CHAPTER- 8 MOTION

By-
KUMAR MANGLAM
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

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Q1) Explain the meaning of the terms, rest and
motion.
Answer:
• Rest - If a body does not change its position with
respect to its surroundings over time, then it is said to
be at rest.
• Motion - If a body changes its position with respect to
its surroundings over time, then that body is said to
be in motion.

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To describe the position of an object we need to
specify a reference point called the origin.

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Define reference point or origin.
• A reference point or origin is a stationary object or
point that is used to determine the position, speed,
or direction of an object that is in motion.

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Distance and Displacement:

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Distance:
• Distance is the sum of the total path length travelled,
covered, or traversed by an object from one place to
another, irrespective of the direction of the path.
• Distance is a scalar quantity, it only has magnitude,
and does not have any direction.
• The distance can never be zero or negative, it is only
be positive.

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Displacement:
• Displacement is equal to the shortest length between the final and
the initial points.
• Displacement is not dependent on the path. It is only dependent
upon the starting and ending positions, or points.
• Displacement always has a straight-line path as the initial and final
points are directly connected to find the displacement.
• Displacement can be positive, negative, or zero.
• Displacement is distance with direction in the case of
unidirectional linear motion. e.g., 5km north.
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• The SI unit for both distance and displacement
is metre (m).

•SI units mean International System

of Units

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• A car travels 400 km from place A to place B and then back
200 km to place C.
Calculate:
a) The distance and displacement of the car from A to B.
b) distance and displacement of the car during the entire
journey.
• Tara goes on a camel safari in Africa. She travels 5 km north,
then 3 km east, and then 1 km south again. What distance
did she cover? What was her displacement?

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Question: A cyclist leaves his
home and
travels 4km towards the west
and reaches a hotel.
From there, he turns north
and travels another 3km to
reach a stadium.
Calculate:
a) distance
b) displacement covered
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• Alex goes cruising on his dirt bike. He rides 700 m north,
300 m east, 400 m north, 600 m west, 1200 m south 300
m east, and finally 100 m north. What distance did he
cover? What was his displacement?
• A particle moves along a circular path of radius 7 cm.
Estimate the distance covered and displacement when the
particle (i) covers half circular path and (ii) completes the
total circular path once.
• A farmer moves along the boundary of a square field of
side 10 m in 40 s. What will be the magnitude of
displacement of the farmer at the end of 2 minutes 20
seconds from his initial position?
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Quantities: An entity that can be measured
• Scalar- are quantities that • Vector-are quantities
are fully described by a that are fully described
magnitude (or numerical by both a magnitude
value) alone. and a direction.
• Examples- volume, • Examples-
distance, mass, speed, displacement, velocity,
heat, time, energy etc. acceleration, force,

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UNIFORM MOTION AND NON-UNIFORM
MOTION:

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UNIFORM MOTION: If an object covers equal
distances in equal intervals of time, it is said to be in
uniform motion.
NON-UNIFORM MOTION: If an object covers unequal
distances in equal intervals of time, it is said to be in
non-uniform motion.

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Two toy cars, A and B, started their journey at 9:15 am. The
data regarding the motion of these two different cars is given
in the table below. Plot a graph and state whether the
motion of the objects is uniform or non-uniform.

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 CAR A CAR B

80

70 70
DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY OBJECT IN METER

60 60

50 50

44
40 40 41
37
35
30 30

23
20 20
19

12
10 10

0 0
9:15 AM 9:30 AM 09:45:00 10:00 AM 10:15 AM 10:30 AM 10:45 AM 11:00 AM
CAR A 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
CAR B 0 12 19 23 35 37 41 44

TIME
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SPEED

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• Speed refers to "how fast an object is moving.“
• Speed is defined as the distance travelled by an object per unit
time.
• The SI unit of speed is metre per second. It is represented by the
symbol 𝑚s−1 or m/s.
• To specify the speed of an object, we require only its magnitude
that’s why it is a scalar quantity.
e.g. A person driving a car at a speed of 70 m/s.
• An object's speed cannot be zero or negative. It is only positive.
• For uniform motion,

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• If an object is in non-uniform motion, we describe the rate
of motion of such objects in terms of their average speed.
• The average speed of an object is obtained by dividing the
total distance travelled by the total time taken.

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NUMERICALS:
• An object travels 30 m in 6 s and then another 18 m in 9 s.
What is the average speed of the object?
• Abdul, while driving to school, computes the average speed
for his trip to be 20 km/h. On his return trip along the same
route, there is less traffic and the average speed is 30 km/h.
What is the average speed for Abdul’s trip?

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VELOCITY

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• Velocity is the rate at which an object changes its position.
• It is important to note that a change in position means
displacement. What matters here is the direct length from the
starting point to the finish point, not the precise route.
• Velocity is SPEED WITH DIRECTION (this definition is valid for
unidirectional linear motion).
• Velocity is a vector quantity, i.e., a quantity having direction and
magnitude. E.g., a train going with a velocity of 50 km/h, north
• The SI unit of velocity is the metre per second. This is represented
by the symbol 𝑚𝑠 −1 or m/s.
• Velocity can be zero, negative, or positive.
𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Velocity or average velocity =
Kumar 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
• For linear motion in one direction
Speed = velocity (in magnitude, if motion is uniform)
Average speed = Average velocity (in magnitude, if motion is
non-uniform)
• If motion is linear but direction is changing then
Average speed ≠ Average velocity (in magnitude)

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• If ran across the room and then returned to your original
position, you would have a speed — the distance divided by
the time. But your velocity would be zero since your
position didn't change between the beginning and the end
of the interval. There was no displacement seen at the end
of the time period.

