = 4X2 × X

Ksp = 4X3

Ksp = 4(4x10-2)3

Ksp = 2.56 x10-4

160-B

solubility product “Ksp” of XY2 salt equals 1.6×10-10.

XY2 ⇄ X2+ + 2Y-

X 2X

Ksp = [X2+][Y-]2

Ksp = [x][2X]2

Ksp = 4X3

1.6×10-10 = 4X3
 & /.5 2/37/3
X= F = 3.41×10-4
4

So, Concentration of Y = 2X = 2× 3.41×10-4 = 6.82×10-4

161-C

Ca3(PO4)2 ⇄ 3Ca2+ + 2PO42-

3S 2S

Ksp = (3S)3 × (2S)2

= 27S3 × 4S2

= 108S5

162-A

Molar mass=54.94+32=86.94

1 mole à Molar mass of MnS (86.94gm)

X mole à 2.3´1075 gm

..8/3!) ´/
X mole = = 2.64´107: mole
:5.;4

A$.$J H$C*-
Concentration = K$C&H* q, Cq(*#-

..54112/37:
Concentration = = 2.64´107: M
/
Ksp :

MnS ⇄ Mn+2 + S-2

X X

Ksp= [Mn2+] [S2-]

Ksp= [X] [X]

Ksp= X .

Ksp=(2.64´107: ). =6.96´107/5

163-A

AgCl ⇄ Ag+ + Cl-

X X X

Ksp = X x X

Ksp = X2

2.56x10-6 = X2

X = √2.56x10 − 6 = 1.6x10-3

X = Conc of the salt AgCl = 1.6x10-3M

No of moles = conc x vol(L)

No of moles of AgCl= 1.6x10-3 x 0.1 = 1.6x10-4 moles

1 mole è MM(108+35.5 g)

1.6x10-4 moles è x gm so, X = Mass of AgCl = 0.02296 ≈ 0.023 g

164-B

XY2 è X+2 + 2Y-

X 2X

165-D

ZnS è Zn2+ + S2-

X X

Ksp = X. X = X2

1x10-21 = X2

X = 3.16x10-11 M = [Zn2+]
sORtYWXu 8./5p/37//
No. of moles = = = 3.16x10-12 mol.
vORVQS /33p/378

Mass = No. of moles x molar mass

= 3.16x10-12 x 97

= 3.0652x10-10 gm
166-A

Pb(OH)2 ⇄ Pb+2 + 2OH-

X 2X

Ksp =(2X)2 × X

Ksp = 4X2 × X

Ksp = 4X3

1.2x10-15= 4X3

! '.&w'(#'$
X= N = 6.69×10-6M
,

[OH-] = 2X = 2(6.69×10-6) = 1.33×10-5M

pOH = -log[OH-] = -log(1.33×10-5) = 4.87

pH + pOH = 14

pH + 4.87 = 14

pH = 14 – 4.87 = 9.13
 Model answer experimental model 2023
Question no. Answer Question no. Answer
1 B 26 C
2 D 27 A
3 C 28 D
4 A 29 B
5 B 30 A
6 B 31 D
7 D 32 C
8 C 33 D
9 A 34 D
10 B 35 B
11 C 36 D
12 B 37 D
13 D 38 A
14 D 39 D
15 B 40 C
16 D 41 B
17 B 42 D
18 A 43 A
19 C 44 A
20 D 45 C
21 C 46 B
22 A 47
23 D 48 Essay questions ↓
24 B 49
25 A 50
 Detailed model answer
1- B

First, we must return the lost electrons to be able to identify the given
elements. è i.e. find the electronic configuration of this elements in its atomic
state.

X 4+ : [18Ar] 3d1 è X : [18Ar], 4s2, 3d3 è X is Vanadium “23V”

Y 6+ : [18Ar] 3d2 è Y : [18Ar], 4s2, 3d6 è Y is Iron “26Fe”

• Alloy of element (Y) with carbon è Iron & Carbon alloy è Steel /
Cementite.
• Alloy of element (X) è Alloy of vanadium è Ferrovanadium alloy.

• The common property è Resist corrosion and has high hardness.

So, choice b is correct.
• Choice a is excluded because these alloys aren’t light in weight, the
alloy which is hard and very light in weight is Scandium + Aluminium
alloy.

• Choice C is excluded because resisting corrosion at high temperature

isn’t mentioned in the properties of these alloys.
• Choice D is excluded because the mentioned properties belongs to
Titanium + Aluminum alloy.
2-D

• Choice a is excluded because any combustion reaction produces

carbon dioxide gas and water vapour.

• Choice B is excluded because any esterification reaction produces

ester and water.
C2H5COOH + HOCH3 è C2H5COOCH3 + H2O
• Choice c is excluded because this reaction produces water as
oxidation of 1-propanol which is primary alcohol yields Propanal
“Aldehyde”.
For example : Oxidation of ethanol “primary alcohol” by the same
mechanism.

