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TECHNICAL ISO/IEC
SPECIFICATION TS
17027
First edition
2014-03-01

Conformity assessment — Vocabulary

related to competence of persons used
for certification of persons
Évaluation de la conformité — Vocabulaire lié à la compétence des
personnes utilisée pour la certification de personnes

Reference number
ISO/IEC TS 17027:2014(E)

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ISO/IEC TS 17027:2014(E)


COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

© ISO 2014
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
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Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
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Published in Switzerland

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ISO/IEC TS 17027:2014(E)


Contents Page

Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11

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ISO/IEC TS 17027:2014(E)


Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical
activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the
work. In the field of conformity assessment, the ISO Committee on conformity assessment (CASCO) is
responsible for the development of International Standards and Guides.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies
for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member
bodies casting a vote.
In other circumstances, particularly when there is an urgent market requirement for such documents, a
technical committee may decide to publish other types of document:
— an ISO/IEC Publicly Available Specification (ISO/IEC PAS) represents an agreement between
technical experts in an ISO working group and is accepted for publication if it is approved by more
than 50 % of the members of the parent committee casting a vote;
— an ISO/IEC Technical Specification (ISO/IEC TS) represents an agreement between the members of
a technical committee and is accepted for publication if it is approved by 2/3 of the members of the
committee casting a vote.
An ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is reviewed after three years in order to decide whether it will be confirmed for
a further three years, revised to become an International Standard, or withdrawn. If the ISO/PAS or
ISO/TS is confirmed, it is reviewed again after a further three years, at which time it must either be
transformed into an International Standard or be withdrawn.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/IEC/TS 17027 was prepared by the ISO Committee on conformity assessment (CASCO).
It was circulated for voting to the national bodies of both ISO and IEC, and was approved by both
organizations.

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ISO/IEC TS 17027:2014(E)


Introduction
This Technical Specification specifies the terms and definitions related to competence and certification
of persons, including relevant training terminology. ISO has published a number of standards and other
related documents referring to competence of persons (e.g. ISO 9001, ISO/IEC 17021, ISO/IEC 17024),
and this has highlighted a need to develop consistent terminology.
The objective of this Technical Specification is to facilitate a common understanding among interested
parties of the vocabulary associated with certification and competence of persons. It is also intended to
be beneficial in increasing alignment across standards that relate to credentials.
In this Technical Specification, the verbal form “can” indicates a possibility or a capability. Further
details can be found in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/IEC TS 17027:2014(E)

Conformity assessment — Vocabulary related to

competence of persons used for certification of persons

1 Scope
This Technical Specification specifies terms and definitions related to the competence of persons used
in the field of certification of persons, in order to establish a common vocabulary. These terms and
definitions can also be used as applicable in other documents specifying competence of persons, such as
regulations, standards, certification schemes, research, training, licensing and registration.

2 Terms and definitions

2.1
ability
capacity to perform an activity
2.2
accommodation of special needs
modification of assessment (2.8) methods or its administration made to account for the effects of a
disability without altering the validity (2.79) of the assessment
2.3
accreditation
third-party attestation (2.9) related to a conformity assessment body conveying formal demonstration
of its competence (2.25) to carry out specific conformity assessment tasks
Note 1 to entry: Accreditation refers to conformity assessment bodies only, and not to persons.

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17000:2004, 5.6, modified — Note 1 to entry has been added.]
2.4
adverse impact of examinations
unanticipated examination (2.39) results for a specific group of persons
Note 1 to entry: Examples of specific groups of persons include groups based on race, gender, age, ethnic origin,
language or religion.

2.5
appeal
request by applicant (2.6), candidate (2.12) or certified person (2.22) for reconsideration of any decision
made by the certification body (2.17) related to his/her desired certification (2.16) status
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17024:2012, 3.19]
2.6
applicant
person who has submitted an application to be admitted into a certification process (2.19)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17024:2012, 3.13]
2.7
approval of persons
procedure based on predefined factors and an issuance of a documented statement by which the
governmental or other designated body recognizes persons to perform specific activities
Note 1 to entry: Certification (2.16) or other conformity assessment procedures can be a prerequisite for approval.

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ISO/IEC TS 17027:2014(E)


2.8
assessment
process that evaluates a person’s fulfilment of the requirements of the certification scheme (2.21)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17024:2012, 3.8]
2.9
attestation
issue of a statement, based on a decision following a review, that fulfilment of specified requirements
has been demonstrated
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17000:2004, 5.2, modified — Notes to entry have been removed.]
2.10
attribute
inherent characteristic of a person
EXAMPLE Visual acuity; sensitivity to others; openness.

