I.

INTRODUCTION:

In the textile industry there are a series of processes carried out for the
preparation and finishing of fabrics, which involve risks for those who perform such
tasks.
In each of the processes that make up the textile industry, a wide variety of
machinery, transport or handling equipment, facilities, raw materials, etc. are used:
Machinery and equipment: sewing machines, looms, cutting tables, irons,
stamping machines, etc.
Tools and equipment: scissors, cutters, blades, measuring tapes, rulers.
Facilities: workshops, warehouse, bathrooms, etc.
Raw and consumer materials: plant fiber, synthetic fiber, paints, dyes, energy, etc.
In a first approximation, when trying to address the issue of risks in the textile
sector, it would be related to the material conditions of the work environment
(those that are capable of causing damage). But if we take into account the
definition of health given by the WHO (a state of complete physical, mental and
social well-being and not merely the absence of damage or illness), we must take
into account the significant influence on health, in order to ensure that the worker
can achieve professional, personal and social development. For this to be
possible, it is necessary to expose some realities present in this sector and that
may be the origin or sources of danger.
Many of the processes that make up the textile industry are quite mechanized and
the intervention of workers is only necessary in the feeding and control operations
of the machinery. The jobs, tools and equipment involved are usually poorly
designed.
The buildings that house these processes, in general, are poorly maintained and
poorly ventilated and have poor cooling, heating and lighting conditions. Storage of
flammable materials is often inadequate.
In short, the different processes, machines, tools, characteristics of the tasks and
forms of organization present in the sector, together with the products used, make
textiles in all their variants, a sector in which a large number of risks can be
concentrated. tested.

II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK :

 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK EVALUATION IN A
TEXTILE PLANT

II.1 WHAT IS MEANT BY DANGER ?

Danger is a condition, source or situation that is characterized by the "visibility of

the occurrence of a potentially harmful incident", that is, an event capable of
creating damage to protected legal assets.

It is an actual or potential condition that may, in some situation or circumstance,

cause damage to personnel, material, or degrade the efficiency of an operation.

TYPES OF HAZARDS:

a) CHEMICALS:
Chemical substances enter the body mainly by inhalation, absorption
through the skin or ingestion. Examples: chemicals, toxic substances,
particles. Depending on the production system, various products could be
used such as solvents in the production of rayon, cleaning products, dyes,
etc.

b) PHYSICAL: The most important is noise, which has generated a large

number of workers with hearing damage. Another is vibrations that could
affect the upper extremities or entire body . Examples: Noise, ionizing
radiation, lighting, thermal stressors, vibration .

c) BIOLOGICAL: They are produced by dusts of plant and animal fibers, such
as cotton and wool of animal origin, with respiratory tract conditions being
the most common (such as Byssinosis, a lung disease caused by cotton).
The presence of arachnids, insects or mice, microbiological organisms, can
also be biological risks.

d) ERGONOMICS: Many work situations that require greater physical-

muscular effort, which can cause musculoskeletal injuries due to repetitive
movements. Examples: restricted space, repetitive movements,
inappropriate postures, lifting loads, overexertion, etc.

e) MECHANICAL: are those caused by the moving elements (blades,

carriages, etc.) of the machine, by the transmission elements (axles,

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 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK EVALUATION IN A
TEXTILE PLANT

pulleys, etc.), by projection of machine elements as a result of their

breakage and by projection of the worked material. Examples: machinery
without guards, defective tools, vehicles in poor condition, boilers without
maintenance.
f) ELECTRICAL: electric shock or burns due to contact with live parts (direct
contacts), accidentally live parts (indirect contacts), or inadequate
insulation.

g) THERMAL: burns from contact with hot objects or materials.

h) PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL: are all those where physical phenomena such as

heat and chemical phenomena such as reactions between fuels and
oxidizers, or rapid oxidation of some substances or materials, occur at the
same time, which can result in fires or explosions.

II.2 WHAT IS MEANT BY RISK ?

It is the possibility of damage or loss, which includes the probability of occurrence

and severity of the consequences of the damage or loss.
The word risk has always been associated with danger, that is, any property,
condition or circumstance in which an element, product, substance, installation or
process can cause direct damage to the quantity or quality of a natural resource,
ecosystem or landscape. or indirect damage to human beings or material assets
as a consequence of the above.

