Research Methodology1
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ScribdTranslationsINVESTIGATION METHODOLOGY
UNIT 1
RATIONALE OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1. Scientific Conceptualization
2. Knowledge 9. Methodology
3. Knowledge characteristics 9.1 Concept
4. Scientific knowledge 9.2 Location
5. The science 9.3 Importance
6. Science Feature 1.9.3Aim
7. Science classification 1.9.4Classificatio
n
8. Structure: objective, theory and method
UNIT 2
FOCUS AND SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH
2.1 Differences and similarities of Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed approaches.
2.1.1 Definition
2.1.2 Characteristics
2.1.3 Which is the best?
2.2 Scope of Scientific Research
2.2.1 Exploratory
2.2.2 Descriptive
2.2.3 Correlation or Explanation
2.3.4 Which is the best?
UNIT 3
MOST USUAL RESEARCH MODEL
3.1 Research Process
3.2 Most common processes
3.2.1 Bunge
3.2.2 Pardinas Illanes
3.2.3 Aveytua
3.2.4 Lemon
3.2.5 Vázquez and López Rivera
3.3 Difference between research design and process
UNIT 4
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PROCESS
4.1 Problem Statement 4.12 Sample
4.2 Formulations Objectives 4.13 Sample Types
4.3 Research Question 4.14 How is the sample selected?
4.4 Justification 4.15 Data Collection
4.5 Theoretical Perspective 4.16 Types of Instruments
4.6 Literature Review 4.17 Procedure for building instruments
4.7 Construction of the 4.18 Data analysis
Theoretical Framework
4.19 Preparation of the report
4.8 Research Scope
4.20 Definition of receivers and context
4.9 Hypotheses and Variables
4.21 Sections of the report
4.10 Definition of concept
4.11 Types of Hypotheses
METHODOLOGY FOUNDATION
OF THE INVESTIGATION
SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
• The man of science seeks for his knowledge to be more than the simple
seeing of the man on the street; Therefore, with his knowledge he
achieves different interpretations of reality, and the deeper his knowledge,
the more he can modify reality.
• Scientific knowledge is based on the scientific method and research.
• Scientific knowledge is one of the ways that man has to give meaningful
meaning to reality.
KNOWLEDGE
MODIFY
REALITY
• The previous scheme indicates how the man of
science, as he searches for the meaning of reality
and presents his explanations, manages to
change the knowledge he has of reality based on
them and, by achieving this, we will say
analogically that changes reality.
• When we analyze what the man of science does to interpret the phenomena of
reality, we find that his way of producing his knowledge is as follows:
• SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
> OBSERVE
DISCOVER
EXPLAI
PREDIC
SYSTEMATIC KNOWLEDGE OF
REALITY
• The previous scheme, which the man of science
uses, is often applied by the man in the street,
but the difference is that he does not do it
systematically and is not aware of it, so he does
not expect a result that he can consciously
control.
CHARACTERISTICS OF KNOWLEDGE:
• It represents the recovery of the plane of individual
experiences, immediately lived by the subject.
• On the other hand, it represents a renewal of the Stimulus –
organism – response paradigm.
• Reestablish the consideration of the organism as an active
reality, that is, as an organism capable of processing the
information it receives, thus guiding the subject towards a
certain type of behavior.
• It is based on the experience you have of the world.
• It can be verified in reality.
• It occurs through the senses.
TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE:
• Natural, vulgar or popular knowledge is ordinary and everyday.
This type of knowledge is acquired from the phenomena that
surround human beings, without delving into their causes.
• Scientific knowledge. rational and philosophical. This level of
depth in knowledge is that which discovers causes and
principles following a methodology.
• Disseminated knowledge is knowledge that is transmitted
through printed, recorded or recorded video media.
THE SCIENCE
• It is impossible to make any scientific approach behind the back of
science, and the same could well be said of epistemology (Part of philosophy
that studies the principles, foundations, extension and methods of human knowledge).
• The base and starting point of the scientist is reality, which through
research allows him to reach science.
• The three previous elements allow any scientific
relationship, to the point that one of them cannot
be suppressed, since we could not conceive
science without a basis in reality, and it becomes
science through research.
• Science is presented to us as a body of knowledge regarding reality
(world) and the facts and phenomena that occur in it, which is why we can
say that:
• "Science is a non-dogmatic critical task, which subjects all its assumptions
to trial & criticism."
• Broadly conceived, the conditions for originating and testing the presumed
knowledge of science fall within the scope of the epistemology of science.
• Science seeks to establish the existing relationships between
various facts, and interconnect them with each other in order to
achieve logical connections that allow postulates or axioms to
be presented at different levels of knowledge; Based on the
systematization achieved through the use of research and the
scientific method, it determines the objectivity of the
relationships established between the facts and phenomena
with which it deals.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENCE:
• Science aims to find answers to questions that arise from observations.
1. Factual: it is characterized by being based on concrete facts.
2. Analytical: analyze each of its components, but at the same time strive to
discover their interconnections.
3. Methodical: method that allows checking results.
4. Systematic: It is a proven and known system of ideas logically connected
to each other.
5. General: the singular facts are inserted into a scheme of general
guidelines.
• 6. It is explanatory. Try to explain the facts in terms of laws, and
laws in terms of principles.
• 7. It is predictive. Transcends the mass of facts of experience,
imagining what the past could have been like and what the future
could be like.
• 8. It is open. It does not recognize a priori barriers that limit he
knowledge.
• 9. It is useful. The usefulness of science is a consequence of its
objectivity, without necessarily setting out to achieve applicable
results, research provides them in the short and long term.
• 10. It is verifiable. Verifiability makes the essence of
scientific knowledge, if this were not the case, it could not be said that
scientists seek to achieve objective knowledge.
CLASSIFICATION OF SCIENCES
• History recognizes as a first formal classification of sciences:
1 .The one proposed by Aristotle:
He considered that the sciences should be ordered, taking into account the
three primary purposes of human activity: knowing, acting and producing.
Therefore, there will be theoretical sciences, practical sciences and poetic
sciences.
The first group includes metaphysics, mathematics and physics. In the
second group are: morality and politics. Finally, poetics, rhetoric and
dialectics are known as poetic sciences.
2 .- Bacon:
He took as a criterion the function of the spirit that predominates in each
science. According to this approach, there will be sciences of memory,
imagination and reason.
3 .- Mario Bunge:
Formal and factual The former deal with ideas or rather, forms of ideas, without
any representation in reality; composed of logic and mathematics.
The factual sciences offer information about nature, because they deal with
objects or facts that exist outside the mind. They are dedicated to studying
natural objects or phenomena.
Science
METHODOLO CONCEPT
GY
• To answer questions such as where?, who?, where?,
or how to find the direct and appropriate path in an
investigation?, it is necessary to organize our steps,
and particularly the methodology. To do this, let us first
define the method concept:
• The word " methodology " comes from Greek.
• It is made up of methodos (method) and logia (science or study of). It is
understood as:
• The path or procedure to achieve an objective.
• The way of ordering an activity to achieve a goal.
• Ordering events to achieve a goal
• So methodology means science that studies methods.
• Methodos is made up of goal (outside or beyond) and hodos (path or
journey).