2.11
bias
presence of any factors that can unfairly influence examination (2.39)items (2.52), examination scores
or certification (2.16) results
Note 1 to entry: Bias can occur at many points, such as when developing examination items, scoring examinations
or making certification decisions.

2.12
candidate
applicant (2.6) who has fulfilled specified prerequisites and has been admitted to the certification
process (2.19)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17024:2012, 3.14]
2.13
category of persons
certificate holders (2.15) who perform the same type of activities or tasks
EXAMPLE Welders; non-destructive testing (NDT) personnel; nurses; construction machinery operators.

2.14
certificate
document issued by a certification body (2.17) for persons operating in accordance with ISO/IEC 17024,
indicating that the named person has demonstrated the competence (2.25) required by the certification
scheme (2.21)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17024:2012, 3.5, modified]
2.15
certificate holder
person named as a subject of a valid certificate (2.14) or a valid training certificate (2.77.1)
2.16
certification
third-party attestation (2.9) related to persons
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17000:2004, 5.5, modified]

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ISO/IEC TS 17027:2014(E)


2.17
certification body
third-party conformity assessment body operating certification schemes (2.21) for persons
Note 1 to entry: A certification body can be non-governmental or governmental, with or without regulatory
authority.

2.18
certification mark
certification logo
protected mark or logo issued by a certification body (2.17) for persons, indicating that a person is in
conformity with specified requirements
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17030:2003, 3.1, modified]
2.19
certification process
activities by which a certification body (2.17) determines that a person fulfils certification requirements
(2.20), including application, assessment (2.8), decision on certification (2.16), recertification (2.64) and
use of certificates (2.14) and logos/marks (2.18)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17024:2012, 3.1]
2.20
certification requirements
set of specified requirements, including requirements of the scheme to be fulfilled in order to establish
or maintain certification (2.16)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17024:2012, 3.3]
2.21
certification scheme
competence (2.25) and other requirements related to specific occupational or skilled categories of
persons (2.14)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17024:2012, 3.2, modified — Note to entry has been deleted.]
2.22
certified person
person who holds a certificate (2.14)
2.23
code of conduct
document specifying the ethical or personal behaviour required by a certification scheme (2.21)
Note 1 to entry: Adapted from ISO/IEC 17024:2012, 8.2, Note 2.

2.24
code of practice
standard of practice
rules, requirements, responsibilities or conditions that describe the minimal level of expected
performance of a category of persons (2.13)
2.25
competence
ability (2.1) to apply knowledge (2.56) and skills (2.74) to achieve intended results
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17024:2012, 3.6]

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ISO/IEC TS 17027:2014(E)


2.26
complaint
expression of dissatisfaction, other than appeal (2.5), by any person or organization to a certification
body (2.17), relating to the activities of that body or the activities of a certified person (2.22), where a
response is expected
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17000:2004, 6.5, modified]
2.27
continuing professional development
continuing education
activities undertaken by a person after initial education or training (2.77) to maintain, improve or
increase his/her knowledge (2.56) and skills (2.74) related to his/her professional activities
2.28
credential
recognition of qualification (2.63) or competence (2.25) issued to a person by an organization
EXAMPLE Academic diplomas; academic degrees; certifications (2.16); certificates (2.14); licences (2.58).

2.29
credentialing
process by which an organization issues a credential (2.28)
2.30
criterion-referenced pass mark
criterion-referenced cut score
objective-based cut score
cut score (2.60) established by evaluating characteristics of the examination (2.39), rather than by
evaluating performance of the candidates (2.12) in the examination
2.31
designation
governmental authorization of a certification body (2.17) for persons to perform specified certification
(2.16) activities for persons
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17000:2004, 7.2, modified]
2.32
designation for persons
awarding of a title or trademarked label to a person by a governmental or credentialing (2.29) organization
2.33
diagnostic score report
score report (2.71) that contains detailed examination (2.39) performance information, such as strengths
and weaknesses
2.34
difficulty index
item difficulty
measure of the proportion of examinees who responded to an examination (2.39)item (2.52) or question
correctly
Note 1 to entry: Difficulty index is also referred to as the p-value.

2.35
e-assessment
use of information technology for any activity related to assessment (2.8)
Note 1 to entry: Specific types of e-assessments include assessment of cognitive and practical abilities (2.1)
through computerized adaptive testing or computerized classification testing.

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ISO/IEC TS 17027:2014(E)


2.36
eligibility
fulfilment of prerequisites by applicants (2.6)
Note 1 to entry: Prerequisites can include a combination of experience and education.