To identify a certain risk it is necessary to know:

 The sources of risk present

 Risk identifiers
 The effects or consequence of the risk

RISK =PROBABILITY x DAMAGE

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 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK EVALUATION IN A
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a) THE SOURCES OF PRESENT RISK: These are the legal or juridical

background, reports, studies, investigations, diagnoses that have
been given or issued to demonstrate the presence of a risk.
b) RISK INDICATORS : They indicate how and where the risk sources
act under normal conditions.
c) THE EFFECTS OR CONSEQUENCE OF THE RISK: are the
negative impacts, damages or harm that failure to address a risk can
cause to man, the natural environment, natural resources or
property.

II.3 GENERAL RISK ASSESSMENT

Risk assessment is one of the steps used in a risk management process. Risk is
evaluated by measuring the two parameters that determine it, the magnitude of the
possible loss or damage, and the probability that said loss or damage will occur.

Risk assessment is probably the most important step in a risk management

process, and also the most difficult and error-prone step. Once risks have been
identified and evaluated, the subsequent steps to prevent them from occurring,
protect against them or mitigate their consequences are much more
programmatic.

A general risk assessment process is made up of the following stages:

a. Classification of work activities

A preliminary step to risk assessment is to prepare a list of work activities,
grouping them in a rational and manageable way. A possible way to classify
work activities is as follows:

 Areas outside the company facilities.

 Stages in the production process or a service.

 Planned and maintenance work.

 Defined tasks, for example: forklift drivers.

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 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK EVALUATION IN A
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b. Risk Analysis - Hazard Identification

In order to assist in the hazard identification process, it is useful to

categorize hazards in different ways, for example by themes: mechanical,
electrical, radiation, substances, fires, explosions, etc.

c. Risk estimation

For each danger detected, the risk must be estimated, determining the
potential severity of the damage (consequences) and the probability of the
event occurring.

 Probability of damage occurring

The probability of damage occurring can be graded, with the following

criteria: Very high probability (damage will always or almost always occur),
high probability (damage will occur sometimes), medium probability
(damage will rarely occur), low probability.

Table 1. Meaning of different probability levels

LEVEL OF
NP MEANING
PROBABILITY

Poor situation with continuous exposure, or

Almost sure 4 very poor with frequent exposure. Normally
the materialization of the risk occurs
frequently

Poor situation with frequent or occasional

exposure, or very poor situation with
Probably 3
occasional or sporadic exposure. The
materialization of the risk is likely to happen
several times in the work life cycle.

Poor situation with sporadic exposure, or

Possibly
2 situation that can be improved with
moderate
continuous or frequent exposure. Damage
may happen, sometime.

Situation can be improved with occasional

Unlikely 1 or sporadic exposure. It is not expected that
the risk will materialize, although it may be
conceivable.

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 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK EVALUATION IN A
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 Damage severity:

To determine the potential severity of damage, you should consider: Parts

of the body that will be affected; nature of the damage, grading it from
slightly harmful to extremely harmful.

Table 2. Determination of the level of consequences

MEANING
LEVEL OF
CONSEQUENCES NC personal injury Material Damage

Deadly or cause death or

Total destruction of the
Catastrophic 4 permanent physical
system (difficult to renew).
(M) disability,
Partial destruction of the
Very serious Serious injuries that
3 system (complex and
(MG) may be irreparable
expensive repair).
Process stoppage is
Serious Injuries with temporary
2 required to carry out the
(G) work disability (L.IT.)
repair.
Small injuries that do
Mild Repairable without the
1 not require
(L) need to stop the process
hospitalization

Table 3. Determination of the level of risk and intervention

Consequence Level (NC)

Probability Level Serio Very Deadly or

Mild
(NP) us serious catastrophic

Almost sure Yo Yo II II

Probably Yo II II III

Possibly
moderate II II III III

Unlikely II III III III

 I  LOW
 II  MODERATE
 III  HIGH

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Table 4. Description of risk assessment classes

RISK DESCRIPTION OF THE RISKS (ACCEPTABLE RISK OR

CLASSES NOT?)

Extreme and unacceptable risk, priority for immediate and

Very high timely action is clearly required, requiring a control measure
(M.A.) and establishment of critical limits for the Critical Control Point
(CCP) and the Control Point (CP).

High and unacceptable risk, requiring immediate and timely

action, requiring a control measure and establishment of
Height(H)
critical limits for the Critical Control Point (CCP) and the
Control Point (CP).

Moderate and unacceptable risk, a management action or a

physical intervention action is needed in the medium and long
term, consequently defining a Critical Care Point (PCA) that is
not possible to monitor through critical limits and if
Moderate
interventions are established physical and control measures
(M)
directed to reduce or eliminate the hazard to an acceptable
risk. The risk can also be a point of attention (PA) where
control measures cannot be carried out immediately, requiring
inter-institutional action.