Where an unstable compound is formed and then, removing a water

molecule from it to form the aldehyde.
• Choice D is correct because addition polymerization doesn’t show
formation of water, Only condensation polymerization shows
formation of small molecule as water molecule.
3- C

od`[ef]_g
Kp = o`^a]_a\_g

(o|₂h)⁶.( o•₂)²
= (oh₂)³ .(o•|₃)⁴

(&.,)⁶.( o•₂)² '$.,x n('.'%)³ .('.$)⁴

15.47 = ('.'%)³ .('.$)⁴ è (PN2)2 = = 0.6396
(&.,)⁶

PN2 = √0.6396 = 0.799 ≅ 0.8 𝑎𝑡𝑚

4-A

• Both solutions has red color with litmus and methyl orange è Both
solutions are acidic è è We need a basic solution in order to neutralize
the acidic medium and give orange color with methyl orange and
purple color with litmus.
“Acid + Base è Neutral”

• Choice a è Na2CO3 is derived from a strong base (NaOH) and a weak

acid (H2CO3) è Basic effect è Correct choice.
• Choice b è Take care, It’s a white ppt not a salt solution, as all
carbonate salts are insoluble in water except for PAS “potassium,
ammonium and sodium”. è Wrong choice.
 • Choice c è KNO3 is derived from a strong base (KOH) and strong acid
(HNO3) è Neutral. è Wrong choice.
• Choice d è (NH4)2SO4 is derived from strong acid (H2SO4) and weak
base (NH4OH) è Acidic solution è Wrong choice.

5-B

Removing color of KMnO4 in alkaline medium è Baeyer’s reaction.

So, we need a choice in which the product of the reaction in it doesn’t

contain a double bond (Saturated compound) è in order not to remove the
color of alkaline potassium permanganate.

• Choice a : excluded
•b/∆
𝐻𝐶 ≡ 𝐶 − 𝐶𝐻₃ + H2 x⎯⎯z H2C=CH-CH3
The product is 1-propene è contains double bond è will remove the color of
alkaline potassium permanganate.

• Choice b : Correct
Br
I
H3C-C=CH-CH3 + HBr è H3C-C-CH2-CH3
I I
CH3 CH3
The product is 2-bromo-2-methyl butane è Alkane derivative è Saturated è
Doesn’t remove the color of alkaline potassium permanganate.

• Choice c : excluded
Removing water from 1-Butanol è Gives 1-bntene è contains double
bond è will remove the color of alkaline potassium permanganate.
• Choice d : excluded
Removing water from 2-methyl-2-propanol è Gives alkene will remove
the color of alkaline potassium permanganate.
6-B

Pb2+/ Pb4+ = - 1.69 v è Oxidation no. increases from +2 to +4 è Oxidation

reaction è Oxidation potential = -1.69V

Hg / Hg+ = - 0.59 v è Oxidation no. increases from 0 to +1 è Oxidation

reaction è Oxidation potential = -0.59V

Element Pb Hg
Standard oxidation -1.69 V -0.59 V
potential
Standard reduction +1.69 V +0.59 V
potential

• Hg has higher oxidation potential than Pb è If the reaction in

spontaneous redox reaction, Hg is the anode (oxidation occurs to it)
and Pb will be the cathode (Reduction occurs to it).
• In the given equation :

Element
Oxidation no. before PbO2 = 0 Hg = 0
the reaction Pb + 2(-2) = 0 “Any element in its
Pb= +4 atomic state has
oxidation no. = 0”

Oxidation no. after PbSO4 = 0 Hg2Cl2 = 0

the reaction Pb + (-2) = 0 2Hg + 2(-1) = 0
Pb = +2 2Hg = +2
Hg = +1

Occurred process Oxidation no. Oxidation no.

decreases from +4 to increases from 0 to +1
 +2 è Reduction è Oxidation process.
process.
So, We can conclude that oxidation occurs to Hg which has the higher
oxidation potential è Spontaneous redox reaction.

• E.M.F = Oxidation potential of Anode + Reduction potential of cathode

= (-0.59) + (1.69)

= 1.1 V

7-d

First of all, We must determine whether this reaction is reversible or

irreversible.

• Remember the difference between reversible and complete

(irreversible reactions) :
 • Reversible reaction è Both reactant and product are still found in the
reaction medium so, The products can combine again to form the
reactants.
• Irreversible (complete) reaction è One of the products escape from
the reaction medium in a form of gas evolve or solid ppt. so, The
products cannot combine again to reform the reactants.
• Since the given graph in the question shows a reaction in which The
reactant’s concentration approaches to zero è Complete reaction.
Second, We can conclude the rate of reaction from the time taken by the
reactants to approach to zero or the time taken by the products to reach the
maximum concentration è about 2 : 2.5 minutes è Fast reaction but not
instantenous.

Let’s see each choice è We need a complete and fast but not instantaneous
reaction.