2.37
equating of examinations
process of determining comparable scores on different examination forms (2.43)
2.38
equivalence of certification results
different certification processes (2.19) which result in the same competence (2.25) outcomes
2.39
examination
test
mechanism that is part of an assessment (2.8) which measures a candidate’s (2.12)competence (2.25)
by one or more means, such as written, oral, practical and observational, as defined in the certification
scheme (2.21)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17024:2012, 3.9, modified — The term “test” has been added as an alternative term.]
2.39.1
computer-based examination
computer-based test
CBT
examination (2.39) delivered through the use of a computer
2.39.2
criterion-referenced examination
examination (2.39) that compares the performance of examinees to an established standard of
competence (2.25)
Note 1 to entry: Certification (2.16) and licence (2.58) examinations are typically criterion-referenced, rather than
norm-referenced.

2.39.3
norm-referenced examination
examination (2.39) that compares the performance of an examinee to the performance of other examinees
in the same examination
2.39.4
standardized examination
examination (2.39) in which specific procedures are consistently followed
Note 1 to entry: Specific procedures which are consistently followed allow examination scores to be comparable.

2.40
examination adaptation
process of modifying an examination (2.39) for use in other languages or cultures, based on linguistic,
cultural and practice pattern differences
2.41
examination administration
process of delivering examinations (2.39) to examinees
Note 1 to entry: Examination administration typically involves standardized procedures and operational
conditions.

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ISO/IEC TS 17027:2014(E)


2.42
examination blueprint
examination outline
listing of the content areas to be included in an examination (2.39), together with the criteria (weighting)
of the content areas on the overall examination
2.43
examination form
alternate sets of examination (2.39) questions assessing the same competences (2.25) within the same
organization or body
2.44
examination modification
modification of an examination (2.39) or its administration (2.41), made to account for the effects of a
disability without altering the validity (2.79) of the examination
2.45
examination security
restriction of access to documents, examinations (2.39), examination questions and examination scores
2.46
examiner
person competent to conduct and score an examination (2.39), where the examination requires
professional judgement
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17024:2012, 3.10]
2.47
examiner reliability
inter-rater reliability
inter-rater agreement
consistency with which different examiners (2.46) assign scores to the same observed performance of a
candidate (2.12) or product produced by the candidate
2.48
fairness
equal opportunity for success provided to each candidate (2.12) in the certification process (2.19)
Note 1 to entry: Fairness includes freedom from bias (2.11) in examinations (2.39).

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17024:2012, 3.16, modified — Note 1 to entry has been added.]
2.49
impartiality
presence of objectivity
Note 1 to entry: Objectivity means that conflicts of interest do not exist, or are resolved, so as not to adversely
influence subsequent activities of the certification body (2.17).

Note 2 to entry: Other terms that are useful in conveying the element of impartiality are: independence, freedom
from conflict of interests, freedom from bias (2.11), lack of prejudice, neutrality, fairness (2.48), open-mindedness,
even-handedness, detachment, and balance.

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17024:2012, 3.15]

2.50
interested party
individual, group or organization affected by the performance of a certified person (2.22) or the
certification body (2.17)
EXAMPLE Certified person; user of the services of the certified person; employer of the certified person;
consumer; governmental authority.

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ISO/IEC TS 17027:2014(E)


Note 1 to entry: Interested parties can be stakeholders.

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17024:2012, 3.21, modified — Note 1 to entry has been added.]
2.51
invigilator
person authorized by the certification body (2.17) who administers or supervises an examination (2.39),
but does not evaluate the competence (2.25) of the candidate (2.12)
Note 1 to entry: Other terms for invigilator are proctor, examination administrator, supervisor.

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17024:2012, 3.11]

2.52
item
question or specimen that appears on an examination (2.39)
2.53
item analysis
process for evaluating the performance of each item (2.52) in an examination (2.39) that provides
information regarding item difficulty (2.34) and item discrimination (2.54)
2.54
item discrimination
measure of how well an item (2.52) is able to distinguish between examinees who are knowledgeable
and those who are not
2.55
job analysis
method(s) used to identify the tasks and the associated competence (2.25)
Note 1 to entry: Methods generally involve analysis of the associated tasks, knowledge (2.56), skills (2.74) or
abilities that constitute competence as required by the scope of work.

Note 2 to entry: Job analysis provides the basis for the validity (2.79) of any assessments (2.8) used in issuing
credentials (2.28).

Note 3 to entry: Other terms for job analysis are job-task analysis, practice analysis, performance analysis and
role-delineation study.

