Paraphrasing PDF
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ScribdTranslationsGeneral Training Program University Writing and Vallejo Chair
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CÉSAR VALLEJO
UNIVERSITY
Session 05
THE PARAPHRASE AND COMMENTARY
\_________ _
ABILITY
Apply the paraphrasing technique and the comment
ACHIEVEMENT INDICATOR
Prepare comments and paraphrase in your monograph
CONTENT
Paraphrasing and commentary: definition, types, mechanisms and
development process.
I. COLLECTION OF PRIOR KNOWLEDGE AND PROBLEMATIZATION
Activity 1: Read the statements and answer the questions
TO. "The ignorant says, the wise doubts and reflects". (Aristotle)
b. Those who are intelligent know that they do not know everything and reflect before speaking.
1. Do the sentences have the same meaning? Which of the sentences is more understandable? Because?
2. What is paraphrasing? What is the process for paraphrasing?
3. What do you think of the phrase? (Comment)
Activity 2: Paraphrase and comment on the following texts:
Paraphrasing:__________________________________________
Text 1
“Trust in time, which usually gives
sweet solutions to many
bitter
difficulties". (Miguel de Cervantes) Comment:______________________________________________
Paraphrasing:___________________________________________
Text 2
Fashion implies a certain
fluidity of the social
structure of
Comment:___
conglomerates. There
must be differences in
social position, but it
must seem possible to
bridge these differences;
in a rigid hierarchy,
fashion is impossible.”
Dr. Carlos Raúl Zumarán Aguilar 1
II. KNOWLEDGE CONSTRUCTION
Activity 1 : Read the information and underline the relevant information.
THE PARAPHRASE
1. Definition
The concept of the term paraphrase or paraphrasing is found in different bibliographical
references and has also been treated by different authors.
Specifically, it is about explaining the content of a text, to clarify it in all its aspects and
facilitate its understanding. The Greek etymology of the term suggests it: together, next to
and locution .
2. Types of paraphrasing
Paraphrasing has two types, which are the following:
a. mechanical paraphrasing
It consists of replacing the expressions that appear in a text with synonyms or alternative phrases, with minimal
syntactic changes. For example:
original expression paraphrased expression
Since I was a child I had fantasized about being a
goalkeeper for the national team.
b. Constructive paraphrasing
It consists of the reworking of the statement, giving rise to another with very different characteristics, but
preserving the same meaning.
ORIGINAL TEXT PARAPHRASE
"Javier swerved off the road to avoid hitting the
deer. When the car left the road, Javier couldn't
stop thinking that this day could be her last. Her
thoughts flew to her children and her husband. The
car crashed into the tree causing a horrible noise
and Javier fainted. However, a few seconds later she
woke up bruised and sore, but alive."
3. Main paraphrasing mechanisms
a) By synonymous substitution: “words” or “expressions” of the statement are replaced but they do not alter its
global meaning.
Examples:
The words you would use to teach someone how to ride a bike will be different from the words another author will
use. Someone will say, “Ride the bike,” and another author will say, “Sit on the bike.” Both expressions have
essentially the same meaning (get on the bike), but they are expressed in different ways.
b) By amplification or extension: This technique consists of reproducing the text with a greater number of words.
However, it must be noted that this technique must be used with great care, since the text can be redundant and
inflated.
Examples:
The child will learn to read more easily if reading is associated with other activities that he or she likes more.
c) By hyperbates (syntax change)
Paraphrasing does not just refer to word selection; It also has to do with syntax and structure. “Syntax” is the way
you group words to form a sentence. For example: “Javier stared at the sunset while eating oranges.”
Sentence: “Javier ate oranges while staring at the sunset.”
Additionally, the following mechanisms are recommended:
1. Change the passive voice to the active voice or vice versa
3. Summarize sentences and paragraphs
Dr. Carlos Raúl Zumarán Aguilar 2
4. Paraphrasing steps
To prepare a paraphrase, the following basic steps must be followed:
a. Attentive and general reading of the text
It is applied to be able to understand the text with due depth to reconstruct it faithfully to its content.
b. Selection of fundamental ideas
Attentive and general reading of a text allows us to analyze and determine what is essential. The main ideas
from which the paraphrase is written are selected, maintaining the essence, content, and meaning of the
text, without any alteration.
c. Underlining words or phrases that can be changed
It means determining the words that can be changed without altering the content of the information.
d. Reading and substituting words and phrases in writing
Process of analysis and rewriting of information offering an explanation of the essentials with similar ideas,
personal opinions are not allowed, it is a faithful version, based on the fact that each text has meaning and
form and the latter is changed but the former remains unchanged (meaning or content).
e. Reading the paraphrase and comparing it with the original text .
To verify if the essence, content, meaning of the message is maintained. Avoid the slightest alteration.
THE COMMENT
1. Definition:
A comment is the oral or written expression that one person makes
about another, in their character, physiognomy, ideas; sometimes
to describe it, other times to praise it or also to criticize it; or on
human works, literary, pictorial, musical, theatrical,
cinematographic, etc., or intellectual or sporting activities.
2. Parts of critical, interpretive or literary commentary
Presentation of the topic.
Detailed or part explanation.
Critical judgment or ruling on the problem.
Problem solution.
3. Types of comments
a. Critical comment : It is a written document from which various points of view are extracted about a
specific topic, with which different questions are generated.
b. Interpretive commentary : These are the comments where the elements that will contribute to their
assessment are usually added to the facts. These types of comments promote reader understanding.
c. Literary commentary : Refers to the comments with which personal interpretations are made about the
texts read.
Activity 2: Create a visual organizer of the information read.
Dr. Carlos Raúl Zumarán Aguilar 3
III. LEARNING TRANSFER
Activity: Paraphrase and comment on the following texts.
No. TEXT PARAPHRASE COMMENT
Get busy of the
feed the corvid birds and
they will extirpate you
the
1
structures of the orbital
fossae that perceive
visual stimuli.
“The truth is corrupted
2
by both lies and silence.”
“Our reward is found in
3
the effort and not in the
result. Full effort is full
victory".
“Choose a job you like
and you will never have
4
to work a day in your
life,” (Confucius)
The absolute absence of
visual perception renders
5
the cardiac organ
insensitive.
H2O that you do not have
6 to swallow, allow it to
flow through its channel.
An equine that is the
object of a gift does not
7
have its odontoblastic
pieces assessed.
Decapod crustacean that
loses its state of
8 wakefulness is dragged
by the marine
momentum.
IV. EXTENSION ACTIVITY
In a research group, prepare 6 textual cards and then, of them, prepare three paraphrases and three comments.