• Choice a : excluded
NaCl + AgNO3 è NaNO3 + AgCl ↓
- Type of reaction : Complete reaction as there is a ppt. formed
“AgCl”.
- Rate of reaction : We’ve a piece of information that this reaction is
instantaneous “Very fast”
- Remember :

So, choice a is excluded because the given reaction in the choice is

instantaneous.
• Choice b : excluded
Because oxidation will not occur to iron nail covered by oil as it is
separated from the direct air by this layer of oil.

• Choice C : excluded
As iron nail in water will rust “Oxidation takes place” but, we’ve
mentioned before that rusting is a very slow process.
Remember :

• Choice d : Correct
Mg + 2HCl è MgCl2 + H2↑
- Type of reaction : Complete reaction as there is a gas formed
“hydrogen gas”.
- Rate of reaction : Not instantaneous and not slow è Intermediate as
we’re using pieces of magnesium not powder which slows down the
reaction due to decrement of surface area of the reactants exposed
to the reaction medium, and also using diluted HCl not
concentrated one will slow down the reaction “Conc.↓ Rate↓” .
So, choice d is correct.
8-C

• Differentiation can be done by using :

1- A reagent which will react with both salts and give different results
“Different colors of ppt. or different gases which can be detected”

2- A reagent which will react with only one of the two given salts and doesn’t
react with the other.

• MgSO4 , (NH4)2SO4 è Has a common anion “SO4 2-” so, we need to

differentiate between Mg+2 and NH4+ cations.
Let’s see each choice :
• Choice a : excluded
MgSO4 + 2NaNO3 è Mg(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 “No ppt. or gas are formed”
(NH4)2SO4 + 2NaNO3 è 2 NH4NO3 + Na2SO4 “No ppt. or gas formed”
So, choice a is excluded as it doesn’t give different results with both
salts.

• Choice b : excluded
MgSO4 + 2KCl è MgCl2 + K2SO4 “No ppt. or gas are formed”
(NH4)2SO4 + 2KCl è 2 NH4Cl + K2SO4 “No ppt. or gas formed”
So, choice b is excluded as it doesn’t give different results with both
salts.

• Choice c : correct
MgSO4 + Na2CO3 è Na2SO4 + MgCO3↓ white ppt.
(NH4)2SO4 + Na2CO3è (NH4)2CO3 + Na2SO4 “No ppt. or gas formed as
ammonium carbonate is soluble in water “PAS”.
So, choice c is correct as it produces a white ppt with one of the salts
and doesn’t form with the other.
 • Choice d : excluded
MgSO4 + Ca(HCO3)2 è Mg(HCO3)2 + CaSO4 ↓ white ppt.
(NH4)2SO4 + Ca(HCO3)2 è 2 NH4HCO3 + CaSO4 ↓ white ppt.
It gives white ppt. with both salts sa, no differentiation occurs.

9-A

• C8H6O4 è C6H4(COOH)2 è Phthalic acid or terphthalic acid.

• C6H6O2 è C6H4(OH)2 è Catechol

So, both of them reacts with metals and metal hydroxides è Na, NaOH è
Choice a is correct.

• Choice b is wrong è Na2CO3 è acidity test è reacts with acids only.

• Choice c is excluded è Alcohols reacts with acids “Esterfication
reaction” but doesn’t react with phenols.
• Choice d is excluded è HCl will not react with acids nor phenols.
10-B

1st step : Reduction

2nd Step : hydrogenation

Compound (A) è Cyclohexane

CnHnO è Phenol “C6H6O”

CnHn è Benzene “C6H6”

CnH2n è Cyclohexane “C6H12”

So, choice b is correct.

 11-c

Zn + 2HCl è ZnCl2 + H2↑

• Produced gas è hydrogen gas è Reducing agent “information from

chapter 1”.
So, we need to choose a reduction reaction from the choices because
passing hydrogen gas in an solution will reduce the metal found in it.
So,

Choice A B c d
Oxidation no. YSO4 = 0 WCl = 0 X2(SO4)3 = 0 XCl2 = 0
before the Y + (-2) = 0 W + (-1) = 0 2X + 3(-2) = 0 X + 2(-1) = 0
reaction Y = +2 W = +1 2X = +6 X = +2
X = +3

Oxidation no. after Y2(SO4)3 = 0 WCl2 = 0 XSO4 = 0 XCl3 = 0

the reaction 2Y + 3(-2) = 0 W + 2(-1) = 0 X + (-2) = 0 X + 3(-1) = 0
2Y = +6 W = +2 X = +2 X = +3
Y = +3

Process occurred Oxidation no. Oxidation no. Oxidation no. Oxidation no.
increases from increases from increases from increases
+2 to +3 è +1 to +2 è +3 to +2 è from +2 to
Oxidation Oxidation Reduction +3 è
process process process Oxidation
process
State of the choice Excluded Excluded Correct Excluded
answer

So, it’s clear that choice c is correct as it’s the only choice which represents a
reduction reaction.
12- B

Element Fe X Y Z
Reduction -0.409 V -2.375 V -1.67 V -0.23 V
potential
Oxidation +0.409 V +2.375 V +1.67 V +0.23 V
potential

Let’s arrange these elements from the higher in value of oxidation potential to
the lower value.