Acceptable low risk, which can be managed by routine

procedures. This risk requires further studies to understand
whether the dangerous event is an acceptable risk, significant
Low
or not, and if a certain stage passes to an unacceptable risk
(b)
level, a control measure and the establishment of critical limits
for the Critical Point will be necessary. Control (PCC) and the
Control Point (PC).

d. Risk assessment - Decide if the risks are tolerable

The risk levels indicated in the previous step form the basis for deciding
whether it is necessary to improve existing controls or implement new ones,
as well as the timing of actions.

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 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK EVALUATION IN A
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Table 5. Action to take according to the type of risk

RISK ACTION AND TIMING

Trivial(T) It is not required a specific action

There is no need to improve preventive action.

However, more profitable solutions or improvements
Tolerable(TO) that do not represent a significant economic burden
should be considered. Periodic checks are required to
ensure that the effectiveness of control measures is
maintained.

Efforts must be made to reduce risk, determining the

precise investments. Measures to reduce risk must be
implemented in a certain period. When moderate risk
Moderate(M)
is associated with extremely harmful consequences,
further action will be required to more accurately
establish the probability of harm as a basis for
determining the need for improved control measures.

Work should not begin until the risk has been

reduced. Considerable resources may be required to
Important(I)
control the risk. When the risk corresponds to a work
being carried out, the problem must be remedied in a
shorter time than for moderate risks.

Intolerable(IN Work should not be started or continued until the risk

) is reduced. If it is not possible to reduce the risk, even
with unlimited resources, work should be prohibited

III. TEXTILE PLANT:

III.1 THE PROCESSES OF A TEXTILE PLANT

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 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK EVALUATION IN A
TEXTILE PLANT

The textile process is based on the treatment of textile fibers in order to obtain the
threads and fabrics with which the final product will be made through very different
technical manufacturing tasks and processes, that is, it encompasses a series of
interrelated processes. ranging from obtaining chemical fibers to clothing.

III.1.1 Previous and preparatory operations for spinning:

 Carding and combing: The fundamental operations that take place begin
with cleaning and opening the fibers so that they are loose, homogeneous
and free of impurities, since these impair the quality of the yarn.
Cotton fibers are taken randomly from different bales and mixed. The fibers
are transported to the carding machines, where they are separated
individually, forming them in parallel into a uniform fiber layer. The cleaning
and mixing of the fibers takes place here.
The veil thus obtained in some cases is combed successive times, depending
on the quality desired. Subsequently, this veil passes through a corrugated
tube from which it emerges converted into a wick or ribbon. From the carding
and combing operations, a fiber mixture is obtained, which can go from one
meter wide to a round bundle of 25 millimeters in diameter. This roving
subsequently goes to the spinning process.

III.1.2 Yarn Activity:

 Spinning: The roving is reduced (carded or combed) to the appropriate

degree of fineness, giving it the tension and twist necessary for a specific
resistance and fineness (It is about obtaining a thread with well-defined
characteristics, a certain resistance and a diameter concrete). Then the yarn
is wound in different ways depending on the destination of the yarn, on
cylindrical or conical spools or bobbins, which can be dyed or sent directly to
the weaving sector. The machines used have a series of basic functions that
are: stretching, twisting and folding the material into spindles or coils.

 Yarn Dyeing: The spools or bobbins are subjected to treatment with

solutions of caustic soda and detergents in pressure machines (scouring),
which eliminate impurities from the cotton (waxes, pectins, etc.). Depending
on the type of final product desired , the coils, after being rinsed, are dyed
using different dyes and auxiliaries. The dyed yarn goes directly into the
weaving process. In the case of flat fabrics, the one used as a warp (parallel
alignment of threads in a bobbin) must be previously gummed.

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III.1.3 Tissue Activity:

 Weaving : This process consists of linking the warp threads and weaving
them with others in order to transform the threads into fabrics. The yarns can
be woven on shuttle looms (flat weaving) or on circular machines (knitting).

1. Knitting weaving: The fabric is obtained by forming a mesh. If the mesh is

intertwined transversely, it is called weft knitting, and if it is intertwined
longitudinally, it is called warp knitting. In weft knitted fabrics, a single
thread is linked to itself while warp knitted fabric is made up of more than
two sets of threads.

