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RS T1 Introduction To Rs

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RS T1 Introduction To Rs

Uploaded by

Shahwaiz Munir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Remote Sensing

Introduction

Image from NASA:


https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Earth_Western
_Hemisphere_transparent_background.png#filelinks
What is Remote Sensing?

Taking measurements or collecting observations without coming into


contact with the feature of interest

2
Electromagnetic (EM) Radiation

https://commons.wiki
media.org/wiki/File:E
M_Spectrum_Properti
es_edit.svg

3
Optical

Passive
Makes use of the visible, near infrared, and/or
shortwave infrared spectrum
Data collected using frame-based or scanning
sensors
Reflected radiation
Types Include
Panchromatic
True Color (RGB)
Color Infrared QuickBird Image
Hyperspectral
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Thermal

Passive Warm
Makes use of thermal radiation
Generally measuring emitted radiation

Cold

Landsat 7 ETM+
12 September 1999, Approximately 10 AM

https://www.flir.com/
5
Radar

Radio Detection and Ranging


Active
Uses microwaves
Measure backscatter
Create terrain models
https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/missions/esa-
operational-eo-missions/sentinel-1

https://www2.jpl.nasa.
gov/srtm/ 6
LiDAR

Light Detection and Ranging


Active
Uses visible or infrared laser
pulse

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Image Data

Data from
Raster data, cell-based Landsat 7
ETM+
Georeferenced, multidimensional
array of measurements
Pixel = picture element

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Resolution

Spatial Resolution = ground area represented by one pixel (5 m, 10 m, 30


m, 250 m, etc.)
Spectral Resolution = bands or number of wavelengths measured
Radiometric Resolution = ability of a sensor to measure differences in
energy or brightness (8-bit, 11-bit, 16-bit, etc.)
Temporal Resolution = how often a sensor returns to the same area (daily,
weekly, twice a month, etc.)/length of historic record

9
Scale

Gain = the finest level of measurement, the degree of detail, or


the sampling unit
Extent = range over which measurements are made

Generally, gain and extent are inversely related

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Spatial

Gain = instantaneous field of view (IFOV) and ground


sampling distance
Extent = area represented in a single imaged scene
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Spatial

Spatial
Pixel Size (m) Example
Resolution
<1 Very fine World View
1-10 Fine IKONOS
LANDSAT, SPOT, ASTER,
10-100 Moderate
Sentinel-2
100-1000 Coarse MODIS
>1000 Very Coarse AVHRR, GOES

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Spectral

How many bands or what spectral ranges are


sensed
Panchromatic = Single band for entire visible
spectrum (or visible and CIR) Data from Landsat 5
Thematic Mapper
True Color = Red, Green, and Blue bands
(RGB)
Color Infrared = Red, Green, Blue, and Near
Infrared (CIR)
Multispectral = Multiple spectral bands
collected
Hyperspectral = Tens to hundreds of spectral
bands

13
Spectral

https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/landsat-data-continuity-mission/

14
Radiometric

Integer = Only holds whole numbers 0 16


Float = Can hold decimals 255
0
Signed = can hold negative values
0 65,536
Unsigned = cannot hold negative values
0 4,294,967,295
Pixel Type/Pixel Depth
4-bit = 24 (16) unique values
8-bit = 28 (256) unique values Can think of this as the degree
16-bit = 216 (65,536) unique values of brightness difference that
32-bit = 232 (4,294,967,296) unique values can be quantified
1-bit, 2-bit, 11-bit, 12-bit, etc.

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Radiometric

Gain = fineness of the divisions between successive brightness levels or


sensor measurements (number of bits)
Extent = range of brightness levels over which the sensor can
differentiate change is radiance

Signal-to-Noise Ratio = minimal radiance change that can be detected


reliably

16
Temporal

Gain = period between image acquisitions


Extent = period of time covered

https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/a-landsat-timeline/
17
Platforms

18
This is the end of this lecture module.

Please return to the West Virginia View


Webpage for additional content.

19

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