UNIVERSITY OF CHILE.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES.

DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCES AND CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY.
FOOD ENGINEERING
CONSERVATION PROCESSES DUE TO LOW TEMPERATURES
Sheds and
Foundations
Valeria Arroyo Marambio
INTRODUCTION: • Storage warehouses
• Installation of tasks
Sheds •Workshops
•Processing plants

Support structures
•Base on which the construction rests
Foundations
•The depth and width of the same are
determined by calculation, according to the
characteristics of the terrain, the material from
which they are built and the load they must
support.

Due to the importance and use of these structures, the objective of this
presentation is to provide basic knowledge about the factors that
determine the type of foundation to be used, the qualities presented by
the
sheds and the most used materials in both structures.
 SHEDS

A shed is a roofed construction adaptable to a large number of

uses, whose separation between columns allows large spaces free
of obstructions, with greater freedom for the distribution of internal
partitions and greater use of useful areas.
 Basic structure

Rigid Frames Armor Arches

1
•They are structures
used on the roofs of
•They are tension bars industrial plants or
• They are made up of hangars, as well as for
and slender column-type
beams and columns bridges.
elements, usually
that are hinged or rigid
arranged in a triangular
in their foundations.
shape.
• They can be two-
• They are used when
dimensional or three- • They are often used
the light in the shed is
dimensional to reduce bending
required to be large.
moments in long span
• uses less material to structures.
support a given load
Figure 1. Rigid frame industrial warehouse.
Figure 2. Industrial warehouse composed of fences and columns
(armor).
Figure 3. Industrial warehouse made up of arches supported on columns.
 Construction materials

•Shed construction material par excellence: steel

• New tendencies structured profiles of

fiberglass reinforced plastics
(pultrusion) p
productive process of forming thermo-rigid plastic
materials to obtain reinforced plastic profiles,
continuously, subjecting the raw materials to
impregnation, forming, curing and cutting operations.
This process is characterized by a good surface finish

GRP characteristics
•Mechanical strength. The mechanical resistance of GRP can be compared
to that of steel.

• Corrosion resistance. Fiberglass reinforced plastic is intrinsically resistant to

corrosion against most chemical agents.

• Easy construction. The construction of a GRP structure, due to its low

weight, becomes faster and easier.

• Maintenance. Its resistance and characteristics mean that the maintenance

cost is lower than for other materials.

• Durability. As it is an inert material against corrosive agents, the structures

are much more durable.
 Construction Features

• The joints between the columns and the beams that make up the roof of the
warehouse are joined using stainless steel bolts and in the case of GRP,
certain adhesives can be used.

• The assembly of the shed begins with the joining of the columns to the
foundation with the subsequent assembly of the beams that support the roof.

• The roof is generally made of zinc plates due to their lower value and the
closure of the shed (walls) depends mainly on the intended use; it can range
from zinc sheets to more resistant structures such as bricks and/or reinforced
concrete.
Poyos Trusses

Bracing Waterfron
ts
 FOUNDATIONS

They are the part of the construction that receives the loads of
the
structure and transmit them to the ground. Its main functions
are to transmit the loads and anchor the building to the ground.

steel
frame reinforced concrete pillar

cement
screed
wooden
formwork

Removable
formwork
Concrete

Excavation

concrete
foundation
 Factors for choosing
Types foundations
of Foundations

•Knowledge of loads.

•Land types

• Existence of neighboring buildings.

•Depth and thickness of the stratum.

•Knowledge of possible differential entries.

•Possibility of ice, water that floods the sector.

•Chemical materials such as sulfates or gypsum.

•Depth of the water table.

1. Surface Foundations
• The seating plane of these foundations is at a shallow depth
• A foundation is shallow when its width is equal to or greater than its
depth.
• It is used in small buildings that transmit low loads to the ground and
when the ground has good resistance.
• The most used material is stone (basically when it comes to light
constructions), in any of its varieties as long as it is resistant, solid and
without pores.

- Continuous or continuous cyclopean concrete foundations

- Reinforced concrete foundation, continuous or continuous
Guys - Continuous foundation in prefabricated blocks
- Foundation slabs
- Shoes
 Type of direct foundation Most common structural elements that serve as foundations tation

isolated footing Isolated, interior, party or corner pillar

Types of Foundations
Combined shoe 2 or more adjacent pillars

running shoe Alignments of 3 or more pillars or walls

foundation pit isolated pillar

Grate Set of pillars and walls distributed, in general, in a grid.

Slab Set of pillars and walls

ZAPATA
ISOLATE
D
ZAPATA
COMBINED

ZAPATA
RUN
 Types of Foundations

2. Deep Foundations

• The bedding plane is so deep that it can only be reached through special,
high-cost and difficult works.

• They are used when the soil responsible for receiving the loads of the
building is not very resistant.

Pilotage.

• When there is no foundation plane so the ground has very little resistance,
the foundation is operated from the surface by driving long structures that
transmit the load to the ground in two ways, on end as if it were a column
supported on a hard surface and by lateral friction with the ground.
Sometimes this friction is so intense that it is capable of absorbing the entire
load. Piles can be made of wood, concrete and reinforced concrete.
 Types of Foundations

3. Combined Foundations

• They are those that use both the shallow foundation system and the deep
foundation system.

-Shoe supported on piles

Guys -Foundation slab supported on piles
 Construction materials

•Various materials have been used from wood, through metal, to concrete.
The material used par excellence in the manufacture of foundations is
reinforced concrete.

It results from the mixture of two different complements, concrete and steel.

1º Steel and concrete have practically the same coefficients of thermal

expansion, which allows them to behave in the same way when faced with
temperature changes.

2º The adhesion between both is very high, which in addition to not allowing
the displacement of the steel reinforcement within the concrete that surrounds
it, ensures the mutual transfer of stresses in the deformation process under
load. This means that the high tensile strength properties of steel and the
excellent compressive strength of concrete are taken advantage of.

3º The oxidation of the steel bars is truncated by the reinforced concrete

envelope, as long as it does not break.
 CONCLUSIONS

• Sheds are basic building structures, however their functionality is enormous. The
large amount of space generated inside these structures makes it ideal for setting
up any type of plant. The incorporation of new materials such as plastic polymers
with fiberglass further improves these structures.

• In the first steps of the design and/or construction of a plant, it is necessary to

carry out a serious study of the land on which the building is planned to be built. The
study of the soil is a fundamental step to be able to correctly design and choose the
foundations of the plant, and with them guarantee its stability and safety.

• Reinforced concrete continues to be the construction material for foundations and

many other constructions par excellence, due to the favorable union between steel
and concrete that gives it excellent qualities.