X
Y
Fe
Z

• 1st piece of iron è Coated by element X è X is more active than Fe so, Fe

will act as cathode è No rusting occurs.
• 2nd piece of iron è Coated by element Y è Y is more active than Fe so,
Fe will act as cathode è No rusting occurs.
• 3rd piece of iron è Coated by element Z è Z is less active than Fe so, Fe
will act as anode è Rusting occurs rapidly because a galvanic cell is
already formed.
• 4th piece of iron è Not coated è Rusting will occur but slowly as rusting
process is slow in the presence of air.
So, it’s clear that the 3rd piece of iron will rust first so, choice b is correct.
13-D

H2SO4 + 2NaNO3 è Na2SO4 + 2HNO3

H2SO4 è 2 HNO3

1 mole 2 moles

0.125 mol. X mol.

X = no. of moles of HNO3 = 0.25mol. è will react with NaOH

HNO3 + NaOH è NaNO3 + H2O

No. of moles = Mb = X
0.25 mol. Vb = 0.2 L
na = 1 nb = 1
𝒏𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝑴𝒃𝑽𝒃
=
𝒏𝒂 𝒏𝒃
𝟎.𝟐𝟓 𝑴𝒃 𝒙 𝟎.𝟐
=
𝟏 𝟏

Mb = 1.25 M
14-d

• Reversible reaction è Both reactant and product are still found in the
reaction medium so, The products can combine again to form the
reactants.
• Irreversible (complete) reaction è One of the products escape from
the reaction medium in a form of gas evolve or solid ppt. so, The
products cannot combine again to reform the reactants.
Let’s see each choice :

• Choice a : excluded
As reaction between weak acid (acetic acid) and weak base
(ammonium hydroxide) is considered as reversible reaction as both of
them is partially ionized in water so, both reactants and products are
found in the reaction medium.
• Choice b : excluded
Because the ionization of weak acid (formic acid) in water is reversible
reaction è ionic equilibrium.
As it is oartially ionized in water not completely ionized.
Kollo walla 7etta mnoo? 7etta mno bs ely bttfk ya zoz
• Choice c : excluded
As the ionization of a ppt. in water is reversible reaction because only
few ions will be produced while the rest of the compound will remain
the same and doesn’t ionize in water.
• Choice d : correct
Because this reaction is a gaseous reaction which can be reversible in
case of performing this reaction in a closed container but, in this
question he didn’t mentioned that this reaction is done in closed
container è Complete reaction.
15-B

• Compound A è Can represent many compounds such as ethyl

alcohol or benzene.
• Compound B è Methane.
Because by adding water to methane by heating at 7250C it gives water
gas (CO + H2) which is used in midrex furnace.

• Compound C è Branched alkene.

Tertiary alcohol such as è 2-methyl-2-propanol

Removing water from this alcohol results in formation

of a branched alkene.
So, it’s clear that choice b is correct.
16-D

To transform iron III oxide into Alloy we must do the following processes in
sequence :

1- Reduction to form Fe è Done in blast furnace or midrex furnace.

2- Addition of desired elements as carbon è Done in the Oxygen converters

or open-hearth Furnace or electric Furnace.

So,

• Choice a is excluded because midrex furnace must be used first then

open hearth furnace.
• Choice b is excluded because we must use blast furnace first then use
oxygen convertor.
 • Choice c is exclude because we must use blast furnace then midrex
furnace, not to use both of them together.
• Choice d is correct because we can use blast furnace to reduce iron
ore, then use open furnace to produce steel.

17-B

First part of the diagram :

• Catalytic hydration of ethyne :

(A) è Ethanal

• Oxidation :

(B) è Ethanoic acid è Used in silk industry

Second part of the diagram :

• Polymerization of ethyne :

(C) è Benzene

• Alkylation of benzene :

(D) è Toluene

• Complete oxidation :

(E)è Benzoic acid è Sodium benzoate 0.1% is used as foods preservation

substance. Because it prevents the growth of fungi on foods.
So, choice b is correct.

• Choice a is wrong because compound (B) which is ethanoic acid is

soluble in water as it forms 2 hydrogen bonds with water and also,
compound (E) which is benzoic acid isn’t used in manufacture of
insecticides, it’s sodium salt is used as Anti-Fungi not insecticide.

• Choice C is wrong because (B) which is ethanoic acid doesn’t prevent

the growth of bacteria and also, benzoic acid isn’t used in cosmetic
industry.

• Choice D is excluded because benzoic acid itself doesn’t prevent

growth of fungi but, its sodium salt does.

18-A

Remember the use of electrolyte is : Act as a conducting material between

anode and cathode (allowing the ions to move freely from anode to
cathode).

So, it’s not consumed è its concentration remains the same. è choice a is
correct and choice b is wrong.

And since the concentration of KOH “electrolyte in fuel cell” remains the same
è pH remains the same è choice c and d are excluded.
19-C

1st part of the diagram :

• Oxidation of ethene :

(A) è Ethylene glycol è used as antifreeze substance in car radiators.