2. Openwork or flat weaving: It consists of the transformation of series of

threads into a uniform surface, by the interweaving of 2 orthogonal threads
(weft and warp), according to a predetermined pattern or model.
In the case of flats, after weaving they go through a burning process that
eliminates hulls and fluff, resulting in a fabric of uniform thickness.
Subsequently, the fabric is cleaned and a basic finish is given, which generally
includes mercerizing (stretching of the yarn or fabric under tension to give it
resistance, luster or affinity for dyes) and scouring (removing impurities
adhered to the fabrics). fibers).

III.1.4 Dyeing/finishing or dry cleaning activities

 Bleaching: Through this process, the unwanted color is removed from some
fibers in order to prepare them for the dyeing stage. Some synthetic fibers, for
example, have a special dye in order to differentiate them from others during
the weaving process. This dye is eliminated through bleaching. (H 2 O 2,
NaClO).

 Fabric dyeing: It is one of the most complex stages of the production

process, as it involves a wide variety of dyes and auxiliary dyeing agents.
There are three main factors in dyeing: the fibers, the dye and the medium
that brings them into contact, which is usually water.
The quality of the dye depends on the equipment used, the specific formula,
the dyes and dye auxiliaries that provide the chemical medium for its fixation
diffusion on the ink.

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 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK EVALUATION IN A
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 Final finishing : It includes a series of chemical and mechanical operations

to which the yarns and flat and knitted fabrics are subjected in order to give
them the desired final specifications. These processes seek, for example, to
avoid subsequent shrinkage of the fabric and prolong the fixation of the dyes.

1. General finishes : these are those to which the fabrics are

subjected to obtain a certain appearance ( cleaning, brushing,
drying, etc.)
2. Surface effect finishes : these are those that modify the
appearance and feel of the fabrics, creating a new one. They are
usually made through mechanical or chemical processes (lamination,
crumpling, etc.)
3. Chemical finishes : these are those that are given to articles to
improve their quality and performance even if their appearance does
not change (non-slip, anti-pilling, anti-static, anti-mold)

III.1.5 Manufacturing Activity:

 Manufacturing : This stage, is the last step in the production of clothing,

constitutes the other major industry that we have identified within the textile
and clothing sector. In general terms, tailoring includes four stages: design,
pre-sewing, sewing and finishing.

* PROCESS OF A TEXTILE PLANT

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 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK EVALUATION IN A
TEXTILE PLANT

*Sewing: The previously Final

*Finishing: preparedfinishes are g
of the The planning *Pre-sewing: The fabric
The production *Design:
garment involvesprocess pieces
variousof the product to is laid out, cut, inspected, are joined according
garment, such as to the
buttonholes, bu
processes and inputs.
be produced is carried design. others. Quality control, ironing, foldi
enabled.
MAKING out, from the inputs to be
carried out and the final product is o
used to the procedures to
be used.

After weaving, The dyeing and

depending on the
DRY CLEANER finishing
type of fabric, we processes of the
proceed to the fabrics are carried
washing, out.
mercerizing,
scouring and
Through
bleaching various Tissue
WEAVINGprocesses,
processes. the Flat
fabrics are Tissue
manufactured knitted
following the
planned designs.

After selecting, Thread cones for

combining and fabric making
SPINNING
treating the fibers, the Mercerized threads
yarn is produced. for sewing garments
Embroidery threads
Threads for other
purposes
In some cases the
dyeing process
occurs at this stage.
FIBER Carding and
The raw material is The fiber is cut and
Combing
selected and the colors are
PREPARATION
undergoes a mixed.
cleaning process.
In some cases
dyeing is done at
this stage.

Vegetables Synthetics
Animals Artificial
 Cotton  Acrylic
 Wool  Acetate  Polyamide
 Linen
 Fleece  Viscose  Nylon
 Hemp
 Silk  Rayon  Polyester
 Jute
RAW MATERIAL  Vinyl
 Ramie
Natural Not natural

TEXTILE
FIBERS

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 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK EVALUATION IN A
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III.2 SUBSTANCES AND/OR REAGENTS USED IN THE PROCESSES

OF A TEXTILE PLANT

a) IN THE DYEING PROCESS:

MATERIA
SUBSTANCE TLV INJURY TLV
LS
 Carcinogens
 Leukemias
Solvents Benzene
 aplastic anemia Benzene:
and derivatives,
 Irritations: Skin, eyes, 0.1ppm
Carriers organic solvents
respiratory.
 Neurotoxic
 Cirrhosis,
H 2 O 2 , Ozone,
 Skin and respiratory Ozone: 0.1
Chlorine gas,
irritations ppm.
Oxidizers Hypochlorite
 eye disorders, Chlorine Gas:
sodium, sodium
 Fibrosis and pulmonary 0.5 ppm.
chlorite, etc.
edema
Irritations: Rhinitis
sodium sulfide, Sulfide
Dermatitis
Reducers Sodium Dioxide:
Nasopharyngitis
hydrosulfite 2 ppm .
Bronchitis
Acetic acid,
Sulfuric, Acetic acid:
Hydrochloric, etc.  Irritations: Rhinitis 0.3ppm
Acids and
sodium  Allergic and irritative, Hydrochloric
Alkalis
hydroxide,  Dermatitis, etc. acid:
Sodium 7 mg/m3.
Carbonate.
Azoic, Chromium,  Carcinogens: Bladder
carcinogens, cancer. Aniline:
Dyes
sensitizing  sensitizers, 2ppm.
Allergizers Allergizers
Hexavalent
Chromium Salts chromium:
Sodium chloride  Sensitizers 0.1ug/m3
You go out
Sodium Copper  Dermatitis Sodium
Sulfate sulfate:
2 ppm

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 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK EVALUATION IN A
TEXTILE PLANT

b) IN THE FINISHING PROCESS:

MATERIALS SUBSTANCE TLV INJURY TLV

Residual monomers Phenol,  Carcinogens

Acrylonitrile,  Sensitizers Acrylonitrile:
Hydrocyanic 1ppm.
Acid
Reactive resins-  Carcinogenic
crosslinkers Formaldehyde  Sensitizers Formaldehyde:
Finishing products Fireproofing  allergen, 0.3ppm
flame retardant, Antimicrobial neurotoxic
antimicrobial  annoying
Softeners and Fatty acids Sensitizers Silicone:10
Antistatic Silicones Irritants mg/m3
III.3 SAFETY IMPLEMENTS FOR STAFF IN A TEXTILE INDUSTRY

Safety protections on machines.

The machine can cause accidents due to entrapment, impacts or cuts. Therefore,
they need protection elements that must meet several requirements, among
others: Tamper-proof, allow repairs, protect the operator and others, be safe and
well constructed.

Mechanical risks are directly related to maintenance methods and the use of tools
in terms of being in a good state of maintenance, organized, using the appropriate
tool for the type of work.

Personal protective equipment is also taken into account in mechanical risks: This
is footwear, clothing, safety helmet, glasses, goggles, types of hearing protectors,
respiratory protection masks, seat belts, etc. .

Use of personal protective equipment common to all processes:

 The use of PPE is mandatory to protect against risks arising from the
use of machinery used in different activities (gloves, protective glasses or
screens, respiratory protection masks, protective aprons, safety boots, etc.

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 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK EVALUATION IN A
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 Work clothes must be tight-fitting, short-sleeved, without pockets.

 Hair must be collected in hats or caps.

What requirements must an EPI meet?

 Regarding its design: it must be ergonomic, made of adequate
material and have the necessary degree of protection, and it must not
prevent the worker from making movements and adopting the postures
necessary for their work; It must be compatible with other PPE and have
instructions for use and an expiration date.
 Regarding its use:

 The employer is obliged to train workers on its correct use and make the
instruction manual available to them.
 The worker must use and care for the equipment correctly, place it in the
indicated place after use and report all anomalies and damages suffered
by the equipment that may lead to the loss of its protective
effectiveness.

Some of the PPE that workers in the textile sector can use for their protection:
 Anti-noise helmets, facial protection.
 Masks: they are usually used in maintenance or cleaning operations of
machines, if toxic products are handled, when there is excess dust.
 Gloves, Safety footwear with non-slip soles and steel toe caps.

III.4 MACHINES AND TOOLS FOUND IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY

Generally, we find the following machines and tools, which must be used properly,
following safe work procedures:

 Weavers

 Spinners

 Combers (wool)

 Industrial sewing machines

 Electric cutters

 Planks

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 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK EVALUATION IN A
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 Minor tools (scissors, etc.)

