Building Energy Use Intensities, Guidelines,

Rating Methods, Codes & Standards – Moving

Towards Green Buildings & nZEB
C.Α. Balaras, PhD FASHRAE FASME
Dr Mechanical engineer, Research Director

E.G. Dascalaki, PhD ΜASHRAE Κ.G. Droutsa, MSc

Dr Building Physicist, Senior Researcher Environmental Physicist, Research Assistant

Group Energy Conservation XX www.facebook.com/GRoupEnergyConservation

www.energycon.org

National Observatory of Athens

Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development
www.noa.gr
www.meteo.noa.gr

International Conference ENERGY in BUILDINGS – Cyprus 2017, Limassol, May 4, 2017

Buildings - Energy Use

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Buildings - Energy Use

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 Benchmarking Buildings Performance
Source: buildingcert

 Final (site) vs Primary (source)

 Services (HVAC,DHW, lighting, plug-loads etc)
 Floor areas
 Normalize for weather, schedule
 Mind the Gap Calculated vs Actual (role of occupant, IEQ)
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Rating Schemes, Different Emphasis

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Rating Schemes, Different Emphasis

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 Data Resources
 EU Building Stock Observatory
https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/eubuildings

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 Data Resources
 EU Building Stock Observatory
https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/eubuildings

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 Data Resources
 Buildings Performance Institute Europe
http://bpie.eu/focus-areas/buildings-data-and-tools

http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat
http://www.entranze.enerdata.eu

http://www.measures-odyssee-mure.eu/
http://episcope.eu/building-typology/country/cy/
http://episcope.eu/building-typology/webtool/

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 Data Resources
 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS)
https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial
Information on building characteristics, energy use and costs data

Average: 283.8 kWh/m2

 Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS)

https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential
Similar data for housing units

Average: 143.5 kWh/m2

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 www.ashrae.org

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 Minimum Code Requirements
 Std 90.1 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential
Practical, technically feasible and cost-effective minimum energy efficiency
requirements for design and construction and a plan for operation & maintenance,
for new buildings & their systems, new portions of buildings & their systems, and new
systems & equipment in existing buildings; and utilization of on-site renewables
 Building envelope  Heating , Ventilating & Air-conditioning
 Service water heating  Power
 Lighting  Other equipment
 Energy cost budget method

Energy simulations performed by U.S. DOE and quantitative analysis for

prototype buildings using the different ASHRAE Standard 90.1 editions:
Average EUI
 228 kWh/m2 (2004 edition)
 213 kWh/m2 (2007 edition)
 185 kWh/m2 (2010 edition)
 171 kWh/m2 (2013 edition)
 …. (2016 edition)
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 Advanced Energy Design Guides
Design strategies (“how to implement” tips); Prescriptive & Performance solutions; Practical, off-
the-shelf technology; Recommendations for additional energy savings; Case studies

 30% Guides Achieve 30% energy savings relative to 90.1-1999

 Small Office  Warehouses
 Small Retail  Highway Lodging
 K-12 Schools  Healthcare facilities
https://www.ashrae.org/standards-research--technology/advanced-energy-design-guides

 50% Guides Achieve 50% energy savings relative to 90.1-2004

 Small-medium Office  Large Hospitals
 K-12 School buildings  Grocery stores
 Medium to big box Retail

 GreenGuide
"What do I do?“ to design, operate, maintain a green building
For HVAC&R system designer, architect, building owner, building manager/operator, or contractor
From planning to operation and maintenance of a facility, with emphasis on teamwork & close
coordination among interested parties; GreenTips highlight techniques, processes, measures

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 Std 90.2 Low-Rise Residential
 Std 90.2 Energy-Efficient Design of Low-Rise Residential
Similar for new residential dwelling units and their systems and where explicitly
specified, new portions of residential dwelling units and their systems and new
systems and equipment in existing dwelling units
 Building envelope  Heating equipment, systems
 Air-conditioning equipment, systems  DHW heating equipment, systems
 Provisions for overall building design alternatives and trade-offs

New edition under development

SIGNUP to SSPC 90.2 listserves to review & comment on new Std 90.2
https://www.ashrae.org/resources--publications/free-resources/listserves

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 Std 90.4 Data Centers
 Code-intended performance-based energy standard
• Work in concert with Standard 90.1
 Minimum design requirements
• Mechanical Load Component (MLC); power and energy compliance path
• Electrical Loss Component (ELC); losses and efficiencies of incoming
electrical service, UPS & IT