Second part of the diagram :

C8H6O4 è Terphthalic acid

• Ethylene glycol + Terphthalic acid :

(B) è Dacron fibers è Has a role in treatment of heart diseases as it is used

to substitute the spoiled arteries and in the manufacture of artificial heart
valves.
20-D

• Choice a : excluded
1st : K2S2O3 + 2HCl è 2KCl + H2O + SO2 ↑ “Can be oxidized to SO3 gas
which is known as sulphur trioxide gas”
2nd : KHCO3 + HCl è KCl + H2O + CO2 ↑ “Can’t be oxidized as there is no
gas with the formula CO3, it’s available for carbonate anion only”.
So, this choice is excluded because only one salt will give a gas which
kan be oxidized.
• Choice b : excluded
1st : K2S + HCl + KCl + H2S ↑ “Can’t be oxidized”
2nd : KNO2 + HCl è KCl + HNO2
HNO2 è HNO2 + H2O + 2NO ↑ “Can be oxidized to NO2 gas which is called
Nirogen dioxide gas”
↑2NO + O2 è 2 NO2↑
So, this choice is excluded because only one salt will give a gas which
kan be oxidized.
• Choice c : excluded
1st : K2CO3 + 2HCl è 2KCl + H2O + CO2 ↑ “Can’t be oxidized as there is no
gas with the formula CO3, it’s available for carbonate anion only”.
2nd : KNO2 + HCl è KCl + HNO2
HNO2 è HNO2 + H2O + 2NO ↑ “Can be oxidized to NO2 gas which is called
Nirogen dioxide gas”.
↑2NO + O2 è 2 NO2↑
So, this choice is excluded because only one salt will give a gas which
kan be oxidized.
• Choice d : correct.
1st : K2S2O3 + 2HCl è 2KCl + H2O + SO2 ↑ “Can be oxidized to SO3 gas
which is known as sulphur trioxide gas”
 2nd : KNO2 + HCl è KCl + HNO2
HNO2 è HNO2 + H2O + 2NO ↑ “Can be oxidized to NO2 gas which is called
Nirogen dioxide gas”.
↑2NO + O2 è 2 NO2↑
Correct answer è because both gases can be oxidized.

21-C

Alkane contain 5 atoms è Methane “CH4”

Insecticide containing 18 atoms è Gamixane “C6H6Cl6”

1st step : Strong heating then rapid quenching

2nd step : Polymerization

3rd step : Halogenation by addition

22-A

In the given cell reaction, we can conclude that :

1- Anode is Nickel because its oxidation no. increases from 0 to +2 è

oxidation occurs to it.

2- Cathode is Silver because its oxidation no. decreases from +1 to 0 è

reduction occurs to it.

So,

• We’ve a piece of information that the electric current stops in galvanic

cell when :
1- The absence of the salt bridge in the galvanic cell è leads to stopping the
oxidation and reduction reactions and consequently stopping the flow of
electric current in the external wire connecting the two half cells.

2- The anode material atoms are all dissolved in the anode-half cell.

3- All the ions found in the cathode-half cell disappear “reduced” as they
are precipitated as atoms in the cathode half-cell.

So, We can increase the time of working of the given cell by :

1- Increasing the mass of anode material “Metal itself not its ions” è
Increasing mass of Nickel.

2- Increasing the concentration of ions found in the cathode-half cell “Ag-

half cell” è increasing the number of “Ag+ ions”. è Choice a is correct.

• Choice b is excluded because increasing the concentration of nickel

ions will not help, we need to increase nickel metal itself in order to
allow oxidation to occur to it forming nickel ions.
 • Choice c is excluded because decreasing the mass of anode will
increase the chance for stopping of electric current as oxidation
reaction will approach to end.
• Choice d is excluded because increasing the mass of cathode won’t
help as we need to increase the concentration of ions in the cathode
half-cell to be able to reduce and form metal atoms not the opposite.

23-d

C5H10O è CnH2nO è General formula for Aldehydes and ketones.

So, choice d is correct as :

• 2- methyl butanal : C5H10O

• Pentanone : C5H10O

• Choice a is excluded because :

Ethyl propyl ether : C2H5-O-C3H7 è C5H12O è Not as the given formula.
• Choice b is excluded because :
Pentanoic acid : C4H9COOH è C5H10O2 è Not as the given formula.
3-Pentanol è CH3-CH2-CH(OH)-CH2-CH3 èC5H12O è Not as the given
formula.
• Choice c is excluded because :
 Pentanoic acid : C4H9COOH è C5H10O2 è Not as the given formula.

24-B

Red iron oxide è Fe2O3

• Choice a : Excluded
As heating iron in air till redness produces Fe3O4 not Fe2O3

• Choice b : correct
1st step :
Fe + H2SO4 è FeSO4 + H2 ↑
2nd step :

• Choice c : excluded
As heating siderite in absence of air produces FeO

• Choice d : excluded
Because it produces Fe3O4 not Fe2O3
25-A

X è Can be oxidized or reduced è Aldehyde

• Oxidation :

• Reduction :

Y è Isomer of alcohol is ether

As Both has the general formula CnH2n+2O

Z è Ester

As the reaction between acid and alcohol yields ester and water

So, choice a is correct.