III.5 DANGERS IN TEXTILE ACTIVITY

The tasks carried out in the textile industry involve certain risks of accidents that
can affect those who carry them out. Among the most common risks we can
mention the following:

 Entrapments
 Cuts and amputations
 Hits
 Falls of the same and different level
 Overexertion
 electrical contacts
 noises
 Burns
 Exposure to hazardous substances
 Fires and explosions

1) Risk of entrapment

The lack of protection of the moving parts of the machines, together with an
operator who wears long hair without taking it and who is located at an inadequate
distance from them, can combine to cause a workplace accident. Do not expose
yourself to these types of risks, follow the procedures for operating the machines
and do not wear long hair loose or accessories such as bracelets, rings or chains.
Verify that the machines have protection for moving parts and that they function
correctly.

 Causes of entrapments

a. Machines with unprotected moving parts.

b. Incorrect operation of machines.
c. Wear loose clothing, long hair down, and ornaments or jewelry (rings,
bracelets)

 Preventive measures

a. Check existence and efficiency of protection devices or means.

b. Use the machine or auxiliary element relevant to each operation to be
performed.

2) Risk of cuts and amputations

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 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK EVALUATION IN A
TEXTILE PLANT

One of the tasks carried out in this type of company is the cutting of fabrics, either
using vertical or circular electric cutters. The use of such machines in said
operation implies the risk of cuts for those who perform it. In order to avoid this
risk, the presser foot of the machines should always be adjusted according to the
thickness of the material to be cut, so that the blade protrudes as little as possible
during cutting.
Do not lose concentration or stop using personal protective equipment when
cutting fabrics.

 Maintain adequate distance from machines.

 Training and qualification of workers.
 Generate work procedure.

By cutting elements of machines

 Causes of cuts

a. Machines without protections for moving parts.

b. Defective machines.
c. Lack of concentration.
d. Do not use auxiliary elements.

 Preventive measures

a. Protect the cutting part of the machines with some type of guard or
protection.
b. Periodic review of blocking, interlocking devices and control circuits.
c. Use of auxiliary elements.
d. When cutting fabrics, using vertical and circular electric cutters, you
must always adjust the presser fabric according to the thickness of
the material to be cut, so that the blade protrudes as little as possible
during cutting.
e. Do not try to adjust the presser fabric of the machines while the
motor is running.
f. It is important to keep the work surfaces of the cutting tables in good
condition, so as to allow easy sliding of the machines used.
g. It is recommended to provide the personnel who perform the cuts
with a three-fingered mesh (metallic) glove, which is an element
adopted as personal protective equipment in this type of operation
(exclusive use for vertical and stationary cutting machines).

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 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK EVALUATION IN A
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By hand tools

 Causes of cuts

a. Defective tools.
b. Lack of concentration.
c. Lack of knowledge.
d. Do not use personal protection elements.

 Preventive measures

a. Selection and care of hand tools.

b. Have a place to store sharp hand tools.
c. Training.
d. Use personal protection elements.
e. Generate work procedure.

3) Risk of shock

Perhaps on some occasion you have been hit by an item that fell off a shelf or hit a
stationary structure that was not marked. To avoid this type of risk, the shelves
should not be overloaded to the point that they may break or become very
unstable, organize all things in their place and eliminate what is unnecessary, as
well as mark the places where immobile structures protrude, among others.
measures.

 Causes of bumps

Hitting yourself by, with or against material objects or structures:

a. Neglect.
b. Lack of concentration.
c. Lack of lighting.
d. Lack of order and planning.
e. Overloading of shelves.

 Preventive measures

a. Firmly fasten or anchor the shelves to solid elements, such as walls

or floor, and place the heaviest objects in the lowest part of them.
b. Mark places where immobile objects, machines or structures
protrude.
c. Maintain the necessary lighting for work requirements.

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 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK EVALUATION IN A
TEXTILE PLANT

d. Eliminate unnecessary things.

e. Organize workplaces.
f. Keep traffic routes clear. Keep floors clean and dry, free of dirt or
other elements that could alter the safe movement of people.

4) Falls of the same and different level

 Causes

a. Dirty traffic surfaces (stairs, hallways, etc.).

b. Wet and/or slippery floors.
c. Irregular surfaces or surfaces with openings.
d. Disorder.
e. Wear inappropriate footwear.
f. Lack of lighting.

 Preventive measures
a. Cleaning of debris, dust, residue or other elements that may fall to
the ground.
b. Remove dirt and obstacles from the floor that could be tripped over.
c. Greater efficiency in cleaning (order and frequent cleaning).
d. Avoid electrical cables and extension cords arranged on the floor in a
disorderly manner (channeling).
e. Place railings in floor openings.
f. Wear appropriate footwear.

