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Genetic Control of Systems, Cell Cycle and Functions

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Genetic Control of Systems, Cell Cycle and Functions

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angeltheegg123
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LECTURE 2: GENETIC CONTROL OF SYSTEMS, CELL CYCLE AND

FUNCTIONS
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

GENETICS 2. Cytoplasm - a watery medium that


- Study of heredity and genetic everything floats in. Contains all the
variation among organisms working parts of the cell
- Explains organismal form and (organelles)
function in terms of its relation to 3. Ribosome - little grains floating
chromosomes and cellular proteins around inside the cell, where
proteins are made

CYTOGENETICS 4. Nucleus - has our DNA that


contains all our genetic information
- Study about DNA within the cell
a. Chromosomes - where DNAs
nucleus
are found
- Explain effect/s of chromosomal
i. There are 23 pairs (46
changes to form and function
total) of chromosomes
in each nucleus of each
CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS
cell
- Helps diagnose disease and plan
5. Nuclear membrane - surrounds
treatment based on chromosomal
the nucleus, controls what goes in
assessment
and out
6. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
● Genetics - foundation, and bridge
(Rough ER) - series of folded
in understanding:
membrane pathways spotted with
○ Form - anatomy
ribosomes.
○ Function - physiology
a. Together the ribosomes and
the rough ER make new
ANIMAL CELL ORGANELLES
proteins and new
1. Plasma membrane - protective
membranes that the cell
outer layer. It lets certain things into
needs
the cell that it needs but keeps
other things out.
7. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum KEY IDEAS
(Smooth ER) - has no ribosomes on 1. A cell is with specialized organelles
it that allow it to function as a
a. Transport vesicles - used to complete unit.
move things around inside 2. The functioning of each cell is
the cell directed by the DNA.
8. Golgi Apparatus - made up of 3. The chromosomal set for each
saccules that package up things to organism is EXACT in number and
be transported around the cell or structure but allows genetic
that need to leave the cell, like variation.
hormones 4. When chromosomes are altered in
9. Lysosomes - vesicles that have either number or structure (or
digestive enzymes inside them and both), genetic disorders may arise.
break down the things that the cell 5. A genetic disorder may mean an
doesn’t need. Also kills bacteria that over-functioning,
invade the body under-functioning or no-
10. Vacuoles - large membranous functioning at all of a certain organ
sacs for storing things or organ system.
a. Vesicles - are smaller sacs 6. A genetic disorder is a
11. Mitochondria - have a double chromosomal defect carried by
membrane that folds in on itself, birth. A disease, on the other hand,
forming finger-like projections has a pathogen (carrier or agent)
called cristae. Inside is a gel-like causing the condition.
matrix with enzymes that break 7. Sometimes, the line between a
down sugars to make ATP, which is disease and disorder becomes
used by the cell as energy. These blurry. For example, Type 2 Diabetes
essential organelles contain their has no clear pattern of inheritance.
DNA and ribosomes, reproduce by It is described to be a
division, and can even produce predisposition gene we inherit from
some of their own protein family yet its manifestation is
largely decided by the environment
8. DNA in a eukaryotic cell is within the UAU = Tyrosine, forms dopamine,
nucleus; it is highly condensed. adrenaline, noradrenaline, melanin, etc.
9. In prokaryotic cell, it is in the
nucleoid region; closed loops of
DNA called plasmid DNA

10. To sustain life, cells need to actively


replicate DNA to produce new cells
(repair, development).
11. This is accomplish via the Central
Dogma.
12. There are 4 nitrogenous bases in
the DNA— Adenine, Thymine,
Guanine and Cytosine. Thymine is
replaced with Uracil in RNA

Translation:
UAA = Stop codon, No function
1. Happens in somatic cells only
1. Happens in gametes only
2. Produces diploid (2N) cells
2. Produces haploid (1N) cells
3. Exact genetic material is copied by
3. Results into genetic variation
daughter cells.
4. Daughter cells have a reduced
4. Site of dividing cytoplasm in animal
chromosome number as parent
cells is called cleavage furrow
cell.
5. Daughter cells have the same
5. Undergoes 2 meiotic divisions: MI
chromosome number as parent
and MII. MI = 2N to 1N (reduction
cell (equational division)
division); MII= 1N to 1N (equational
6. Easy mnemonic guide: PMAT;
division)
a. Prophase: condensation of
6. Synapsis and crossing over happen
chromosomes.
b. Metaphase: alignment of
- Polyploidy = 3N, 4N,... plants?
chromosomes at the center
Possible
c. Anaphase: Chromosomes
- Polyploid humans?
split and move to opposite
Impossible. 3N; 69 x
poles
- Trisomy/ Monosomies —
d. Telophase: cytokinesis occurs
Possible, with genetic defect

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