26-C

CH3COONa + H2O ↔ CH3COOH + Na+ + OH-

So, by adding HCl which dissociates into H+ and Cl- è H+ will attach to the OH
in the products è [OH-] decreases è Shift Forward è [CH3COOH], [Na+]
increases↑ è Choice c is correct.

• Choice a is excluded because the concentration of sodium cations will

increase not decrease.
• Choice b is excluded because the concentration of acetic acid will
decrease.
• Choice d is excluded because the concentration of sodium acetate will
decrease because the reaction is shifted to the forward direction.

27-A

• Choice a è Represents nickel

• Choice b è Represents Chromium

Cr : [18Ar], 4s1 , 3d5 è Magnetic moment = no. of unpaired electrons in
24

4s-sublevel and 3d-sublevel = 6.

• Choice c è represents iron
26Fe : [18Ar], 4s2 , 3d6
Fe+2 : [18Ar], 4s0 , 3d6
Fe+3 : [18Ar], 4s0 , 3d5
It’s hard to be reduced from +3 to +2 oxidation state because it has
half-filled 3d-sublevel in its +3 oxidation state è Stable.

• Choice d è represents Scandium

 As it decreases From Scandium to chromium then remains relatively
constant from Chromium to copper so, Scandium has the biggest
atomic size.

So, the element which has the highest density is Nickel because the
density increases as we go from left to right.
As atomic mass increases and atomic volume is relatively constant.

So, choice a is correct.

28-d

• Adding dil. Sulphuric acid to substance (X), a salt solution (Y) is formed
è Both choice b and c are excluded è because Fe2O3 doesn’t react with
dil. Acids, it reacts with conc. Acids only.
So, compound X is FeO.

So, the salt formed is FeSO4.

• After a period of time è Oxidation occurs to Fe+2 into Fe+3 è Salt

become Fe2(SO4)3
Fe2(SO4)3 + 6NH4OH è 3(NH4)2SO4+ 2Fe(OH)3 ↓
So, the precipitate is è Fe(OH)3
29-B

• Connecting lead accumulator to an external source of electricity its emf

=14 V è EMF > 12 V è Re-charging of lead accumulator occurs. è
Concentration of H2SO4 will increase è [H+] increases è pH decreases
è pOH increases. è Choice b is correct and choice a is excluded.
• Choice c is excluded because :
Charging the lead accumulator leads to è conversion of lead sulphate
(PbSO4 ) to lead (Pb) at the anode è Oxidation no. decreases from +2
to zero.
• Choice d is excluded because :
Increasing water in battery happens on discharging process not
charging.

30-A

• Compound (A) è C2H4O2 è CH3COOH “Acetic acid

• Compound (B) è C2H2O4 è (COOH)2 “Oxalic acid”
So,
• Choice a is correct because :
oxalic acid contains 2 carboxyl groups è forms 4 hydrogen bonds
while acetic acid contains only one carboxyl group è forms 2 hydrogen
bonds only so, Boiling point of oxalic acid is the highest.
No. of H-Bonds ↑ B.P ↑
• Choice B is excluded because :
Reduction of acetic acid yield ethyl alcohol which isn’t the simplest
alcohol, the simplest one is methanol “CH3OH”.
• Choice c is excluded because :
The alcohol which is used in thermometers “Alcoholic thermometers” is
ethyl alcohol so, reduction of oxalic acid doesn’t produce ethyl alcohol.
 • Choice d is excluded because :
oxalic acid contains 2 carboxyl groups è forms 4 hydrogen bonds while
acetic acid contains only one carboxyl group è forms 2 hydrogen
bonds only so, Solubility of oxalic acid is the highest.
No. of H-Bonds ↑ solubility ↑
31-d

• Choice a : excluded
NaNO2 + HCl è NaCl + HNO2
HNO2 è HNO2 + H2O + 2NO ↑
↑2NO + O2 è 2 NO2↑
So, it’s excluded because it forms a gas only, no ppt. is formed.

• Choice b : excluded
As HCl will not react with NO3 anion because NO3 anion is derived from
HNO3 which is more stable than HCl so, HCl can’t replace it.
So, no gas is formed.

• Choice c is excluded :
As HCl will not react with NO3 anion because NO3 anion is derived from
HNO3 which is more stable than HCl so, HCl can’t replace it.
So, no gas is formed.

• Choice d is correct because :

Pb(NO2)2 + 2HCl è PbCl2 ↓ + 2HNO2
HNO2 è HNO2 + H2O + 2NO ↑
↑2NO + O2 è 2 NO2↑
- PbCl2 is formed which is a ppt. è 1st analytical group cations are
precipitated in the form of chlorides.
- NO2 gas evolves.
32-C

C6H5

CH3 – C = C – CH3

C3H7

- Longest carbon chain containing the double bond and the phenyl branch
contains 6 carbon atoms ➔ Hexene

- We’ll start numbering from the side which is nearer to the double bond
“Left- hand side”.