5) Risk of electrical contacts

We all want the benefits that the use of electric current provides us to be within a
framework of great safety. For this reason, to avoid possible electrical contacts,
measures must be taken such as periodically checking the electrical installation,
making sure that it complies with the standards imposed by current regulations,
not using machines or equipment that are in poor condition, not allowing that the
cables can be reached by cutting machines, etc.

 Causes of electrical contacts

a. Direct contact: active part.

b. Indirect contact: with ground (lack of grounding, deterioration of
insulation).

 Preventive measures

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TEXTILE PLANT

a. Periodically check the electrical installation.

b. Check differential switches.
c. Use machines and equipment that have built-in protective earth.
d. Do not intervene in machines or electrical equipment.
e. Do not use electrical appliances with wet or damp hands.
f. Do not use machines or equipment that are in poor condition.
g. Use certified electrical extension cords that are in good condition.
h. The electrical cables connected to the cutting machines must be kept
aerially suspended, using sliding steel tensioners, to prevent them
from being cut by the cutting equipment.

6) Noise risk

Inevitably the machines and equipment used in daily tasks generate noise. For this
reason, it is necessary to know if the noise level in the work environment is within
the permitted limits, that is, if the ranges are not harmful to workers exposed to
said agent.

 Causes of noises

a. Generated by machinery and equipment

 Preventive measures

a. Perform preventive maintenance on machines and work equipment.

b. Request noise evaluation in the work environment.
c. Use personal protection elements.

7) Risk of burns

This type of risk is present, among other things, due to exposure to hot vapors and
contact with hot surfaces, such as when operating an ironing machine. For this
reason, it is absolutely necessary that personal protective equipment be used to
avoid possible thermal contact and that established work procedures be followed.
Operate ironing machines following established procedures and use indicated
personal protective equipment.

 Causes of burns

a. Contact with hot surfaces.

b. Exposure to hot vapors.

 Preventive measures

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 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK EVALUATION IN A
TEXTILE PLANT

a. Frequent inspection to ensure that equipment is in safe operating

conditions.
b. To operate an electromechanical ironing machine safely, it is
necessary that both of the operator's hands are out of the danger
zone when the press is lowered onto the garment.
c. When you notice that the electric iron cord is worn or frayed, it
should be replaced with another one in good condition.

d. Use personal protection elements to avoid thermal contact.

e. Generate work procedures.

8) Risk of fire and explosion

The consequences of a fire or explosion, both for people and property, can be truly
catastrophic. By virtue of this, preventive measures must be taken such as
keeping heat and fuel sources under control, not overloading electrical circuits,
renewing the air periodically, keeping combustible or flammable materials away
from processes that involve high temperatures. , etc.

 Causes of fires and explosions

a. Electrical origin (defective or inadequate electrical installations).

b. Carelessness in the control of heat and/or fuel sources.
c. Misuse or operation of boilers.
d. Static electricity.

 Preventive measures
a. Periodically renew the air in the work environment (ventilation and
forced or natural extraction).
b. Keep all sources of heat or fuel under control.
c. Maintain correct order and cleanliness in all workplaces.
d. The electrical installation must comply with current regulations on
electrical services, in design, installation, maintenance and uses.
e. Do not overload the electrical installation.
f. Combustible or flammable materials should be kept away from
processes involving high temperatures.
g. Avoid tasks that generate static electricity (rub against metal parts,
etc.); If it cannot be avoided, the equipment involved must be
grounded.

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 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK EVALUATION IN A
TEXTILE PLANT

h. Comply with the recommended measures for steam generators,

established in the DS No. 48 “Approve regulations for boilers and
steam generators.”
i. Establish a smoking ban in high fire risk areas.

9) Risk of overexertion

Permanently adopting incorrect work postures, performing tasks standing for long
periods, improperly handling materials, among other causes, expose you to the
risk of overexertion. In order to avoid this, it is advisable that you take
compensatory breaks during your work day, wear comfortable and appropriate
footwear, use ergonomic furniture and follow the correct material handling
procedure, among other prevention measures.

 Causes of overexertion

a. Physical disability.
b. Improper handling of materials.
c. Incorrect work postures.
d. Repetitive movements.
e. Work standing for long periods.

 Preventive measures

a. Enable changes in posture.

b. Generate material handling procedure.
c. Respect maximum loads according to sex and age.
d. Enable changes in posture or compensatory pauses.
e. Wear comfortable shoes.
f. Use ergonomic furniture.

10)Exposure to hazardous substances

There are various activities in this type of company in which substances or

products are used that can be dangerous for the human body, such as fabric
dyeing.

