Types of soil 1.

Clay soil Benitez González Fernando

New section 2 page 1

 These swell in the presence of moisture and contract in its absence.
These variations represent a drawback for foundations planted in this
type of soil, since, as it expands, it will seek to separate from the
structure. In these cases, builders tend to make deeper foundations,
since as the soil is deeper deeper, the greater the stability.
In addition, they are characterized by having a yellowish color, with
45% clay, low porosity and a viscous texture, which does not allow
good compaction. A clear example of what happens with a
construction on clay soil is the Tower of Pisa, famous in Italy for being
leaning. Its foundations were reinforced to prevent it from sinking.

2.-Sandy soil
Sandy soils are made up of medium and coarse sands, having a
very favorable granulometry to support structures with a certain
resistance. This is extremely stable in the face of changes in
temperature and humidity, being more stable than clay. Slab
foundations are quite common on this type of soil.

They are also characterized by containing 70% sand and a clay

content of less than 15%, and other materials that may be
mixed, are prone to changes in seismic movements and soil
erosion. These lands can be found near coastal areas or places
near rivers and streams.
 These
are
3.-Silty soil fine-
grained
soils
with
little

plasticity, and are characterized by being sterile, stony and

because they filter water very easily. This type of soil has a
grain size between fine sand and clay. As it is not a cohesive
material, it presents some difficulties during construction. If
you want to build on this type of terrain, deep excavations
must be made for the foundation, filled with a good layer of
rock and foundations made with cyclopean concrete for the
walls. Therefore, it can generate a significant additional cost
in the adaptation of the land, it is not a land that allows for
multi-level buildings.

4.- Stony soil

It is a land with stone formations, these soils are
impermeable so they prevent the circulation of water. It is a
good base to support a foundation, it is a good terrain for
carrying out multi-level projects. Excavations normally seek
to find this type of terrain to begin assembling the
foundation footings. If the type of terrain is very shallow,
perhaps the excavation to comply with the foundation
designs will be more difficult and therefore machinery will
be needed. heavy to carry out, which would increase costs.
Let us remember that the calculation of the resistance of
the ground influences our general calculation of loads and
this will also determine the levels of the construction and New section 2 page 3
dimensions of the foundation. Furthermore, if we are not
sure, there are soil tests that are carried out by specialized
laboratories that, by taking a sample of the soil and
calculating the volume of soil with standard measurements,
can calculate the loads that the soil can support. The type of
terrain, the project under construction and the vibrations
that may affect the construction (earthquakes, land
movements or leaks) must be taken into account.
 For this and many other factors it is very important PESOS
to know the site where we are going to design and
build, it is easy
The “ specific to guideofourselves
weight a soil by ”, the
as aviews that
relationship between
digital browsers provide us, and yes as a first
weightapproach
and volume, is a value dependent on humidity, air voids
to the place it is valid, but let's not forget
and thethespecific weight
experience of solid particles.
and importance To avoid
to visit the field and confusion,
laboratory
do thetest determinations
necessary provide,many
tests and calculations, on the
timesone hand, the “
on a whim or to save money we want to do
dry specific weight ” and, on the other hand, the humidity.things
where we cannot and as a result we have paid
double or triple the price for those errors.

Specific weight of solid particles y=Ps/Vs

specific weight of water % = Pw / Vw
Apparent specific weight of soil y=P/V
dry specific weight of soil Figure - Comp
Humidity or water content o = Pv / Ps
Relative density of solid particles G=7/ %
Porosity H = (V a + Ve) /
gap index e = ÍV a + Vw) /
air gaps na = Pa/V

Saturation degree + and,)

TABLE 3
ABUNDANCE FACTOR BY TYPE OF M

MATERIAL

1 Earth (type I or II material), tepetate, clay, silt.

2 Sand, gravel.

3 Concrete, stone, masonry, soil (type III material)

New section 2 page 4

 Material Abundance Table
Kg/m 3 Volumetric
Conversion % of
Material
Material Bank Factors Expansion

Basalt I960 2970 67 49

Bauxite 1420 1900 .75 33
Caliche 1250 2260 .55 81
Carnotite, uranium mineral 1630 2200 .74 35
Ash 560 860 66 55
Clay: In natural bed 1660 2020 .82 22
dry 1480 1840 .81 23
Wet 1660 2080 .80 25
Clay and gravel: Dry 1420 1660 .85 18
Wet 1540 1840 .85 18
Coal: Raw anthracite 1190 1600 .74 35
washed 1100 .74 35
Ash, bituminous coal 530 - 650 580 - 590 .93 07
Raw bituminous 950 1280 .74 35
washed 830 .74 35
decomposed rock
75% rock; 25% land 1950 2790 .70 43
50% rock; 50% land 1720 2280 .75 33
25% rock; 75% land 1570 1960 .80 25
Land: Rammed and dry 1510 1900 .80 25
Digged and wet 1600 2020 .79 26
Loam 1250 1540 .80 25
Fragmented granite 1660 2730 .61 64
Gravel: How it comes from the 1930 2170 .89 12
quarry
dry 1510 1690 .89 12
Dry, 1/4" to 2" (6 to 51 mm) 2020 2260 .89 12
Plaster: Fragmented 1810 3170 .57 75
Shredded 1600 2790 .57 75
1810 2130
Hematite, iron mineral .85 17
2450 2900
Limestone: Fragmented 1540 2610 .59 69
Crushed 1540 —
Magnetite, iron ore 2790 3260 .85 17
Pyrite, iron mineral 2580 3030 .85 17
Sand: Dry and loose 1420 1600 .89 12
Wet 1690 1900 .89 12
 New section 2 page 5
New section 2 page 6
ANGLE OF REPOSE

The maximum angle at which a mound of soil

remains stable without sliding failure is called
the angle of repose. This is a property of soil
that is determined by friction, cohesion and
shape of the particles. When granular
material is slowly poured onto a horizontal Earth, loam .................... of 30° to 45°
surface, it flows forming a mound in which Gravel . . ......................... of 30° to 40°
the free surface fails intermittently until the
dry sand ......................... of 25° to 35°
process stops and a stable slope is formed.
Thus, the angle of repose corresponds to the ashes ............................. of 25° to 40°
angle formed between the inclined surface of hydrated sand_________ from 30° to 45°
the mound and the base and is obtained by coked coal____________ from 30° to 45°
direct measurement or by measuring the
diameter and height of the sand mound. wet sand ......................... of 150 at 30°
stone coal....................... from 25° to 35°
compact earth.................. . . from 35° to
40°

MATERIAL ANGLE OF ANGLE OF

REPOSE REST (DEGREES)
Bauxite 1.0 1 45
dry clay 2.0 1 27
light clay 2.0 1 27
wet clay 1.0 1 45
Coal, anthracite 1.2 1 40
Coal, bituminous 1.2 1 40
Copper ore 1.0 1 45
Dry land 2.0 1 27
Wet land 1.0 1 45
wet ground 2.0 1 27
dry gravel 2.0 1 27
wet gravel 2.0 1 27
Granite 1.0 1 45
Iron ore, hemetite 1.0 1 45
Limestone, shattered 2.0 1 27
Rock and stone, crushed 2.0 1 27
dry sand 3.0 1 18
Wet sand 2.0 1 27
soft rock 1.0 1 45
Board 1.0 1 45
New section 2 page 8