- We’ve a double bond between the 2nd and 3rd carbon ➔ 2-hexene

- We’ve a phenyl branch on the 2nd carbon ➔ 2-phenyl

- We’ve a methyl branch on the 3rd carbon ➔ 3-methyl

So, the compound is named as:

3-methyl-2-phenyl-2-hexene

33-d

• Choice a and b are excluded because both crushing and sintering

processes doesn’t remove impurities from iron ore.
• Changing some impurities in form of gases è Roasting.
 • Choice c is excluded because concentration process is used to
increase the percentage of iron by removing most of the impurities,
which are chemically combined or mixed with the ore; this is formed by
one of the following methods: surface tension and magnetic or electric
separation.

34-d

• Let’s arrange the given metals according to standard oxidation

potentials :
A
B
C

• To purify the given metal whose reduction potential is 0.8V è We need

to connect it to a cell which it E.M.F value is more than 0.8 V è To force
non-spontaneous reaction to occur.

EMF = Oxidation potential of anode + Reduction potential of cathode

• E.M.F of A-C cell = O.P of A + R.P of C = 0.52 + 0.34 = 0.86 V è More than
0.8 V
• E.M.F of B-C cell = O.P of B + R.P of C = 0.12 + 0.34 = 0.46 V è Less than
0.8 V è excluded.
• E.M.F of A-B cell = O.P of A + R.P of B = 0.52 + (-0.12) = 0.4 V è Less than
0.8 V è excluded.
So, both choices b and c are excluded because E.M.F of given cells is
less than 0.8 V.
So, the galvanic cell is formed from A and C methals where:
A è Anode
C è Cathode
 • Metal needed to be purified è Anode of electrolytic cell è Connected
to cathode of galvanic cell è Connected to Metal C.

35-B

• A and B è Reactants
• C è Product
Ay 5att nazel reactant, ay 5att tale3 product.

As shown in the graph :

[A] = 0.1M
[B] = 0.3M
[C] = 0.2M

[…†‡ˆ‰Š‹Œ]
Kc = [†•ŽŠ‹Ž•‹Œ]

[f]² [k.l]²
=[h].[i]³ = [k.m].[k.n]³

= 14.81
36-d

• Compounds (A and C) change the colour of acidified potassium

dichromate, while Compound B does not change the colour of acidified
potassium dichromate. è A and C can be oxidized while B can’t be
oxidized.
• Choice a is excluded because :
A is ketone which can’t be oxidized.
• Choice b is excluded because :
A is a ketone which can’t be oxidized.
B is aldehyde which can be oxidized to carboxylic acid.
• Choice c is excluded because :
A is a carboxylic acid which can’t be oxidized.
• Choice d is correct :
A is an aldehyde which can be oxidized into carboxylic acid.
B is a tertiary alcohol which can’t be oxidized.

37-d

pOH = 10

pH = 14 – pOH = 14 – 10

=4

[H+] = shift log –pH

= shift log -4

= 1x10-4 M

[H3O+] = √𝐾𝑎𝐶𝑎

[m₃lj]² (/p/3¯' )²
Ca = = = 1.96x10-5 M
wt 1./p/3¯⁴
 𝑲𝒂
∝= F 𝑪𝒂

𝟓.𝟏𝒙𝟏𝟎¯⁴
= F𝟏.𝟗𝟔𝒙𝟏𝟎¯⁵

= 5.1

38-A

• Remember :

• We’ll use precipitation reaction as Ag cation forms a sparingly soluble

substances in water.
So, we’ll use Na3PO4 in order to form ppt. :

• Choice b is excluded because all bicarbonates and sodium salts are

soluble in water.
• Choice c is excluded because it will not react with AgNO3 due to the
presence of common ion (NO3-)
• Choice d is excluded because no ppt. is formed.
39-d

Molecular formula of given compound è C3H2BrCl

So, its isomers are :

• 3-bromo-3-chloro-1-propyne.
• 1-bromo-3-chloro-1-propyne.
• 3-bromo-1-chloro-1-propyne.

40-C

X è Coinage metal è Cu or Ag or Au

So, Let’s see each one of these coinage metals with the 4A element which is
located in its period.

Cu with Ge è We haven’t studied any alloys for them.

Ag with Sn è We haven’t studied any alloys for them.

Au with Pb è We’ve studied before than Lead-gold alloy “Au2Pb” is

considered as an intermetallic alloy. è So, choice c is correct.
41-B

• NaCl è Derived from NaOH (strong base) and HCl (Strong acid) è
Neutral effect è pH = pOH = 7
• CH3COOK è derived from KOH (Strong base) and CH3COOH (Weak
acid) è Basic effect è pH > 7 è pOH < 7
• NH4NO3 è derived from NH4OH (Weak base) and HNO3 (strong acid) è
Acidic effect è pH < 7 è pOH > 7

So, their order according to pOH value is :

NH4NO3 > NaCl > CH3COOK
So, Choice b is correct.