To prevent possible contact or inhalation of these substances, it is necessary that

personal protective equipment be used and that handling and storage be in
accordance with the safe work procedures established for this purpose.

It is advisable to replace dangerous substances with others that have the same
characteristics, but that generate less danger for people.

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 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK EVALUATION IN A
TEXTILE PLANT

 Causes of exposure to hazardous substances

a. Contact or inhalation of substances and/or products used in the

textile industry (for example, in fabric dyeing).

 Preventive measures

a. Replace dangerous substances with others with the same properties,

but that generate less danger to people.
b. Use the safest products for each operation.
c. Periodically renew the air in the work environment (ventilation and
forced or natural extraction).
d. Have safety data sheets for hazardous substances.
e. Keep containers tightly closed, properly stored, labeled and in
ventilated places.
f. Use personal protection elements appropriate to the type of product
to be handled.
g. Generate work procedures (handling, storage, waste.
IV. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION IN EACH PROCESS OF TEXTILE
ACTIVITY

DANGERS
PROCESSES Environmenta
Personal
l

 Entrapments
 hits
 Electrocution
CARDED
 Fires and explosions
 Burns
 Exposure to Cotton Dust
(0.2 mg/m3 causes
FIBER Byssinosis,
PREPARATION Pneumoconiosis)

 Respiratory diseases due

to dust exposure
Air pollution in
 Entrapment
HAIRSTYLE work
 Electrocution
environments
 Burns
 Noise Exposure (Hearing
Loss)

YARN
SPINNING  Muscle disorders due to

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 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK EVALUATION IN A
TEXTILE PLANT

exposure to vibrations
 Electrocution
 Burns
 Cotton dusts and fibers
cause allergies
 Entrapment
 excessive noises
cause ear injuries (> 90
Decibels Acoustic Trauma:
Hearing Loss)
 Exposure to hazardous
substances (burn to the
skin, irritation to the eyes Highly polluting
and respiratory tract due process due to
YARN DYEING to vapor and/or dust of the nature of the
NaOH 2mg/m 3 ) chemical dyes
 Fires whenever the and dyeing
substances used are auxiliaries.
flammable

 Entrapments
 Burns
 Hits
 Exposure to Cotton Dusts
WEAVING TISSUE
and Fibers (allergy)
 Excessive noises
(Acoustic Trauma:
Hearing Loss)

DRY CLEANER
Pollution of the
 Exposure to hazardous
water and later
substances (high
the duel where
WHITENING concentrations of the
they are
oxidants “H 2 O 2 ” causes
deposited and
irritation to the eyes, skin
accumulate
and respiratory tract)
FABRIC  Exposure to hazardous contamination of
DYEING substances (carcinogenic water and soil,
and allergenic dyes; where coloring
irritating reducing metals (peroxide
substances) salts) are
deposited
 Fires whenever the Due to the
substances used are persistence of
flammable dyes in the
environment,
they are difficult

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 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK EVALUATION IN A
TEXTILE PLANT

to degrade.

 Entrapments
 knocks and noises
 electrical contacts
 Exposure to hazardous
FINAL FINISH substances
(antimicrobial products
are allergens and toxic;
fabric softeners are
irritants)

V. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE

 Risk. (2014, November 25). Wikipedia, The free encyclopedia. Consultation

date: 11:48, December 10, 2014 from http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Riesgo&oldid=78355123 .

 Danger. (2014, November 17). Wikipedia, The free encyclopedia.

Consultation date: 11:48, December 10, 2014 from
http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peligro&oldid=78187708 .

 Carol del Pilar Gonzales Briones (Peru 2004), “Model for analysis and
evaluation of risks at work for a textile company.” UNMSM(EAP of Industrial
Engineering)

 Martín Muñoz Cabanillas (Peru 2004),”Plant Distribution Design of a textile

company”, EAP Industrial engineering (UNMSM)

 Chilean Safety Association (Prevention Management) “Risk prevention in

the textile industry” http://www.pdfio.net/k-61626506.html

 Eng. Gerardo Arias C. “Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment”

http://www.sigweb.cl/biblioteca/IPER.pdf

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 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK EVALUATION IN A
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VI. ANNEXES:

 INADEQUATE SITUATIONS IN A TEXTILE PLANT

• No personal protection

• Inappropriate postures

• Fluff

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TEXTILE PLANT

• Unprotected cables

• Without protection

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HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK EVALUATION IN A
TEXTILE PLANT

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