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Lect 4 Geo-Informatics

Entrapneurship lecture

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Muhammad Azhar
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7 views

Lect 4 Geo-Informatics

Entrapneurship lecture

Uploaded by

Muhammad Azhar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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REMOTE SENSING

BASIC CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES

Lecture 5
• What is Remote Sensing
• Principles of Remote Sensing
• Components and Types of Remote Sensing
REMOTE SENSING

Remote sensing is the science (and to some extent, art) of acquiring


information about the Earth's surface without actually being in contact with
it. This is done by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and
processing, analyzing, and applying that information.

Keywords: Photogrammetry, Photointerpretation, photo-geology, Areal Photograph, Satellite


Imagery
PRINCIPLES OF REMOTE SENSING
• All objects on the surface of the earth have spectral signatures
• A spectral signature of an object or ground surface feature is a set of values for the
reflectance or radiance of the feature.
• The response of ground surface materials to incident radiation is the reflectance, and the
energy emitted by all objects as a function of their temperature and structure is the
emittance.
• The knowledge of spectral signature is essential for exploiting the potential of the remote
sensing technique.
• The absorption of radiation by an object leads to thermal activity, which results in the
emission of radiation at a different wavelength.
• Spectral reflectance and emittance are the most important characteristic studies done by
remote sensing techniques.
COMPONENTS OF REMOTE SENSING

• Energy Source

• Transmission path

• Target

• Sensor
PROCESS OF REMOTE SENSING
A – Energy Source or Illumination

B – Radiation and the Atmosphere

C – Interaction with the Target

D – Recording of Energy by the Sensor

E – Transmission, Reception, and Processing

F – Interpretation and Analysis

G – Application
TYPES OF REMOTE SENSING

• Active Remote Sensing


Active sensors have its own source of light or illumination. In particular, it actively
sends a pulse and measures the backscatter reflected back to the sensor.

• Passive Remote Sensing


Passive sensors measure reflected sunlight emitted from the sun. When the sun
shines, passive sensors measure this energy. More on this later
WHY/HOW YOU SENSE?

LAND

Rivers

Desert
Cultivated Land

WATER
SATELLITE SYSTEM, AERIAL AND SATELLITE
PHOTOGRAMMETRY

Lecture 6

• How is data acquisition done in RS?


What are the characteristics of raster data?
• What are the advantages of satellite imagery?
KEY TERMS
• Resolution
• Spatial
• Spectral
• Temporal
• Radiometric
• Sensor (Camera) Height
• Swath Width
• orbit
SPATIAL RESOLUTION
• The earth surface area covered by a pixel of an image is known as spatial resolution

• Large area covered by a pixel means low spatial resolution and vice versa
Spatial Resolution

High vs. Low?

Source: Jensen (2000)


SPECTRAL RESOLUTION

• Is the ability to resolve spectral features and bands into their separate components

• More number of bands in a specified bandwidth means higher spectral resolution and vice
versa
TEMPORAL RESOLUTION

• Frequency at which images are recorded/ captured in a


specific place on the earth.
• The more frequently it is captured, the better or finer the
temporal resolution is said to be
• For example, a sensor that captures an image of an
agriculture land twice a day has better temporal resolution
than a sensor that only captures that same image once a
week.
Temporal Resolution

July 2 July 18 August 3

16 days

Time

11 days

July 1 July 12 July 23 August 3

REMOTE SENSING & GIS APPLICATIONS DIRECTORATE


RADIOMETRIC RESOLUTION
• Sensitivity of the sensor to the magnitude of the received electromagnetic energy determines
the radiometric resolution

• Finer the radiometric resolution of a sensor, if it is more sensitive in detecting small


differences in reflected or emitted energy
Radiometric Resolution
2-bit range
0 4

6-bit range
0 63

8-bit range
0 255

10-bit range
0 1023
SATELLITE SYSTEM AND SPATIAL RESOLUTION

• NOAA-AVHRR (1100 m)
• GOES (700 m)
• MODIS (250, 500, 1000 m)
• Landsat TM and ETM (30 – 60 m)
• SPOT (10 – 20 m)
• IKONOS (4, 1 m)
• Quickbird (0.6 m)
• GeoEye (0.4m)
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

Aerial Photography is the science of obtaining photographs from air using various
platforms, mostly aircrafts for studying the surface of earth. It is one of the most
common, versatile and economical forms of remote sensing.
ACQUISITION TECHNIQUES

• The aerial photographs can be acquire on following arrangement

• The direction or position of the axis of the camera.


• The angles of coverage and focal length.
• The basis of the films used in the camera
THE DIRECTION OR POSITION OF THE AXIS OF
THE CAMERA

• Vertical
• Horizontal
• Oblique
• Convergent
• Trimetrogon
VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPH

• The axis of the camera is vertically adjusted to take the photographs.

• The area covered through vertical air photos are often square in shape at the uniform
plane.

• In simple words, these photographs are taken with an air borne camera aimed vertically
downward from the plane.
NEAR VERTICAL

• A photograph is taken almost vertically above the subject.

• • Near Verticals , however, are useful or looking down to see the general layout of large
areas ( example: for planning purposes and redesigning extensive industrial sites etc).
TRUE VERTICAL

• A photograph taken with the camera pointing directly down at 90° to its centre point.

• True Verticals are essential for use in mapping and should be taken as a series of
overlapping images or mosaics.

• Modified aircraft, special equipment and very experienced aerial photographers are
required to take True Vertical photographs
ORTHO-RECTIFIED VERTICAL

• A True Vertical image that has had all the geographical and topographical distortions
removed from it and has been optically corrected.

• Distortions occur as a result of imperfect optical lenses and digital sensors, the tilt of the
camera /aerial sensor (relative to the ground), and other aspects of capturing images.

• If an image is not ortho-rectified, it is not possible to use it for mapping and take accurate
scaled measurements from it.
HORIZONTAL PHOTOGRAPHS

• The horizontal air photos are also known as “terrestrial air photos”.

• In the production of such air photos, the axis of the camera is horizontal
OBLIQUE PHOTOGRAPH
• In the oblique air photos, the adjustment of the axis of the camera ranges from the vertical
to angular positon. The areas covered by oblique air photos assumed the shape of a
trapezium.
• An oblique photographs is divided into two types:
• Low Oblique Photographs
• One which does not have the horizon showing is called a Low Oblique
Photographs and the axis of the camera is zero
• High Oblique Photograph
• An oblique photographs showing the horizon is called a High Oblique
Photographs and the axis of the camera is tilted 30 to 60

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