42-D

CH3-CH-COOH + Na è CH3-CH-COONa

I I

CH3 CH3

So,

𝑪𝒂𝑶/∆
CH3-CH2-COONa + NaOH x⎯⎯⎯z CH3-CH2 + Na2CO3

CH3

So, the produced compound is Propane.

43-A

1st equation :

• X è Oxidation occurs as its oxidation no. increases from 0 to +2, and this
reaction is spontaneous red-ox reaction as EMF has a positive value so,
We can conclude that X lies above Y in the electromotive series.

2nd equation :

• Y è Oxidation occurs as its oxidation no. increases from 0 to +2, and this
reaction is spontaneous red-ox reaction as EMF has a positive value so,
We can conclude that Y lies above Z in the electromotive series.
So,
X
Y
Z

From X to Y è 0.351 V

From Y to Z è 0.749 V

So, From X to Z è 0.351 + 0.749 = 1.1 V

So, the given equation

needs the opposite “From Z to X” è -1.1 V “Non-spontaneous reaction”

44-A

- C2H6 è Alkane which doesn’t react with HCl as it has no pi bonds so, it
will remain the same.
- C2H4 è Ethene which reacts with HCl forming C2H5Cl

H2C=CH2 + HCl è H3C – CH2Cl

- C2H2 è Ethyne which reacts with excess HCl forming C2H4Cl2

C2H2+2HClà C2H4Cl2

So,

The correct arrangement of the products according to the molar mass is è

C>B>A

“As Cl atom is greater in mass than hydrogen atoms”

45- c

6NaOH +Al2(SO4)3 à 3Na2SO4+2Al(OH) 3 ↓

2Al(OH)3 + 2NaOH è 2NaAlO2 + H2O

Total no. of moles of NaOH needed to form a clear solution è 2+6 = 8 moles.

Al2(SO4)2 è 8 NaOH

1 mole è 8 moles

1x10-3 mol è X mole

X = 8x10-3 mol.

Mass = no. of moles x molar mass

 = 8x10-3 x 40

= 0.32 gm

46-B

Phenyl acetylene è phenyl branch attached to ethyne (Acetylene) as shown

in the figure.

1 double bond è needs 1 mole of hydrogen

1 triple bond è needs 2 moles of hydrogen

So,

For 1 mole of phenyl acetylene :

3 double bonds + 1 triple bond è 5 moles of hydrogen.

1 mole of phenyl acetylene è 5 moles of hydrogen

2 moles of phenyl acetylene è X moles of hydrogen

X = 10 moles.
Essay questions :
47-

Manganese dioxide (MnO2) is used as a catalyst in the decomposition of

hydrogen peroxide

ˆNQ&
2H2O2 x⎯⎯z 2H2O + O2

• Element X is Mn
Mn can make an alloy with transition element è substitutional alloy as
Ferromanganese alloy.

So, element X is Mn and element Y is Fe

Mn: 18Ar ,4s2 ,3d5

Fe: 18Ar ,4s2 ,3d6

So,

X2O3 è X3+ è Mn3+ :18Ar ,4s0 ,3d4 èMn3+ has 4 unpaired electrons

Y2O3 è Y3+ è Fe3+ :18Ar ,4s0 ,3d5 èFe3+ has 5 unpaired electrons

So, Y+3 has a higher magnetic moment than X+3 because it has 5 unpaired
electrons id 3d-sublevel while X has only 4 unpaired electrons.
48-

1- No. of sodium hydroxide moles è 3 moles.

2- 1st step : Hydrogenation to saturate all the pi bonds of the benzene ring. è
Requires 3 hydrogen moles.

2nd step : Reduction to transform the carboxyl group (-COOH) into hydroxyl
group (-OH) as we know that alcohol is neutral. è Requires 2 hydrogen
moles.

Total no. of hydrogen moles è 3 + 2 = 5moles.

49-

96500C è equivalent mass of element

&(x
96500C è = 103.5 gm of Pb
&

XC è 8.28 gm

Quantity of electricity passing in the two cells = X = 7720 C = 0.08F

ZF è 1 mole of element

Where Z ==>= no. of electrons gained or los = 3

3F è 1 mole of X

0.08F è X mole

X = 0.0267 mole.
50-

pH = 8 è pOH = 14 – pH = 14-8

pOH = 6

[OH-]= shift log –pOH = 10-6 M

Let the compound’s formula be : Y(OH)2

Y(OH)2 ⇌ Y+2 + 2OH-

X X 2X

We know that [OH-] = 10-6 M

So, 2X = 10-6 è X = 5x10-7 M

So,

Equation : Y(OH)2 ⇌ Y+2 + 2OH-

Concentration: X X 2X

Ksp : [Y+2] [OH-]2

= [X] [2X]2

= 4X3

= 4(5x10-7)3

= 5x10-19

“ALL OUR DREAMS CAN COME TRUE, IF WE HAVE THE

COURAGE TO PURSUE THEM.” - WALT DISNEY