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NUMERICALS:
• Joseph jogs from one end A to the other end B of a straight
300 m road in 2 minutes 30 seconds and then turns around
and jogs 100 m back to point C in another 1 minute. What
are Joseph’s average speeds and velocities in jogging (a) from
A to B and (b) from A to C?
• Abdul, while driving to school, computes the average speed
for his trip to be 20 km/h. On his return trip along the same
route, there is less traffic and the average speed is 30 km/h.
What is the average velocity for Abdul’s trip?
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• Usha swims in a 90 m long pool. She covers 180 m in one minute
by swimming from one end to the other and back along the
same straight path. Find the average speed and average velocity
of Usha.
• The odometer of a car reads 1000 km at the start of a trip and
1600 km at the end of the trip. If the trip took 8 h, calculate the
average speed of the car in km/h and m/s.

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ACCELERATION

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• That feeling you get when you're sitting in a plane
during take-off, slamming on the brakes in a car,
or turning a corner at a high speed in a go-kart are
all situations where you are accelerating.

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Acceleration is the name we give to any
process where the velocity changes.
ways to accelerate:
• change speed (in a straight line motion, in a
defined direction)
• change direction
• or change both.

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ACCELERATION:
• The change in the velocity of an object per unit time.

• If the velocity of an object changes from an initial value

u to the final value v in time t, the acceleration a is
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 S.I. unit of
acceleration-

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 ACCELERATION

UNIFORM NON-UNIFORM
ACCELERATION ACCELERATION
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UNIFORM ACCELERATION:

• If an object travels in a straight line and its velocity

increases or decreases by equal amounts in equal
intervals of time, then the acceleration of the object is
said to be uniform.

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EXAMPLES:
• The motion of a
freely falling body
and a vertically
thrown-up body is
an example of
uniform
acceleration.
• A lift going up or
down with
uniformly
increasing velocity. Kumar
NON-UNIFORM ACCELERATION:
• The acceleration of a body is said to be non-uniform if its
velocity changes by unequal amounts in equal intervals of
time.
• For example, if a car traveling along a straight road increases
its speed by unequal amounts in equal intervals of time, then
the car is said to be moving with non-uniform acceleration.

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NUMERICALS:
1. Starting from a stationary position, Anchal paddles his bicycle to
attain a velocity of 10 m/s in 30 s. Then he applies brakes such that the
velocity of the bicycle comes down to 6m/s in the next 5 s. Calculate
the acceleration of the bicycle in both cases.
2. A bus decreases its speed from 80 km/h to 60 km/h in 5 s. Find the
acceleration of the bus.
3. A train starting from a railway station and moving with uniform
acceleration attains a speed of 40 km/h in 10 minutes. Find its
acceleration.

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Equations of Motion:
• When an object moves along a straight line with
uniform acceleration, it is possible to relate its
velocity, acceleration during motion and the distance
covered by it in a certain time interval by a set of
equations known as the equations of motion.

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where,
• u is the initial velocity of the object.
• a is the acceleration for time
• t is the time
• v is the final velocity, and
• s is the distance travelled by the object.
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DISTANCE–TIME GRAPHS

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Key Points:
• A distance-time graph shows the distance moved by an object on
the vertical axis (y-axis) and the time on the horizontal axis (x-axis).
• A straight line making an angle with the x-axis on a distance-time
graph indicates that an object is moving at a constant speed.
• When a body is at rest, the graph is parallel to the x-axis.
• The steeper the line on a distance-time graph is, the faster the
object is moving.
• A distance-time graph is used to determine the speed of an object.
The slope of the distance-time graph is equal to the speed of the
body.
• A negative gradient or slope means the body is returning to the
starting point.
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Slope of the distance-time graph:
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 (𝐵𝐶)
slope =
𝑏𝑎s𝑒 (𝐶𝐴)

𝑠2 −𝑠1
slope =
𝑡2 −𝑡1

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
slope =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

slope = speed
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 In the graph, two
lines represent the
motion of two people.

Here, we can see that the

orange dashed line is steeper
than the solid blue line. This
means the person represented
by the orange dashed line is
moving with greater speed.
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Question: Identifying the Greatest Speed from Lines
on a Distance–Time Graph
Which color line on the graph shows the greatest
speed?

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VELOCITY/SPEED-TIME GRAPHS

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Key Points:
• In this graph, time is represented along the x-axis, and velocity or speed is
represented along the y-axis.
• On a velocity-time graph, a horizontal (flat) line (parallel to the x-axis)
indicates the object is travelling at a constant speed, which means
acceleration is zero.
• A straight diagonal line indicates that the object's velocity is changing.
which means acceleration is non-zero.
• The slope of a velocity graph represents the acceleration of the object.
• When the slope is steeper, acceleration is greater. Similarly, when the slope
is shallower or less steep, the acceleration is lower.
• The area under a velocity graph represents the displacement of the
object.
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 In the graph, the line
sloping upwards
shows the object
is accelerating and
the line sloping
downwards in this
case towards v = 0,
shows it
is decelerating.

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The slope of a velocity-time graph:
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 (𝐵𝐶)
slope =
𝑏𝑎s𝑒 (𝐶𝐴)

𝑣2 −𝑣1
slope =
𝑡2 −𝑡1

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
slope =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

slope = acceleration
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