2.56
knowledge
facts, information, truths, principles or understanding acquired through experience or education
2.57
learning outcomes
what a person is expected to know, understand or be able to do at the end of a training (2.77) programme,
course or module
2.58
licence
licensure
recognition of competence (2.25) to practice a given occupation or profession conveyed to a person or
entity by a regulatory body
2.59
monitoring
supervision or oversight of an activity
Note 1 to entry: Monitoring is carried out to ensure continuing compliance with, or adherence to, specific
requirements.

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ISO/IEC TS 17027:2014(E)


2.60
pass mark
cut score
passing score
specific score on an examination (2.39) where candidates (2.12) who obtain that specific score or a higher
score pass the examination and candidates who obtain a lower score fail the examination
2.61
personnel
individuals, internal or external, of the certification body (2.17) carrying out activities for the certification
body
Note 1 to entry: These include committee members and volunteers.

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17024:2012, 3.12]

2.62
psychometrics
field of study dealing with the theory and technology of psychological measurement
2.63
qualification
demonstrated education, training (2.77) and work experience, where applicable
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17024:2012, 3.7]
2.64
recertification
renewal of certification (2.16) in defined intervals
2.65
register
list issued by a certification body (2.17), an authority or another registration organization, for certificate
holders (2.15) or persons meeting predetermined criteria
Note 1 to entry: A register can be publicly available or for in-house purposes.

2.66
registration
inclusion of a certificate holder (2.15) or an individual meeting predetermined criteria with personal
data (e.g. name, address) in a register (2.65) by a certification body (2.17), an authority or another
registration organization
2.67
reliability
indicator of the extent to which examination (2.39) scores are consistent across different examination
times and locations, different examination forms (2.43) and different examiners (2.46)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17024:2012, 3.18]
2.68
scheme owner
organization responsible for developing and maintaining a certification scheme (2.21)
Note 1 to entry: The organization can be a certification body (2.17), a government authority, or other.

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17024:2012, 3.4]

2.69
scope of certification
range and nature of specific tasks that a certified person (2.22) is expected to be able to perform
competently, by virtue of holding a specific certification (2.16) that is within a certification scheme (2.21)

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ISO/IEC TS 17027:2014(E)


2.70
scope of certification scheme
extent and boundaries of a certification scheme (2.21)
2.71
score report
results report
document that provides information about the performance of a candidate (2.12) in an examination
(2.39)
Note 1 to entry: See also diagnostic score report (2.33).

2.72
self-declaration
statement by a candidate (2.12) that he/she fulfils specific requirements
2.73
self-evaluation
self-assessment
process by which an evaluation is self-administered by a candidate (2.12) for the purpose of providing
feedback
2.74
skill
ability (2.1) to perform a task or activity with a specific intended outcome acquired through education,
training (2.77), experience or other means
2.75
surveillance
periodic monitoring (2.59), during the periods of certification (2.16), of a certified person’s (2.22)
performance to ensure continued compliance with the certification scheme (2.21)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17024:2012, 3.22]
2.76
suspension
temporary stop, delay, interruption or cessation of a person’s certification (2.16) issued by the certification
body (2.17)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17000:2004, 6.2, modified]
2.77
training
programme developed to provide persons with the necessary knowledge (2.56) and skills (2.74)
2.77.1
training certificate
document issued after a person completes a training (2.77) course, or a series of training courses, and
passes an assessment (2.8) that measures the intended learning outcomes (2.57) of the specific course
or courses
Note 1 to entry: These courses are sometimes referred to as certificate programmes.

2.78
validation
confirmation through the use of objective evidence that the requirements for a specific intended use or
application have been fulfilled

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ISO/IEC TS 17027:2014(E)


2.79
validity
evidence that the assessment (2.8) measures what it is intended to measure, as defined by the certification
scheme (2.21)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17024:2012, 3.17, modified — Note to entry has been deleted.]
2.80
withdrawal
cancellation of a certification (2.16), certificate (2.14) or credential (2.28)

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ISO/IEC TS 17027:2014(E)


Bibliography

[1] ISO 9001, Quality management systems — Requirements

[2] ISO/IEC 17000:2004, Conformity assessment — Vocabulary and general principles
[3] ISO/IEC 17021, Conformity assessment — Requirements for bodies providing audit and certification
of management systems
[4] ISO/IEC 17024:2012, Conformity assessment — General requirements for bodies operating
certification of persons
[5] ISO/IEC 17030:2003, Conformity assessment — General requirements for third-party marks of
conformity

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ICS 03.120.20