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 Std 189.1
 High-performance green buildings, balancing energy efficiency,
environmental responsibility, resource efficiency, occupant comfort,
community sensitivity
 From site selection & sustainability to recycling
 Serves as benchmark for sustainable green buildings
 Jurisdictional compliance option – IgCC
Int. Green Construction Code
ASHRAE Std 189.1 & IgCC will merge in 2018 with Standard 189.1 being the technical basis

Make 'sustainable' design 'doable'

Prescriptive: each component is built to a Performance: the whole building performs to a

certain standard, e.g. Uwall , boiler eff. certain standard, e.g. use less energy than the same
building built to prescriptive code

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Comparing Energy Performance
 Standard 105-2014
Expressing, and Comparing Building Energy Performance and Greenhouse Gas
Emissions

 Building Energy Quotient (bEQ)

• In Operation Rating
based on the measured energy use; assess specific energy savings measures with
estimated costs and payback information to improve building energy performance
Applicable for existing buildings and after 12-18 mos of operation for new buildings

• As Designed Rating
based on simulation results; standardized inputs as compared to a baseline median
EUI to evaluate a building’s potential energy use independent of operational and
occupancy variables
Applicable to new & existing buildings

www.buildingenergyquotient.org

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 Existing Buildings
 Std 100 - Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings
Guidance, processes and comprehensive approaches for renovating existing
buildings for increased energy efficiency
 Targets of average EUIs for different building types & climates

 Energy Efficiency Guide for Existing Commercial Buildings

The Business Case for Building Technical
Owners & Managers Implementation

 Guideline 32
Sustainable, High-Performance Operations & Maintenance

 Std 180
Standard Practice for Inspection & Maintenance of Commercial Building HVAC
Systems
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Indoor Environmental Quality
 Std 55 Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human
Occupancy
Specify the combinations of indoor thermal environmental factors and personal
factors that will produce thermal environmental conditions acceptable to a majority
of the occupants within the space
 Std 62.1 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
Minimum ventilation rates and other measures intended to provide indoor air
quality (IAQ) that is acceptable to human occupants and that minimizes adverse
health effects
Performance based approaches: IAQ Procedure; Ventilation Rate Procedure; Natural
Ventilation Procedure
 Std 62.2 Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
in Low-Rise Residential Buildings
Defines the roles of and minimum requirements for mechanical and natural
ventilation systems and the building envelope intended to provide acceptable IAQ in
residential buildings
 Std 170 Ventilation of Health Care Facilities
Defines ventilation system design requirements that provide environmental control for
comfort, asepsis, and odor in health care facilities

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 Moving Forward
EPBD towards nearly Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB) as of 2021
The nearly zero or very low amount of energy required must, to a very significant level, be covered by renewables
New: 20-270kWh/m2 (Denmark-Estonia) Existing: 20-250kWh/m2 (Denmark-Austria)

Source: http://bpie.eu/uploads/lib/document/attachment/128/BPIE_factsheet_nZEB_definitions_across_Europe.pdf

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 Moving Forward
Voluntary Schemes (Active or Passive or Low Energy)
 Active House
Total energy demand: <120 kWh/m2 (Level 4) to <40 kWh/m2 (Level 1)
Total primary EUI: <30 kWh/m2 depending on the use of RES
 Passive House
New: Total primary EUI: 60 kWh/m2 (Classic), 45 kWh/m2 (Plus), 30 kWh/m2 (Premium)
• Space heating energy demand: 15 kWh/m²; Heating load: 10 W/m2; Cooling : 15
kWh/m² plus dehumidification; Air tightness: <0.6 ACH
Renovated : option for EnerPHit Certificate
• Heating energy demand: <25 kWh/m2 or consistent use of Passive House components
 Effinergie (BBC label - Bâtiment Basse Consommation)
• Residential: Total primary EUI for Renovations: <80 kWh/m2 (adjusted for location)
• Services: 40% lower than conventional reference energy use
 Minergie
• Residential: Total final EUI for New: <38 kWh/m2; for Renovations: <60 kWh/m2
(adjusted for location)
• Services: Total final EUI for New: 55-110kWh/m2; for Renovations: 70-140 kWh/m2

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 Moving Forward
Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) performance by 2030
According to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) common definition for a zero energy
building, or what is also referred to as a “net zero energy” or “zero net energy” building

NZEB is “an energy-efficient building where,

on a source energy basis, the actual annual
delivered energy is less than or equal to the
on-site renewable exported energy”
http://energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/doe-releases-common-definition-zero-energy-buildings-campuses-and

Net Positive ?
Buildings are part of the problem ….
… Buildings can become part of the solution
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 Building Energy Use Intensities, Guidelines,
Rating Methods, Codes & Standards – Moving
Towards Green Buildings & nZEB
C.A. Balaras
[email protected]

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